AD Validation Guide Vol2 2016 EN

VALIDATION GUIDE
Advance Design
Validation Guide
Version: 2016
Tests passed on: 17 June 2015
Number of tests: 606
INTRODUCTION
Before being officially released, each version of GRAITEC software, including
Advance Design, undergoes a series of validation tests. This validation is performed in
parallel and in addition to manual testing and beta testing, in order to obtain the
"operational version" status. This document contains a description of the automatic
tests, highlighting the theoretical background and the results we have obtained using
the current software release.
Usually, a test is made of a reference (independent from the specific software version
tested), a transformation (a calculation or a data processing scenario), a result (given
by the specific software version tested) and a difference usually measured in
percentage as a drift from a set of reference values. Depending on the cases, the
used reference is either a theoretical calculation done manually, a sample taken from
the technical literature, or the result of a previous version considered as good by
experience.
Starting with version 2012, Graitec Advance has made significant steps forward in term of
quality management by extending the scope and automating the testing process.
While in previous versions, the tests were always about the calculation results which
were compared to a reference set, starting with version 2012, tests have been
extended to user interface behavior, import/export procedures, etc.
The next major improvement is the capacity to pass the tests automatically. These
current tests have obviously been passed on the operational version, but they are
actually passed on a daily basis during the development process, which helps improve
the daily quality by solving potential issues, immediately after they have been
introduced in the code.
In the field of structural analysis and design, software users must keep in mind that the
results highly depend on the modeling (especially when dealing with finite elements)
and on the settings of the numerous assumptions and options available in the
software. A software package cannot replace engineers experience and analysis.
Despite all our efforts in term of quality management, we cannot guaranty the correct
behavior and the validity of the results issued by Advance Design in any situation.
With this validation guide, we are providing a set of concrete test cases showing the
behavior of Advance Design in various areas and various conditions. The tests cover
a wide field of expertise: modeling, climatic load generation according to Eurocode 1,
combinations management, meshing, finite element calculation, reinforced concrete
design according to Eurocode 2, steel member design according to Eurocode 3, steel
connection design according to Eurocode 3, timber member design according to
Eurocode 5, seismic analysis according to Eurocode 8, report generation, import /
export procedures and user interface behavior.
We hope that this guide will highly contribute to the knowledge and the confidence you
are placing in Advance Design.
Manuel LIEDOT
Chief Product Office
ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE
Contents
13
STEEL DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 9

13.1
Verifying the calculation results for steel cables (TTAD #11623) ................................................................ 10
13.2
Generating the shape sheet by system (TTAD #11471) ............................................................................. 10
13.3
Verifying shape sheet on S275 beam (TTAD #11731) ................................................................................ 10
13.4
Verifying results on square hollowed beam 275H according to thickness (TTAD #11770) ......................... 10
13.5
Verifying the cross section optimization according to EC3 (TTAD #11516) ................................................ 10
13.6
Verifying the shape sheet results for the elements of a simple vault (TTAD #11522) ................................. 11
13.7
Verifying the shape sheet results for a fixed horizontal beam (TTAD #11545) ........................................... 11
13.8
Verifying the shape sheet results for a column (TTAD #11550) .................................................................. 11
13.9
EC3: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA kB method .................................. 11
13.10
CM66: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the roA roB method........................... 11
13.11
CM66: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA kB method ............................. 12
13.12
Verifying the buckling coefficient Xy on a class 2 section ......................................................................... 12
13.13
EC3 Test 7: Class section classification and compression resistance for an IPE600 column ................... 13
13.14
Verifying the steel shape optimization when using sections from Advance Steel Profiles database (TTAD #11873). 19
13.15
EC3 Test 28: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column fixed on base and without any other restraint ... 20
13.16
EC3 Test 22: Verifying the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam ................................................... 50
13.17 EC3 Test 23: Verifying a IPE400 column for compression, shear, bending moment, buckling, lateral
torsional buckling and bending and axial compression ......................................................................................... 56
13.18
EC3 Test 20: Verifying the buckling resistance of a RC3020100 column ................................................. 92
13.19 EC3 Test 13: Verifying the resistance of a rectangular hollow section column subjected to bending and
shear efforts ......................................................................................................................................................... 100
13.20
EC3 test 10: Verifying the classification and the bending resistance of a welded built-up beam ............ 107
13.21 EC3 test 11: Cross section classification and compression resistance verification of a rectangular hollow
section column ..................................................................................................................................................... 113
13.22 EC3 Test 25: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on the bottom and with a
displacement restraint at 2.81m from the bottom ................................................................................................. 118
13.23
EC3 Test 19: Verifying the buckling resistance for a IPE300 column...................................................... 152
13.24
EC3 Test 12: Verifying the design plastic shear resistance of a rectangular hollow section beam ......... 159
13.25 EC3 Test 27: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 beam simply supported with a displacement
restraint .............................................................................................................................................. 162
13.26
EC3 Test 26: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 column fixed on the bottom ............................ 186
13.27
EC3 test 9: Verifying the classification and the compression resistance of a welded built-up column .... 209
13.28
EC3 Test 21: Verifying the buckling resistance of a CHS219.1x6.3H column ......................................... 216
13.29 EC3 Test 24: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on the bottom and without
any other restraint ............................................................................................................................... 222
13.30 EC3 Test 29: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column hinged on base and restrained on top for
the X, Y translation and Z rotation ........................................................................................................................ 248
13.31 EC3 Test 31: Verifying IPE450 column fixed on base subjected to axial compression and bending
moment, both applied on top ................................................................................................................................ 289
6
13.32
EC3 Test 15: Verifying a rectangular hollow section column subjected to bending and axial efforts.......290
13.33 EC3 Test 33: Verifying UPN300 simple supported beam, loaded with centric compression, uniform linear
horizontal efforts by Y and punctual vertical force by Z axis .................................................................................297
13.34 EC3 Test 35: Verifying C310x30.8 class 4 cantilever, loaded with centric compression, uniform linear
horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load applied on the free end .........................................................297
13.35 EC3 Test 37: Verifying RHS350x150x8.5H class 3 column, loaded with centric compression, punctual
lateral load and bending moment, all applied to the top of the column .................................................................297
13.36 EC3 Test 30: Verifying IPE300 beam, simply supported, loaded with centric compression and uniform
linear efforts by Y and Z axis ................................................................................................................................297
13.37 EC3 Test 34: Verifying C310x30.8 class 3beam, loaded with centric compression, uniform linear
horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle .........................................................................298
13.38 EC3 Test 36: Verifying RHS300x150x9H class 1 simply supported beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts and a vertical punctual load in the middle.....................................298
13.39 EC3 Test 14: Verifying the bending resistance of a rectangular hollow section column made of
S235 steel ...........................................................................................................................................................299
13.40 EC3 Test 32: Verifying IPE600 simple supported beam, loaded with centric compression and uniform
linear efforts by Y and Z axis ................................................................................................................................305
13.41 EC3 Test 16: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam subjected to biaxial
bending ................................................................................................................................................................306
13.42 EC3 Test 18: Verifying a simply supported circular hollow section element subjected to torsional
efforts 313
13.43 EC3 Test 39: Verifying CHS323.9x6.3H class 2 beam, loaded with centric compression, uniform linear
horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle .........................................................................313
13.44 EC3 Test 38: Verifying RHS350x150x5H class 4 column, loaded with centric compression, punctual
horizontal force by Y and a bending moment, all applied to the top .....................................................................313
13.45 EC3 Test 45: Comparing the shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made from different steel
materials ...............................................................................................................................................................314
13.46 EC3 Test 43: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped laminated beam
considering the load applied on the lower flange ..................................................................................................318
considering the load applied on the lower flange ..................................................................................................318
13.48 EC3 test 8: Verifying the classification and the resistance of a column subjected to bending and
axial load .............................................................................................................................................................319
13.49
EC3 Test 17: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam subjected to torsional efforts ........325
13.50 EC3 Test 44: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up beam
considering the load applied on the upper flange .................................................................................................326
13.51 EC3 Test 40: Verifying CHS508x8H class 3, simply supported beam, loaded with centric compression,
uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle ...................................................332
13.52 EC3 Test 42: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up beam
considering the load applied on the upper flange .................................................................................................332
13.53
Verifying the shape sheet for a steel beam with circular cross-section (TTAD #12533) ..........................332
13.54
Changing the steel design template for a linear element (TTAD #12491) ...............................................332
13.55 Verifying the "Shape sheet" command for elements which were excluded from the specialized calculation
(TTAD #12389) .....................................................................................................................................................332
13.56
EC3: Verifying the buckling length results (TTAD #11550)......................................................................333
13.57 EC3 fire verification: Verifying the work ratios after performing an optimization for steel profiles (TTAD
#11975) 333
13.58
EC3 test 4: Class section classification and bending moment verification of an IPE300 column ............ 334
13.59 EC3 Test 2: Class section classification and shear verification of an IPE300 beam subjected to linear
uniform loading ..................................................................................................................................................... 340
13.60
EC3 Test 6: Class section classification and combined biaxial bending verification of an IPE300 beam 347
13.61
EC3 Test 1: Class section classification and compression verification of an IPE300 column ................. 354
13.62 EC3 Test 5: Class section classification and combined axial force with bending moment verification of an
IPE300 column ..................................................................................................................................................... 360
13.63
14
EC3 Test 3: Class section classification, shear and bending moment verification of an IPE300 column 366
TIMBER DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 375

14.1
EC5: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to oblique bending ..................................................................... 376
14.2
EC5: Verifying the residual section of a timber column exposed to fire for 60 minutes ............................. 380
14.3
EC5: Verifying the fire resistance of a timber purlin subjected to simple bending ..................................... 383
14.4 EC5: Verifying lateral torsional stability of a timber beam subjected to combined bending and axial
compression ......................................................................................................................................................... 388
14.5
EC5: Shear verification for a simply supported timber beam .................................................................... 393
14.6
Modifying the "Design experts" properties for timber linear elements (TTAD #12259).............................. 393
14.7
Verifying the timber elements shape sheet (TTAD #12337) ...................................................................... 393
14.8
Verifying the units display in the timber shape sheet (TTAD #12445) ....................................................... 393
14.9
EC5: Verifying a timber beam subjected to simple bending ...................................................................... 394
14.10
EC5: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression ................................ 398
14.11
EC5: Verifying a timber column subjected to tensile forces .................................................................... 403
14.12
EC5: Verifying a timber column subjected to compression forces........................................................... 406
14.13
EC5: Verifying a timber beam subjected to combined bending and axial tension ................................... 410
14.14
EC5: Verifying a C24 timber beam subjected to shear force ................................................................... 415
13 Steel design
13.1 Verifying the calculation results for steel cables (TTAD #11623)
Test ID: 3560
Test status: Passed
13.1.1 Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation for a steel model with cables (D4) and a static
nonlinear case. Generates the steel analysis report: data and results.
13.2 Generating the shape sheet by system (TTAD #11471)

