RockSI Guide

RockSI Tutorial
Tutorial outline
Introduction
RockSI software overview
Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 2: Rock Physics Template (RPT)
Part 3: Creation and calibration of userdefined PEMs

Part 4: Uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo
simulations
Part 5: LithoSI analysis using simulated PDFs
May 2015
Introduction
Rock Physics: the interdisciplinary glue

Petrology
Mineralogy
Coring
Stratigraphy
Geology
Logging
Petrophysics
Structural
Geology
History
Matching
Reservoir
Modeling
May 2015
Rheology
Reservoir
Engineering
Flow
Simulation
Gravity
Geophysics
Electro
Magnetism
Seismic
Rock Physics: Applications

Interpretation and Quality Control:
Well logs
Inversion results
Predictions:
Deterministic:
Logs prediction, pseudo-well creation
Part of petrophysical inversion
Stochastic:
Augmentation of litho-classification training sets through
Monte Carlo simulations
Uncertainty analysis
Time-lapse feasibility studies
Trend modeling
Inverse Rock Physics Transforms
May 2015
Rock Physics: some definitions

Note that there are a number of terms used in the creation
of rock physics models that are almost synonymous, but
have slightly different meanings.
These terms are:
the Rock Physics Model (RPM)
the Petro-Elastic Model (PEM)
the Rock Physics Template (RPT)
In the following slides we will define these three terms.
In the RockSI program, and this tuorial, we will mainly be
concerned with the creation of Petro-Elastic Models, or
PEMs, and their display are Rock Physics Templates (
RPTs).
May 2015
Rock Physics Model (RPM)
A Rock Physics Model, or RPM, is a model which describes how a

rock react to a given stimulus, e.g.:
Change of pressure (seismic waves)
Change of temperature
Electric/magnetic current
May 2015
Petro-Elastic Model (PEM)
A Petro-Elastic Model, or PEM, is a model which describes how a rock

reacts to seismic waves. The elastic response mainly depends on:
Rock composition (minerals and fluids)
Rock texture (spatial distribution of minerals and porosity)
May 2015
Petro-Elastic Model (PEM)
A PEM is comprised of a set of equations which model the elastic

response of a rock from its petrophysical properties.
The PEM is an important link between the well and seismic data.
Porosity
Sw
Lithology
PEM
Vp
Vs
Density
SEISMIC
WELLS
May 2015
Rock Physics Template (RPT)
A Rock Physics Template, or RPT, is the projection of a Rock Physics

Model in a particular N-dimensional space:
Type of pores
Change of P-Impedance
due to gas injection
(SG = +0.6)
May 2015
Cracks
Intergranular
Vugs
10
RockSI Overview
RockSI: Overview
The RockSI program has two main windows with tabs: on the left is
the input menu and on the right is the QC display.
May 2015
Input
QC and display
12
RockSI: Overview
The RockSI program has two main windows with tabs: on the left is
the input menu and on the right is the QC display.
May 2015
13
RockSI: Overview
The Input tab allows the user to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select the input data:

- Wells (in Depth or TWT)
- SIModels
- Seismic (Angle Stacks)
- Wavelets
Select rock types and PEMs.
Create tables showing the
correspondence between PEM
variables and well logs or model
attributes.
Create tie point for each well in
depth (TVD) vs time (TWT).
May 2015
14
RockSI: Overview
3
The PEM Library tab allows the user:

1.
2.
A list of available Petro-Elastic Models:

- The ability to create new models
- The ability to load existing models
- Access to standard models
The definition of each PEM:

- Input variables
- Output variables with associated
equations
3. Three editing modes:

- Read-Only to see the content of the
PEM
- Parameters editing to edit the value of
the internal parameters of the PEM
- Advanced editing to modify the
input/output and equations of the PEM
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
The variables tab gives:
1.
A list of variables: any

variable with a valid name is
available for use in PEMs and
QCs
Default list
User-defined if more variables

are needed.
2.
Variable display limits used in

the Log Viewers and CrossPlots tabs
3.
Variable colormap used in the

Log Viewers and Cross-Plots
tabs
4.
Variable unit used in the

Cross-Plots tab
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
Fluids tab:
Fluid property computation:
Density
Velocity
Bulk modulus
Based on Batzle & Wang equations
Brine, oil and gas properties as a function of
pressure, temperature and fluid
composition
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
1
2
Simulation tab:
1.
Selection of PEM used in Monte

Carlo simulation
2.
Definition of the input distributions

and correlations
3.
Simulated correlations
4.
Export of simulated data as ASCII

file or xsel file used for lithoclassification (LithoSI)
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
Log Viewers Options tab:
Definition of the display template in the
Log Viewers tab:
1. Curve display options

2
2. Log table (selection of variables

not the actual logs defined in the
Input tab)
3
3. Angle Stack table (selection of

keywords not the actual stacks
defined in the Input tab)
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
2
Cross-Plots Options tab:

1.
Definition of the display template in the

Cross-Plots tab
2.
Graphical options for the display of RPTs

from the PEMs defined in the PEM Library
tab
3.
Filters to apply on the cross-plots
4.
Graphical options for the display of the

data selected in the Input tab
5.

predicted logs
6.

data simulated in the Simulation tab
May 2015
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20
RockSI: Overview
Log Viewers tab:
Logs and seismic traces
display for each well
selected in the Input tab
(template defined in Log
Viewers Options tab)
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
Cross-Plots tab:
Cross-plot display (template
defined in Cross-Plots
options tab)
May 2015
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RockSI: Overview
Menus/Toolbars:
1. Load session
2. Save session
3. Create a new PEM
4. Load an existing PEM
5. Save a PEM
6. Update all the current QCs
May 2015
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Part 1
Log Analysis
Data interpretation and QC

