Final Manual Compo3

FINAL MANUAL COMPO3
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard text-formatting language since 1989 for
documents on the interconnected computing network known as the World Wide Web.
HTML is simply a set of instructions about how to display your web page. The computer
recognizes an instruction, often called a tag, when it is enclosed in brackets like this:
<TAG>
HTML documents are text files that contain two parts:

1. Content – all that is meant to be rendered on a computer screen
2. Markup or tags - encoded information that directs the text format on the screen and is
generally hidden from the user.
There are two important style things to remember about tags

1. They should be in all capital letters (small letters can do, but other servers will not recognize
the tags in small letters).
2. They should be at the beginning of a line of text instead of in the middle or at the end. Would look like
this in a web browser:
Web browsers are programs that take the instructions (the HTML) and display your web
page properly. Browsers ignore all of the formatting in your HTML document including
white space. The following is an example:
The book
is red today.
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The book is red today.
If you want any formatting in your page, you have to give the browser instruction by using
HTML tags.
There are two kinds of tags in HTML.
The first kind stands alone in your document: <TAG>.

The second tag has an opening and a closing tag: <TAG></TAG>.
Everything in between the tags is affected by the instructions within the brackets. The
closing tag only differs from the opening tag by adding a / at the beginning. Some tags
have attributes set within the brackets such as <TAG ATTRIBUTE="value"> It is a good
idea to capitalize the attributes, put quotes around the value of the attribute and type
the value of the attribute in lower case.
HTML Structure
The following is an example of the structure of all web pages:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
Head Declarations
</HEAD>
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="Script Name">


</SCRIPT>
<BODY>
Body Declarations
</BODY>
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</HTML>
All HTML documents are enclosed within <HTML>, </HTML> tags and contain a head and a
Body.
REQUIREMENTS
There are certain things you'll need to get started. These are...
A Text Editor
Any text editor. If it can save in plain (ASCII) text, it will do. This means that anything from
Microsoft Word 6.0 to the DOS Edit program to TeachText to UNIX vi will work. All it has to do is
save the documents in plain, flat, unstyled ASCII-style text.
Text Editor Samples

