Petrohysics Level 2

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM
CONSULTING PETROPHYSICS
ASSESSMENT GUIDE
Document Number
GL-GEC-TD-L4-04.IG01
Document Classification
Controlled
Document Level
L5
Prepared By:
Approval
Global Business Unit

Petroleum Consulting
CAP Technical
Advisory Committee
(TAC)
Issue Date
16 Jan 2014
Revision NO.
000
1.0 Purpose / How to Use This Guide

The information in this guide should be used by a Qualified Assessor or Qualified Supervisor to
prepare for and conduct an assessment. This guide contains the questions that will be asked by the
assessor and potential answers. The answers provided lay out the basic responses expected.
However, answers that appear in lists / bullets are not exhaustive and responses from the employee
should be validated per the discretion and experience of the assessor. The assessor should ask
questions based on the scope of the day to day work taken on by the employee. Failure to provide a
satisfactory answer to a question based on a Performance Criteria will result in the Employee being
marked as Not Yet Competent for that specific criterion. Please ensure that all Mandatory
Courses (including CBTs) are complete prior to proceeding with assessments.
When asked to Identify and Explain the employee should be able to identify the piece of equipment
and clearly state its purpose and function.
2.0 Assessment Methods
There are 4 methods of assessment in the Weatherford Competence Assurance Process. Each Unit
of a Competency Standard has been marked with the required assessment method. These are the
globally recommended methods for the assessment of that unit. As the weCAN method of
assessment is the strongest and most robust, all units may be assessed through weCAN at any time.
3.0 Evidence Guidance

A record of the assessment (known as evidence) is required to be uploaded into the Employee
Connect system to prove the competency assurance as per the Competence Assurance Process
(CAP) Document
One set of evidence may be uploaded against a single element or against a single competence unit.
Individual evidence does not need to be uploaded against individual performance criteria; however,
the evidence at element or unit level must be sufficient and robust enough to demonstrate
competence for each performance criteria.
One set of evidence is NOT acceptable against more than one unit of competency for any
assessment method other than Fast Track.
The following listed criteria are generic requirements and self-descriptive, assessment of
these items will be at the discretion of a competent Qualified Assessor or Qualified
Supervisor, as applicable, in accordance with CAP.

ASSESSMENT GUIDE
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INDEX OF UNITS
Sr
No
Path
Unit
Petrophysical Data Acquisition
Lithology
Shale Effects
Porosity
Statistical Analysis
Saturation
Permeability
Pore Pressure
Nuclear Resonance
10
Wellbore Imaging
11
Borehole Acoustics
12
Integration of Core and Log Data
13
Cased Hole Log Evaluation
14
Quantitative Seismic Studies
15
Petroleum Geology
16
Well Operations
Prepared By:
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CAP Technical
Advisory Committee
(TAC)
Issue Date
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Revision NO.
000

ASSESSMENT GUIDE
Document Number
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Prepared By:
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CAP Technical
Advisory Committee
(TAC)
Issue Date
16 Jan 2014
Document Level
L5
Revision NO.
000
Unit 1 - Petrophysical Data Acquisition
This unit is about the fundamentals of Petrophysics, understanding the value of information process and
optimal tools used to meet customer challenges. The employee will be assessed in the elements relevant
to the tasks he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Petrophysical Acquisition Planning
Sr.
No.
Assessment Definitions
Performance Definitions
Compare:
Log data:
- continuous reading of data with
excellent depth control
- limitations: derived measurement
of formation parameters
Core data:
- extremely detailed and accurate
assessment of the rock and fluids
- limitations: time consuming, slow,
and expensive so the data sets are
limited
Compare the differences of log data,

core data, test data and mud logging
data.
Prepare a sales support presentation

for wireline and LWD logging that
can be presented to a customer.
Test data:
- measures pressure and flow rate at
a single depth interval
- limitations: since it measures at a
single point, it makes it slow and
expensive to get comprehensive
data sets
Mud logging data:
- direct measurement of the drill bit
cuttings, results are very quick and
accurate
- limitations: sample rate is large,
which limits the detailed output, and
the depth control is poor so the
placement of the samples has low
confidence
Provide: a personally created sales
support presentation that presents
solutions to customer challenges for a
specific client and focuses on how
our solution meets or met the
customers needs/challenges.
Highlight the merits of the
presentation to the Assessor, listing
the customers needs that were
identified, the answer product that
was created and how it met or will
meet the need.
Critical Tasks

ASSESSMENT GUIDE
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Prepare a post-job Answer Product

presentation for wireline and LWD
logging that can be presented to a
customer.
Prepared By:
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Issue Date
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Document Level
L5
Provide: a personally created postjob Answer Product presentation that

describes the processing and results
on a specific well and focuses on how
the results meet or met the
customers need.
Highlight the merits of the
presentation to the Assessor, listing
specifics of the processing and
results and how the results met or will
meet the need.,
Explain: Given a list of customer
challenges, provide the optimal nonstandard logging tool for the
challenge.
Porosity in difficult or unknown
lithology.
Qualifying pore sizes and trapped
fluids.
(tool: NMR)
Explain optimal logging suite for

specific customer needs or
challenges using non-standard
logging tools (imaging, shear
slowness, formation testing, and
NMR).
Understanding of natural fracture

patterns.
Direction of well bore breakout due to
formation stress.
(tool: Imaging)
Understanding properties needed for
optimizing hydraulic fracturing.
(tool: Shear Slowness)
Quantifying ability of formation to
flow.
Determination of formation pressure.
(tool: Formation Testing)
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UNIT 2 Lithology
This unit is about the properties and measurements used to identify lithology. The employee will be
assessed in the elements relevant to the tasks he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Discrimination of Reservoir/Non-Reservoir
Sr. No.
Identify reservoir zones in complex

lithologies and structural settings
using full suite of petrophysical
tools (including well test
information).
Critical Tasks
Identify: reservoir zones in a