QC and interpret log data through templates:
Rock type, fluid type
Petrophysical and elastic properties
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This first exercise will guide the user through the following tasks:
Identify the different lithologies encountered at the wells.
Identify the main petrophysical variables that impact the rock
elastic response.
Understand the impact of each of those variables.
Those tasks are not strictly talking part of the rock physics
modelling but are a preliminary work that will ease the modelling
task.
May 2015
26

Start the HRS10 Geoview program by clicking
Geoview icon on your desktop:
When you launch

Geoview, the first
window that you see
contains a list of any
projects previously
opened in Geoview.
Your list will be blank if
this is the first time you
are running Geoview.
May 2015
27

For this exercise, we will start with a
prepared project. Before doing that,
we will set all the data paths to point
to the location where we have stored
the workshop data. To do that, click
the Settings tab:
To change all of the directories to the same location, click on the option Set
all default directories and then click the button to the right:
Then, in the File Selection

Dialog, select the folder
which contains the
workshop (check with the
instructor the folder
location):
May 2015
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After setting all three paths, the Geoview window will now show
the selected directories (note that yours may be different):
When you have

finished setting all
the paths, click
Apply to store
these paths:
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Go to the Projects tab. Click Find
Project:
Select the project RockSI.prj.

Click OK to open the project:
May 2015
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Now the GEOVIEW
window looks like this:
In the project manager,
there are four preloaded deviated wells.
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31

First, look at the tabs to the left of the
GEOVIEW window. You will see that one
of those tabs is called Processes.
Click on that tab to see a list of all the
operations which are available in
Geoview. Each of the processes can be
expanded.
For example, if you click on the PetroElastic Modeling (RockSI) option and the
RockSI option , the following expanded
list is seen:
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Double click on New RockSI Session:
A new tab called RockSI is created in the

GeoView window:
On the left of the RockSI
window are a series of
tabs for data control. On
the right side of the
window, there are two
tabs for displaying the
Log viewer and Crossplot
window. (Note that
depending on the project
itself, some data may
already be loaded, but we
will re-do the loading).
May 2015
33

Under the Input tab,
select the four available
wells by clicking Select
All Items button. This
will select all four wells
and create a QC display
automatically in the Log
Viewers tab for each of
the wells, as well as the
synthetic trace shown
in red at the far right
hand side of the plot.
In the seismic table,

add two new lines by
clicking the + sign
button twice.
May 2015
34

For this exercise, there are 3 angle
stack seismic volumes at 10, 20
and 30 degrees. Select each of the
seismic volumes under the column
Seismic by left-clicking on the
down arrow and selecting the files
Amp_10, Amp_20 and Amp_30.
Specify the Amplitude as Seismic.
Specify the Angle for each seismic
volume (10, 20, 30). Finally, select
the wavelets that have been
previously extracted from the
corresponding seismic volumes:
Wav_10_1, Wave_20_1, Wav_30_1.
Click the Update QCs button at the
top of the dialog. Also note that
three logs have already been
selected, which will be
automatically displayed in the Log
Viewers window.
May 2015
Update QCs
35

After selecting the well and
seismic data, the Log Viewers
window on the right side of the
RockSI window will look like
this:
As mentioned before, three logs
are now displayed. On the right
of the Log Viewers window, it
shows the extracted seismic
traces in black from each of the
seismic volumes. The red line is
the calculated synthetic trace
using the logs and wavelet.
Synthetic
Extracted
seismic
Note that well-seismic ties were

performed prior to running
RockSI. Hence, the good match
between synthetic and extracted
seismic.
May 2015
36

We will add a few variables for
QC purpose. You can do that by
clicking on the + button a few
times to add the following
variables. Any extra row can be
removed by clicking the -
button. Proceed to add: Vsh, Phi,
Sw, Ip, VpVs, Vqz and Facies.
May 2015
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Next we need to map the variables to
the actual log curves.
In each of the well tab, there are Input
Variable and QC Variable mapping
tables. Input Variable table by default
list P-wave(Vp), S-wave (Vs) and Bulk
Density (Rho) variables. This table will
automatically display the input
variables required by the Petro-Elastic
Model (PEM) selected in subsequent
steps. QC Variables are mainly used
in various QC plots.
Specify the variables and log curves

mapping as shown.
Click on the Replicate selection to
other tabs button to apply the
changes to all the well tabs.
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Click on Log Viewers
Options tab. Highlight the
first row and click on the
+ sign to add three rows.

Change the logs in these
new bottom three rows to
Vp, Vs and Rho.
Select Shale volume
(Vsh), porosity (Phi), and
water saturation (Sw) for
the top three logs in the
well log table. We also
want to color-code these
logs by selecting them
under the Color column.
May 2015
39

We can optimize the well log
display in the General Options
tab:
Update the Max value for the
porosity log type to 0.35.
We can also change the color
scheme by clicking on the color
Palette and select the desired
color scheme. Here, we will
keep the default selection.
Click on the Update QCs button
and see the new display in the
next slide.
May 2015
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Three newly added logs are shown on the left of the Vp track.
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41

Click on Cross-Plots Options tab. The Cross-plot window will appear on the
right. Select the logs for the X and Y axis. Click the Update QCs button.
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42
Select Vsh to color code the

crossplot, then click on Replicate
current value to apply to the
other cross plot.
One option of the filter is to limit
the number of points which by
default is 100,000. The number of
points are randomly selected
from these 4 wells. We can also
select the wells of our interest
only.
Display legends turns on/off of
the color keys on the plots.
May 2015
43