1. Microsoft Notepad
2. UNIX vi Text Editor
3. MS-DOS Edit
4. MS-DOS Side Kick
5. Microsoft Wordpad
A Web Browser
Netscape Navigator, NCSA Mosaic, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Lynx, MacWeb/WinWeb, Cello,
Chimera, WebExplorer, NetCruiser, whatever. In fact, it's a good idea to keep more than one
browser around for testing purposes (more about that later).
A Graphics Tool
This gets a bit trickier. Sure, you can draw pictures with no problem, but can you get them into the
right format? In order to include a picture in a Web page, it needs to be in the Graphic Interchange
Format (GIF), JPEG/JPG, JIF. Adobe Photoshop will save indexed color files as GIF files, and
there are a number of format converters on the market. Whatever you get, make sure you can get
your files into GIF,JPEG/JPG, JIF format. Another important graphics tool is a GIF animator a
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program that compiles several images and animates them. A sample GIF Animator Software is
Animagic GIF.
Graphics Tool Samples
1. Adobe Photoshop
2. Paint Shop Pro
3. Animagic GIF
4. WWW GIF Animator
5. Corel Draw
A Web Server
Strictly speaking, this is optional. You can write Web pages in a text editor, save them to your
machine's hard drive, and load the pages into your Web browser in order to see how they look.
You don't even need a network connection to do this. The option to load pages from your hard
drive is typically called something like "Open Local" (Mosaic) or simply "Open File" (Netscape).
However, if you plan to publish your documents so the rest of the world can benefit from them,
you'll need to put them on a Web server. As long as you're using a Windows-based PC, a
Macintosh, or a UNIX box, and it's connected to the Internet, you can set your machine up as a
Web server. For example, the program MacHTTP will let you turn your Mac into a Web server.
Check around to see if you can locate something for your platform of choice.
HTML COMMANDS
Categories of HTML Commands
1. Forms - These are types of tags which inserts buttons and selections in an HTML Document
2. Frames – These are types of tags that call or run multiple number of documents in one Web
Browser.
3. Graphics – These are tags that are responsible for image displays.
4. Links - These are tags which links an HTML document to another.
5. Lists – These are tags which lists, indents, or enumerate a series of texts
6. Miscellaneous – Other tags which enhances a HTML’s multimedia representation.
7. Presentation Formatting – Tags which are usually used for text manipulation and text
design.
8. Structural Definition – Tags which defines a multiple series of tags or the attributes of an
entire document.
9. Tables – These are tags that formats a series of text, images, or other multimedia files into
tables with specific rows and columns.
Table
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<TABLE ...> </TABLE>
This is the main wrapper for all the other table tags, and other table tags will be ignored if they
aren't wrapped inside of a TABLE tag. By default tables have no borders, borders will be added if
the BORDER attribute is specified.
Right now TABLE has an implied line break both before and after it. We expect this to change so
that you can eventually have as much control over placement of tables as you currently do over
the placement of images. Aligning them to various positions in a line of text, as well as shifting
them to the left or right margins and wrapping text around them.
<TR ...> </TR>
This stands for table row. The number of rows in a table is exactly specified by how many TR tags
are contained within it, regardless of cells that may attempt to use the ROWSPAN attribute to
span into non-specified rows. TR can have both the ALIGN and VALIGN attributes, which if
specified become the default alignments for all cells in this row.
<TD ...> </TD>
This stands for table data, and specifies a standard table data cell. Table data cells must only
appear within table rows. Each row need not have the same number of cells specified as short
rows will be padded with blank cells on the right. A cell can contain any of the HTML tags normally
present in the body of an HTML document. The default
alignment of table data is ALIGN=left and VALIGN=middle. These alignments are overridden by
any alignments specified in the containing TR tag, and those alignments in turn are overridden by
any ALIGN or VALIGN attributes explicitly specified on this cell. By default lines inside of table
cells can be broken up to fit within the overall cell width. Specifying the NOWRAP attribute for a
TD prevents line breaking for that cell.
<TH ...> </TH>
This stands for table header. Header cells are identical to data cells in all respects, with the
exception that header cells are in a bold FONT, and have a default ALIGN=center.
<CAPTION ...> </CAPTION>
This represents the caption for a table. CAPTION tags should appear inside the TABLE but not
inside table rows or cells. The caption accepts an alignment attribute that defaults to ALIGN=top
but can be explicitly set to ALIGN=bottom. Like table cells, any document body HTML can appear
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in a caption. Captions are always horizontally centered with respect to the table, and the may
have their lines broken to fit within the width of the table.
Using Tables to Format Pages
Designing a professional looking web site involves much more than simply displaying text
between your body tags. In order to organize your page, you must use tables.
A table is an HTML element, also referred to as a "tag," and is used to display your web page
content in an organized fashion.
Your page can be set up in columns and rows, you can display your table cells with or without
a border, and you can even have a color or image patterned background.
Tables can be used in an unlimited number of ways including:
- Organize your text and images

- Display your text in a newspaper format
- Add color and image backgrounds to text areas
- Display charts
When you begin designing your web page, you may want to consider placing all of your page
content within a table. This will enable you to adjust your table's cell spacing to keep your text
from displaying too close to the left border
of your page. The higher the cell spacing value, the further away from the left border your text will
be displayed. In addition, tables will enable you to display your page content in rows and columns
rather than one big block of text.
Images and Shapes
We are creating an object image of class Image()

image = getImage (getCodeBase(), "images/norespct.gif");
getImage takes two parameters - the URL where you need to look, and the name of the image.
Note that because of applet security restrictions, you need to put whatever images you need on
your own server.
GetCodeBase() returns the URL of the directory containing the applet

