He et al.

[12] have proposed a fractal high impedance topologies and effective bridges and employed for
ultra-wideband (UWB) ground bounce noise (GBN) suppression in power and ground plane pairs. The
49 dB suppression bandwidth of the first design can be broadened from 202MHz to 20GHz.
Raj Kumar et al.[13] have proposed the multiple bands and wider bandwidth surface wave suppression
in the stopband uaing an EBG structure design based on fractal geometry. As the iteration number
increases, the size of EBG structure reduces because attenuation band is shifted toward lower frequency
side. The two iterative EBG structures offer the two wide bands for surface wave attenuation. The
bandwidth of 1st iterative EBG is 1.64 GHz and the bandwidths of 2nd iterative EBG of two bands are
0.91 and 2.5 GHz, respectively. The antenna designed over EBG structure, patch and EBG in same plane
offer improvement in bandwidth by 7.75 and 20.5%, respectively, in comparison to simple patch.
Ruiz et al.[14] periodic patterns based on Koch fractal geometries have been applied to 1-D
electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) microstrip structures. The Koch fractal geometries allow conceiving 1-D
Koch fractal electromagnetic band-gap (KFEBG) microstrip structures with radius-to-period r/a ratios
higher than 0.5, which is the upper limit of the conventional 1-D EBG microstrip structure. As a result of
exceeding this limit, the 1-D KFEBG microstrip structure achieves wide band-gap frequency
characteristics.
Sujatha and Vinoy[15]have proposed PDEBG surface which makes use of square patches with fractal
boundaries to control the phase difference. By suitably choosing fractal parameters for the patch
boundary, a phase difference of 180 degree can be achieved and this can therefore be used in many
specialized applications.
Phuong et al.[17] have designed a Sierpinski gasket triangles, which are arranged to repeat 60 to form
the hexagonal EBG unit cell and proposed two EBG structures, which have broadband and dual bandgap
by setting the value of the gap between two adjacent Sierpinski inside the unit cell is equal to 0mm and
greater than 0 mm, respectively.
Rahman et al.[18] have studied the effects of bending on different paper-based antennas - conventional
patch antenna, antenna using rectangular EBG, circular EBG designed to operate at10.15GHz using photo
paper and observed that antennas bending under any conditions will cause the resonant frequency of the
narrow band antennas to shift as well as mismatch degradation. For the wideband antenna, the resonant
frequency shift is less severe due to the wideband characteristics.