Test ID: 3575
Test status: Passed
13.2.1 Description
Generates shape sheets by system, on a model with 2 systems.
13.3 Verifying shape sheet on S275 beam (TTAD #11731)

Test ID: 3434
Test status: Passed
13.3.1 Description
Performs the steel calculation for two horizontal bars and generates the shape sheets report.
The bars have cross sections from different catalogues (1016x305x487 UKB and UKB1016x305x487). They are
made of the same material (S275); each is subjected to a -500.00 kN linear horizontal dead load and has two rigid
supports at both ends.
13.4 Verifying results on square hollowed beam 275H according to thickness (TTAD #11770)
Test ID: 3406
Test status: Passed
13.4.1 Description
Performs the steel calculation for two vertical bars with different thicknesses and generates the shape sheets report.
The bars are made of the same material (S275 H - EN 10210-1), have rectangular hollow cross sections, but with
different thicknesses (R80*40/4.1 and R80*40/3.9). Each is subjected to a -150.00 kN vertical live load and has a
rigid support.
13.5 Verifying the cross section optimization according to EC3 (TTAD #11516)
Test ID: 3620
Test status: Passed
13.5.1 Description
Verifies the cross section optimization of a steel element, according to Eurocodes 3.
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the "Envelopes and shapes
optimization" report.
The steel bar has a IPE360 cross section, a rigid hinge support at one end and a rigid support with translation
restraints on X, Y and Z and rotation restraint on X. Two loads are applied: a punctual dead load of -1.00 kN on FZ
and a punctual live load of -40.00 kN on FZ.
10
13.6 Verifying the shape sheet results for the elements of a simple vault (TTAD #11522)
Test ID: 3612
Test status: Passed
13.6.1 Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the shape sheet results report.
The structure is a simple vault consisting of three steel elements (S235 material, IPEA240 cross section) with two
rigid fixed supports. The loads applied on the structure: self weight and a linear live load of -10.00kN on FZ.
13.7 Verifying the shape sheet results for a fixed horizontal beam (TTAD #11545)
Test ID: 3641
Test status: Passed
13.7.1 Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the shape sheet report for a horizontal
steel element, verifies the cross section class.
The steel element (S235 material, IPE300 cross section) has a rigid fixed support at one end and a rigid support with
translation restraints on Y and Z and rotation restraint on X at the other end. A linear live load of -10.00 kN on FX and
a punctual live load of 1000 kN on FX are applied.
13.8 Verifying the shape sheet results for a column (TTAD #11550)
Test ID: 3640
Test status: Passed
13.8.1 Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel calculation. Generates the shape sheet report for a vertical
steel element.
The steel element (S235 material, IPE300 cross section) has a rigid fixed support. A vertical live load of -200.00 kN is
applied.
13.9 EC3: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA kB method
Test ID: 3819
Test status: Passed
13.9.1 Description
Verifies the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA kB method, according to Eurocodes 3.
Generates the "Buckling and lateral-torsional buckling lengths" report.
13.10 CM66: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the roA roB method
Test ID: 3814
Test status: Passed
13.10.1Description
Verifies the buckling length for a steel portal frame with one level, using the roA roB method, according to CM66.
11
13.11 CM66: Verifying the buckling length for a steel portal frame, using the kA kB method
Test ID: 3813
Test status: Passed
13.11.1Description
Verifies the buckling length for a steel portal frame with one level, using the kA kB method, according to CM66.
13.12 Verifying the buckling coefficient Xy on a class 2 section

Test ID: 4443
Test status: Passed
13.12.1Description
Performs the finite elements calculation and the steel elements calculation. Verifies the buckling coefficient Xy on a
class 2 section and generates the shape sheets report.
The model consists of a vertical linear element (I26*0.71+15*1.07 cross section and S275 material) with a rigid hinge
support at the base and a rigid support with translation restraints on X and Y and rotation restraint on Z, at the top. A
punctual live load is applied.
12
13.13 EC3 Test 7: Class section classification and compression resistance for an IPE600 column
Test ID: 5620
Test status: Passed
13.13.1Description
Verifies the classification and the compression resistance for an IPE 600 column made of S235 steel. The verification
is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
13.13.2Background
Classification and verification under compression efforts for an IPE 600 column made of S235 steel. The column is
fixed at its base and free on the top. The column is subjected to a compression force (100 000 N) applied at its top.
The dead load will be neglected.
This test was evaluated by the French control office SOCOTEC.
13.13.2.1Model description
Reference: Guide devaluation Advance Design, EN 1993-1-1: 2001;
Analysis type: static linear (plane problem);
Element type: linear.

The following load case and load combination are used:
Exploitation loadings (category A), Q:

Fz = -100 000 N,
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1 x Q
Cross section dimensions are in milimeters (mm).
Units
Metric System
Materials properties
S235 steel material is used. The following characteristics are used:
Yield strength fy = 235 MPa,

5
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 2.1 x 10 MPa.
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions are described below:
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 0) restrained in translation and rotation along X, Y and Z axis,
Free at end point (x = 5.00).
13
Inner: None.
Loading
The column is subjected to the following loadings:
External: Point load at Z = 5.0: N = Fz = -100 000 N,

Internal: None.
13.13.2.2Reference results for calculating the cross section class

The following results are determined according to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), Chapter 5.5.2.
In this case, the column is subjected to a punctual compression load, therefore the stresses distribution is like in the
picture below:
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the web class.
14
The section geometrical properties are described in the picture below:
The web class can be determined by considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in Table
5.2 - sheet 1:
c 600mm 19mm 2 24mm 2

=
= 42.83
t
12mm
235
= 1.0
fy
15
Therefore:
c
= 42.83 > 42 = 42
t
This means that the column web is Class 4.
Table 5.2 - sheet 2, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the flanges class.
The top flange class can be determined by considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in
Table 5.2 - sheet 2:
c (220mm 12mm 24mm 2) / 2

=
= 4.21
t
19mm
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 4.21 9 = 9
t
This means that the top column flange is Class 1. Having the same dimensions, the bottom column flange is also
Class 1.
A cross-section is classified according to the least favorable classification of its compression elements (chapter
5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001).
According to the calculation above, the column section have Class 4 web and Class 1 flanges; therefore the class
section for the entire column section will be considered Class 4.
16
13.13.2.3Reference results for calculating the compression resistance of the cross-section

The compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section is determined with the formula (6.11) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
In order to verify the compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section, it is necessary to determine the effective area
of the cross-section.
The effective area of the cross section takes into account the reduction factor, , which is applying in this case only
for the web of the IPE 600 cross-section.
The following parameters have to be determined in order to calculate the reduction factor: the buckling factor and the
stress ratio, and the plate modified slenderness. They will be calculated considering only the cross-section web.
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio()
Taking into account that the stress distribution on web is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= 1.0
1
k = 4.0
The plate modified slenderness (p)
The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness is:
p =
(600mm 2 19mm 2 24mm ) / 12mm = 0.754

b/t
=
28.4 k
28.4 1.0 4.0
The reduction factor ()

Because p > 0.673, the reduction factor has the following formula:
p 0.055 (3 + )
1.0
2p
Effective area
The effective area is determined considering the following:
Aeff = A (1 ) b t w = 15600 (1 0.939) (600 2 19 2 24)12 = 15223.75mm 2

Compression resistance of the cross section
For Class 4 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula in order to calculate the compression
resistance of the cross-section:
N c , Rd =
Aeff f
M0
15223.75mm 2 235MPa
= 3577581N
1.0
Work ratio
Work ratio =
N
100000 N
100 =
100 = 2.79518%
N c , Rd
3577581N
17
Finite elements modeling
Linear element: S beam,

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Finite elements results

Work ratio of the design resistance for uniform compression
Column subjected to bending and axial force
Work ratio - Fx
13.13.2.4Reference results
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fx
Compression resistance work ratio [%]
2.79518 %
13.13.3Calculated results
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
18
Result description
Compression resistance work ratio
Value
2.79495 %
Error
-0.0082 %
13.14 Verifying the steel shape optimization when using sections from Advance Steel Profiles
database (TTAD #11873)
Test ID: 4289
Test status: Passed
13.14.1Description
Verifies the steel shape optimization when using sections from Advance Steel Profiles database. Performs the finite
elements calculation and the steel elements calculation and generates the steel shapes report.
The structure consists of columns with UKC152x152x23 cross section, beams with UKB254x102x22 cross section
and roof beams with UKB127x76x13 cross section. Dead loads and live loads are applied on the structure.
19
13.15 EC3 Test 28: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column fixed on base and without any
other restraint
Test ID: 5720
Test status: Passed
13.15.1Description
The test verifies a user defined cross section column.
The cross section has an I symmetric shape with: 260mm height; 150mm width; 7.1mm center thickness; 10.7mm
flange thickness; 0mm fillet radius and 0mm rounding radius. The column is made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to 328 kN compression axial force, 10 kNm bending moment over the X axis and 50 kNm
bending moment over the Y axis. All the efforts are applied on the top of the column.
The calculations are made according to Eurocode 3 French Annex.
13.15.2Background
An I260*7.1+150*10.7 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column
has a 260x7.1mm web and 150x10.7mm flanges. The column is fixed at its base. The column is subjected to an axial
compression load -328000 N, a 10000Nm bending moment after the X axis and a 50000Nm bending moment after
the Y axis.

20
Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=--328000N N; My=50000Nm; Mx=10000Nm;

Cross section dimensions are in millimeters (mm).
Units
Metric System
Geometrical properties
Column length: L=5620mm
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
r = 0mm
Web thickness: t w = 7.10mm
Depth of the web:
Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, Wy
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, Wel , z
= 80344.89mm 3
Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z
= 123381.96mm3
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis:
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: I z
Torsional moment of inertia: I t
Working inertial moment: I w
A = 4904.06mm 2
b = 150mm
t f = 10.70mm
Root radius:
hw = 260mm
= 445717.63mm3
= 501177.18mm3
I y = 57943291.64mm 4
= 6025866.46mm 4
= 149294.97mm 4
= 93517065421.88mm 6

Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 MPa.
Shear modulus of rigidity: G=80800MPa
21
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at start point (x = 0) restrained in translation along X and Y axis, and restrained inrotation along Z
axis,
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =-328000N; Mx=10000Nm and My=50000Nm
22
13.15.2.2Cross section Class

According to Advance Design calculations:
Cross-class classification is made according to Table 5.2
-for beam web:

The web dimensions are 850x5mm.
inf
45.30Mpa
=
= 0.253 > 1
sup 179.06Mpa
23
238.6 45.3
= 48.175
x=
x
y
x+ y
238.6
224.36
=
=
=
238.6 179.06
45.30 179.06 45.30 + 179.06 224.36
= 190.73
y=
224.36
=
24
x
190.73
=
= 0.80 > 0.5
238.6 238.6
235
=
fy
235
= 0.924
275
c 260mm 2 10.7 mm
=
= 33.61 c
396
396 0.924
=
= 38.93
t
7.1mm
= 33.6
t
13 1 13 0.8 1
= 0.924
therefore the beam
web is considered to be Class 1