In some instances, it might be better to use getDocumentBase() which returns the URL of the
directory containing the HTML document.
How the web works using JavaScript

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Text Fields
Text Field is intended to be source-compatible with Text Field where it is reasonable to do so.
This component has capabilities not found in the Text Field class. The super class should be
consulted for additional capabilities.
Text Field has a method to establish the string used as the command string for the action event
that gets fired. The Text Field used the text of the field as the command string for the Action
Event. Text Field will use the command string set with the set Action Command method if not null,
otherwise it will use the text of the field as a compatibility with Text Field.
Text area
In the context of a form tag, enables you to edit the value of multi-value and multi-line text items in
a document using an HTML text area control. Depending on the form's mode, generates a read-
only value (in read mode) or a HTML text area field (in edit mode) that automatically updates the
item values in the current document. Use the rich text tag to retain the formatting of page text.
The TEXT AREA element is used to specify a multiline input field as part of the contents in a
FORM element. name defines the symbolic name of the field returned to the server on
submission. The characters between the opening and closing tags define the text to be initially
displayed in the textarea, and the default text to be returned, normally null. Only ASCII text is
allowed as characters, and newlines are respected. ROWS and COLS define the physical size of
the displayed input field in numbers of characters.
Button
In graphical user interfaces, a button is a small outlined area in a dialog box that you can click to
select an option or command.
Link
The LINK element is used to indicate a relationship between this document and other documents
or objects.Multiple LINK elements may exist in a document. A LINK in document A with an href to
document/object B with REL=relation identifies a relationship that B has to A that A
recognizes/authorizes/verifies. A LINK in document B with an href to document/object A with
REV=relation that is the identical relation identifies a desired/expected/claimed relationship of B to
document/object A, but must be verified by checking with A. For further description of the LINK
attributes.
Document object
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The Document Object Model is a platform- and language-neutral interface that will allow programs
and scripts to dynamically access and update the content, structure and style of documents. The
document can be further processed and the results of that processing can be incorporated back
into the presented page. This is an overview of DOM-related materials here at W3C and around
the web.
Window object
You can use the window object to retrieve information about the state of the window. You also can
use this object to gain access to the document in the window, to the events that occur in the
window, and to features of the browser that affect the window.
You can apply any window property, method, or collection to any variable or expression that
evaluates to a window object, regardless of how that window was created. Additionally, you can
access all window properties, methods, and collections in the current window by using the
property, method, or collection name directly—that is, without prefixing it with an expression that
evaluates to the current window object. However, to help make more readable code and to avoid
potential ambiguities, many authors use the window keyword when accessing window properties,
methods, and collections for the current window. This keyword always refers to the current
window.
Form object
Represents the cascaded format and style of the object as specified by global style sheets, inline
styles, and HTML attributes.
Location object
Sets or retrieves the subsection of the href property that follows the number sign (#). The default
property for the location object is location.href. For example, setting location='http://microsoft.com'
is equivalent to setting location.href='http://microsoft.com'.
Radio
Radio buttons are like checkboxes except that when several share the same control name, they
are mutually exclusive: when one is switched "on", all others with the same name are switched
"off". The INPUT element is used to create a radio button control.
If no radio button in a set sharing the same control name is initially "on", user agent behavior for
choosing which control is initially "on" is undefined.
Date and time
The current specification uses one of the formats described in the profile [DATETIME]
for its definition of legal date/time strings ( %Datetime in the DTD).
The format is:
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD
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where:
YYYY = four-digit year
MM = two-digit month (01=January, etc.)
DD = two-digit day of month (01 through 31)
hh = two digits of hour (00 through 23) (am/pm NOT allowed)
mm = two digits of minute (00 through 59)
ss = two digits of second (00 through 59)
TZD = time zone designator
Reset
When activated, a reset button resets all controls to their initial values. control's "initial value" may
be specified with the control element's value attribute. However, the initial value of a TEXTAREA
element is given by its contents, and the initial value of an OBJECT element in a form is
determined by the object implementation (i.e., it lies outside the scope of this specification).
Time controlled loops
Most languages have a control structure called a while loop to perform count-controlled loops.
-Most languages have a control structure called a for loop to perform count-controlled loops.
Glossary of Internet and Intranet Terms
For general computer terms, see the Computer Glossary.
• Archie A system of servers that searches for publicly available files in FTP archives. See FTP.
• browser A tool that you use to explore Internet and Intranet resources.
• CGI An abbreviation for Common Gateway Interface, a standard way that programs can
interface with Web servers and that allows them to run applications such as search engines
and to access databases.
• chat room An area of an online service where people can communicate from their computers
in real time.
