T he Fascism is a political ideology that seeks to combine radical and authoritarian

nationalism with a corporatist economic system, and which is usually considered to be on

the far right of the traditional left-right political spectrum.

Fascists advocate the creation of a single-party state, with the belief that the majority is
unsuited to govern itself through democracy and by reaffirming the benefits of inequality.
Fascist governments forbid and suppress openness and opposition to the fascist state and
the fascist movement. Fascism opposes class conflict, blames capitalism and liberal
democracies for its creation and communists for exploiting the concept. Fascism
fashioned itself as the "complete opposite of Marxian socialism" by rejecting the
economic and material conception of history, the fundamental belief of fascism being that
human beings are motivated by glory and heroism rather than economic motives, in
contrast to the worldview of capitalism and socialism. No common and concise definition
exists for fascism and historians and political scientists disagree on what should be in any
such definition.

Following the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II and the publicity surrounding
the atrocities committed during the period of fascist governments, the term fascist has
been used as a pejorative word.

The creation of the League of Nations after World War I aggravated nationalists, who
saw the organization as imposing an internationalist political order upon nations. Fascists
saw the league as only benefiting wealthy capitalist democracies. Disillusionment with
liberalism deepened with the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression. Alfredo
Rocco, Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile justified fascism as answering a need for
purpose in an absurd world.

A key authoritarian element of fascism is its endorsement of a prime national leader, who
is often known simply as the "Leader" or a similar title, such as: Duce in Italian, Führer
in German, Caudillo in Spanish, Poglavnik in Croatia, or Conducător in Romanian.
Fascist leaders who ruled countries were not always heads of state, but heads of
government, such as Benito Mussolini, who held power under the King of Italy, Victor
Emmanuel III.

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Generally, fascist movements endorsed social interventionism dedicated to influencing
society to promote the state's interests. Fascists spoke of creating a "new man" and a
"new civilization" as part of their intention to transform society. Fascist states pursued
policies of social indoctrination, through propaganda in education and the media, and
through regulation of the production of education and media material. Education was
designed to glorify the fascist movement and inform students of its historical and political
importance to the nation. It attempted to purge ideas that were not consistent with the
beliefs of the fascist movement, and taught students to be obedient to the state. The
Fascist government in Italy banned literature on birth control and increased penalties on
abortion in 1926, declaring them both crimes against the state. The Nazis decriminalized
abortion in cases where fetuses had hereditary defects or were of a race the government
disapproved of, while the abortion of healthy "pure" German, "Aryan" fetuses remained
strictly forbidden For non-Aryans, abortion was often compelled. Their eugenics program
stemmed also from the "progressive biomedical model" of Weimar Germany.

In 1935 Nazi Germany expanded the legality of abortion by amending its eugenics law,
to promote abortion for women with hereditary disorders. The law allowed abortion if a
woman gave her permission, and if the fetus was not yet viable, and for purposes of so-
called racial hygiene.

Fascism promoted principles of masculine heroism, militarism, and discipline; and

rejected cultural pluralism and multiculturalism. perceived women's primary role as
childbearers while men should be warriors, once saying "war is to man what maternity is
to the woman".The Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who
raised large famFascist movements and governments opposed homosexuality. The Italian
Fascist government declared it illegal in Italy in 1931. The British Union of Fascists
opposed homosexuality and pejoratively questioned their opponents' sexual orientation.

The Nazis thought homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, perverted and undermined
the masculinity which they promoted, because it did not produce children.

For hundreds of years, the word holocaust was used in English to denote massive
sacrifices and great slaughters or massacres. During World War II, the word was used to
describe Nazi atrocities regardless of whether the victims were Jews or non-Jews. Since
the 1960s, the term has come to be used by scholars and popular writers to refer
exclusively to the genocide of Jews.

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The definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis' systematic murder of
millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, Romani, Soviet civilians,
Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and
other political and religious opponents.By this definition, the total number of Holocaust
victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people.

The persecution and genocide were carried out in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews
from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration
camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labor until they died of
exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in eastern Europe,
specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass
shootings.

Jews and Romani were confined in overcrowded ghettos before being transported by
freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of
them were killed in gas chambers. Every arm of Nazi Germany's bureaucracy was
involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust
scholar has called "a genocidal state".

Every arm of the country's sophisticated bureaucracy was involved in the killing process.
Parish churches and the Interior Ministry supplied birth records showing who was
Jewish; the Post Office delivered the deportation and denaturalization orders; the Finance
Ministry confiscated Jewish property; German firms fired Jewish workers and
disenfranchised Jewish stockholders; the universities refused to admit Jews, denied
degrees to those already studying, and fired Jewish academics; government transport
offices arranged the trains for deportation to the camps; German pharmaceutical
companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; companies bid for the contracts to build the
crematoria; detailed lists of victims were drawn up using the Dehomag (IBM Germany)
company's punch card machines, producing meticulous records of the killings. As
prisoners entered the death camps, they were made to surrender all personal property,
which was carefully catalogued and tagged before being sent to Germany to be reused or
recycled.