-for beam flange:
150 7.1
c
c
2
=
= 6.68 = 6.68 9 0.924 = 8.316
t
10.7
t
= 0.924
therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1
In conclusion, the section is considered to be Class 1.
13.15.2.3Buckling verification
a) over the strong axis of the section, y-y:
-the imperfection factor will be selected according to the Table 6.1 and 6.2:
25
= 0.34
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis:
y coefficient
corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness
will be determined from the relevant buckling
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)
y the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1 cross-sections:

A * fy
y =
N cr , y
A = 4904.06mm 2
Cross section area:
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: I y
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
A f y
y =
N cr , y
= 57943291.64mm 4
210000 N / mm 2 57943291.64mm 4
(5620mm)
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.5956
3802327.95 N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.5956 0.2) + 0.5956 2 ] = 0.7446
y =
1
2
y + y y
y 1
= 0.839
0.7446 + 0.7446 2 0.5956 2
y = 0.839
b) over the weak axis of the section, z-z:

26
= 0.49
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z axis:
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness z
will be determined from the relevant buckling curve
according to:
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)
z the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections:

z =
A* f y
N cr , z
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis:

Cross section area:
N cr , z =
A = 4904.06mm 2
E Iz
l fz
I z = 6025866.46mm 4
210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
(5620mm )
= 395426.63 N = 395.43kN
27
A f y
z =
N cr , z
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 1.847
395426.63 N
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.847 0.2) + 1.847 2 ] = 2.609
z =
1
2
z + z z
z 1
= 0.225
2.609 + 2.609 1.847
z = 0.225
13.15.2.4Lateral torsional buckling verification

The elastic moment for lateral-torsional buckling calculation, Mcr:
-the transversal load is applied to the shear center, therefore C2zg=0 and the moment formula will be:
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2; (3)
-where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
28
M y ,botom
M y ,top
0
= 0 C1 = 1.77
50
I y = 57943291.64mm 4

= 6025866.46mm 4
= 149294.97mm 4
= 93517065421.88mm 6

Warping inertial moment (recalculated):
IW is the warping inertia (deformation inertia moment):
Iw =
I z (h t f
h cross section height; h
= 260mm
tf
t f = 10.7 mm
flange thickness;
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

= 93627638290mm 6
Iw =
4
2
-according to EN1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2 (4)

Length of the column: L=5620mm
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
+
= 1.77
Iz E Iz
(5620mm)2
93627638290mm 6 (5620mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4

+
= 1.77 395426.63N 214.58mm =
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
6025866.46mm 4
= 150184702.1Nmm = 15018kNm
2
LT =
W pl , y f y
M cr
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.958
150184702.1Nmm
Calculation of the
LT for appropriate non-dimensional slenderness LT

LT =
LT + LT LT
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
will be determined with formula:

(6.56)
The cross section buckling curve will be chose according to Table 6.4:
h 260mm
=
= 1.733 2
b 150mm
29
The imperfection factor will be chose according to Table 6.3:
= 0.49
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.958 0.2) + 0.958 ] = 1.145
LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.564 1
1.145 + 1.145 0.958
13.15.2.5Internal factor, k yy , calculation

The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 4 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1, and will be
calculated separately for the two column parts separate by the middle torsional lateral restraint:
k yy = Cmy CmLT
30
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
`1
C yy
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
y = 0.839
(previously calculated)
N Ed = 328kN
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , y
3802327.95 N
y =
=
= 0.985
N Ed
328000 N
1 0.839
1 y
3802327.95 N
N cr , y
1
The
Cmy will be calculated according to Table A.1:
31
Calculation of the 0 term:
W pl , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
-according to Eurocode 3 EN 1993-1-1-2005; Chapter 6.3.2.2
W y = 501177.18mm3
The calculation the
M cr = C1
M cr 0
E Iz
L
will be calculated using
C1 = 1 and C2 = 0 , therefore:
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
+
= 1
Iz E Iz
(5620mm)2
93517065421.88mm 6 (5620mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4

+
= 1 395426.63N 214.58mm =
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
6025866.46mm 4
= 84850646.27 Nmm = 84.85kNm
2
W pl , y f y
0 =
M cr
Calculation of the
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 1.274
84850646.27 Nmm
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
-for a symmetrical section for the both axis,
N cr ,T =
1
I0
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
2 E I w
G I t +
Lcr ,T
The mass moment of inertia I 0
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 57943291.64mm 4 + 6025866.46mm 4 = 63969158.1mm 4

- the buckling length,
= 149294.97mm 4
= 93517065421.88mm 6
Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 5.62m
N cr ,T
4904.06mm 2
=
63969158.1mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 93517065421.88mm 6
2
4
=
80800 N / mm 149294.97 mm +
(
)
mm
5620
= 1395246.607 N
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 1395246.607 N
32
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
(5620mm)
= 395426.63 N = 395.43kN
C1=1 for the top part of the column

For the top part of the column:
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.120

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

= 0.20 1 4
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
=
395426.63 N 1395246.607 N
Therefore:
0 = 1.274
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

N
0 = 1.274 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
The
N cr , z
= 0.120

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )

1 + y aLT

Cmz = Cmz , 0

aLT
2
CmLT = Cmy
= 0.120
1 N Ed 1 N Ed

N cr , z N cr ,T
Cmy coefficient takes into account the column behavior in the buckling plane: the buckling and bending moment distribution.
The coefficient must be calculated considering the column over the entire height.
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
Elastic modulus after the Y axis,
y =
M y ,Ed
N Ed
aLT = 1
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 445717.63mm3
50 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2

=
= 1.677
328000 N
445717.63mm3
It
149294.97 mm 4
=1
= 0.997 1
57943291.64mm 4
Iy
33
The
Cm 0 coefficient is defined according to the Table A.2:
The bending moment in null at one end of the column, therefore:
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=0
N Ed
N
= 0.79 0.36 0.33 Ed
N cr , y
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
N Ed = 328000 N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 0.36 0.33
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
328000 N
= 0.780
3802327.95 N
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Equivalent uniform moment factor,
aLT
= 0.780 + (1 0.780)
1.677 1
= 0.904
1 + 1.677 1
CmLT , calculation
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z
cr ,T
997
0
.
= 2.256 CmLT = 2.256
= 0.9042
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
1395246
.
607
395426
.
63
N
N
CmLT 1
CmLT = Cmy
34
The
C yy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1, Auxiliary terms:
2
1.6
W
1.6
2
2
Cmy max
Cmy max n pl bLT el , y
C yy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2
wy
wy
W pl , y
M y ,Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y ,Rd
= 0.5 0.997 1.274 2

= 0.1534
wy =
n pl =
W pl , y
Wel , y
2
M y ,Ed
M z ,Ed
M z ,Ed
= 0.5 aLT 0
LT W pl , y f y W pl , z f y
M pl , z ,Rd
50000000 Nmm
10000000 Nmm
=
3
2
0.564 501177.18mm 275 N / mm 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm 3
= 1.124 1.5
445717.63mm 3
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.243
=
N Rk 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
M1
1
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;1.847 ) = 1.847
1.6
1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.124 1) 2
0.904 1.847
0.904 1.847 0.243 0.1534 = 0.857
1.124
1.124
35
C yy = 0.857
3
Wel , y 445717.63mm
=
= 0.889 C yy = 0.889
3
W pl , y 501177.18mm
C yy el , y
W pl , y
N cr , y =
E Iy
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
l fy
Therefore the
k yy term corresponding to the top part of the column will be:
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N Ed
N cr , y
`1
= 0.904 2.256
C yy
1
0.985
1
= 2.47
328000 N
0.889
3802327.95 N
13.15.2.6Internal factor, k yz , calculation
k yz = Cmz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
1
wz
0.6
C yz
wy
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.691
N cr , z
395426.63 N
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , y
3802327.95 N
y =
=
= 0.985
N Ed
328000 N
1 0.839
1 y
3802327.95 N
N cr , y
1
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
= 395426.63 N = 395.43kN
max
mz
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14
n pl cLT
5
w
z
cLT = 10 aLT
aLT = 1
0 =
z =
36
5+ z
M y , Ed
Cmy lt M pl , y , Rd
It
149294.97 mm 4
=1
= 0.997
57943291.64mm 4
Iy
W pl , y f y
M cr
A f y
N cr , z
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 1.274
84850646.27 Nmm
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 1.847
395426.63 N
M y , Ed = 50000 Nm
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
LT =
y aLT
1 + y aLT
LT + LT LT
= 0.904
1
= 0.564 1
1.145 + 1.145 0.958
M pl , y , Rd = Wy f y = 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2 = 137823724.5 Nmm

2
cLT = 10 aLT
M y , Ed
5+ z
50000000 Nmm
1.274
= 0.664
= 10 0.997
4
5 + 1.847 0.904 0.564 137823724.5 Nmm
max
mz
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14
n pl cLT
5
w
z
wz =
W pl , z
Wel , z
wz 1.5
N cr , z =
123381.96mm3
=
= 1.536 1.5
3
80344.89mm
wz = 1.5
E Iz
= 395426.63 N = 395.43kN
l fz
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.691
N cr , z
395426.63N
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;1.847 ) = 1.847
n pl =
N Ed
= 0.243
N Rk
M1
max
mz
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14
n pl cLT =
5
wz
0.6912 1.847 2
0.243 0.691 = 0.532
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 14
5
1.5
k yz = Cmz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
wz
1
0.985
1
1.5
0.6
= 0.691
0. 6
= 5.20
N
328000
C yz
wy
0.532
1.124
1
395426.63 N
37
13.15.2.7Internal factor, k zy , calculation
k zy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
wz
1
0.6
C zy
wy
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , z
395426.63 N
z =
=
= 0.210
328000 N
N Ed
1 0.225
1 z
395426.63 N
N cr , z
1
z = 0.225 (previously calculated)

2
Cmy max
wy Wel , y
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14
n pl d LT 0.6
5
wy
wz W pl , y
M pl , z , Rd = Wz f z = 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm2 = 33930039 Nmm
d LT = 2 aLT
M y , Ed
Cmy LT M pl , y , Rd
M z , Ed
Cmz M pl , z , Rd
0.1 + z
1.274
50000000 Nmm
10000000 Nmm
= 2 0.997
=
4
0.1 + 1.847 0.904 0.564 137823724.5 Nmm 0.691 33930039 Nmm
= 0.771
2
max
Cmy
Czy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14
n pl d LT =
5
wy
2
2
0.904 1.847
0.243 0.771 = 0.310
= 1 + (1.124 1) 2 14
1.1245
0.6
wy
wz
Wel , y
W pl , y
wy
C zy 0.6
wz
C zy = 0.310
0.6
wy
wz
Wel , y
W pl , y
CmLT = 2.256
k zy = Cmy CmLT
38
= 0.6
1.124 445717.63mm3
= 0.462
1.5
501177.18mm3
W pl , y
C zy = 0.462
= 0.462
Wel , y
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
wy
1
0.6
= 0.904 2.256
C zy
wz
1
0.210
1
1.124
0.6
= 0.529
328000 N
0.462
1.5
3802327.95 N
13.15.2.8Internal factor, k zz , calculation
k zz = Cmz
z
1
N Ed
N cr , z
1
C zz
1.6
1 .6
2
2
Cmz
max
Cmz
max n pl eLT el , z
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2
wz
wz
W pl , z
eLT = 1.7 aLT
0
4
M y , Ed
0.1 + z
1.274
50000000 Nmm
= 1.7 0.997
= 0.131
4
0.1 + 1.847 0.904 0.564 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
1.6
1.6
2
2
Cmz
max n pl eLT =
max
Cmz
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2
wz
wz
1.6
1.6
0.6912 1.847 2 0.243 0.131 = 0.926