• client An application that uses information or services provided by a server. Some common
clients are Gopher, FTP, and Web browsers.
• cyberspace The online culture that the Internet creates.
• dial-up account A basic access to a text-only Unix system.
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• directory service A provider of online directories of Web sites and search engines. See
search engine.
• domain The portion of an Internet address that designates the site's type (such as company,
or educational institution, or government agency).
• emoticon A combination of keyboard characters that depicts an emotional response (also
called smiley). For example, :-) is a smiley face, indicating happiness. If you don't get it, turn
this page sideways and look again.
• FAQ An abbreviation for Frequently Asked Questions, a document that assembles answers to
common questions about sites or areas of the Internet.
• Fetch A program for finding and accessing FTP files.
• flame A derisive, possibly insulting message posted on a newsgroup.
• forum An online gathering place for groups of people with a similar interest.
• FTP An abbreviation for File Transfer Protocol. As a noun, FTP is a protocol for the transfer of
data on the Internet. As a verb, it is a method for transferring data. As an adjective, it is a type
of site on the Internet.
• Gopher A menu-based tool for finding, accessing, and organizing Internet resources.
• home page The first screen you see when you go to a site on the World Wide Web; also the
site itself.
• HTML An abbreviation for Hypertext Markup Language, the language used to create World
Wide Web documents.
• HTTP An abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the protocol used to manage the links
between one hypertext document and another.
• hyperlink A highlighted (and sometimes underlined) word, phrase, or image in a Web
document that connects to another part of the document, another document, or even a
document on a different server.
• hypertext A method of presenting information so that it can be viewed in a nonsequential
way.
• Internet service provider A network, commercial or otherwise, to which you can connect in
order to get access to the Internet.
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• Java A programming language designed to create applications for use with special Web
browsers.
• Jughead A Gopher search program that searches a specific set of Gopher menus.
• legacy system A computer system that has been in use for a long time, either in a
corporation (in the case of a mainframe) or in a home or small office (in the case of an older
PC system), and that performs essential functions that cannot be disrupted.
• link See hyperlink.
• logon The process of identifying oneself to a computer after connecting to it.
• lurk To read articles in a newsgroup or e-mail discussion list without joining in. A perfectly
acceptable practice for a newbie. See newbie.
• Lynx A nongraphical Web browser. With it, you can see text on the World Wide Web and
iconic representations of the graphics.
• mailing list An electronic version of the printed kind. If your name is on a mailing list, you
receive, via e-mail, anything that is sent to those on the list.
• moderated A description of a newsgroup or mailing list whose contents are monitored by a
human being.
• Mosaic Any of several programs that you can use to browse the Web. See browser.
• Net Short for the Internet.
• netiquette The Internet code of conduct
• Netizen An Internet user.
• newbie A new or an inexperienced user of the Internet.
• newsgroup Usenet message areas, each of which focuses on a particular topic.
• password A unique string of characters that a user types to identify himself or herself when
logging on to a protected computer system.
• posting Submitting an article to a newsgroup; also the article itself. See thread.
• PPP An abbreviation for Point-to-Point Protocol, a set of rules or standards for direct Internet
access over the phone lines.
• protocol A set of rules or standards that enables computers to communicate with as little
error as possible.
• search engine Software that finds and retrieves data.
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• server A computer that makes access to files, printing, communications, and other services
available to users.
• shell account A Unix-based Internet access account.
• site A location on the Internet.
• SLIP An abbreviation for Serial Line Internet Protocol, a set of rules or standards for direct
Internet access over the phone lines.
• smiley See emoticon.
• snail mail Items that travel via the postal service, which in the Information Age is viewed as
terribly slow.
• spamming Sending junk e-mail.
• system administrator The person who organizes, maintains, troubleshoots, and generally
oversees a network.
• TCP/IP An abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the underlying
standards that define the Internet and make Intranets possible.
• Telnet A protocol to log in to remote computers on the Internet. It can be used to access
databases or one's own accounts from a remote location.
• thread A series of newsgroup postings on the same subject. See posting.
• TIA An abbreviation for The Internet Adapter, a shareware program that enables you to use a
less expensive shell account to access the World Wide Web.
• Unix A text-based, as opposed to a graphical, operating system in which you must type
commands rather than pointing and clicking with a mouse.
• URL An abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator, an address or location of a site on the
World Wide Web.
• Usenet An informal, anarchistic worldwide newsgroup network that exchanges public
messages on specific topics.
• username The name that is used in an e-mail address.
• Veronica A search program for Gophers.
• Web See World Wide Web
• Web browser A World Wide Web client application that you use to look at hypertext
documents and follow links to other documents on the Web.
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• Web server A hardware and software package that provides service to Web clients. See
client.
• World Wide Web (WWW) A huge collection of sites that are connected through hyperlinks;
you navigate this graphical environment with a Web browser. See Web browser.
• Yahoo A search and reference tool, specific to the World Wide Web.
Internet Lingo
The following abbreviations are commonly used in Internet documents and in e-mail.
• A/S/L - Age, Sex and Location