The right of the RockSI
window shows the cross
plot of the selected wells.
The red points have a
higher volume of clay
(shale), while the blue
points have a lower
volume.
From the figure, we can
clearly see that the
porosity decreases with
increasing Vsh. The
shale lithology can be
easily identified by the
cluster of red points as
pointed by the arrow.
May 2015
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Repeat previous steps to
display the effects of
volume of quartz (Vqz).
The sand is now

identified on the
opposite side from the
Vsh case, as shown by
the arrows
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45

Repeat for Phi (Porosity)
as the variable used to
color-code each of the
cross-plots.
Again, the high porosity

clusters roughly
correspond to the sand
as pointed by the arrows.
We can check additional

properties like: Sw(Water
Saturation), Vcalc
(Calcite Volume), Vcoal
(Coal Volume) etc.
May 2015
46
Part 1: Facies Logs

Next, we will either read in or create a
Facies log for each well to specify the
associated rock type for each sample.
First we will define a series of Facies by
clicking on Define Facies Classification
from the process list in the project
manager.
On the dialogue that appears, click

on the Load button:
May 2015
47
Part 1: Facies Logs
Then, in the file chooser that appears, locate the file Facies.xml and select
it and click Open. If you cant find a facies xml file, skip the next slide.
May 2015
48
Part 1: Facies Logs

When the facies xml file is loaded, it will look like this, with Coal,
Shale, Sand, Oil and Calcite facies:
Then, click OK.

May 2015
49
Part 1: Facies Logs
Next we want to find out if the four

wells contain facies logs. To do this,
select Project Data / Well / well A and
see if one of the logs is called
FACIES, as shown on the right.
Check wells B, C, and D also.
May 2015
50
Part 1: Facies Logs

Go to the RockSI window and
click on the Log Viewers Options
tab.
Click on the first line in the log
viewer table, and click the + sign
to create a new row. Select
Facies to display and the Facies
as color-coding variable.
May 2015
Click here
before the
+ sign
51
Part 1: Facies Logs

Go to the General Options
tab.
Click on the + sign to add a
row at the bottom of the
table, select Facies for the
Property Type. Specify 0-7
for min-max range. Click
the color palette and select
Facies.
May 2015
52
Part 1: Facies Logs

Now the Facies log is
displayed on the first track
of the log viewer window.
From the figure, we can see
clearly that the Facies log
is closely related to the
other color coded logs
(Vsh, Phi, Sw and Vp).
At depth of 1930 m, it is the
Oil sand and Shale
interface. By tracking the
curser position, we can see
a strong reflection at this
interface.
We can also check the
other wells by clicking
those well tabs.
May 2015
53
Part 1: Facies Logs

Click on Cross-Plot Options tab.
Select Facies as the variable
used to color-code each of the
cross-plots.
The cross plot windows now look

like this. The color key of the Facies
displayed is the color of the five
facies we have just defined.
May 2015
54
Part 2
Rock Physics Template (RPT)
Different types of effective medium models
Empirical models:
Gardner
Greenberg-Castagna
Effective Medium models:

Granular models:
Pack of spheres with interstitial porosity
Used to model high porosity rocks such as
unconsolidated and lightly cemented sandstones
Inclusion models:
Background and inclusions (spheres, needles,
penny cracks):
Self-consistent model (SC)
Differential effective medium (DEM)
Used to model low permeability rocks such as
tight sandstones and carbonates
May 2015
56
Soft (unconsolidated) sandstone model
Pack of identical smooth spheres

Porosity filled by a single phase
May 2015
Real rock
Model
Multiple mineral types

Multiple fluids
Complex texture
Effective grain
Effective fluid
Simple texture
57
Soft (unconsolidated) sand model

Effective matrix: mix of Quartz and Clay
1
M matrix Vclay M clay 1 Vclay M quartz
2
matrix Vclay clay 1 Vclay quartz
Hill
average
1 Vclay
Vclay
clay M quartz
fluid SW W SO O SG G
Effective fluid:
K fluid
May 2015
1
SW SO SG
KW K O K G
(Wood equation)
58

Effective frame:
C 1 C G
K HM
2
18 1 PR
2
GHM
2
matrix
2
matrix
Peff
1
3
2 2
5 4 PRmatrix 3C 2 1 C Gmatrix
Peff
2
2
52 PRmatrix 2 1 PRmatrix
K dry
1
C
1 C
4
4
K HM GHM K matrix GHM
3
3
G
G 9 K 8GHM
GHM HM HM
6 K HM 2GHM
May 2015
1
3
(Hertz-Mindlin model)
4
GHM
3
1 C
G 9 K 8GHM
Gmatrix HM HM
6 K HM 2GHM
GHM 9 K HM 8GHM
K HM 2GHM

59

Combination of frame and fluid:
2
K dry
K matrix
K B K dry
K dry
K fluid K matrix K matrix2
(Gassmann equation)
Elastic attributes:
fluid 1 matrix
VP
VS
May 2015
4
KB G
3
60
Unconsolidated sand model

D
Modified
Voigt
Unconsolidated
Sand
PHI
C
B
A
SG
D
May 2015
61

In the previous exercise, we used volume logs to interpret the
different lithologies. When the volume logs are not available, we can
use the standard Petro Elastic Models (PEMs). You can also create a
new PEM with your own equations.
In this next exercise, we will learn how to display Unconsolidated
Sand RPT using one of the predefined PEMs. Also see how we can
display these RPT on standard GEOVIEW crossplots.
Go to the PEM Library tab.