0.6912 1.847
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2
1.5
1.5
k zz = Cmz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
1
0.210
1
= 0.919
= 0.691
328000
N
926
0
.
C zz
1
395426.63 N
13.15.2.9Bending and axial compression verification
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k yz z , Ed
+ k yy
N
M
M z , Rk
y Rk
LT y , Rk
M1
M1
M1
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k zz z , Ed
+ k zy
N Rk
M
M z , Rk
LT y , Rk
z
M1
M1
M1
N Rk = f y Ai
39
328000 N
50 106 Nmm
+
2
.
479
+
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
0.839
0.564
1
1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 5.20
= 0.29 + 1.59 + 1.53 = 3.41
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N
50 106 Nmm
+ 0.529
+
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.225
0.564
1
1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.919
= 1.08 + 0.34 + 0.27 = 1.69
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
40

7 nodes,
1 linear element.
y coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness y

Column subjected to axial and shear force to the top

41
Internal factor, k yy
k yy
Internal factor, k yz
k yz
42
Internal factor, k zy
k zy
Internal factor, k zz
k zz
43
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort over the Y axis: SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort
over the Y axis
SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment over the Y axis: SMyy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment
over the Y axis
SMyy
44
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over the Y axis: SMyz
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment
over the Y axis
SMyz
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort over the Z axis: SNz
over the Z axis
SNz
45
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment over the Z axis: SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over the Z axis: SMzz
over the Z axis
SMzz
46
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support
conditions; moment diagram allure
C1
The elastic moment for lateral-torsional buckling calculation

Mcr
47
The appropriate non-dimensional slenderness

LT
48
Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.839
0.225
k yy
2.47
k yz
5.20
k zy
0.529
k zz
0.919
SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the

compression effort over the Y axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y
bending moment over the Y axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z
compression effort over the z axis
bending moment over the Z axis
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties;
support conditions; moment diagram allure
0.29
LT
0.564
Work ratio
Stability work ratio (bending and axial compression verification) [%]
341 %
SMyy
SMyz
SNz
SMzy
SMzz
C1
Mcr
1.59
1.53
1.08
0.34
0.27
1.77
150.18
Result name
Xy
Result description
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness
after Y-Y axis
Value
0.839285
adim
Error
0.0340 %
Xz

after Z-Z axis
0.224656
adim
-0.1529 %
Kyy
Internal factor kyy
2.47232
adim
0.0939 %
Kyz
Internal factor kyz
5.20929
adim
0.1787 %
Kzy
Internal factor kzy
0.525982
adim
-0.5705 %
Kzz
Internal factor kzz
0.942941
adim
2.6051 %
Work ratio
Stability work ratio
341.352 %
0.0000 %
49
13.16 EC3 Test 22: Verifying the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam
Test ID: 5702
Test status: Passed
13.16.1Description
The test verifies the lateral torsional buckling of a IPE300 beam made of S235 steel.
The calculations are made according to Eurocode 3, French Annex.
13.16.2Background
Lateral torsional buckling verification for an unrestrained IPE300 beam subjected to axis bending efforts, made of
S235 steel. The beam is simply supported. The beam is subjected to a uniform vertical load (10 000 N) applied
constantly on the entire length. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = -10 000 N,

Units
Metric System
50
Beam length: 5m
2
Cross section area: A=5310mm
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=8356.00x104mm4
4
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=603.80x10 mm

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:

Support at the end point (z = 3.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and restrained rotation
along X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Linear load From X=0.00m to X=5.00m: FZ = N = -10 000 N,

Internal: None.
13.16.2.2Buckling in the strong inertia of the profile (along Y-Y)

The calculations are made in order to obtain the work ratio of the analyzed element. The work ratio of the element is
calculated using the percentage of the design buckling moment resistance of the bended element (Mb,Rd) from the
designed value moment (MEd) produced by the linear force applied to the element (NEd). The design buckling
resistance of the compressed member, Nb,Rd, is calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.3.1.1.
M Ed
100 100%
M b , Rd
(6.46)
for beam web:
c 248.6mm
=
= 35.014 c
7.1mm
t
= 35.014 72 = 72
t
=1
therefore the beam web is considered to be
Class 1
for beam flange:
c 56.45mm
=
= 5.276 c
t 10.7 mm
= 5.276 9 = 9
t
=1
51
In conclusion, the section is considered to be Class 1

The buckling curve will be determined corresponding to Table 6.2:
h 300mm
=
= 2 2 the buckling curve about Y-Y will be considered a
b 150mm
The design buckling resistance moment against lateral-torsional buckling is calculated according the next formula:
M b , Rd =
LT W y f y
M1
(6.55)
Where:
LT reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling:

LT =
Where:
1
2
LT + LT LT
(6.56)
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
LT
52
represents the imperfection factor;
LT = 0.21
LT the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding:

LT =
Wy f y
M cr
Mcr is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling, is based on gross cross sectional properties and takes
into account the loading conditions, the real moment distribution and the lateral restraints.
M cr = C1
2 E I z k z I w
(k z L )2
+
k w I z
(k z L )2 G I t + (C z )2 C z
2
g
2
g
2
E IZ
(1)
according to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; AN.3 Chapter 2

Where:
E is the Youngs module: E=210000N/mm
G is the share modulus: G=80770N/mm2

Iz is the inertia of bending about the minor axis Z: Iz=603.8 x104mm4
It is the torsional inertia: It=20.12x104mm4
IW is the warping inertia (deformation inertia moment): Iw=12.59x1010mm6
L is the beam length: L=5000mm
kz and kw are buckling coefficients
zg is the distance between the point of load application and the share center (which coincide with the center of
gravity)
C1 and C2 are coefficients depending on the load variation over the beam length
If the bending moment is linear along the bar, if there are no transversal loads or if the transverse load is applied to
the center, then C2xxg=0 and the Mcr formula become:
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
+
Iz E Iz
The C1 coefficient is chosen from the Table2 of the EN 1993-1-1-AN France; AN.3 Chapter 3.3:
53
M cr = 1.13
210000 N / mm 2 603.80 10 4 mm 4
(5000mm)
12.59 1010 mm 6 (5000mm) 80770 N / mm 2 20.12 10 4 mm 4

+
=
210000 N / mm 2 603.80 10 4 mm 4
603.80 10 4 mm 4
= 1.13 500578.44 N 230.80mm = 130609424.8 Nmm = 130.61kNm
therefore:
LT =
Wy f y
M cr
628.4 10 3 mm 3 235 N / mm 2
= 1.063
130609424.8 Nmm
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (1.063 0.2) + 1.0632 ] = 1.156
LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.621 1
1.156 + 1.156 1.063

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

The steel calculation results can be found in the Shape Sheet window. The Class tab shows the classification of the
cross section and the effective characteristics (not applicable in this case, as the cross section is class 1).
54
Lateral torsional buckling coefficient

Simply supported beam subjected to bending efforts
Lateral torsional buckling coefficient
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling

Simply supported beam subjected to bending efforts
Mcr
Result name
Result description
Reference value
LT
Lateral-torsional buckling coefficient [adim.]
0.621
Mcr
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling [kNm]
130.61
Result name
XLT
Mcr
Result description
Lateral-torsional buckling coefficient
Elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
Value
0.621588
adim
Error
0.0947 %
130.699
kN*m
0.0681 %
55
13.17 EC3 Test 23: Verifying a IPE400 column for compression, shear, bending moment, buckling,
lateral torsional buckling and bending and axial compression
Test ID: 5703
Test status: Passed
13.17.1Description
The test verfies a IPE400 column, made of S275 steel, subjected to compression, shear, bending moment, buckling,
lateral torsional buckling and bending and axial compression
A lateral restraint is placed at 3m from the base.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode 3 French Annex.
13.17.2Background
Unrestrained IPE400 column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column is fixed at
its base and free on the top end. A lateral restraint is placed at 3m from the base. The column is subjected to an axial
compression load (-125000 N) applied and to a lateral load after the X global axis (28330N). Both loads are applied
on the top end of the column. The dead load will be neglected. The results will be compared with the ones obtained
by the CTIM n4-2006.

56
Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1x= 28330 N, Q1z= -125000 N

Units
Metric System
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
Root radius:
A = 8446mm 2
b = 180mm
t f = 13.5mm
r = 21mm
Depth of the web:
hw = 400mm
= 1156 103 mm3
= 1307 103 mm3
= 146.40 10 3 mm 3
57
= 229 103 mm3
4
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=23130.00x10 mm
4
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It=51.08x104 mm4
6
6
Working inertial moment: Iw=490000x10 mm

Boundary conditions
Outer:

along X axis.
Inner: lateral (xoz) restraint at z=3m
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and Y=9.00m: FZ =-125000N and Fx=28330N
Internal: None.
58
CTICM model
The model is presented in the CTICM 2006-4-Resistance barre comprimee selon
59

-for beam web:
c 331mm
=
= 38.49 c
t 8.6mm
= 38.49 72 = 72
t
=1
therefore the beam web is considered to be Class 1
-for beam flange:
c 67.47mm
=
= 4.50 c
t
13.5mm
= 4.50 9 = 9
t
=1