Complex Lithology Answer Product
and explain how the measurements
support the interpretation.
Answer Product to be provided by
Assessor or employee. Minimum log
requirements should include triple
combo data, acoustics, pressure tests
for minimum three lithologies (i.e.,
shale, limestone, dolomite)
depending on region.
Element 2 Lithology Identification using Logs

Sr. No.
Determine: the lithology in a
Complex Lithology Answer Product
and explain how the measurements
support the interpretation.
Determine a complex lithology

(more complex than sand shale)
using appropriate lithology logs.
Answer Product to be provided by

Assessor or employee. Minimum log
requirements should include triple
combo data, acoustics, and one
specific lithology dependent
measurement for minimum three
lithologies (i.e., shale, limestone,
dolomite) depending on region.
(Assessor note: appropriate is
dependent on region / area; lithology
dependent measurement is also
dependent on region)
Critical Tasks

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Revision NO.
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UNIT 3 Shale Effects
This unit is about the effect of shale on porosity and how to determine shaliness using logs. The
employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the tasks he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Shale Nature and Effects
Sr. No.
Identify:
Clays:
- fill well space
- destroy the wellbore
Clays: general term including many
combinations of one or more clay
minerals with traces of metal oxides
and organic matter. Clay minerals:
four main groups: kaolinite,
montmorillionite-smectite, illite,
chlorite
Identify the nature of various clays

and shales, describe the difference
between a clay and a shale.
Nature: Montmorillionite-smectite and

illite are expansive clay minerals,
which mean they change their volume
with an increase of water content
(swelling). This can lead to wellbore
collapse.
Clay minerals are part of shales.
Shales: Clay is a group of minerals
that may form shale in a laminated
environment or mudstone in a nonlaminated environment.
Shale: fine-grained clastic
sedimentary rock composed of a mix
of clay minerals, silt-sized particles
and other minerals (like quartz or
calcite). Shale is characterized by
breaks along thin laminae or parallel
layering.
Critical Tasks

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Document Level
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UNIT 4 Porosity
This unit is about porosity tools and how they are used to determine and calculate porosity. The
employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the tasks that he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Porosity Tools
Sr. No.
Identify reasons for abnormal log

response in porosity tool
measurements.
Critical Tasks
Identify reasons:
Density: Tool fails to maintain pad
contact or connection to the
formation. The mud cake becomes
too thick to correct and the use of
barite in the mud causes the density
to read in error.
Neutron: Borehole fluid may become
gaseous or foam.
Sonic: Borehole fluid may become
gaseous or foam. If formation
becomes fractured or rough, the
returning signal will have low
amplitude.
Element 2 Porosity Determination

Sr. No.
Demonstrate differences between

effective and total porosity
systems.
Reconcile log derived connected

and non-connected porosity with
core measurements (incl. thin
sections).
1. Show the calculations for
determining effective porosity from
total porosity.
2. Explain how each is different.
3. Use log analysis software to create
an effective porosity curve from a
data set.
4. Show how changes in the log
measurements influence the
effective porosity.
Deliver a plot with core and log
values and explain the steps taken to
achieve porosity normalization.
1. Employee must provide log
(minimum triple combo data)
2. Provide core data for the interval of
interest (i.e., porosity from cores)
3. Provide thin sections of the core
4. Explain connection between log
data, calculated porosity from core
and visual interpretation of thin
sections
Critical Tasks

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Document Level
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Deliver a plot with core and log

values and explain the steps taken to
achieve core corrected porosity.
Tie in and compare shaly sand

porosity values between logs and
cores.
1. Employee must provide log

(minimum triple combo data)
2. Provide core data for the interval of
interest (i.e., porosity from cores)
3. Explain connection between log
data, calculated porosity from core
4. Correct the log based porosity to
match core porosity
5. Create a plot with core corrected
porosity
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UNIT 5 Statistical Analysis
This unit is about understanding the basic concept of errors in statistical log analysis and how they react
to measurements (expand or restrict). The employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the
tasks that he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Statistical Log Analysis
Sr. No.
Explain the error minimization

approach to porosity determination
from logs.
Explain: Every measurement has an

error bar; when you combine the
measurements, you either expand or
restrict the error.
Critical Tasks

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UNIT 6 Saturation
This unit is about the resistivity and conductivity principles, including how to determine levels of resistivity
and the effects of porosity, shale and carbonates in water saturation. The employee will be assessed in
the elements relevant to the tasks that he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Saturation Determination
Sr. No.
Assess and quantify the impact of

shaly sand models on water
saturation.
1. Use recent data set from region to
calculate water saturation values in
minimum of three models
2. Explain the difference in the
outcomes which model is best for
the area.
3. State which model is the most
appropriate for the logging
environment and why.
Example models may include:
Simandoux, Indonesian, and dualwater
Reconcile results of oil/gas

differentiation from log data with
other evidence (e.g. mud logs, well
tests etc.).
(Assessor note: upload output as

evidence)
1. Produce an interpretation log that
identifies oil and gas.
2. Explain how the non-log data
supports the interpretation.
3. Suggest reasons for differences
between the log data and non-log
data.
Example: If there is a mud log with a
gas show, but no indication on the
log, explain why both can be valid but
different.
Describe: Provide evidence of a
literature study or search on
local/regional methods. Support or
compare findings through discussion
with assessor.
Describe methods for independent

determination of "m" (porosity
exponent) in carbonates.
Findings should include, but are not

limited to:
- Geographic validity (if MENA,
literature should be based on
MENA geography)
- Geologic validity (if old carbonates,
literature should be based on old
carbonates)
10
Critical Tasks