• BTW - By the way
• BRB – Be Right Back
• BBL – Be Back Later
• BBS – Be Back Soon
• F2F - Face to face, a personal meeting
• FCOL - For crying out loud
• FWIW - For what it's worth
• FYI - For your information
• GOK - God only knows
• HHOK - Ha, ha--only kidding
• HHOS - Ha, ha--only serious
• IMHO - In my humble opinion
• IMO - In my opinion
• LOL - Laughing out loud
• OTOH - On the other hand
• PPL - People
• ROFL or ROTFL - Rolling on the floor laughing
• TAFN - That's all for now
• WB – Welcome Back
Emoticons, or smileys, are a series of typed characters that, when turned sideways, resemble a
face and express an emotion. Here are some smileys that are often encountered on the Internet.
:-) - Smile
;-) - Wink
:-* - Kiss
:-( - Unhappy
:-o - Shouting
:-b... - Drooling
=:o - Argh!
{*} - A hug and a kiss
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:p - Raz

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FINAL MANUAL COMPO3

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML documents are text files that contain two parts:

There are two important style things to remember about tags

The book is red today.

There are two kinds of tags in HTML.

The first kind stands alone in your document: <TAG>.

The following is an example of the structure of all web pages:

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="Script Name">

Text Editor Samples

Graphics Tool Samples

Categories of HTML Commands

<TABLE ...> </TABLE>

<TR ...> </TR>

<TD ...> </TD>

<TH ...> </TH>

<CAPTION ...> </CAPTION>

Using Tables to Format Pages

Tables can be used in an unlimited number of ways including:

- Organize your text and images

Images and Shapes

We are creating an object image of class Image()

GetCodeBase() returns the URL of the directory containing the applet

How the web works using JavaScript

Date and time

Time controlled loops

Glossary of Internet and Intranet Terms

For general computer terms, see the Computer Glossary.

• A/S/L - Age, Sex and Location

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