According to CTICM document:
The cross section is considered to be Class 1. The column strength will be determined considering the plastic
characteristics of the cross-section. Below can be seen the CTICM conclusion, extracted from CTICM 2006-4:
60
13.17.2.3Compression verification
calculated using the percentage of the design axial compression resistance of the element (Nc,Rd) from the
compression force applied to the element (NEd). The compressed resistance of the member, Nc,Rd, is calculated
according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.2.4.
N Ed
100 100%
N c ,Rd
(6.9)
The design resistance of the cross-section for uniform compression Nc,Rd is determined using the formula below:
N c , Rd =
A f y
(6.10)
M0
-where:
A is the section area:
A = 8446mm 2
f y is the yielding strength: f y = 275 N / mm 2
M0
is the partial safety factor:
N c , Rd =
A f y
M0
M0 =1
8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 2322650 N = 2322.65kN
1
N Ed = 125000 N
N Ed
125000 N
=
100 = 5.38% 100%
N c ,Rd 2322650 N
The compression resistance of the column is
N c , Rd = 2324kN as it can be seen from conclusion extracted from
CTCIM 2006-4:
61
13.17.2.4Shear verification
calculated using the percentage of the design shear resistance of the element (Vc,Rd) from the shear force applied to
the element (VEd). The shear resistance of the member, Vc,Rd, is calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005,
Chapter 6.2.6.
V Ed
100 100%
Vc , Rd
(6.17)
The design shear resistance of the element, Vc,Rd is determined using the formula below:
f
AV y
3
=
Vc , Rd
(6.18)
M0
-where:
AV is the shear area:
AV = A 2 b t f + (t w + 2 r ) t f hw t w
-where:
A is the cross section area:
b is the overall breadth:
b = 180mm
tf is the flange thickness:

r is the root radius:
A = 8446mm 2
t f = 13.5mm
r = 21mm
tw is the web thickness:
tw = 8.6mm
hw is the depth of the web:
hw = 400mm
=1
AV = A 2 b t f + (t w + 2 r ) t f =
= 8446mm 2 2 180mm 13.5mm + (8.6mm + 2 21mm ) 13.5mm = 4269.1mm 2
hw t w = 1 8.6mm 400mm = 3440mm 2

AV = 4269.1mm 2 3440mm 2
M0
Vc , Rd
M0 =1
275 N / mm 2
fy
2
4269
.
1
mm
AV
3
3
=
= 677810.66 N
=
M0
1
VEd = 28330 N
V Ed
28330 N
100 =
100 = 0.04179 100 = 4.180% 100%
Vc , Rd
677810.66 N
62

The shear resistance of the column is
V pl , z , Rd = 677.8kN
as it can be seen from conclusion extracted from CTCIM
2006-4:
13.17.2.5Bending moment verification

calculated using the percentage of the design bending moment resistance of the element (Mpl,Rd) from the bending
moment effor applied to the element (MEd). The Bending moment resistance of the member, Mpl,Rd, is calculated
according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.2.5.
M Ed
100 100%
M pl , Rd
(6.12)
-the shear force does not exceed 50% of the shear plastic resistance, therefore there is no influence of the shear on
the composed bending;
-the axial compression force does not exceed 25% of the plastic resistance, therefore there is no influence of the
compression on the composed bending
The design bending moment resistance of the element, Mpl,Rd is determined using the formula below:
M pl , Rd =
w pl f y
(6.13)
M0
-where:
wpl is the plastic modulus:
wpl = 1307000mm3
M0
M pl , Rd =
wpl f y
M0
M0 =1
1307000mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 359425000 Nmm
1
M Ed = 254970000 Nmm
M Ed
254970000 Nmm
100 =
100 = 0.70938 100 = 70.938% 100%
M pl , Rd
359425000 Nmm
The bending moment resistance of the column is
M pl , y , Rd = 359.7 kNm as
it can be seen from the conclusion
extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
63
The cross section buckling curve will be chosen according to Table 6.2:
The imperfection factor will be chosen according to Table 6.1:
= 0.21
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis
y coefficient
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)
y the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections:

A* fy
y =
N cr , y
Where: A is the cross section area; A=8446mm2; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=275N/mm2 and Ncr is
the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties:
N cr , y =
y =
E Iy
L fz
A fy
N cr , y
210000MPa 23130 10 4 mm 4
(9000mm)2
= 5918472.77 N
8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.62645
5918472.77 N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (0.62645 0.2) + 0.626452 ] = 0.740997

y =
64
1
2
y + y y
1
0.740997 + 0.740997 2 0.626452
= 0.87968 1

The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for the strong section, y-y
axis, y is:
y = 0.8796
as it can be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
b) over the strong axis of the section, z-z:

= 0.34
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness

according to:
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)
65

A* fy
z =
N cr , z
2
2
Where: A is the cross section area; A=8446mm ; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=275N/mm and Ncr is
the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties:
Outside the frame, the calculation can be made with more than the safety of taking in account a buckling length equal
to the grater length of the two beam sections, 6m. A more accurate calculation is to perform a modal analysis of the
column buckling outside the frame. The first eigen mode of instability corresponds to an amplification factor equal to
critical cr
N cr , z =
z =
= 9.15 . The normal critical force can be directly calculated:
E Iz
l fy
A fy
N cr , z
210000 N / mm2 1318 104 mm4
(4890mm)
= 1142396.153N
8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 1.42588
1142396.153
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (1.42588 0.2 ) + 1.425882 ] = 1.72497
z =
1
2
z + z z
1
1.72497 + 1.72497 2 1.425882
= 0.37096 1

The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for the strong section, z-z
axis, z is:
66
z = 0.3711 as it can be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:

a) for the 3m part of the column:
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
-where:
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities:
C1 =
169.98kNm
= 0.66667
254.97 kNm
1
1
=
= 1.17932
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
0.325 + 0.423 0.66667 + 0.252 0.66667
4
4
5
Torsional moment of inertia: It=51.08x104 mm4
6
6
Length of the column part: L=3000mm
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4

I w L G It
+
= 1.17932
Iz E Iz
(3000mm )2
49 1010 mm6 (3000mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 51.08 104 mm 4
+
= 1.17932 3035232.34 N 225.33396mm =
210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4
1318 104 mm 4
= 806585210.2 Nmm
2
Calculation of the non-dimensional slenderness factor,
LT :
LT =
Plastic modulus,
Wy f y
M cr
Wy = 1307 103 mm3
67
LT =
Wy f y
M cr
Calculation of the
LT =
1307 103 mm3 275 N / mm2

= 0.66754
806585210.2 Nmm

1
LT + LT LT
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2 ) + LT
(6.56)
= 0.34
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.66754 0.2) + 0.66754 ] = 0.80228

LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.80173 1
0.80228 + 0.80228 0.66754

The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness,
be observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
68
LT
is:
LT = 0.7877
as it can
b) for the 6m part of the column:

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
-where:
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
M cr = C1
=0
C1 = 1.77

4
4
4
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It=51.08x10 mm
6
6
E Iz
L
I w L G It
210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4
+
= 1.77
Iz E Iz
6000 mm 2
49 1010 mm6
6000 mm 2 80800 N / mm 2 51.08 104 mm 4
+
= 1.77 758808.085 N 302.604mm =
1318 104 mm 4
210000 N / mm 2 1318 104 mm 4
= 406423987 Nmm
69
Calculation of the non-dimensional slenderness factor,
LT :
LT =
Plastic modulus,
LT =
M cr
Wy = 1307 103 mm3
Wy f y
1307 103 mm3 275 N / mm2

=
= 0.94040
406423987 Nmm
M cr
Calculation of the
LT =
Wy f y

1
LT + LT LT
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
(6.56)
= 0.34
LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.94040 0.2) + 0.94040 ] = 1.06804

LT =
70
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.63518 1
1.06804 + 1.06804 0.94040

The determined value for the coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness, LT is:
observed from the conclusion extracted from CTCIM 2006-4:
LT = 0.694
as it can be

M
+ M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy y , Ed
+ k yz z , Ed
1
N
M y , Rd
M z , Rk
y Rk
LT
M1
M1
M1
(6.61)
M
+ M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Ed
N Ed
+ k zz z , Ed
1
+ k zy y , Ed
N Rk
M y , Rd
M z , Rk
z
LT
M1
M1
M1
(6.62)
The formulae can be simplified because:

There is no bending on the small inertia axis:
The section is considered to be a Class1:
M z , Ed = 0
M y , Rd = 0 and M z , Rd = 0
Therefore the formulae are:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1.00
N
M y , Rk
y Rk
LT
(6.61)
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1.00
N Rk
M y , Rk
z
LT
(6.62)
M1
M1
M1
M1
71
13.17.2.9Internal factor, k yy , calculation:

The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1:
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
1
C yy
Auxiliary terms:
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
Where:
y = 0.87968
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
210000 N / mm 2 23130 104 mm4
(9000mm)
125000 N
5918472.773 N
= 0.99741
y =
125000 N
1 0.87968
5918472.773
1
72
= 5918472.773 N
The
0 = C1 LT
-where:
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252

is the fraction of the bending moment from the column extremities: = 0
C1 = 1.77
73
LT =
Wy f y
M cr
1307 103 mm3 275 N / mm2

= 0.66754
806585210.2 Nmm
0 = C1 LT = C1 LT = 1.77 0.66754 = 0.88811

Calculation of the
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
N cr ,T =
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
A
2 E I w
G It +
I0
Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=1318.00x104 mm4
Cross section area:
A = 8446mm 2
Distance between the section neutral axis and the section geometrical center: z g
=0
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 23130 104 mm 4 + 1318 104 mm 4 = 24448 104 mm 4

-for simplification, it will be considered the same buckling length,
Lcr ,T , for all the column parts:
Lcr ,T = 6m
Working inertial moment: Iw=490000x106mm6

Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 MPa
8446mm 2
2 210000 N / mm 2 49 1010 mm6
2
4
4
=
80800
N
/
mm
51
.
08
10
mm
+
(6000mm )
24448 104 mm 4
= 2400423.788 N
N cr ,T =
N cr , TF = N cr , T = 2400423.788 N
N cr , z = 1142396.153N
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N N
cr , z
cr ,TF
= 0.25505
74
= 0.20 1.77 4
125000 N
125000 N
1
1
=
1142396.153 N 2400423.788 N
Therefore:
N
0 = 0.88811 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
The

1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,TF
C = C + (1 C ) y aLT
my , 0
my , 0
my
1 + y aLT
= 0.25505 Cmz = Cmz , 0
aLT
2
CmLT = Cmy
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z
cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
M y , Ed
N Ed
1 + y aLT
A
Wel , y
y =
y aLT
= 1156 103 mm3
A
254.94 106 Nmm
8446mm2
=
= 14.90119
Wel , y
125000 N
1156 103 mm3
a LT
It
51.08 10 4 mm 4
= 1 = 1
= 0.99779
Iy
23130 10 4 mm 4
The
The bending moment is null at the end of the column, therefore:
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=0
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y = 5918472.773N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33)
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
125000 N
= 0.78749
5918472.773N
y aLT
1 + y aLT
= 0.78749 + (1 0.78749)
14.90119 0.99779
= 0.95619
1 + 14.90119 0.99779
75
The
CmLT coefficient takes into account the laterally restrained parts of the column. The CmLT coefficient must be calculated
individually for each of the column parts.
2
CmLT = Cmy
a LT
1 N Ed
N
cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,T

a) for the 3m part of the column:
y a LT
C my.3m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT
y = 14.90119 (previously calculated)
a LT = 0.99779 (previously calculated)
The
76
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column part extremities:
169.98kNm
= 0.66667
254.97 kNm
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y = 5918472.773N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 0.66667 + 0.36 (0.66667 0.33)
125000 N
= 0.93256
5918472.773N
y a LT
14.90119 0.99779
C my ,3m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
= 0.93256 + (1 0.93256)
= 0.98609
1 + y a LT
1 + 14.90119 0.99779
N cr , z = 1142396.153N
N cr ,T = 2400423.788 N (previously calculated)
a LT = 0.99779 (previously calculated)

a LT
N
N
Ed
Ed
1

N 1 N
cr , z
cr ,T
0.99779
= 0.98609
= 1.05596 CmLT ,3m = 1.05596
125000 N
125000 N
1
1
1142396.153 N 2400423.788 N
CmLT ,3m 1
2
CmLT ,3m = Cmy
,3m
b) for the 6m part of the column:
y a LT
C my.6 m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
A
Wel , y
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
a LT = 1
The
= 1156 103 mm3
8446mm 2
169.98 10 6 Nmm
A
= 9.9353
=
125000 N
Wel , y
1156 10 3 mm 3
It
51.08 10 4 mm 4
= 1
= 0.99779
Iy
23130 10 4 mm 4
77
is the fraction of the bending moment from the column part extremities:
=0
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y = 5918472.773N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 0 + 0.36 (0 0.33)
125000 N
= 0.78749
5918472.773 N
y a LT
9.9353 0.99779
C my , 6 m = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
= 0.78749 + (1 0.78749)
= 0.94873
1 + y a LT
1 + 9.9353 0.99779
N cr , z = 1142396.153N
N cr ,T = 2400423.788 N (previously calculated)
a LT
N
N
Ed
Ed
1