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Describe:
Method for interpreting lateral and
vertical continuity requires datasets
from various wells
Describe methods for interpreting

lateral and vertical continuity and
other reservoir properties.
Example: look at the data sets,

identify the reservoir zones on the
data sets and identify basic
differences between reservoir zones
in data logs (i.e., oil/water contact, oil
only, etc.)
Method for interpreting reservoir
properties requires different data from
different wells, such as image data
for structural information and
pressure distribution test; fluid
samples or lab analysis; core
samples for sedimentalogical
analysis; normal log data for
petrophysical analysis.
11
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UNIT 7 Permeability
This unit is about defining the basics of permeability. The employee will be assessed in the elements
relevant to the tasks he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Permeability Estimation from Standard and Specialized Logs
Sr. No.
Determine permeability from

porosity and irreducible water
saturation.
Generate a moved oil plot.
Describe factors that contribute to

mobility.
Critical Tasks
1. Create a permeability log from

porosity.
2. Account for effects of irreducible
water saturation and tortuosity.
3. Implement a solution to determine
true permeability that includes
either NMR or core analysis (or
both).
4. Deliver a log with porosity, a
calculated permeability and a
corrected permeability.
1. Find the appropriate dataset.
2. Produce a moved oil plot.
3. Discuss effect of the input
parameters on the output.
Describe: reasons for lack of fluid
flow; include effects of fluid viscosity,
permeability, porosity and tortuosity.
Element 2 Formation Testing Evaluation

Sr. No.
Define fluid contacts and calculate

fluid density.
Explain method for pulling quality

tester fluid using acquisition
techniques (how to pull a clean
sample).
1. Produce a log from a pressure test
gradient
2. Identify fluid contact depth
3. Calculate fluid densities above and
below the contact
4. Interpret fluid type (water, oil, gas)
Explain: monitoring flow line fluid
resistivity, density, and optical
characteristics to determine best
conditions for pulling sample; give
example of the process, techniques
used
(watch as resistivity goes down, crack
the valve once you have formation
water, take the sample, etc.)
12
Critical Tasks

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UNIT 8 Pore Pressure
This unit is about abnormal pressures and their impact on logs. The employee will be assessed in the
elements relevant to the tasks that he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Pore Pressure Prediction
Sr. No.
Outline how abnormal pressures

are created, and describe the
impact of abnormal pressures
zones on logs.
Outline:
Abnormal pressures:
- pressure that deviates from the
normal pressure gradient
- could be created from drilling,
depletion or geological factors
Impact on logs: potential change in
resistivity, sonic, density, neutron
13
Critical Tasks

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UNIT 9 Nuclear Resonance
This unit is about NMR principles, tools, data and properties. The employee will be assessed in the
Element 1 NMR Logging
Sr. No.
Describe:
Two main principles of NMR are
proton recession and proton
relaxation.
Proton Recession: Before logging,
the protons in the formation fluids are
randomly oriented. When the tool
passes through the formation, the tool
generates magnetic fields that
activate those protons. First, the
tools permanent magnetic field
aligns, or polarizes, the spin axes of
the protons in a particular direction.
Then the tools oscillating field is
applied to tip these protons away
from their new equilibrium position.
Describe NMR principles: proton

recession, and relaxation in
porous media.
Proton Relaxation: When the

oscillating field is subsequently
removed, the protons begin tipping
back, or relaxation, toward the
original direction in which the static
magnetic field aligned them.
Specified pulse sequences are used
to generate a series of so-called spin
echoes, which are measured by the
NMR logging tool and are displayed
on logs as spin-echo trains. These
spin-echo trains constitute the raw
NMR data.
Decay Spectrum: The amplitude of
the spin-echo-train decay can be fit
very well by a sum of decaying
exponentials, each with a different
decay constant. The set of all the
decay constants forms the decay
spectrum or transverse-relaxationtime (T2) distribution. Properly
defined, the area under the T2distribution curve is equal to the initial
amplitude of the spin-echo train.
Hence, the T2 distribution can be
directly calibrated in terms of porosity.
14
Critical Tasks

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Describe: T2 values are related to

pore sizes; a T2 value can be
selected below which the
corresponding fluids are expected to
reside in small pores and above
which the corresponding fluids are
expected to reside in larger pores.
This T2 value is called the T2 cutoff
(T2cutoff).
Describe the NMR response to

pore size, free fluid, trapped water,
permeability, and water cut.
Describe NMR tools, the

similarities, differences and
operational issues.
Define NMR permeability

determination.
Clay-bound water, capillary-bound

water (trapped water), and movable
(free) water occupy different pore
sizes and locations. Hydrocarbon
fluids differ from brine in their
locations in the pore space, usually
occupying the larger pores. They also
differ from each other and brine in
viscosity and diffusivity. NMR logging
uses these differences to
characterize the fluids (water cut) in
the pore space. The T2 distribution
describes the pore size distribution,
which can be used to determine
permeability.
Describe:
Pad or Mandrel tools both align
and recess hydrogen; both follow
normal NMR principles
Pad tool measures only a small
sample on one side of the borehole
Mandrel tools measure larger
vertical resolution, but greater volume
of investigation; more susceptible to
borehole environment
Operational issues: limits to
borehole salinity
Describe: NMR relaxation properties
of rock samples are dependent on
porosity, pore size, pore-fluid
properties and mineralogy. The NMR
estimate of permeability is based on
theoretical models that show that
permeability increases with both
increasing porosity and increasing
pore size.
Two related kinds of permeability
models have been developed. The
free-fluid or Coates model can be
applied in formations containing water
and/or hydrocarbons. The AverageT2 model can be applied to
formations containing only water.
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Define bound water vs free water.
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Measurements on core samples are

necessary to refine these models and
produce a model customized for local
use.
Define:
Bound water - water that is
chemically attached to clay molecules
Free water is free to circulate in the
pore space
Describe: The NMR data and the
deep resistivity data are integrated to
determine whether producible water
is in the virgin zone, or whether an
interval with high water saturation
may actually produce water-free
hydrocarbons.
Describe NMR saturation