The slaughter was systematically conducted in virtually all areas of Nazi-occupied

territory in what are now 35 separate European countries. It was at its worst in Central
and Eastern Europe, which had more than seven million Jews in 1939. About five million
Jews were killed there, including three million in occupied Poland and over one million
in the Soviet Union. Hundreds of thousands also died in the Netherlands, France,
Belgium, Yugoslavia and Greece. The Wannsee Protocol makes clear that the Nazis also
intended to carry out their "final solution of the Jewish question" in England and Ireland.

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CONCENTRATION CAMPS, 1942-1945

Another distinctive feature of the Holocaust was the extensive use of human subjects in
medical experiments. German physicians carried out such experiments at Auschwitz,
Dachau, Buchenwald, Ravensbrück, Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler concentration camps.

After the December 1941 defeat of the German army in its attempt to take Moscow and
the entry of the United States into World War II on December 11, the German authorities
understood that Germany would have to fight a long war. Responding to increasingly
acute labor shortages and the need to produce armaments, machinery, airplanes, and ships
to replace German losses, the SS established more SS-owned firms. It also signed
contracts with state and private firms to produce goods and provide labor for the German
armaments and related industries.

A famous example of cooperation between the SS and private industry was the I.G.
Farben company's establishment of a synthetic rubber plant in 1942 at Auschwitz III
(Monowitz). The incarceration of increasing numbers of people in the concentration
camps assured at least the quantity of the labor supply even as the brutality of the
regimen inside the camps depleted the number of available laborers. The SS used gas
chambers and other means to "weed out" prisoners who were no longer able to work.

During 1942-1944, hundreds of subcamps were established for each concentration camp.
Subcamps were located in or near factories or sites for the extraction of raw materials.
For example, Wiener Neudorf, a subcamp of Mauthausen established in 1943, was
located near an airplane factory on the east side of Vienna, Austria; Sosnowitz was
established in the vicinity of a coal mine as a subcamp of Auschwitz III/Monowitz;
prisoners incarcerated at Dora-Mittelbau worked under brutal conditions in underground
factories for the production of rockets. Central SS authorities tried to induce camp
commandants to focus their efforts on keeping the prisoners alive, if only to serve the
German war effort. However, few of the commandants took these instructions seriously
and none were concerned about changing the murderous culture of the camps.

During the last year of the war, as the Germans retreated into the Reich itself, the
concentration camp population (Jewish and non-Jewish) suffered catastrophic losses due
to starvation, exposure, disease, and mistreatment. In addition, the SS evacuated
concentration camp prisoners as the front approached because the Nazis did not want the
prisoners to be liberated. Under SS guard, prisoners had to march on foot during brutal
winter weather without adequate food, shelter, or clothing. SS guards had orders to shoot
those who could not keep up. Other prisoners were evacuated by open freight car in the
dead of winter.

During this period, the concentration camps were also sites of hideous and perverted
medical experiments conducted on prisoners against their will and often with lethal
results. For example, in Dachau, German scientists experimented on prisoners to
determine the length of time German air force personnel might survive under reduced air
pressure or in frozen water.

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In Sachsenhausen, various experiments were conducted on prisoners to find vaccines for
lethal contagious diseases. At Auschwitz III, the SS doctor Josef Mengele conducted
experiments on twins to seek ways of increasing the German population by breeding
families that would produce twins. These experiments were criminal and murderous; they
were also based for the most part on bogus science and racist fantasy.

In 1944-1945, the Allied armies liberated the concentration camps. Tragically, deaths in
the camps continued for several weeks after liberation. Some prisoners had already
become too weak to survive.

According to SS reports, there were more than 700,000 prisoners left in the camps in
January 1945. It has been estimated that nearly half of the total number of concentration
camp deaths between 1933 and 1945 occurred during the last year of the war.

The most notorious of these physicians was Dr. Josef Mengele, who worked in
Auschwitz. His experiments included placing subjects in pressure chambers, testing drugs
on them, freezing them, attempting to change eye color by injecting chemicals into
children's eyes and various amputations and other brutal surgeries.

So much the cinema, the literature, the painting and other many manifestations of the art
have treated the topic of the fascism, movies as the List of Schindler, the Decision of
Sophia, The boy of the pajamas of you grate and the Life is Beautiful there reflect the
horror of the concentration camps, the terrible human drama of thousands of persons
condemned to the most cruel experiments and to the more atrocious death.

Books like Daniel's story, Anna Frank's Diary, Article at the foot of the gallows and
many, many more narrate touching histories of human common, simple beings, of people
as any of us that afraid and death because of the horrors of the fascism.

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