N 1 N
cr , z
cr ,T
0.99779
= 0.94873
= 0.97746 C mLT , 6 m = 1
125000 N
125000 N
1
1
1142396.153 N 2400423.788 N
C mLT , 6 m 1
2
C mLT , 6 m = C my
,6 m
In conclusion:
C mLT ,3m = 1.05596

C mLT =
C mLT , 6 m = 1
78
The
C yy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1 on the Auxiliary terms: part:
1.6
Wel , y
1.6
2
2
C yy = 1 + ( w y 1) 2
C my
max
C my
2max n pl bLT
wy
wy
W pl , y
Where:
M y , Ed
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
= 0.5 aLT 20
0 = 0
M pl , Rd
LT M pl , y , Rd
bLT = 0.5 aLT 20
wy =
= 1156 103 mm3
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W pl , y
= 1307 10 3 mm 3
wy =
n pl =
W pl , y
Wel , y
W pl , y
Wel , y
LT M pl , y , Rd
1.5
1307 103 mm3

=
= 1.13062 1.5
1156 103 mm3
N Ed
N Rk
M1
N Rk = N c , Rd =
n pl =
A fy
M0
8446mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 2322650 N
1
N Ed
125000 N
=
= 0.05382
N Rk 2322650 N
M1
1
79
max = max y ; z
y = 0.62645
max = max y ; z = max(0.62645;1.42504) = 1.42504
C my = 0.95619 (previously calculated)
1.6
1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.13062 1) 2
0.95619 1.42504
0.95619 1.42504 0.05382 0 =
1.13062
1.13062
= 0.98511
C yy = 0.98511
Wel , y
W pl , y
1156 10 3 mm 3
= 0.88447
1307 10 3 mm 3
In conclusion:
1
0.99741
1
= 1.04409
= 0.95619 1.05569
k yy `,3m = C my C mLT ,3m

125000 N
N Ed C yy
0
.
98511
1
1
5918472.773 N
N cr , y
k yy =
y
1
0.99741
1
k
= 0.98902
= 0.95619 1
yy , 6 m = C my C mLT , 6 m
125000 N
N Ed C yy
0.98511
5918472.773 N
N cr , y
According to CTICM 2006-4:
80
13.17.2.10Internal factor, k zy , calculation:

The internal factor k zy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1:
k zy = C my C mLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
wy
1
0.6
C zy
wz
Auxiliary terms:
N Ed
N cr , z
z =
N
1 z Ed
N cr , z
1
Where:
z = 0.37096
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fy
210000 N / mm2 1318 104 mm4
(4890mm)
= 1142396.153N
125000 N
1142396.1533 N
= 0.92826
z =
125000 N
1 0.37096
1142396.153 N
1
81
The
N
0 = 0.88811 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed

1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,TF
C = C + (1 C ) y aLT
my , 0
my , 0
my
1 + y aLT
= 0.208 Cmz = Cmz , 0
aLT
2
CmLT = Cmy
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N
cr , z
cr ,T
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
aLT = 1
The
82
A
254.94 106 Nmm
8446mm2
=
= 14.90119
Wel , y
125000 N
1156 103 mm3
It
51.08 104 mm 4
=1
= 0.99779 (previously calculated)
Iy
23130 104 mm 4
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=0
N Ed
= 0.78749
N cr , y
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT
= 0.95619
CmLT = Cmy
a LT
1 N Ed
N
cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,T

CmLT ,3m = 1.05596

=
CmLT , 6 m = 1
The
C zy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1 on the Auxiliary terms: part:
C 2 2
wy Wel , y
Czy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 my 5 max n pl d LT 0.6
wy
w
W pl , y
83
Where:
d LT = 2 aLT
wy =
wz =
W pl , y
Wel , y
W pl , z
Wel , z
0
0.1 +
4
z
M y , Ed
1307 103 mm3

= 1.13062 1.5
1156 103 mm3
M z , Ed
Cmz M pl , z , Rd
= 229 103 mm3
Wel , z
wz 1.5
n pl =
0.1 +
4
z
M y , Ed
0 = 0
1.5
= 146.40 10 3 mm 3
W pl , z
wz =
= 2 aLT
229 103 mm3

= 1.564
3
3
146.40 10 mm
wz = 1.5
N Ed
N Rk
M1
n pl =
N Ed
125000 N
=
= 0.05382
N Rk 2322650 N
M1
1
max = max y ; z = max(0.62645;1.42504) = 1.42504 (previously calculated)
0.986092 1.425042
C zy = 1 + (1.13062 1) 2 14
0
.
05382
0
= 0.90887
1.130625
0.6
wy
wz
Wel , y
W pl , y
= 0.6
1.13062 1156 103 mm3
= 0.46073
1.5
1307 103 mm3
C 2 2
wy Wel , y
= 0.46073
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 my 5 max n pl d LT = 0.90887 0.6
wy
w
W
z
pl
,
y
In conclusion:
k zy = C my C mLT
= 0.56307
84
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
wy
1
0.6
= 0.98609 1.05569
C zy
wz
1
0.923830
1
1.13062
0.6
=
125000 N
0.90887
1.5
5918472.773N
y
wy
1
0.6
=
k zy `,3m = C my C mLT ,3m
N
C zy
wz
1 Ed
N cr , z
0.99741
1
1.13062
0.6
= 0.52306
= 0.95619 1.05569
125000 N
0.90887
1.5
1
5918472.773 N
k zy =
y
wy
1
0.6
=
k zy , 6 m = C my C mLT , 6 m
N
C zy
wz
1 Ed
N cr , z
0.99741
1
1.13062
= 0.95619 1
0.6
= 0.50752
125000 N
0.98511
1.5
1
5918472.773 N
The bending and axial compression verifications are:

-for the 3m column part:
M y ,Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
=
N
M y ,Rk
y Rk
LT
M1
M1
125000 N
254970000 Nmm
+ 1.04409
=
2322650 N
359425000 Nmm
0.87968
0.80173
1
1
= 0.06119 + 0.92383 = 0.98501 1
=
M y ,Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
=
N Rk
M y ,Rk
z
LT
M1
M1
125000 N
254970000 Nmm
+ 0.52306
=
2322650 N
359425000 Nmm
0.37096
0.80173
1
1
= 0.14508 + 0.46281 = 0.60789 1
=
85
-for the 6m column part:
M y ,Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
=
N
M y ,Rk
y Rk
LT
M1
M1
125000 N
168980000 Nmm
+ 0.98902
=
2322650 N
359425000 Nmm
0.87968
0.63518
1
1
= 0.06118 + 0.73204 = 0.79322 1
=
M y ,Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
=
N Rk
M y ,Rk
z
LT
M1
M1
125000 N
168980000 Nmm
+ 0.50752
=
2322650 N
359425000 Nmm
0.37096
0.63518
1
1
= 0.14508 + 0.37565 = 0.52073 1
=
86

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Ratio of the design normal force to design compresion resistance

Work ratio - Fx
Ratio of the design share force to design share resistance

Work ratio - Fz
87

Work ratio - oblique

88

k yy
89
k yz
90
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fx
Ratio of the design normal force to design compression resistance
5.38
Work ratio - Fz
4.18
Work ratio - Oblique
Ratio of the design moment resistance to design bending resistance

one the principal axis
70.94
0.88
0.37
k yy
Internal factor, k yy for the 3m segment
1.04
k yy
Internal factor, k yy for the 6m segment
0.99
k zy
Internal factor, k zy for the 3m segment
0.52
k zy
Internal factor, k zy for the 6m segment
0.51
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
Result description
Ratio of the design normal force to design compression
resistance
Value
5.38178 %
Work ratio - Fz
4.17973 %
-0.0065 %
Ratio of the design moment resistance to design bending

resistance one the principal axis
70.9383 %
-0.0024 %
Xy
0.879684
adim
-0.0359 %
Xz
0.370957
adim
0.2586 %
Kyy
Internal factor,kyy for the 3m segment
1.03159
adim
-0.8087 %
Kyy
Internal factor,kyy for the 6m segment
0.983324
adim
-0.6743 %
Kzy
Internal factor,kzy for the 3m segment
0.537037
adim
3.2763 %
Kzy
Internal factor,kzy for the 6m segment
0.511305
adim
0.2559 %
Work
ratio
Oblique
Error
0.0331 %
91
13.18 EC3 Test 20: Verifying the buckling resistance of a RC3020100 column
Test ID: 5700
Test status: Passed
13.18.1Description
The test verifies the buckling of a RC3020100 column made of S355 steel.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode3 French Annex.
13.18.2Background
Verification of buckling under compression efforts for a rectangular hollow, RC3020100 column made of S235 steel.
The column is fixed at its base and free on the top. The column is subjected to a compression force (200 000 N)
applied at its top. The dead load will be neglected.


