https://books.google.co.id/books?

id=jN3VBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP157&dq=magmatic+or+volcanic+belt&hl=en&sa=X&ve
d=0CEoQ6AEwCTgKahUKEwifhKvz193IAhUC56YKHfA2DAQ#v=onepage&q=magmat
ic%20or%20volcanic%20belt&f=false

A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region. Other

terms are used for smaller areas of activity, such as volcanic
fields. Volcanic belts are found above zones of unusually
high temperature (700-1400C) where magma is created by
partial melting of solid material in the Earth's crust and
upper mantle. These areas usually form along tectonic
plate boundaries at depths of 1050 km. For example,
volcanoes in Mexico and western North America are mostly
in volcanic belts, such as theTrans-Mexican Volcanic
Belt that extends 900 km from west to east across centralsouthern Mexico and the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic
Province in western Canada.
The deeply deformed and eroded remnants of ancient
volcanic belts are found in volcanically inactive regions such
as theCanadian Shield. It contains over 150 volcanic belts
(now deformed and eroded down to nearly flat plains) that
range from 600 to 1200 million years old. These are zones
of variably metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic

sequences with associated sedimentary rocks that form

what are known as greenstone belts. They are thought to
have formed at ancient oceanic spreading centers
and island arc terranes. The Abitibi greenstone
belt in Ontario and Quebec, Canadais one of the world's
largest greenstone belts.
Volcanic belts are similar to a mountain range, but the
mountains within the mountain range are volcanoes, not
actual mountains that are formed by faulting and folding by
the collision of tectonic plates.[1]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3967694/

Fernando Velasco-Tapia. 2014. Multivariate Analysis, Mass

Balance Techniques, and Statistical Tests as Tools in Igneous
Petrology: Application to the Sierra de las Cruces Volcanic
Range (Mexican Volcanic Belt)
*

Magmatic processes have usually been

identified and evaluated using qualitative or
semiquantitative geochemical or isotopic tools
based on a restricted number of variables.

However, a more complete and quantitative

view could be reached applying multivariate
analysis, mass balance techniques, and
statistical tests. As an example, in this work a
statistical and quantitative scheme is applied
to analyze the geochemical features for the
Sierra de las Cruces (SC) volcanic range
(Mexican Volcanic Belt). In this locality, the
volcanic activity (3.7 to 0.5Ma) was
dominantly dacitic, but the presence of
spheroidal andesitic enclaves and/or diverse
disequilibrium features in majority of lavas
confirms the operation of magma
mixing/mingling. New discriminant-functionbased multidimensional diagrams were used
to discriminate tectonic setting. Statistical
tests of discordancy and significance were
applied to evaluate the influence of the
subducting Cocos plate, which seems to be
rather negligible for the SC magmas in
relation to several major and trace elements.
A cluster analysis following Ward's linkage
rule was carried out to classify the SC volcanic
rocks geochemical groups. Finally, two mass-

balance schemes were applied for the

quantitative evaluation of the proportion of
the end-member components (dacitic and
andesitic magmas) in the comingled lavas
(binary mixtures).

http://www.andeangeology.equipu.cl/index.php../revista1/article/
view/V27n2-a03/html

The mid-Tertiary Coastal Magmatic Belt in south-central Chile,

which crops out both in the Central Valley and, south of 41S, in
the Coastal Cordillera as far west as the Pacific coast, formed
when the locus of Andean magmatic activity expanded, both to
the west and to the east relative to its previous and current
location in the Main Cordillera. This expansion of the magmatic
arc occurred in conjunction with a regionally widespread episode
of late Oligocene to Miocene extension which thinned the crust
below the proto-Central Valley in south-central Chile and
generated sedimentary basins west of, within, and east of the
Main Cordillera. The extrusive rocks of the mid-Tertiary Coastal
Magmatic Belt are interbedded with the late Oligocene to Miocene
continental and marine sediments deposited in these basins, and
forty-seven of the fifty new and previously published age
determinations for these rocks are within the time period 29 Ma