Right click on the PEMs item
and select the Load PEMs.
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A number of published models are
included in RockSI. Click different
tabs to review them.
Select the Unconsolidated Oil
Sandstone model
To see the full documentation of this
model, click the Information Icon.
May 2015
63

This brings up the
documentation for the
Unconsolidated Oil
Sandstone model as
shown on the right.
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64
Click Apply to load the Unconsolidated

Oil Sandstone PEM, then close the
dialog.
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65

After loading the sandstone
PEM, we can see a list of
reservoir conditions, mineral
and fluid properties.
Click the Advanced toggle to
change to full editor mode.
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In Advanced editing mode,
you can modify the
relationships, parameters or
define new variables as
needed.
We will not make any

changes to the PEM in this
exercise.
May 2015
67

Before display the
unconsolidated sandstone
RPT, it will be useful to limit
the crossplot QCs to show
only sandstone facies. It
requires the FACIES log
curve and Classification table
to be specified.
In the Input tab, select the
option Several rock types
and the Facies table imported
in previous exercise as the
rock classification.
Scroll down to well tabs
parameters section.
May 2015
68

Specify the FACIES log curve
for Well A.
Then, click the Replicate Icon

to select the same log curve
for the other three wells.
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69

In the Cross-Plots Options tab, modify the first crossplot to show Vp vs
Rho. Toggle on Display only rock type and select Sand. Then click the
Update QCs icon. The plots now show data points for only the Water Sand.
May 2015
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To display both Water Sand and Oil Sand facies, we will use the Display only
range option. We need to specify the Facies classification and the range 2.5 to
4.5. Also, the Display only Rock Type option must be unchecked.
Range: 2.5-4.5
May 2015
71

We are now ready to display
the RPT. Go to the CrossPlots Options tab
Select PEM Unconsolidated
Oil Sandstone, Main
graduation: Phi and check
Secondary Graduation and
select Vsh.
Fill in the PEM parameters as
shown in the table.
With Sw= 0, we are modelling
100% Oil saturation.
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The soft sandstone

template is as shown
in the crossplot
window. Meshes are
displayed in the plots
that represent the Oil
sandstones with Phi
between 0.1 and 0.35
and Vsh between 0
and 0.4.
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Set Sw to 1 to model the

water sand.
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74
Observe that the

meshes now match
the water sand.
You can model any
combination of two
parameters in the
table with ranges.
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The color of the RPT can be
changes by clicking on the
color selector icon.
You can control how often the

increments of the mesh without
recalculating the RPT. Click the
Palette Icon
to bring up the
Viewer options.
Click Close.
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Click Save current session to

save your work in RockSI.
Next we will use the
GEOVIEW standard crossplot
tool.
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The same RockSI PEM/RPT can also be displayed in the standard
Hampson-Russell Crossplot tool. It requires a license of RockSI
to enable the option.
We will start by creating a

standard VpVs vs P-impedance
crossplot in GEOVIEW.
- Go to the Processes tab.
- Expand the Cross Plotting folder
- Double click Cross Plot Logs
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In this example, we will only use
Well A to demonstrate the steps.
Make the following selections:

-Single Well
- well_A
- Vp/Vs vs P-impedance
We will use all data.
Click OK.
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A crossplot similar to the
one on the right will appear.
On the menu bar, click

Options and select RPM
and PEM
Note that this require a
RockSI license.
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The PEM parameters

dialog will appear as
shown on the right.
See the picture for
various ways to access
PEM.
May 2015
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The Unconsolidated Oil
sandstone PEM should
readily available for use
since we previously
loaded it in RockSI. Any
PEM created in RockSI
can be used in this
Crossplot tool.
Select Unconsolidated Oil
Sandstone.
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Fill in the PEM parameters as
shown in the table.
With Sw= 0, we are modelling
100% Oil saturation.
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RPT of
Unconsolidated Oil
Sandstone is now
displayed in the
crossplot.
Any dynamically
created models in
RockSI can be
posted on
standard
GEOVIEW
crossplots to guide
seismic and well
logs interpretation.
Click the Cross Plots icon in
the lower right hand corner
to dock the window.
May 2015
84
Part 3
Creation and calibration of
user-defined PEMs
Part 3: Creation of Petro Elastic Models

In this exercise, you will create or import a Petro Elastic Model (PEM)
for each of the previously determined lithologies.
The quality of the modelling will be tested by comparing the model

predictions with the actual logs both in 1D viewers and cross-plots.
May 2015
86
Part 3: Geological context

Lithostatic Pressure (MPa)
Pore Pressure (MPa)
Effective Pressure (MPa)
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature (C)
50
10
20
30
40
50
Sea Water
= 1g/cc
500
9.8
1000
Overburden
= 2.25 g/cc
10.9
11.4
12
May 2015
Gradient = 30C/km
1500
27
26.4
15.5
24.1
Reservoir
= 2.5 g/cc
35.5
33
Depth (m)
45
2000
38
49
2500
Depth (m)
87
Part 3: Geological context

Fluid Parameters:
Temperature: 35 C
Lithostatic Pressure: 30MPa
Pore Pressure: 20 MPa
Brine Salinity: 0.01 kg/L
Gas-Water ratio: 0 L/L
Oil gravity: 30 API

Gas-Oil ratio: 50 L/L
Gas gravity: 0.6
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Part 3: Creation of PEMs