techniques and interpretation
including appropriate applications
and limitations.
Applications:
- Obtain lithology independent
porosity
- Capture clay bound and capillary
bound water
- Obtain a more accurate water
saturation calculation because free
and trapped water is identified
Limitation:
- Must have understanding of T2
cutoff
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UNIT 10 Wellbore Imaging
This unit is about the tools used in wellbore imaging and the types of features and faults that can be
identified on image logs. The employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the tasks he/she
undertakes.
Element 1 Interpretation of Borehole Images and Dip Meter Data
Sr. No.
Identify and explain fractures on

image logs.
Compare image log output to core

photography.
Interpret structural dip in routine

situations and recognize more
complex relationships.
Sketch cross sections using dip

plots including structure and faults.
1. Produce an image log from an
appropriate dataset
2. Select a section of the log
3. Identify and characterize a
minimum of three types of fractures
(Examples: resistive fractures,
conductive fractures, borehole drilling
induced fractures, etc. )
1. Produce a core photo integration
log
2. Indicate the common features
between the image and the core
photo
(Examples of common features
include: fractures, cross-bedding,
grain size, etc.)
Interpret: provide an image or dip
interpretation on an appropriate
dataset and be able to explain the
geological reasons for changes in dip.
(Example: unconformities, faults,
folds, etc.)
Sketch: using the same data set as
Sr. No. 3, draw the cross section in
2D and 3D
(Assessor note: upload output)
Correlate: using typical image log
and another piece of evidence
identify where both are same and
where they differ; provide reasons
why they differ.
Correlate image data with other

fracture indicators.
Sample statements:
- Acoustics requires large, deep
fractures in order to be seen.
- Imaging can detect fractures that
are very small.
- Cores may have fractures due to
core handling.
- Images require resistive differences
17
Critical Tasks

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between fracture and formation.

(Assessor note: employee may use
sample from an acoustic log or core)
1. Generate a hand-picked log and an
auto-dip log
2. Show similarities
3. Explain differences
Compare computer generated

auto-dip versus hand-picked dips
from an image and explain
differences.
On the surface auto-dip and handpicked dips may look the same;
however, auto-dip may generate dips
of non-features, such as noise, and
hand-picked requires analyst who can
differentiate between valid and invalid
data.
18
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UNIT 11 Borehole Acoustics
This unit is about the value of borehole acoustics measurements and how to identify basic characteristics
in compressional and shear data. The employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the tasks
he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Anisotrophy and Mechanical Data
Sr. No.
Create: an answer product
demonstrating shear anisotropy.
Include fast and slow shear and the
direction of anisotropy.
Create anisotrophy answer

product and discuss geological
causes of stress anisotrophy.
Create mechanical properties from

acoustics and density, state limits
of acceptable data.
Intrinsic anisotropy is caused by the

crystalline structure of the rock having
different mechanical properties in
different directions. Stress-based
anisotropy is a change in mechanical
properties with direction caused by
external forces acting on the rock
usually tectonic.
Create: a standard mechanical
properties log which includes: triplecombo data, acoustics, and
calculated Youngs modulus,
Poissons ratio and brittleness.
Limits:
Poissons ration between 0 and 0.5.
Vp/Vs ratio greater than 1, normally
between 1.4 and 2.0.
19
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UNIT 12 Integration of Core and Log Data
This unit is about integrating core analysis with various types of log data and tools/techniques that are
used during the process. The employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the tasks that he/she
undertakes.
Element 1 Analyze and Integrate Routine Core Analysis
Sr. No.
Outline techniques for

measurement of porosity,
permeability and saturation.
Interpret routine core analysis data

(porosity, permeability, graindensity and saturation) to derive
reservoir properties, lithology, and
fluid content.
Critical Tasks
1. Full size core is drilled.

2. In lab, Gamma Ray of core is
measured
3. Core plugs are taken at specified
depths
4. Dean-Stark method determines
core plug porosity and saturations,
grain and bulk densities.
5. Flowing inert gas (N2 or He)
through the core provides
permeability.
1. Obtain a routine core analysis
report
2. Interpret data (show porosity,
density, saturation)
3. Derive reservoir properties,
lithology and fluid
4. Explain the methodology (steps and
reasoning) of the interpretation
Element 2 Analyze and Integrate Special Core Analysis

Sr. No.
Describe usage of special core

analysis to determine electrical
properties (m, n, Qv) and
procedures to assure quality.
Describe:
M: Several core plugs are obtained
and cleaned and dried of fluids. The
plugs are flushed with water of
various salinities and the plug
resistivity is measured. The porosity
is plotted against the resistivity ratio
(Ro/Rw) on logarithmic scale. The
slope is M and the value at 100%
porosity is A.
N: Core plugs are flushed with fluids
of varying saturation and the
resistivity index (Rt/Ro) is measured.
Values are plotted in log-log scale.
The slope of the line through the
points and (1,1) is N.
Qv: Conductometric titration is a
20
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technique for estimating the cationexchange capacity (Qv) of a sample

by measuring the conductivity of the
sample during titration. The technique
includes crushing the end pieces of a
core sample and mixing it for some
time in a solution like barium acetate,
during which all the cation-exchange
sites are replaced by barium (Ba++)
ions. The solution is then titrated with
another solution, such as MgSO4,
while observing the change in
conductivity as the magnesium
(Mg++) ions replace the Ba++ ions.
Explain importance of capillary

pressure and wettability.
Describe how special core

analysis can determine relative
permeability curves and residual
saturations.
Explain:
Capillary Pressure: The capillary
pressure curve is important for
understanding saturation distribution
in the reservoir and affects imbibition
and multiphase fluid flow through the
rock. Capillary pressure is the
pressure required to push the nonwetting fluid into the pore spaces.
Rocks have a distribution of pore
throat sizes, so as more pressure is
applied to the non-wetting phase,
increasingly smaller pore openings
are invaded.
Wettability: Wettability is the
preference of a solid to contact one
liquid or gas, known as the wetting
phase (preferred fluid), rather than
another liquid or gas. The wetting
phase will tend to spread on the solid
surface and a porous solid will tend to
imbibe (draw in) the wetting phase, in
both cases displacing the non-wetting
phase. Rocks can be water-wet, oilwet or intermediate-wet.
Describe: Using a core plug, first
water and then oil is injected until
steady state is reached, measuring
permeability with each fluid. The
residual oil and water saturations are
determined. The data is plotted on a
perm vs saturation graph. The
equations help the reservoir engineer
understand the manner in which the
formation will flow.
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Element 3 Analyze and Integrate Petrography and Mineralogy Data

