CONTENTS

.....................................
About the Author ................................
Preface

iii
Y

. BIOTECHNOLOGY
FOR INDUSTRIAL
AND MUNICIPAL WASTES ........... 1

CHAPTER 1

Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
BOD Removal .....................
5
Types of Biological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Municipal Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Activated Sludge Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Conventional (Plug Flow) Activated
Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Tapered Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Step Feed Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Contact Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Complete Mix ....................
13
Extended Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Oxidation Ditch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Anaerobic Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT
SLUDGES .......................
18
Desulfurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Nitrification/Denitrification . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Nitrification ......................
27
Suspended Growth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Attached Growth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Aquatics .......................
35
Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ix

Contents

CHAPTER 2

BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES
37
INTRODUCTION ....................
38
ABIOTIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES . . . . . 42
Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Liquids-Solids Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chemical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Physical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Incineration .....................
46
Wet Air Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Solidification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS . . . . . . 49
Land Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Composting ......................
51
Liquids/Solids Treatment Systems (LSTS) . . 52
Soil Biofilters ....................
54
Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Activated Sludge Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Trickling Over Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Stabilization .....................
57
DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Basis for Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Genetics ........................
59
Testing for Recalcitrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Aerobic Tiered Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Anaerobic Tiered Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Testing for Recalcitrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
PILOT STUDIES ....................
66
PCB Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Methyl Ethyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Landfill Leachate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
LABORATORY STUDIES OF AEROBIC
DEGRADATION ....................
71
TCE Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Degradation ....................
73
Ring Fission Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Phenanthrene Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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Contents

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Chlorophenol Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Chlorinated Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
p-Nitrophenol Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Degradation of Fluoro Substituted
Benzenes ......................
81
Pentachlorophenol Degradation . . . . . . . . . 81
Oil Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
HexachlorocyclohexaneDegradation . . . . . . 83
Aniline Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Disulfide Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Metolachlor Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Activated Sludge Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Polyphosphate Degrading Enzymes . . . . . . . 88
Two Stage BiologicalKhemical Treatment
of Leachate ....................
89
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Metabolism ......................
90
Anaerobic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Perchloroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Coal Gasification Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . 94
Tannery Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
1.1. 1.Trichloroethane Degradation In-Situ . . 95
Patent for Haloaromatic Compounds . . . . . . 96
2. 4.Dichlorophenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
FUNGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
Dioxin ..........................
97
PAH Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
Immobilization of Phenolics . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Metalaxyl Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
CONCLUSIONS ....................
100
REFERENCES .....................
101
CHAPTER 3

. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTES: MUTANT
BACTERIA .....................

111
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT .
OVERVIEW .....................
111
MICROBIOLOGY BACKGROUND . . . . . . . 112

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Contents

Energy and Carbon Sources . . . . . . . . . .

Type of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BACTERIAL GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Factors Affecting Growth . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature ....................
pH ..........................
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nutrients ......................
KINETICS OF GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Growth Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cultures .......................
Substrate Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuous Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
PROCESSES .....................
Aerated Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Activated Sludge (Suspended Growth) . . . .
Aerated Lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waste Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trickling Filter (Attached Growth) . . . . . .
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) . . . .
Packed Beds ....................
Landfarming ....................
Anaerobic Digestion (Treatment) . . . . . . .
MUTANT BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Case Histories ....................
Dissenting Opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES .....................
CHAPTER 4

. NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION

IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS ......................

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FORMS OF NITROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NITRIFYING BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NITRIFICATION STOICHIOMETRY . . . . . .
NITRIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES
AND KINETICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ammonium Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

112
114
116
116
116
116
117
117
117
117
118
119
121
122
123
127
129
132
132
133
133
134
135
137
138
144
145

151

151
152
153
155
156
157

Contents

Nitrite Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solids Retention Time (SRT) . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Temperature on Kinetics . . . . . .
Effect of pH on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of DO on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Organic Loading on Kinetics . . . .
Inhibition of Nitrification . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENITRIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DENITRIFYING BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . .
DENITRIFICATION STOICHIOMETRY . . . .
DENITRIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES
AND KINETICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of NO,. N Concentration on
Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Temperature on Kinetics . . . . . .
Effect of pH on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of Carbon Concentration on
Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NITRIFICATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . .
Plug-Flow Versus Complete Mix . . . . . . .
Single-Stage Versus Two-Stage Systems . . .
DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . .
Denitrification Using Methanol as the
Carbon Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Denitrification Using Organic Matter
Present in Raw Wastewater . . . . . . . . .
Denitrification Using Thiosulfate and
Sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 5

IN-SITU BIORECLAMATION OF
CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TREATING CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPLICATION OF MODELING . . . . . . . . .
SOC and NO.. Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
One-BAZ Columr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiii

158
158
159
160
160
161
162
164
164
165
166
166
166
167
167
167
167
168
170

170
174

176
177
184

... 189
189

193
196
196
198

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Contents

................
Secondary Substrate Profiles . . . . . . . . . .

TWO-BAZColumn

Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bromoform. Ethylene Dibromide.
Tetrachloroethene. and Trichloroethene . .
Simulation of Bioreclamation Strategies . . .
CONCLUSIONS ....................
REFERENCES ......................

Index

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199
204
204
209
210
216
221
225