In this exercise, we will:
1. (Optional) Create a user defined PEM to model Shale. Instead of
building a full PEM, we will only build it up to modelling bulk density.
That should be enough to demonstrate how it can be done.
2. Then proceed with importing a PEM for each lithofacies and use these
PEMS to predict elastic properties: Vp, Vs and Rho. The predicted
curves can be visually compared with the measured curves.
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Click the PEM Library tab.
and select Delete all PEMs.
Click Yes to delete the PEMs.
Toggle the Advanced button.

and select Create New PEM.
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Right click on the newly

created PEM and select
Rename PEM.
Name this PEM as Shale and

click Ok.
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Go to the Cross-Plots Options
tab, toggle off Display only
Range and toggle on Display
only rock type with shale
selected.
Set Facies as the color-coded

variable for the crossplots if
it is not already set.
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We have seen in Exercise 1 that
the main variables affecting the
elastic response of the shale are
Vsh, Phit (total porosity) and the
effective pressure Peff .
Click on PEM Library tab, add

three new lines in the input table
of the Shale tab by clicking on
the Add Line Below button.
Select Vsh, Phit, Depth (True
Vertical Depth) and Pp (pore
pressure) respectively. Pay
attention to ensure that proper
units are specified.
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Select Peff as the Output
Variable, and MPa as the unit.
In many cases, Peff is derived

from Depth when Pp is known.
Effective pressure in our case is
given by the following equation:
Peff 9.81* (1 2.25*(Depth 1000) / 1000) Pp

Input parameters
Click the Arrow sign to see a list

of Input parameters, Math
operators and precompiled
equations, which we will use for
writing the equations.
May 2015
Math operators
Precompiled equations
94

Type in part of the
equation as shown on
the right.
Next we will select the

variable Depth. Click the
arrow sign beside the
equation box and select
Depth.
Type in the rest of the

equation and select the
variable Pp.
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The final equation to
calculate Peff looks like this:
If you have entered the equation
correctly, a green check mark will
appear after the PEM name.
Add eight new lines by clicking
on the Add Line Below button.
Select the output variables as
shown (notice that the new
Variables are Temperature,
Salinity, Gas/Water Ratio, and
five different densities:
A red cross will now appear after

the PEM name, indicating that the
equations must be filled in:
May 2015
96
We will start with the modelling of the shale density as this is the easiest elastic attribute to model.
The density is given by the following volumetric averages:
Rho Phit*Rhow 1 Phit *Rho ma

Rho ma Vsh*Rhosh 1 Vsh *Rhoqz
We will use 2.65 for the quartz density and the shale mineral density is given as a function of the
effective pressure:
Rhosh 2.43 0.02*Peff
The water density can be calculated using Batzle & Wang equation as a function of:
Temperature [C]
We will assume a temperature gradient as shown earlier:
May 2015
Pore Pressure [MPa]

Salinity [kg/L]
Gas-Water ratio [L/L]
T 4 30*( Depth 1000) / 1000
97
Part 3: Lithofacies PEMs

Next, we will create PEMs for each of the lithofacies defined earlier.
For example, the shale PEM is created using the following equations:
w 1 m
where :
m Vsh sh 1 Vsh qz
and
sh 2.43 0.02*Peff .
May 2015
98

The Batzle & Wang equation
for brine density is quite
complex and it has already
been precompiled.
Click the arrow sign beside the
equation box for the fifth row
(Rhow), and select
Precompiled Equations->Brine
density (Batzle Wang).
On the menu, we can also see a
list of other pre-defined
equations.
May 2015
99

Enter the equations
for the rest of the
output variables as
shown.
Make sure the units
of the input
variables and
output variables are
correct.
If you fill in the
equations correctly,
the green check
mark will appear
again.
See next slide for a
description of the
variables involved.
May 2015
100

Vsh Volume of Shale
Phit Total Porosity
Depth True Vertical Depth
Pp
Pore Pressure
Peff Effective Pressure
T
Temperature
Sal
Salinity
GWR Gas Water Ratio
Rhow Brine Density
Rhoqz Quartz Density
Rhosh Shale Density
Rhom Rock Matrix Density
Rho Bulk Density
May 2015
101

Click the Input tab, and select
Shale for the Petro-Elastic
Model for the Rock Type shale.
Specify the mapping of input

variables to their corresponding
log curves: VCL (clay volume),
PHIT (total porosity), TVDSS (true
vertical depth), and PP (pore
pressure).
Click Replicate Icon to select the
same logs for other wells.
Click Update PEM predictions

Icon to calculate the predicted
logs
May 2015
102

You can see the
predicted density in
the Log Viewer of
each well.
The predicted
density (red) for
Shale facies (Brown
color facies) is now
overlaid on top of
the measured
density (black).
The match of the two
logs are quite good.
May 2015
103

You can see the
predicted density
overlaid with
measured values in
the crossplot QCs as
well.
The predicted
density (red) for
Shale facies and
measured density in
brown (colored by
facies). You can
uncheck the
Predictions to see
measured density.
May 2015
104
Now that the density is correctly modeled, we will need the bulk modulus and shear modulus of the
rock to calculate the P-wave and S-wave velocities.
The modulus of the mineral can be computed with a simple Hill volumetric average:
Kma 0.5*(Vsh*Ksh 1 Vsh *Kqz) 0.5 /(Vsh/Ksh ( 1-Vsh)/Kqz)

Gma 0.5*(Vsh*Gsh 1 Vsh *Gqz) 0.5 /(Vsh/Gsh ( 1-Vsh)/Gqz)
We will use 37 and 45 for the quartz bulk and shear modulus respectively.
We will use 25 and 9 for the shale bulk and shear modulus respectively.
The modulus of the saturated rock can be computed as a function of the mineral modulus, the
effective pressure and the total porosity:
G 0.2*Gma 1.36*Peff 90*Phit/Peff 10

