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Process Engineering B

Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 1. Introduction


1. Using the conversion factors provided, convert the following into SI units:
365 atm =
210 Torr =
12 cPoise =
12 litre/min =
2100 cc =
220 m =
5 mm/hour =
24 hours =

N/m2
N/m2
Pa s
m3/s
m3
m
m/s
seconds

2. The pressure in a reactor is 46 psig. What is the absolute pressure in SI units?


3. Water flows with a rate of 1 kg/s through a pipe with a diameter of 10 cm. Calculate the
average velocity of the water flow in the pipe.
4. During a reaction a gas is produced in a reactor. The reactor has a safety valve with an
area of 10 cm2 which opens if the pressure in the reactor exceeds 1 bar gauge. Calculate
the force the gas exerts on the safety valve just before it opens.
5. A cylindrical block of material, with a height of 20 cm and a diameter of 7 cm, has a
weight of 4735 g. Determine whether the material would sink or float in water. Do the
same with a sphere with a radius of 10 cm and a weight of 1250 g.

Department of Chemical Engineering

Process Engineering B
Fluid Mechanics Tutorial 2. Statics
1.) A closed tank B is used to keep an open trough A filled with water (see Figure 1.1).
Determine the pressures at points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, assuming the water is static.

1m

B
1

A
1m
2

Figure 1.1. A watering device.


2.) Some ocean troughs are as deep as 10 km. Estimate the pressure at these depths in
atmospheres.
[969 atm]
3.) Water has entered an oil storage tank. If the relative density of the oil is 0.85, and the
water layer is 1 m high, whilst the oil layer is 8 m high, calculate the pressure at the
bottom of the tank.
[76.5x103 Pa gauge]
4.) An ethanol (density 789 kg/m3) storage tank is 3.5 m long by 2.5 m wide. A pipe
(50 mm diameter) leads from the base of the tank. If the depth of ethanol in the tank is
3 m, calculate the gauge pressures at the side of the tank 150 mm above the base and
in the pipe 2 m below the base of the tank.
[22.1 kN/m2, 38.7 kN/m2]
5.) A spherical air bubble rises in water from a depth of 9 m, where its diameter is 4 mm,
to the surface. Calculate its diameter at the surface where the pressure is
atmospheric.
[4.93 mm]
6.) a. A beach ball (diameter 50 cm) has an internal pressure of 0.2 atm gauge. To what
depth has the ball to be taken in the sea before it starts to change in size?
b.) What is (theoretically, assuming the ball is extremely flexible and contains an ideal
gas) the diameter of the ball at a depth of 10 km?
[h>2.1m; 0.054m].

Fluid Mechanics

Department of Chemical Engineering


7.) a.) A manometer is filled with carbon tetrachloride (relative density = 1.59 tetra / water )
and the fluid being measured is water. The height difference measured is 20 cm.
Calculate the pressure difference.
b.) The manometer is inclined to 30O. Calculate the new difference in the length
between the fluid levels in the manometer.
[1156 N/m2; 0.4 m]
8.) A compound manometer is used to measure the pressure difference between two
points in air. The difference in the fluid levels between the heaviest fluid and the
intermediate fluid levels is 20 cm. If the intermediate fluid is an oil with a density of 850
kg/m3, and the heaviest fluid water, calculate the pressure difference between the two
points.
[294 Pa]
9.) Derive an expression for the height that a liquid will rise due to interfacial tension in a
vertical tube of rectangular cross section, x m by y m.
[h

State any assumptions made.

2 cos 1 1

]
g x y

10.)The bubble drop method was used to measure the interfacial tension between two
immiscible liquids at 15C. The bubble drop method is the same as the drop weight
method, but it involves two liquids instead of one liquid in air.
Each drop of the denser liquid was formed very slowly from a 2 mm outside diameter
capillary tube. The diameter of each drop was measured immediately after it broke
from the tube (see table). Densities of the two liquids were 989 kg/m3 and 839 kg/m3.
Determine the interfacial tension between the liquids.
Run
1
2
3
Diameter (mm) 4.006 3.814 3.762
[0.007 N/m]
11.) One method to remove material from a gas stream is by contacting the gas stream
with a liquid which tends to absorb the material. Air is passed up through a column
counter-current with a water stream. At the columns base, air first passes through a
distributor, a perforated plate with 3 mm diameter holes, producing a stream of air
bubbles. Assuming the plate is water wet and that gas momentum is negligible,
estimate the diameter of air bubbles at the base of the column.
Take the surface tension of water to be 0.071 N/m.
[0.0051 m]

Fluid Mechanics

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