Units
Metric System
92
Cross section area: A=9490mm2

Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=11819x104mm4
4
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=6278x10 mm

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Buckling lengths Lfy and Lfz are both imposed (10m)
Loading
External: Point load at Z = 5.0: FZ = N = -200 000 N,

Internal: None.
93

calculated using the percentage of the design buckling resistance of the compressed element (Nb,Rd) from the
compression force applied to the element (NEd). The design buckling resistance of the compressed member, Nb,Rd, is
calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.3.1.1.
N Ed
100 100%
N b , Rd
(6.46)
The design buckling resistance of the compressed element is calculated using the next formula:
A fy
M1
N b , Rd =
(6.47)
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after the Y-Y axis
coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness

according to:
1
+
2
(6.49)
the non-dimensional slenderness corresponding to Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections:

=
A* f y
N cr
Where: A is the cross section area; A=5380mm2; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=235N/mm2 and Ncr is the
elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional properties:
N cr =
E Iz
L fy
A fy
N cr
210000MPa 11819 104 mm 4
(10000mm )2
= 2449625.943 N
9490mm2 235 N / mm2

= 0.954
2449625.943 N
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) +
It will be used the following buckling curve:
The imperfection factor
corresponding to the appropriate buckling curve will be 0.21:
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (0.954 0.2) + 0.9542 ] = 1.034

94
Therefore:
M1
+
2
1
1.034 + 1.0342 0.9542
is a safety coefficient,
N b , Rd
= 0.698 1
M1 = 1
0.698 9490mm2 235 N / mm2

=
= 1556644.7 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed
200000 N
100 =
100 = 12.848%
N b , Rd
1556644.7 N
13.18.2.3Buckling in the weak inertia of the profile (along Z-Z)
N Ed
100 100%
N b , Rd
(6.46)
A fy
M1
N b , Rd =
(6.47)
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after the Z-Z axis

according to:
1
+ 2
(6.49)

=
A* f y
N cr
N cr =
E Iz
L fy
A fy
N cr
210000MPa 6278 104 mm 4
(10000mm )2
= 1301188.905 N
9490mm 2 235 N / mm 2
= 1.309
1301188.905 N
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) +
95
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (1.309 0.2) + 1.3092 ] = 1.473

Therefore:
M1
+
2
1
1.473 + 1.4732 1.3092
N b , Rd =
M1 = 1
0.465 9490mm2 235 N / mm2

= 1037019.75 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed
200000 N
100 =
100 = 19.286%
N b , Rd
1037019.75 N
96
= 0.465 1

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Buckling of a column subjected to compression force
Non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z axis

Non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z axis
97
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (strong inertia)
Work ratio (y-y)
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (weak inertia)
Work ratio (z-z)
98
Result name
Result description
Reference value
coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y

axis
0.698
coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z

axis
0.465
Work ratio (y-y)
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance

(strong inertia) [%]
12.85%
Work ratio (z-z)
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (weak

inertia) [%]
19.29%
Result name
Xy
Result description
after Y-Y axis
Value
0.697433
adim
Error
0.0000 %
Xz

after Z-Z axis
0.465226
adim
0.0000 %
SNy
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling

resistance in the strong inertia of the profile
0.128586
adim
0.0000 %
SNz

resistance in the weak inertia of the profile
0.192767
adim
0.0000 %
99
13.19 EC3 Test 13: Verifying the resistance of a rectangular hollow section column subjected to
bending and shear efforts
Test ID: 5707
Test status: Passed
13.19.1Description
Verifies the resistance of a rectangular hollow section column (made of S235 steel) subjected to bending and shear
efforts.
The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
13.19.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist shear and bending efforts.
Verification of the shear resistance at ultimate limit state, as well as the design resistance for bending, is realised.
The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The column is
fixed at its base and it is subjected to a punctual horizontal load applied to the middle height (200 000 N). The dead
load will be neglected.

100

Fx = 200 000 N,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Below are described the column cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 300 mm,

Width: b = 200 mm,
Thickness: t = 10 mm,
Outer radius: r = 15 mm,
Column height: L = 5000 mm,
2
Section area: A = 9490 mm ,
3
Plastic section modulus about y-y axis: Wpl,y = 956000 mm ,
Partial factor for resistance of cross sections:
M 0 = 1.0 .

Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation and rotation along X, Y and Z axis,
Free at end point (z = 5.00).
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at z = 2.5: V= Fx = 200 000 N,
Internal: None.
101
13.19.2.2Reference results for calculating the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section
The design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section is determined with formula (6.18) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
Before using it, the shear area (Av) has to be determined.
Shear area of the cross section
For a rectangular hollow section of uniform thickness the shear area is determined according to chapter 6.2.6 (3) from
EN 1993-1-1. As the load is parallel to depth, the shear area is:
Av =
A h 9490mm 2 300mm
= 5694mm 2
=
300mm + 200mm
b+h
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section

EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the crosssection:
V pl , Rd =
Av
M0
3 =
5694mm 2
1.0
235MPa
3
= 772546.6 N
Work ratio
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance is done with relationship (6.17) from EN 1993-1-1. The
corresponding work ratio is:
Work ratio =
V
V pl , Rd
100 =
200000
100 = 25.89%
772546.6
13.19.2.3Reference results for calculating the design resistance for bending

Before calculating the design resistance for bending, the cross section class has to be determined.
Cross section class
In this case, the column is subjected to bending efforts, therefore the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
102
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the class for
compressed parts. The picture below shows an extract from this table.
103
Taking into account that the top wing part is subjected to compression stresses, its class can be determined by
considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted
extract part subject to compression).
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

=
=
= 15
t
t
10mm
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
This means that the top wing is Class 1. Because the bottom wing is tensioned, it will be classified as Class 1.
The left/right web is subjected to bending stresses. Their class can be determined by considering the geometrical
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to
bending):
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

=
=
= 25
t
t
10mm
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 72 = 72
t
This means that the left/right web is Class 1.
Because a cross-section is classified according to the least favorable classification of its compression elements
(chapter 5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001), this means that the cross-section is Class 1.
Design resistance for bending
The design resistance for bending, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.13) from EN 1993-11:2001.
M c , Rd =
W pl , y f
M0
956000mm 3 235MPa
=
= 224660000 Nmm
1.0
Work ratio
The verification of the design resistance for bending is done with relationship (6.12) from EN 1993-1-1. The
Work ratio =
5000mm
L
200000 N
V
M Ed
2 100 =
2
100 = 222.56%
100 =
224660000 Nmm
M c , Rd
M c , Rd
104

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio of the design shear resistance
Column subjected to a punctual horizontal load applied to the middle height
Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design resistance for bending

Work ratio Oblique
105
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance [%]
25.89 %
Work ratio of the design resistance for bending [%]
222.56 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fz
Work
ratio
Oblique
106
Result description
Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance
Value
25.8793 %
Error
-0.0413 %
222.559 %
-0.0004 %
13.20 EC3 test 10: Verifying the classification and the bending resistance of a welded built-up beam
Test ID: 5692
Test status: Passed
13.20.1Description
Verifies the classification and the bending resistance of a welded built-up beam made of S355 steel. The verification
is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
13.20.2Background
Classification and bending resistance verification of a welded built-up beam made of S355 steel. The beam is simply
supported and it is loaded by a uniformly distributed load (15 000 N/ml). The dead load will be neglected.


Fz = -15 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Below are described the beam cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 630 mm,

Flange width: b = 500 mm,
Flange thickness: tf = 18 mm,
Web thickness: tw = 8 mm,
Beam length: L = 5000 mm,
2
107
M 0 = 1.0 .

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:

Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y, Z axis and restrained in rotation along
X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
108
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fz = -15 000 N/ml,
Internal: None.
13.20.2.2Cross-section classification
Before calculating the design resistance for bending, the cross-section class has to be determined.
In this case, the beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load; therefore the stresses distribution is like in the
picture below:
Table 5.2 - sheet 2, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the class of the
compressed flange (top flange). The picture below shows an extract from this table.
The top flange class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 2 (above extract):
c (500mm 8mm) / 2
=
= 13.67
18mm
t
235
= 0.8136
fy
Therefore:
109
c
= 13.67 > 14 = 11.39
t
This means that the top flange is Class 4. Because the bottom flange is tensioned, it will be classified as Class 1.
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the web class. The
picture below shows an extract from this table. The web part is subjected to bending stresses.
The web class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (above extract):
c 630mm 18mm 2
= 74.25
=
8mm
t
235
= 0.8136
fy
Therefore:
c
= 74.25 124 = 100.89
t
This means that the beam web is Class 3.
5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001).
According to the calculation above, the beam section have Class 4 for top flange, Class 3 for web and Class 1 for
bottom flange; therefore the class section for the entire beam section will be considered Class 4.

The design resistance for bending for Class 4 cross-section is determined with the formula (6.15) from EN 1993-11:2001.
Before verifying this formula, it is necessary to determine the effective section modulus of the cross-section.
The effective section modulus of the cross section takes into account the reduction factor, , which is applying only to
parts in compression (top flange in this case).
The following parameters have to be determined in order to calculate the reduction factor: the buckling factor, the
stress ratio and the plate modified slenderness.
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio() - for flanges
110
Table 4.2 from EN 1993-1-5 offers detailed information about determining the buckling factor and the stress ratio for
flange. The below picture presents an extract from this table.
Taking into account that the stress distribution on the top flange is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= 1.0 k = 0.43
1
The plate modified slenderness (p)

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness for top flange is:
p =
((500mm 8mm ) / 2) / 18mm = 0.902

c/t
=
28.4 k
28.4 0.8136 0.43
The reduction factor ()

The reduction factor for top flange is determined with relationship (4.3) from EN 1993-1-5. Because p > 0.748, the
reduction factor has the following formula:
p 0.188
1.0
2p
The effective width of the flange part can now be calculated:
beff , f = c = 0.8776
(500mm 8mm) = 215.89mm

2
Effective section modulus

The effective section modulus is determined considering the following cross-section:
Top flange width: beff,t = beff,f + tw + beff,f = 439.78 mm;

Top flange thickness: tf = 18 mm;
Web and bottom flange have the same dimensions as the original section.
111
Weff , y ,sup = 5204392.91mm 3

Weff , y ,inf = 5736064.4mm 3
Weff , y ,min = min (Weff , y ,sup ,Weff , y ,inf ) = 5204392.91mm 3
For Class 4 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2001 provides (6.15) formula in order to calculate the design resistance for
bending:
M c , Rd =
Weff ,min f
M0
5204392.91mm 3 355MPa
= 1847559483Nmm
1.0
Work ratio
M
q L2 / 8
15 N / mm (5000mm ) / 8
100 =
100 =
100 = 2.54%
M c , Rd
M c , Rd
1847559483Nmm
2
Work ratio =

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Design resistance for bending work ratio [%]
2.54 %
Result name
Work
ratio
Oblique
112
Result description
Design resistance for bending work ratio
Value
2.53713 %
Error
-0.1130 %
13.21 EC3 test 11: Cross section classification and compression resistance verification of a
rectangular hollow section column
Test ID: 5705
Test status: Passed
13.21.1Description
Verifies the cross section classification and the compression resistance of a rectangular hollow section column.
13.21.2Background
Classification and verification under compression efforts of a hot rolled rectangular hollow section column made of
S235 steel. The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library.
The column is fixed at its base and free on the top. It is subjected to a compression force (100 000 N) applied at its
top. The dead load will be neglected.