Keff 0.3*Kma 1.8*Peff 210*Phit/Peff 8
May 2015
105
Now that we have modelled the bulk, shear modulus and density of the shale formation, we have all
the input needed to compute its P-wave and S-wave velocities:
VP
VS
G
Rho
Because those equations are used very often, they have been precompiled in the software and can be
used through the following keywords:
4
Kb G
3
Rho
VP_WAVE_PROPAGATION_EQ
VS_WAVE_PROPAGATION_EQ.
You can continue to enter equations and variables to build a full PEM to predict Vp and Vs for shale.
Now that you have some experience on building a PEM, we will stop and simply import a number of
prebuilt PEMs instead.
May 2015
106

Click the PEM Library tab.
and select Delete all PEMs.
Click Yes to delete the PEMs.
Toggle on the Advanced

button. Right click on the PEMs
item and select Load PEM(s).
May 2015
107
On the Load PEM(s) dialog,

click the Folder Icon.
May 2015
108

Go to the same directory
where the RockSI project
resides. You should find five
files with .pem extension.
Select Calcite, Coal, Sand
(Water sand), Oil (Oil sand)
and Shale. Note that water
and oil sand use the same
model. We separated them so
that it will be easier for
comparing simulation results
later.
Click Open to select them.
On the Load PEM(s) dialog,
Click Apply to import them.
May 2015
109
The PEM Library tab should

now show four PEMs available
for use. The Shale PEM is
named Shale #1 since we had
one defined previously.
You can review the equations
and parameters defined in each
PEM.
May 2015
110

With all the necessary PEMs
available, we are ready to use
them for predicting Vp, Vs and
Rho for all facies.
Go to the Input tab.
Specify the associated PEM for
each Rock Type.
Make sure the Output Variable

table has Vp, Vs, Rho, Ip and
Vpvs selected. Use the + sign
to add new variables.
Scroll down to the Well Tabs.
May 2015
111

For Well A, specify the log
curves as shown for each
table.
Make sure you click the
Replicate Icon for each table to
ensure the selections are
applied to the other three wells.
Click through all the wells to
confirm the selections.
Lastly, click on Update PEM
predictions Icon
to generate
the log curves.
May 2015
112

In the Log Viewers tab,
you should see the
predicted Vp, Vs and
Rho (red) overlay with
their associated
measured curves (black).
The angle synthetics are
also generated based on
the predicted curves.
You may need to use the
horizontal scroll bar to
scroll to the right in
order to see the results.
May 2015
113

Click on the Cross-Plot Options tab. Uncheck Display only rock type
filter. Go to the Cross-plot tabs to see the crossplot QCs. Predicted
values are in red and measured values are colored by facies.
May 2015
114
Click the Save session button

to save the current parameters
and QC templates.
This concludes this exercise.
May 2015
115
Part 4
Uncertainty analysis using
Monte Carlo simulations
Sw, Sh, Sg
Pore Pressure
Overburden Pressure
PEM
V p f (inputs)
Porosity
Clay Volume
Rock Model
Parameters
May 2015
117
Sw, Sh, Sg
Pore Pressure
Overburden Pressure
PEM
Porosity
V p f (inputs)
Output PDF
Output Uncertainty
Clay Volume
Input PDFs
Input Uncertainties
May 2015
Rock Model
Parameters
118
Input Distributions
Constant
Uniform: Min and Max
Normal: Mean and standard deviation
Beta (PERT): Min, Mode, Max, Lambda (see

Annex C for charts)
Discrete: Min, Max, Step

May 2015
119
Beta (PERT) distribution

Parameterization suited to rock physics properties:
Min/Max
Most likely = mode
Shape factor reciprocal of standard deviation at mode
=1
1.5
mode
2
2.5
3
5
lambda
7
9
120
May 2015
Input Correlations
Correlations between the input variables are simulated through the ImanConover technique (see Annex C for more details).
PX , Y
PX , Y
PY | X
PY | X
PY
PY
Y|X
mY
mY | X
Y|X
mY
mY | X
CC = -0.7
mX
mX
X
PX
May 2015
Y
X
PX
121
Simulation of scenarios
Production effect on elastic attributes:
Is
water flooding
gas out of solution
due to depletion
shale
water-sand
oil-sand
gas sand
May 2015
Ip
122
Part 4: Monte Carlo simulations
In this exercise the user will run Monte Carlo simulations using the PEMs
defined in the previous exercise.
The objective is to make sure that the PEMs reproduce the variability
observed in the log data.
May 2015
123

We will start the simulation of
the shale. Set the following
cross-plots parameters in the
Cross-Plots Options tab.
Filter the data to display shale
only.
Turn off the display of
Predictions result.
May 2015
124
Select the Shale PEM in the

simulation tab. Enter the input
distributions and correlations
as shown. Total porosity (Phit)
is negatively correlated to
volume of Shale (Vsh).
Launch the simulation by
clicking Launch Simulation
button. Compare the simulated
points with the actual logs.
May 2015
125

The Shale simulation result looks like this:
Measured Data
May 2015
Simulated Data
With P10, P50, and P90 PDFs
contours
126

After the simulation, we can select
to output a list of petro-elastic
attributes as LithoSI training set.
LithoSI is a Bayesian
Classification software.
Remove all output and add two
new output attributes.
Select attribute Ip and VpVs.
For the training set name, it has to
be one of the facies we have
defined; Enter Shale.
Name this training set as
Training_Set and click Save.
May 2015
127

