Information

Binary Digit / Bit

Transmitter
Channel

Modulation

Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is communicated between

two or more points.
The most basic digital symbol used to represent information.
A collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits that converts the
original source information to a form more suitable for transmission over
a particular transmission medium.
A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular service.

It is when the produced cross-products are undesired when two or more

frequencies mix in a nonlinear device.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Designation

Band Number

Frequency Range

Designation

30 Hz - 300 Hz

ELF (Extremely Low Frequency)

0.3 KHz - 3 KHz

VF (Voice Frequency)

3 KHz - 30 KHz

VLF (Very Low Frequency)

5
6

30 KHz - 300 KHz

0.3 MHz - 3 MHz

LF (Low Frequency)
MF (Medium Frequency)

7
8

3 MHz - 30MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz

HF (High Frequency)
VHF (Very High Frequency)

9
10

300 MHz 3 GHz

3 GHz 30 GHz

UHF (Ultra High Frequency)

SHF (Super High Frequency)

11
12

30 GHz 300 GHz

0.3 THz 3 THz

EHF (Extremely High Frequency)

Infrared Light

13
14

3 THz 30 THz
30 THz 300 THz

Infrared Light
Infrared Light

15
16

0.3 PHz 3 PHz

3 PHz 30 PHz

Visible Light
Ultraviolet Light

17
18

30 PHz 300 PHz

0.3 EHz 3 EHz

X-Rays
Gamma Rays

19

3 EHz 30 EHz

Cosmic Rays

Extremely Low
Frequencies ( ELF )
Voice Frequencies
( VF )
Very Low Frequencies
( VLF )

Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and include ac power distribution signals
(60Hz) and low frequency telemetry signals.
Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and include frequencies generally
associated with human speech.
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which include the upper end of the human
hearing range.

Low Frequencies
( LF )
Medium Frequencies
( MF )
High Frequencies
( HF )

Very High Frequencies

( VHF )

Ultrahigh Frequencies
( UHF )
Super High
Frequencies
( SHF )
Extremely High
Frequencies
( EHF )

Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are used primarily for marine and
aeronautical navigation.
Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and are used primarily for commercial AM
radio broadcasting (535kHz-1605kHz).
Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and are often referred to as short waves.
Used for most two-way radio communications.
Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and are used for mobile radio, marine
and aeronautical communications, commercial FM broadcasting (88 to 108MHz) and
commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2 to 13 (54MHz to 216MHz).

Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are used by commercial television
broadcasting of channels 14 to 83, land mobile communications services, cellular
telephones, certain radar and navigation systems, and microwave and satellite radio
systems.
Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include the majority of the frequencies
used for microwave and satellite radio communications systems.
Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are seldom used for radio
communications except in very sophisticated, expensive, and specialized
applications.