Sr. No.
Define thin section and x-ray

diffraction.
Describe scanning electron

microscopy.
Define:
Thin Section: A thin sliver of rock is
cut from the sample with a diamond
saw and ground optically flat. It is
then mounted on a glass slide and
then ground smooth using
progressively finer abrasive grit until
the sample is only 30 m thick. When
placed between two polarizing filters
set at right angles to each other, the
optical properties of the minerals in
the thin section alter the color and
intensity of the light as seen by the
viewer. As different minerals have
different optical properties, most rock
forming minerals can be easily
identified.
XRF: a method used for determining
the atomic and molecular structure of
a crystal, in which the crystalline
atoms cause a beam of X-rays to
diffract into many specific directions.
The mean positions of the atoms in
the crystal can be determined, as well
as their chemical bonds, their
disorder and various other
information. XRF is used to determine
the mineralogy of the sample.
Describe: Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM): a type of
electron microscope that produces
images of a sample by scanning it
with a focused beam of electrons.
The electrons interact with atoms in
the sample, producing various signals
that can be detected and that contain
information about the sample's
surface topography and composition.
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UNIT 13 Cased Hole Log Evaluation
This unit is about common tools used in cement bond evaluation and the basic principles and
measurements of production logging. The employee will be assessed in the elements relevant to the
tasks that he/she undertakes.
Element 1 Zone Isolation and Pipe Integrity
Sr. No.
Characterize cement quality behind

casing without gas present.
Characterize cement quality with

sector-bond or ultra-sonic scanner.
Critical Tasks
1. Obtain a bond log that

demonstrates bonded intervals and
free pipe
2. Interpret the CBL
3. Explain where the cement job is
good and where it is poor
4. Provide reasoning to support the
interpretation
(Assessor note: The employee needs
to point out intervals of good cement,
free pipe and top of cement on a
bond log/CBL.)
1. Obtain a bond log that
demonstrates bonded intervals and
channeling
2. Interpret the SBT/ERS
3. Explain where the cement job is
good and where it is poor
4. Provide reasoning to support the
interpretation
(Assessor note: The employee needs
to point out intervals of good cement,
free pipe, top of cement, and
channeling on a sector bond or ultrasonic scanner.)
Element 2 Evaluate Cased Hole Logs for Reservoir Surveillance

Sr. No.
Outline procedure and objectives of

periodic logging for hydrocarbon/
water discrimination.
Outline:
Time-dependent logging: log the
well periodically, every few months;
calculate water saturation.
Objective: monitor the depth of the
oil-water contact and the water
saturation over time as production
and tertiary recovery is done.
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Describe the physics of pulsed

neutron logging.
Describe the physics of induced

gamma spectroscopy
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Describe: An electrical neutron

generator produces bursts of
neutrons. The neutrons enter the
formation and interact with material in
the rock and fluids. The tools
measure gamma rays that are
released as the neutrons are
captured by the formation. The tool
measures porosity and sigma. Sigma
responds closely to resistivity.
Describe: The tool works similar to
pulsed neutron logging except the
energy spectrum of the resultant
gamma rays are measured. This
energy spectrum determines which
minerals are present in the formation.
Also known as carbon-oxygen
logging.
Element 3 Evaluate Cased Hole Logs for Inflow Performance

Sr. No.
1. Obtain a field production log
2. Identify intervals of no flow, inflow,
and outflow (if appropriate)
3. Explain reasoning for interpretation
Interpret flowmeters, fluid density,

water cut, and temperature profiles
in producing stream.
Sample reasoning statements:

- A no flow zone will have constant
spinner velocity, gradient
temperature profile.
- An inflow zone will have increasing
spinner velocity uphole.
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UNIT 14 Quantitative Seismic Studies
This unit is about the fundamentals of working with seismic data. The employee will be assessed in the
Element 1 Generate Well Synthetics
Sr. No.
Critical Tasks
Describe:
Describe the application of log data

to seismic data.
Acoustic log data, which is depthbased, is tied in seismic data, which

is time-based.
Acoustic log data has a higher
resolution than seismic data;
therefore, logging data is used to
improve and update the seismic
model.
Element 2 Model Seismic Amplitudes

Sr. No.
Describe: Reflection seismology
uses the principles of seismology to
estimate the properties of the Earth's
subsurface from reflected seismic
waves.
Describe the fundamentals of

reflection seismology and its use in
oilfield exploration.
When a seismic wave travelling

through the Earth encounters an
interface between two materials with
different acoustic impedances, some
of the wave energy will reflect off the
interface and some will refract
through the interface. At its most
basic, the seismic reflection
technique consists of generating
seismic waves and measuring the
time taken for the waves to travel
from the source, reflect off an
interface and be detected by an array
of receivers (or geophones) at the
surface. Knowing the travel times
from the source to various receivers,
and the velocity of the seismic waves,
a geophysicist then attempts to
reconstruct the path of the waves in
order to build model of the
subsurface.
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The goal of seismic interpretation is

to obtain a coherent geological story
from the map of processed seismic
reflections. The aim of this is to
produce structural maps that reflect
the spatial variation in depth of
certain geological layers. Using
theses maps hydrocarbon traps can
be identified and models of the
subsurface can be created that allow
volume calculations to be made.
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UNIT 15 Petroleum Geology