Now the simulation has been
saved. We can view the
simulation results in the saved
file. Right click on Training_Set
and select View saved session:
In the training set file, we can

see that we have three
columns including the two
output volumes Ip and VpVs
and the class of the facies
Shale.
May 2015
128

In the Cross-Plots Options tab,
Select Phi instead of Phit in the
cross-plots. Set the rock type
filter to display the water sand
only.
Check off Shale simulation

results.
May 2015
129

Select the PEM Sandstone in the
Simulation tab. Enter the input
distributions and input
correlations as shown:
Launch the Water Sand simulation

by clicking Launch Simulation
button.
May 2015
130

The Water Sand simulation result looks like this. Compare
the simulated points with the actual logs
Simulated Water Sand Data
Measured Data
contours
May 2015
131

Save the simulation result for
Water Sand.
For the training set name, it has to
be one of the facies we have
defined; Enter Sand.
Name this training set as
May 2015
132

Next, we will simulate the Oil Sand.
Modify the input distributions as
shown in the table. The only
difference here is that we are
varying Sw with a Beta distribution
between 10%-70%. (i.e. So ranges
30%-90%)
Launch the simulation by clicking
Launch Simulation button. Compare
the simulated points with the actual
logs.
Set the range filter to display only

the oil sand.
May 2015
133

The Oil Sand simulation result looks like this. Compare the
simulated points with the actual logs
Simulated Oil Sand Data
Measured Data
contours
May 2015
134

Save the simulation result for Oil
Sand.
Change the Training set name to
Oil.
Select the training set

Training_Set and click Save:
On the pop-up message, click Ok.
May 2015
135

We can also simulate what would
happen if the reservoir was filled by
gas instead of oil. Modify the input
distributions for Sw and Sg as
shown in the table:
Launch the simulation by clicking
Launch Simulation button. Compare
the simulated points with the actual
logs.
Set the range filter to display only

the water and oil reservoirs.
Compare with the simulated gas
reservoir.
Click
to redraw.
May 2015
136

The Gas Sand simulation result looks like this. We will not save this result
to Training_Set. This is just for comparison purpose.
May 2015
137
Reset simulation back to the Oil

case by modifying Sw and Sg as
shown on the right.
Click on Launch Simulation again.
There is no need to save this result
since we did it previously.
May 2015
138

Select the PEM Calcite in the
simulation tab. Enter the input
distributions and input correlations as
shown. Launch the simulation by
clicking Launch Simulation button.

Calcite.
May 2015
139

The Calcite simulation result looks like this. Compare the
Simulated Calcite Data
Measured Data
contours
May 2015
140

Select the PEM Coal in the simulation
tab. Enter the input distributions and
input correlations as shown. Launch
the simulation by clicking Launch
Simulation button.
After the simulation, Select the

output attribute Ip and VpVs:
Coal.
Training_Set and click Save:
May 2015
141

The Coal simulation result looks like this. Compare the
Simulated Coal Data
Measured Data
contours
May 2015
142

To see all five simulated facies
data. Go to Cross-Plot Options
tab.
Reduce to number of crossplots
to only showing Ip vs VpVs
Set the display parameters as
shown on the right:
- Uncheck any filters
- Uncheck Data and Predictions
- Uncheck outline for each
Simulation
- Uncheck pdf for each
Simulation
- Specify corresponding color for
each facies
May 2015
143

This the simulated data for the five facies. In the next excerise we will use
these simulated data points as training data set for LithoSI (Bayesian
Classification).
May 2015
144
Click the Save session button

to save the current parameters
and QC templates.
This concludes Part 4 exercise.
May 2015
145
Part 5
LithoSI Analysis using
Simulated PDFs
Litho-classification
Ip
1600 2000 24001.8
2.2
Vp/V
2.6
1200
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
1350
2.2
2.2
1400
2.1
2.1
1250
Vp/Vs
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
1300
Extract
training sets
1450
1500
1550
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1600
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Seismic inversion results
Well logs
I
p
Compute
multivariate PDFs
Vp/V
1.0
Oil
Water
Gas
0.0
Compute probability litho-cubes

May 2015
P(Class i I p , V p / Vs )
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
I
p
147
Training Set
Issues
1600 2000 24001.8
2.2
Vp/V
2.6
1200
Too sparse and not representative

of natural reservoir variability
1300
May not include all litho-classes

May not capture expected depth
trends
2.3
2.4
Gas sand
2.3
2.2
2.2
1400
2.1
2.1
Extract
training sets
1500
1550
2.4
1350
1450
2.5
2.5
1250
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
2.0
1.9
1.8
Cemented
sand?
1600
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Well logs
2.0
1.9
1.8
I
p
Compute
multivariate PDFs
Vp/V
1.0
Oil
Water
Gas
0.0

May 2015
P(Class i I p ,V p / Vs )
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
I
p
148
Sw
F
Vclay
Vp/V
Monte Carlo
Simulation
s
Simulate
training sets
PEM
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
Additional simulated
litho-class
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Peff
Augmented training set

for existing class
Compute
multivariate PDFs
Vp/V
1.0
Oil
Water
Gas
0.0

May 2015
P(Class i I p ,V p / Vs )
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
I
p
149
Part 5: LithoSI analysis

In this exercise, we will use the previously defined PEMs to interpret an
elastic inversion result.
We will also perform a litho-classification of that inverted model using both

the well data and the synthetic training sets created in the previous
exercise.
May 2015
150
To initiate the LithoSI program, go back to

the Processes tab and under Facies
Classification (LithoSI) , double-click <New
LithoSI Session>.
May 2015
151

