MIS & DSS

D I SH A I N STI TU TE O F M A N AG EM EN T A N D TEC H N O LO G Y
UNIT-I
— Information Technology Brief about Information
Technology,
— Various Databases (Relational, Hierarchical,
Networking), and Concept of 2 tiers and 3-tier
architecture,
— brief study about system analysis and design
(Software Development Life Cycle),
— Case Study.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Data: Data is the raw material or objective measurement of attributes of
entities from which useful information is derived. It is defined as Raw
facts or Observations , typically about physical phenomenon or
business transactions.
Information: The Data which has been converted into a useful and
meaningful form, is called Information. Information can be defined as
data that has been converted into a meaningful and useful context for
specific end users.
Knowledge: Application of data and information. Knowledge is
appropriate collection of information. Knowledge represents a pattern
that connects and generally provides a high level of predictability as
what is described or what will happen next.
Wisdom: Evaluated understanding. Process by which we discern, or
judge, between right and wrong, good and bad. It calls upon all
previous levels of consciousness, including moral values, ethical codes,
etc.
PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS
Data → Information →Knowledge →Wisdom

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

 DATA PROCESSING VS INFORMATION PROCESSING

Data Processing Information Processing

Data Processing is a systematic Information Processing is a concept that
sequence of operations performed upon covers both the traditional concept of
data to transform it into information processing numeric and alphabetic data,
and the processing of text, image and
voices.

In Data Processing value is added to the In Information Processing the

raw data. information is processed as per the users
requirements.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

LEVEL OF PEOPLE AND REQUIREMENT OF
INFORMATION

Top Mgt Strategic

Middle Mgt Tactical

Lower Mgt Supervisory

Functional
Operational Mgt

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology (IT), is "the study, design,
development, implementation, support or management of
computer-based information systems, particularly software
applications and computer hardware.“
— It encompasses the computer and information systems
industries,
— It is the capability to electronically input, process, store,
output, transmit, and receive data and information,
— It is the ability to control machines of all kinds electronically.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATING I.T.:

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

DISADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTATING I.T.:

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

Information Technology and it’s application
on various segment of Society:

1. Social:
a) Education
b) E-governance
c) health
2. Business Management:
a) Banking
b) Insurance
c) Retail
d) Marketing
e) Aviation
f) Service

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

ORGANIZATION & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

INFORMATION TECHNLOGY –
Role / Usage in Managerial Decision Making
Information Technology divides managers into three types.
The first group consists of individuals who “get it”. They understand
what technology can do, and they want to take maximum advantage
of it. They believe in technology and they encourage the people
working with them to exploit IT to change the way their companies
do business.
A second group of managers includes those who understand the
technology, but are not quite as committed to it as the first category
of managers. These individuals see IT to boost their existing ways of
doing business and in doing so make more local changes to their
firms.
The third group of managers consists of those who are highly
unconvinced of information technology. They provide little IT
leadership and look at money spent on technology as an expense
rather than an investment. PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS
INFORMATION TECHNLOGY –
Role / Usage in Managerial Decision Making (contd.)

Information Technology can be used in the following manner.

q To provide new ways to design organizations and new org
structure.
q To Creates new relationships between customers and suppliers
who electronically link themselves together.
q To substantially reduce the cost of business processes.
q To reduce the differentiation advantages of competitors.
q To manage regional and global business expansion.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

INFORMATION TECHNLOGY –
Role / Usage in Managerial Decision Making (contd.)
q To avail the opportunities of electronic commerce
q Makes it possible for the org to capture the knowledge of its
employees and provide access to it throughout the organization.
q Enables tremendous efficiencies in production and service industries
through electronic data interchange to facilitate just-in-time
production.
q Provides the manager with electronic alternatives to face-to-face
communications and supervision.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

 Data Base Management System
Data Base: A structured set of Data or Database is a
collection of data, typically describing the activities of one
or more related organizations. Database might contain
information about the following:

qEntities

qRelationships

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

Data Base Management System
Data Base Management System:
q A DBMS is a collection of programs that allow users to
specify the structure of a database, to create, query and
modify the data in the database and to control access to it.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS
— A Data Definition Language (DDL) to define a
database.
— A Data Manipulation Language (DML) to insert,
update, delete and query data in the database.
— Concurrency Control: This allow shared access to the
Database.
— Buffer Management: This function is responsible for
transferring data to and from main memory and
secondary storage.
— Query Processing and Optimization: It determines the
optimum strategy for a query execution.
PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS
FUNCTIONS OF A DBMS

— Recovery:

— Security Control:

— Data Integrity:

— Data Dictionary:

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

Capabilities of DBMS

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

DBMS- Advantages

qGreater processing power

qFits the needs of many medium to large-sized
organizations
qProvides user views relevant to tasks
performed.
qMinimized Redundancy
qData Integrity

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

DBMS- Advantages

qEnsures data integrity by managing

transactions (ACID test = atomicity,
consistency, isolation, durability)
qSupports simultaneous access
qEnforces design criteria in relation to data
format and structure
qProvides backup and recovery controls
qAdvanced security

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

DBMS- Disadvantages
— Difficult to learn
— Packaged separately from the operating
system (i.e. Oracle, Microsoft Access,
Lotus/IBM Approach, Borland Paradox,
Claris FileMaker Pro)
— Slower processing speeds
— Requires skilled administrators
— Expensive

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

DATABASE ARCHITECTURE:

Database Architecture essentially describe the location of all the

pieces of information that make up the database application. The
database architecture can be broadly classified into three
categories:

q Two – tier Architecture

q Three – Tier Architecture

q Multi- Tier Architecture

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

2-TIER ARCHITECTURE
The two-tier architecture is a client server architecture in which the client
contains the presentation code and the SQL statement for data access. The
database server processes the SQL statements and sends query results back
to the client.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

3-TIER ARCHITECTURE
A three-tier or a multi tier architecture has client, server and database.
Where the client request is sent to the server and the server in turn sends
the request to the database. The database sends back the information/data
required to the server which in turn sends it to the client.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

DBMS VS FMS

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

 DBMS VS FMS
DBMS
No duplication of data is possible in
DBMS.
The concept of Data Independence is
available in DBMS.
In DBMS the security level is high
The problem of data redundancy is not in
DBMS.
In DBMS large amount of data can be
stored.
Database object oriented database
approach.
Multiple users can share the data from Multiple users
a single database simultaneously.
In database approach, a single
repository of data is maintained and
accessed by many users.
FMS
Duplication of data is occur in FMS.
The concept of Data Independence is not
available in FMS.
In FMS the security is low.
In FMS the problem of data redundancy is
there.
In FMS large amount of data can not be
stored.
Traditional does not provide object
oriented database system
In traditional file processing system
the application is developed for a
specific purpose and they will access
PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS
specific database only.
DATA MODELS

qHierarchical Model

qNetwork Model

qRelational Model

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

NETWORK DATA MODEL:
Data model that creates relationships among data in which
subordinate records can be linked to more than one data
element.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

RELATIONAL DATA MODEL
Data model based on the simple concept of tables in order to
capitalize on characteristics of rows and columns of data.
q Relations: The tables of rows and columns used in a relational
database.
q Tuple: A row of data in the relational database model.
q Attribute: A column of data in the relational database.

Another way:
A relational database allows the definition of data structures,
storage and retrieval operations and integrity constraints. In
such a database the data and relations between them are organized
in tables.

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

RELATIONAL DATA MODEL

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

PREPARED BY BIPLAB BISWAS