(late Oligocene) to 18.8 Ma (early Miocene). The initiation of

extension, basin formation and the westward migration of
magmatic activity coincides closely to the beginning, in the late
Oligocene, of the current period of both high convergence rate
(>10 cm/yr) and less oblique convergence, which together
resulted in an approximately three-fold increase in trench-normal
convergence rate between the Nazca and South American plates.
Extension continued, along with a transient steepening of
subduction angle as indicated by the westward migration of the
volcanic front during the formation of the mid-Tertiary Coastal
Magmatic Belt, during an approximately 10 million year period
after the trench-normal convergence rate tripled across the Nazca
and South American plate boundary. The mid-Tertiary Coastal
Magmatic Belt includes igneous rocks chemically similar to
modern Andean arc magmas, as well as rocks with ocean island
basalt chemical affinities characterised by lower Ba/La (<19),
La/Nb (<1.6) and initial 86Sr/87Sr ratios (<0.7035), and
higher Nd(T) values (>+5). The latter formed by melting of mantle
uncontaminated by components derived from the dehydration of
subducted oceanic lithosphere. This suggests the formation of the
mid-Tertiary Coastal Magmatic Belt may have involved upwelling
of asthenospheric mantle, possibly through a slab-window, due to
the transient episode of invigorated asthenospheric wedge
circulation caused by the three-fold increase in late Oligocene
trench-normal convergence rates between the Nazca and South
Amercan plates. The change in subduction geometry and the
transient period of invigorated asthenospheric circulation caused
by this increase in convergence rate may have combined to
produced moderate extension across the southern South
American continental margin by inducing an episode of slab
rollback of the subducting Nazca plate

We assemble a petrological and geochemical database for mexico quaternary

volcanic rock as one component of an interactive CD-ROM titled volcanoes of
mexico. That original database was augmented to a total of 2180 record for whole
rock analyses published through may 2004 in peer-reviewed literature,
supplemented by a few ph.D. dissertations for otherwise uncovered areas.
The quarernary volcanic rock of mexico can be divided geographically into three
tectonic setting : the northern Mexican extensional province, pacific island, and the
Mexican volcanic belt. The rock also largely fall into three magma series :
1. Intraplate type alkaline
2. Calc alkaline
3. Lamprophyre
many transitional varieties also exist but we have established compositional
rules to classify all sample into these three series.
Intraplate type alkaline rocks account for 30.8 % of the database. Matic
intraplate type rocks are particularly abundant at northern Mexican extensional
province and pacific island volcanoes. They are characterized by strong
enrichments in Ti-Ta_Nb, and many have nepheline in their CIPW norm (named
for the four petrologist, cross, iddings, pirsson and Washington, who devised it in
1931) and carry venoliths of deep crustal granulite and upper mantle spinel and
or olagioclase peridotite. Available data indicate that significant compositional
differences exist
http://www.andeangeology.equipu.cl/index.php../revista1/article/view/V27n2a03/html

The relation of the mid-Tertiary coastal magmatic belt

in south-central Chile to the late Oligocene increase in
plate convergence rate

Jorge Muoz Servicio Nacional de Geologa y Minera, La Paz

Rosa
Troncoso
Paul Duhart
Pedro
Crignola
Lang Farmer
Charles R.
Stern

406, Puerto Varas, Chile

sngmpv@entelchile.net

Department of Geological Sciences, University of

Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0399 U.S.A

Back-arc basins are geologic features, submarine basins

associated with Earth loses heat.

CONTENTS

CHARACTERISTICS
Back-arc basins are typically very long (several hundreds to
thousands of kilometers) and relatively narrow (a few
hundred kilometers). The restricted width of back-arc basins
is probably because magmatic activity depends on water
and induced mantle convection and these are both
concentrated near the subduction zone. Spreading rates
vary from very slow spreading (chemosynthetic
communities.

ASYMMETRY
Back-arc basins are different from normal

FORMATION AND
SEDIMENTATION
Back-arc basins are hypothesized to form as a result of a
process termed trench rollback (also, hinge rollback).
This term describes the backward motion of the subduction
zone relative to the motion of the plate which is being
subducted. As the subduction zone and its associated

trench pull backward, the overriding plate is stretched,

thinning the crust which is manifest in the back-arc basin.
Sedimentation is strongly asymmetric, with most of the
sediment supplied from the active magmatic arc which
regresses in step with the rollback of the trench.

LOCATION
Active back-arc basins are found in the Marianas, TongaKermadec, S. Scotia, Manus, N. Fiji, and Sea of Japan, and
Kurile Basin.
The Black Sea formed from two separate back-arc basins.

HISTORY OF THOUGHT
With the development of This resulted from several marine
geologic expeditions to the Western Pacific.