The dialog which appears is
multi-tab, which will help you
set up the LithoSI process. The
first tab of the dialog defines
which seismic volumes will be
used in the process. These
seismic volumes are collected
in a Super Volume. In this
example we select both the Zp
and VpVs volumes as shown on
the left (either click once on
each volume and click Select or
double-click each volume).
May 2015
152

When you have changed the
first page as shown above,
click the Wells tab to see the
next page:
This page specifies which

wells to use in the
analysis. We want to use
three wells (well_B, well_C
and well_D), so Select
these wells:
May 2015
153

Then, click the Facies
Classification tab:
The Facies Classification

page is used to define the set
of facies classes in our
training data. First we select
the lithology log, which was
created in each of the wells
in the previous section. This
was called FACIES.
In the rest of the page, we define the classes, telling the program how many
classes and what their names are. We will select the classes we just defined
in the previous section. Click on Facies:
May 2015
154

Now click the last tab, Seismic
Attributes-Well Log Mapping:
On this page, we specify how
many seismic attributes are
used, and how the seismic
volumes are related to the
well log curves. The default
number of attributes is 2, and
we will accept that:
The mapping of volumes is as
on the right. We associate the
seismic inversion volume,
Inverted_Ip, with the curve IP.
Similarly, we associate the
seismic inversion volume
Inverted_VpVs with the well log
curve VpVs.
May 2015
155
When you have

filled in the dialog
as shown above,
click OK to create
the LithoSI window:
May 2015
156

The LithoSI window contains a series
of options for creating the probability
distributions associated with each
class. The first thing we can do is
create more space on the computer
screen by temporarily removing the
Project Manager. Click the x as
shown:
Note that we can restore the Project

Manager any time later by clicking the
rotated name Project Manager on the
left side:
May 2015
157

Go to the Data Selection tab
We want to use the simulated data
created in RockSI so select
Load training-set from RockSI.
Select RockSI Session and the

training set. Note that the session
name will be different in your case
since by default the name is
created with date and time.
Specify the mapping of the
properties used in RockSI with the
log curves.
The a-posterior proportions on the
rightmost column in the bottom
table are calculated from all the
wells based on facies curves.
May 2015
158

To display the external training set
from RockSI in a crossplot.
Turn off Well logs data points.
Turn on External Training-set.
May 2015
159

LithoSI Kernel Analysis now
shows the data points
simulated in RockSI.
Next step is to generate the
pdfs for each of these facies
and fine-tune by adjusting the
smoother parameter.
May 2015
160

Reduce the smoother length to 2.
Click on Compute in Common Parameters panel.
In Kernel Analysis tab, turn off Coal distribution.
The pdfs between these facies overlap quite a bit. Reducing the smoother
length also reduces these overlaps.
May 2015
161

Use the slider to adjust the smoother to 1.
Click Compute button again. The pdfs now fit the facies data points tighter.
May 2015
162

Click on QC at Wells. Select only Well Logs toggle.
The Confusion Matrix gives an overall success and misclassification rates
of the facies at all three well locations.
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163

Next we QC with an automatically generated arbitrary line that passes
through the three wells. Go to QC on Sections.
Select Passing through wells and click on the Select all wells icon.
May 2015
164

You can also QC constant
time map of the
classification by going to the
QC on Maps tab.
Finally, you can generate the

classification results for the
entire volume by running it
in Run on 3D volume tab.
It is not necessary to run the
process for this exercise.
May 2015
165
This final exercise demonstrate how RockSI simulated data points

can be used in the Bayesian Classification process (LithoSI).
This concludes our RockSI tutorial.
May 2015
166

RockSI Guide

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RockSI Tutorial

Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 3: Creation and calibration of userdefined PEMs

Rock Physics: the interdisciplinary glue

Rock Physics: Applications

Rock Physics: some definitions

Rock Physics Model (RPM)

A Rock Physics Model, or RPM, is a model which describes how a

Petro-Elastic Model (PEM)

A Petro-Elastic Model, or PEM, is a model which describes how a rock

Petro-Elastic Model (PEM)

A PEM is comprised of a set of equations which model the elastic

Rock Physics Template (RPT)

A Rock Physics Template, or RPT, is the projection of a Rock Physics

Select the input data:

The PEM Library tab allows the user:

A list of available Petro-Elastic Models:

The definition of each PEM:

3. Three editing modes:

A list of variables: any

User-defined if more variables

Variable display limits used in

Variable colormap used in the

Variable unit used in the

Selection of PEM used in Monte

Definition of the input distributions

Export of simulated data as ASCII

1. Curve display options

2. Log table (selection of variables

3. Angle Stack table (selection of

Cross-Plots Options tab:

Definition of the display template in the

Graphical options for the display of RPTs

Filters to apply on the cross-plots

Graphical options for the display of the

Graphical options for the display of the

Graphical options for the display of the

3. Create a new PEM

4. Load an existing PEM

Data interpretation and QC

Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 1: Log Analysis

When you launch

Part 1: Log Analysis

Then, in the File Selection

Part 1: Log Analysis

When you have

Part 1: Log Analysis

Select the project RockSI.prj.

Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 1: Log Analysis

A new tab called RockSI is created in the

Part 1: Log Analysis

In the seismic table,

Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 1: Log Analysis

Note that well-seismic ties were

Part 1: Log Analysis

Part 1: Log Analysis

Specify the variables and log curves

Part 1: Log Analysis

+ sign to add three rows.