This unit is about common well operations, quality control and well design. The employee will be
Element 1 Stratigraphic Seal Occurrence and Effectiveness
Sr. No.
Critical Tasks
Define: A hydrocarbon trap is formed

when the upwards movement of the
hydrocarbon is trapped below a rock
layer that is impermeable to the
hydrocarbon.
Structural traps are formed as a result
of changes in the structure of the
subsurface due to processes such as
folding and faulting, leading to the
formation of domes, anticlines, and
folds.
Define and list requirements for a

hydrocarbon seal.
The seal must be spatially large

enough to hold an economic quantity
of hydrocarbon beneath. The
permeability of the seal must be less
than the permeability required for the
hydrocarbon below to flow. And the
seal must be mechanically strong
enough to hold the pressure below
without fracturing. Further, the seal
must have been in place before the
migration of the hydrocarbon and
remained in place and effective since
migration.
Element 2 Sedimentation and Poro-perm Distribution

Sr. No.
Describe the relationship between

rock properties, porosity,
permeability, and saturation.
Describe: Rocks that are well sorted
with large grains will have large
pores, high porosity, high
permeability, and have a low residual
saturation.
Rocks that are poorly sorted with
smaller grains will have small pores,
low permeability, and high residual
saturation.
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Element 3 Stratigraphic Trap Analysis

Sr. No.
Critical Tasks
List: Stratigraphic traps are formed

as a result of lateral and vertical
variations in the thickness, texture,
porosity or lithology of the reservoir
rock.
List the elements contributing to an

effective stratigraphic trap.
Examples of this type of trap are an

unconformity trap, a lens trap and a
reef trap.
The requirements of a stratigraphic
trap are the same as a structural trap.
Stratigraphic traps depend on the
buoyancy force of the fluid to be
overcome by the capillary force of the
seal medium.
Element 4 Principles of Diagenesis

Sr. No.
Explain: Diagenesis is changes to
sedimentary rocks during and after
rock formation. It is any chemical,
physical, or biological change
undergone by sediment after its initial
deposition at temperatures and
pressures less than that required for
the formation of metamorphic rocks.
Explain the chemical and physical

principles of diagenetic processes,
including the effects of mineralogy,
rock water interaction, pressure and
temperature.
Establish the basic differences

between diagenesis in carbonates
vs. siliclastics and the implications
that these differences have for
reservoir quality and complexity.
After deposition, sediments are

compacted as they are buried
beneath successive layers of
sediment which increase overburden
pressure. They are cemented by
minerals that precipitate from
formation water.
Grains of sediment, rock fragments
and fossils can be replaced by other
minerals during diagenesis. Porosity
usually decreases during diagenesis,
except in cases such as dissolution of
minerals and dolomitization.
Describe: Siliclastic sedimentary
rocks are composed of silicate
minerals that were transported by
moving fluids and were deposited
when these fluids came to rest. In
clastic rocks, diagenesis by
temperature and pressure affect the
porosity of the rock. The rocks
mineral structure is not usually
affected.
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Carbonate rocks are primarily

composed of carbonate minerals
such as limestone, which is
composed of calcite, and dolostone,
which is composed of the mineral
dolomite. Carbonates are precipitated
out of minerals in the water. Because
the minerals in carbonates can be
affected by the formation water,
diagenesis affects the mineral
composition and the presence of
organic matter. These chemical
factors plus the temperature and
pressure affect carbonate rocks.
Element 5 Nature of Carbonate Porosity and its Evolution

Sr. No.
Define: Porosity in carbonate rocks
has two sources.
Define and characterize carbonate

pore systems geologically and
petrophysically.
Primary (matrix supported) porosity is

formed at time of deposition and is
the void space between grains of
matrix rock.
Secondary porosity is formed after
deposition and is caused by
diagenesis of the rock by chemical,
biological, and mechanical changes
to the rock.
Describe: Porosity in siliclastic rock
is almost exclusively primary porosity.
Describe the basic differences

between carbonate and siliclastic
pore systems and discuss the
implications relative to reservoir
characteristics.
Describe the concept of carbonate

porosity evolution through time.
Define the link between diagenesis

and porosity in carbonates.
Carbonates can contain a large

percentage of secondary porosity.
There is normally a string relationship
between porosity and permeability in
siliclastics. Due to a large amount of
secondary porosity, the relationship
does not hold true for carbonates.
Describe: Carbonate primary
porosity is formed during deposition.
Chemical interactions between the
rock and the formation water cause
organic matter to be dissolved and
cause changes in the mineral
content. Over time, the secondary
porosity of the rock increases as
diagenesis occurs. Primary porosity
can be quite small compared to total
porosity after diagenesis.
Define: Secondary porosity is caused
by diagenesis of the rock by
chemical, biological, and mechanical
changes to the rock.
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Element 6 Turbidites and Deep Water Deposition

Sr. No.
Describe: Sediment gravity flow is a
sediment transport mechanism where
sediment is transported in a
combination of the forces of gravity
and the buoyancy of the fluid.
Describe the basic processes of

sediment gravity flows (turbidity
currents and debris flows).
Explain the nature of turbidite

systems and the reservoirs
contained within them.
Turbidity current Grains are

suspended by fluid turbulence within
the flow. Because the behavior of
turbidity currents is largely
predictable, they exhibit Newtonian
behavior.
Debris flow Grains are supported
by the strength and buoyancy of the
matrix. Debris flows have cohesive
strength, which makes their behavior
difficult to predict using the laws of
physics. As such, these flows exhibit
non-Newtonian behavior. Because
debris flows have cohesive strength,
unusually large rocks may be able to
literally float on top of the mud.
Explain: A Turbidite is the geologic
deposit of a turbidity current, which is
responsible for distributing vast
amounts of clastic sediment into the
deep ocean. Reservoirs are of a
clastic material and usually have a
fining upward sedimentology.
Define: The normal sequence is a
series of fining upwards structures.
From top down:
Define the principal elements of

typical turbidite systems.
- Massive mudstone (may be missing

due to erosion after deposition).
- Parallel laminated siltstone
- Ripple laminated fine grained
sandstone
- Planar laminated fine to medium
grained sandstone
- Massive, fine to course grained
sandstone.
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Element 7 Fluviodeltaic and Shallow Marine Clastic Systems and Reservoirs

Sr. No.
Define basic processes in the

paralic environment.
Critical Tasks
Define: Sediment is carried from the

land by rivers to the ocean. The water
velocity slows down when it hits the
ocean resulting in the sediment
dropping out in different areas
depending on the grain size. Tides,
waves, and ocean current redistribute
this sediment. Over time, the path of
the river changes creating a delta.
List:
Deltaic a complex environment at
the mouth of a river
List the main depositional

environments.
Describe reservoir properties

dependent on position within the
margin/shelf.
Tidal a high energy environment

seaward of the shoreline.
Lagoonal a low energy
environment landward of the
shoreline.
Beach an environment created at
the shoreline which is then
subsequently buried.
Describe: The reservoir properties
will be complex and depend on the
position in the ancient shoreline. A
high energy environment will deposit
large sediment and result in a high
porosity, high permeability reservoir.
The areas with limited flow or low
energy, the porosity and permeability
will be lower.
Element 8 Non-marine Depositional Systems and Reservoirs

Sr. No.
Define basic processes and
deposits in non-marine
environments.
Define: Weathered sediment is
carried by wind or water to collection
areas on land.
List:
Alluvial loose sediment pulled by
temporary events such as landslides.
List the main depositional

environments.
Aeolian windblown sediment such

as desert or beach sand dunes.
Fluvial sediment found at the
bottom of moving water in rivers or
streams.
Lacustrine occurring on the bottom
of lakes and other still, fresh water.
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Element 9 - Plate Tectonics and Regional Processes

Sr. No.
Describe: Stress is the amount of
force applied to a rock.
Overburden stress is found in all
rocks and is the weight of the rocks
above. It is the average density of the
rocks multiplied by the force of
gravity.
Describe effects of stress, effective

stress, strain and rock properties in
geomechanics.
Lateral stresses are caused by

tectonics and may be different in
different directions (stress
anisotropy). For example, rock at the
top of an anticline fold will be in
tension while rocks at the top of a
sinecline fold will be in compression.
Also, rocks near a fault will have
lateral forces.
Effective stress is the stress on the
rock after pore pressure is removed.
Pore pressure partially supports the
rock and helps resist compressional
forces.
Strain is the physical deformation of
the rock due to stress. The rock may
stretch or break (fracture) depending
on the amount of force and the nature
of the rock.
Rock properties such as Youngs
modulus and Poissons ratio describe
how the rock will respond to the
forces.
Describe: Fractures are cracks in the
rock where the rock has failed due to
past stress. Faults are fractures with
lateral or vertical movement.
Describe how faults and fractures

act as barriers, conduits, seals, and
filters.
Fractures and faults can be openings,

channels, or conduits in the formation
allowing fluid to flow through the
fracture. Depending on the fracture
aperture, the fracture can filter out
rock grains or separate fluids based
on viscosity.
Faults that cause a vertical shift can
result in a porous formation abutting
an impermeable rock, forming a seal
or barrier.
Fractures can also be healed by a
cementing process by the formation
fluid, becoming a barrier to flow.
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Describe: Salt tectonics is concerned

with the geometries and processes
associated with the presence of
significant thicknesses of rock salt in
a sequence of rocks. Salt has a low
density which does not increase with
burial and a low strength which
means it deforms plastically.
Describe fundamental processes

and geometries of salt tectonics.
The overburden stress above a slat

layer will cause the salt to deform into
a characteristic series of ridges and
depressions. Active tectonics will
cause the crust to move and change
the overburden pressure, further
driving the movement of the salt.
Buckling of the overburden layer will
allow the salt to rise into the cores of
anticlines, which causes salt domes.
A significant proportion of the worlds
hydrocarbon reserves are found in
structures related to salt tectonics.
Describe: Faults result from the
action of plate tectonics. A fault is a
planar fracture or discontinuity in a
rock, across which there has been
significant displacement along the
fractures as a result of earth
movement.

and geometries of extensional
tectonics.

and geometries of compressional
tectonics.
The two sides of a non-vertical fault

are known as the hanging wall and
footwall. By definition, the hanging
wall occurs above the fault plane and
the footwall occurs below the fault.
A normal, or extensional, fault occurs
when the crust is extended due to the
earths crust being in tension. The
hanging wall moves downward,
relative to the footwall.
movement.
The two sides of a non-vertical fault
are known as the hanging wall and
footwall. By definition, the hanging
wall occurs above the fault plane and
the footwall occurs below the fault.
Reverse and thrust faults are caused
by compressive shortening of the
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and geometries of strike slip
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crust. The hanging wall moves up

relative to the footwall. Reverse faults
have dip angles greater than 45
degrees while thrust faults have dip
angles less than 45 degrees.
movement. In strike-slip faults, the
fault surface is usually near vertical
and the fault surface moves either left
or right laterally with very little vertical
motion.
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UNIT 16 Well Operations

This unit is about common well operations, quality control and well design. The employee will be
Element 1 HC Wellsite Operations Mudlogging
Sr. No.
Define lag time and describe how it

is used in mud logging.
Critical Tasks
Define: Lag time is the time between

when a rock cutting is created by the
drill bit and when the cutting appears
at the surface in the shaker. Due to
the lag time, the drill bit is at a deeper
depth when the cutting is caught.
The mud logger must know the lag
time in order to know the depth the
drill bit was at when that particular
rock cutting was cut.
Describe: Rock cuttings are caught
at the shaker. The mud logger
washes them and examines them
under a microscope. The mud logger
will record (on the mud log) the size
of rock grains as well as the material.
Describe techniques for recognizing

mineralogy from cuttings.
Describe techniques to detect the

presence of hydrocarbons.
Many rock types can be determined

by the color and texture under the
microscope. In addition, the mud
logger will run chemical tests of the
clean cuttings. For example, calcium
carbonate (limestone) will fizzle
when exposed to acid.
Describe: Formation gas will come
out of solution with the drill mud when
exposed to surface pressure. This
gas can be detected and sampled in
a gas trap in the mud systems flow
line.
Also, liquid hydrocarbons in the
cleaned cuttings will fluoresce or glow
under ultraviolet light.
Element 2 HC Wellsite Operations Drilling

Sr. No.
Compare and contrast percussion
and rotary sidewall coring with
conventional coring.
Conventional coring uses a rotating
bit attached to the drill pipe to cut out
a cylinder of the rock at the bottom of
the hole. A liner is used to hold the
core in the core barrel. Cores are
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usually between 3 and 6 inches in

diameter and provide a significant
volume of rock for study.
Conventional coring provides the best
rock samples but is expensive in
terms of rig time and the cost of
handling the core.
Percussion sidewall coring uses
cylindrical "bullets" explosively
propelled into the wall of a borehole
to retrieve a small, short core sample.
These tend to be heavily shattered,
rendering porosity/ permeability
measurements dubious, but are often
sufficient for lithological study. Many
samples can be attempted in a single
run of the tools. The success rate for
retrieving the sample is relatively low.
Percussion coring is relatively
inexpensive but the rock samples are
of limited value.
Rotary sidewall coring where a
miniaturized rotary drilling tool is
applied to the side of the borehole to
cut a sample similar in size to a
percussion sidewall. These tend to
suffer less deformation than
percussion cores; however the corecutting process takes longer. Rotary
coring can be an economic solution to
taking small samples over large depth
intervals. It provides better samples
than percussion without the high
costs of conventional coring.
Element 3 Well Design

Sr. No.
Describe the mechanisms which

contribute to abnormal pore
pressure.
Describe: Pore pressure is the
pressure of the fluid inside the pore
spaces. Pore pressure increases with
depth due to hydrostatic pressure of
the fluid column and, for this reason,
is normally presented as a gradient
instead of an absolute pressure.
Normal values for fresh water are
0.433 psi/ft or 9.81 kPa/m.
Abnormal pressure is a pressure
greater than hydrostatic pressure.
Over pressure is created whenever
the volume of a sealed formation is
reduced or the temperature is
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increased. If a sealed formation is

subsequently buried under more
sediment, compaction occurs and the
volume reduces, thereby increasing
the pressure. Similarly, if a sealed
formation is driven deeper than
previous, the temperature will likely
rise, resulting in increased pressure.
Element 4 Horizontal Well Design

Sr. No.
List:
-
List and describe the various uses

for horizontal wells.
Exposing more of the reservoir to

the borehole by drilling through the
reservoir at an angle.
Drilling into the reservoir where
vertical access is difficult due to
surface (land access) or
subsurface constraints.
Allowing more wellheads to be
grouped together on one surface
location can make it easier and
cheaper to complete and produce
the wells. For instance, on an oil
platform many wells can be
grouped together. The wells will
fan out from the platform into the
reservoir(s) below. This concept is
being applied to land wells,
allowing multiple subsurface
locations to be reached from one
pad, reducing surface costs.
Drilling along the underside of a
reservoir-constraining fault allows
multiple productive sands to be
completed at the highest
stratigraphic points.
Drilling a "relief well" to relieve the
pressure of "blowout".
List:
List and describe the considerations

that go into a horizontal well design.
- The decision to drill a horizontal

well versus a vertical well is an
economic decision. If it is less
expensive to drill a horizontal well
from an offset location due to
surface constraints (i.e. buildings or
land forms) or surface opportunities
(i.e. single offshore platform or
ability to tie into gathering facilities),
then the operator will drill the well
horizontal.
- Also, a horizontal well will typically
contact more of the productive
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ASSESSMENT GUIDE
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Controlled
Prepared By:
Approval

CAP Technical
Advisory Committee
(TAC)
Issue Date
16 Jan 2014
Document Level
L5
formation than a vertical well;

therefore, fewer wells are required
to drain the reservoir. If the savings
from drilling fewer vertical wells is
greater than the added cost of
drilling horizontal, the operator will
choose horizontal.
38
Revision NO.
000

Petrohysics Level 2

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EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

1.0 Purpose / How to Use This Guide

3.0 Evidence Guidance

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Petrophysical Data Acquisition

Integration of Core and Log Data

Cased Hole Log Evaluation

Quantitative Seismic Studies

Global Business Unit

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Unit 1 - Petrophysical Data Acquisition

Compare the differences of log data,

Prepare a sales support presentation

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Prepare a post-job Answer Product

Global Business Unit

Provide: a personally created postjob Answer Product presentation that

Explain optimal logging suite for

Understanding of natural fracture

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Identify reservoir zones in complex

Identify: reservoir zones in a

Element 2 Lithology Identification using Logs

Determine a complex lithology

Answer Product to be provided by

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

UNIT 3 Shale Effects

Identify the nature of various clays

Nature: Montmorillionite-smectite and

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Identify reasons for abnormal log

Element 2 Porosity Determination

Demonstrate differences between

Reconcile log derived connected

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Deliver a plot with core and log

Tie in and compare shaly sand

1. Employee must provide log

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

UNIT 5 Statistical Analysis

Explain the error minimization

Explain: Every measurement has an

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Assess and quantify the impact of

Reconcile results of oil/gas

(Assessor note: upload output as

Describe methods for independent

Findings should include, but are not

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Describe methods for interpreting

Example: look at the data sets,

EVALUATION LEVEL 2 PETROLEUM

Global Business Unit

Determine permeability from

Generate a moved oil plot.