Fz = -100 000 N,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,

Width: b = 200 mm,
113
Column length: L = 5000 mm,
Section area: A = 9490 mm2 ,

Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
114
External: Point load at Z = 5.0:

N = Fz = -100 000 N,
Internal: None.

picture below:
compressed parts. The picture below shows an extract from this table. The entire cross-section is subjected to
compression stresses.
The cross-section class can be determined by considering the geometrical properties and the conditions described in
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, and it is calculated for the most defavourable compressed part:
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

=
=
= 25
10mm
t
t
115
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 33 = 33
t

The compression resistance for Class 1 cross-section is determined with formula (6.10) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
For Class 1 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula in order to calculate the compression
N c , Rd =
A f
M0
9490mm 2 235MPa
= 2230150 N
1.0
Work ratio
Work ratio =
100000 N
N
100 =
100 = 4.48%
2230150 N
N c , Rd
116

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio - Fx
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fx
4.48 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
Result description
Value
4.484 %
Error
0.0893 %
117
13.22 EC3 Test 25: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on the bottom and with a
displacement restraint at 2.81m from the bottom
Test ID: 5712
Test status: Passed
13.22.1Description
The cross section has an I symmetric shape with: 880mm height; 220mm width; 5mm center thickness; 15mm
flange thickness; 0mm fillet radius and 0mm rounding radius.
The column is subjected to a -328kN axial compression force; 1274 kNm bending moment after the Y axis and 127.4
kNm bending moment after the Z axis. All the efforts are applied on the top of the column. The column height is
5.62m and has a restraint of displacement at 2.81m from the bottom over the weak axis.
13.22.2Background
An I880*5+220*15 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column has a
880x5mm web and 220x15mm flanges. The column is hinged at its base and at his top the end is translation is
permitted only on vertical direction and the rotation is blocked for the long axis of the column. The column is
subjected to an axial compression load -328000 N, a 127400Nm bending moment after the X axis and a1274000Nm
bending moment after the Y axis.
The column has lateral restraints against torsional buckling placed in at 2.81m from the column end (in the middle).
118

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-328000N N, Mx= 127400Nm; My=1274000Nm

Units
Metric System
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
r = 0mm
Web thickness: t w = 5mm
Depth of the web:
Plastic modulus after the Y axis, W y
= 242.08 103 mm 3
= 368.31 103 mm 3

4
4
4
4
6
6
Working inertial moment: Iw=4979437.37x10 mm
A = 10850mm 2
b = 220mm
t f = 15mm
Root radius:
hw = 880mm
= 3387.66 103 mm 3
= 3757.62 103 mm 3

119
Boundary conditions
Outer:
along X axis.
Inner:
Lateral buckling restraint in the middle of the column (z=2.81).
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =--328000N; Mx=127400Nm and My=1274000Nm
120

-for beam web:

= 2
1
N Ed
0.328
1 = 2
1 = 0.78 > 1
A fy
0.0109 275
N
0.328
Ed
= 1 +
= 1 +
= 0.64 > 0.5
f y t d 2 275 0.85 0.005
2
121
235
=
fy
235
= 0.924
275
c 880mm 2 15mm
= 170 c
=
42 0.924
42
= 94.06
=
5mm
t
= 170 >
78
)
33
(
0
.
0
.
33
0
.
67
0
.
0
.
67
+
= 924
- for beam flange:
c 107.5
=
= 7.61
c
t
15
= 7.61 9 0.924 = 8.316
t
= 924
122
therefore the haunch is considered to be Class1.
13.22.2.3Effective cross-sections of Class4 cross-sections

- the section is composed from Class 4 web and Class 1 flanges, therefore will start the web
calculation:
- in order to simplify the calculations the web will be considered compressed only
c 880mm 2 15mm
=
= 170 :
t
5mm
= 1 k = 4
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
bw
t
p =
28.4 k
bw
is the width of the web;
bw = 850mm
t is the web thickness; t=5mm
235
235
=
= 0.9244
fy
275
850mm
5mm
= 3.261
p =
28.4 0.9244 4
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
-the web is considered to be an internal compression element, therefore:
p = 3.261 > 0.673

3 + = 4 0
p 0.055 (3 + ) 3.261 0.055 4

p
3.2612
= 0.286
beff = bw beff = 0.286 850mm = 243.1mm

be1 = 0.5 beff be1 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm

be 2 = 0.5 beff be 2 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm
Aeff ,web = t w be1 + t w be 2 = 5mm 121.55mm + 5mm 121.55mm = 1215.5mm 2

Aeff , flange = t f b f = 15mm 220mm = 3300mm 2
Aeff = Aeff , web + 2 Aeff , flange = 1215.5mm 2 + 2 3300mm 2 = 7815.2mm 2
123
13.22.2.4Effective elastic section modulus of Class4 cross-sections

- In order to simplify the calculation the section will be considered in pure bending
inf
850mm
= 1 bc = bt =
= 425mm
sup
2
= 1 k = 23.9
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
c 880mm 2 15mm
=
= 170
t
5mm
bw
t
p =
28.4 k
bw
bw = 850mm
235
235
=
= 0.9244
fy
275
850mm
5mm
= 1.325
p =
28.4 0.9244 23.9
According to EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
p = 1.325 > 0.673

3 + = 2 0
beff = bc =
be1 = 0.4 beff
be 2 = 0.6 beff
124
p 0.055 (3 + ) 1.325 0.055 2

p
1.325 2
bw
850mm
beff = 0.692
= 294.1mm
1 ( 1)
1

be1 = 0.4 294.1mm = 117.64mm
b = 0.6 294.1mm = 176.46mm
e2

= 0.692
-the weight center coordinate is:
yG =
=
(220 15) 432.5 + (117.64 5) 366.18 (220 15) 432.5 (601.46 5)124.27 =
220 15 + 117.64 5 + 601.46 5 + 220 15
158330.095
= 15.53mm
10195.5
-the inertial moment along the strong axis is:
15 3 220
117.64 3 5
+ 220 15 448.03 2 +
+ 117.64 5 381.712 +
12
12
601.46 3 5
15 3 220
+
+ 601.46 5 107.74 2 +
+ 220 15 416.97 2 =
12
12
= 748854356.6 + 699380072.5 = 1448234429mm 4
Iy =
220 3 15
53 117.64
+ 220 15 0 2 +
+ 117.64 5 0 2 +
12
12
3
5 601.46
220 3 15
2
+
+ 601.46 5 0 +
+ 220 15 0 2 = 26627490.63mm 4
12
12
Iz =
Wel , y =
Wel , z =
Iy
z max
1448234429mm 4
= 3179229.533mm 3
455.53mm
Iz
26627490.63mm 4
=
= 242068.10mm 3
y max
110mm
125
- the imperfection factor will be selected according to Tables 6.1 and 6.2:
= 0.34
126
y coefficient
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)

Aeff * f y
y =
N cr , y
Where:
A is the effective cross section area;

2
Aeff = 7815.2mm 2 ;
fy is the yielding strength of the material;
fy=275N/mm and Ncr is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross sectional
properties:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
Aeff f y
y =
N cr , y
210000 N / mm 2 1448234429mm 4
(5620mm)
= 95035371.44 N = 95035.37kN
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.15
95035371.44 N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.15 0.2) + 0.15 2 ] = 0.503
y =
1
2
y + y y
y 1
= 1.017
0.503 + 0.503 0.15
y =1
127

= 0.49
according to:
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)

z =
Where:
Aeff * f y
N cr , z
2
Aeff = 7815.2mm 2 ;
properties:
l fz = 2.81m
128
because of the torsional buckling restraint from the middle of the column
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
Aeff f y
z =
(2810mm )
= 6989347.62 N = 6989.35kN
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.555
6989347.62 N
N cr , z
210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.555 0.2) + 0.555 2 ] = 0.741
z =
1
2
z + z z
z 1
= 0.812
0.741 + 0.741 0.555
z = 0.812
13.22.2.6Lateral-torsional buckling verification

a) for the top part of the column:
- the transversal load is applied to the shear center, therefore C2zg=0 and the moment formula will be:
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
- where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram
allure
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
637 kNm
= 0.50
1274kNm
129
637 kNm
= 0.5 C1 = 1.31
1274kNm
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 3.2; Table 1
I y = 1448234429mm 4
I z = 26627490.63mm 4
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 210000 N/mm2.

Torsional moment of inertia: It=514614.75mm4
Warping inertial moment:
I z (h t f
Iw =
h cross section height; h=880mm
tf
flange thickness;
Iw =
t f = 15mm
26627490.63 mm 4 (880mm 15mm )

= 49.808 1011 mm 6
4
2
According to EN1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2 (4)

Shear modulus of rigidity: G=80800N/mm2
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
+
= 1.31
Iz E Iz
(2810mm )2
49.808 1011 mm 6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4
+
= 1.31 6989347.626 N 439.32mm =
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 4022433856 Nmm = 4022.43kNm
Iy
1448234429mm 4
The elastic modulus : Wel , y =
=
= 3179229.533mm 3
z max
455.53mm
2
LT =
Weff , y f y
M cr
Calculation of the
LT =
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.466
4022433856 Nmm

1
LT + LT LT
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
(6.56)
h 880mm
=
=4>2
b 220mm
130
= 0.76
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5[1 + 0.76 (0.466 0.2 ) + 0.466 ] = 0.710
LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.803 1
0.710 + 0.710 0.466
b) for the bottom part of the column:

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
- where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends on several parameters, such as: section properties; support conditions; moment
diagram allure
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
131
0
=0
637 kNm
= 0 C1 = 1.77
I y = 1448234429mm 4
I z = 26627490.63mm 4

Iw =
I z (h t f
tf
flange thickness;
Iw =
t f = 15mm
26627490.63 mm 4 (880mm 15mm )

= 49.808 1011 mm 6
4
2

132
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 1.77
+
Iz E Iz
(2810mm )2
49.808 1011 mm 6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4

= 1.77 6989347.626 N 439.32mm =
+
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 5434891269 Nmm = 5434.89kNm
2
The elastic modulus : Wel , y
LT =
Weff , y f y
Calculation of the
LT =
Iy
z max
1448234429mm 4
= 3179229.533mm 3
455.53mm
3179229.533mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.401
5434891269 Nmm
M cr

1
LT + LT LT
will be determined with the formula:
(6.56)
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
h 880mm
=
=4>2
b 220mm
= 0.76
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5[1 + 0.76 (0.401 0.2 ) + 0.401 ] = 0.657
LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.849 1
0.657 + 0.657 0.401

133
k yy = C my C mLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
y =1
N Ed = 328kN
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 95035371.44 N = 95035.37 kN (previously calculated)
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , y
95035371.44 N = 1
y =
=
N Ed
328000 N
1 1
1 y
95035371.44 N
N cr , y
1
134
The
0 =
Weff , y f y
M cr 0
According to Eurocode 3 EN 1993-1-1-2005; Chapter 6.3.2.2
Wel , y =
Iy
z max
1448234429mm
= 3179229.533mm 3
455.53mm
The calculation the
M cr 0 = C1
M cr 0
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
+
= 1
Iz E Iz
(2810mm )2
49.808 1011 mm 6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4
+
= 1 6989347.626 N 439.32mm =
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 3070560199 Nmm = 3070.56kNm
2
0 =
Weff , y f y
M cr 0
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.534
3070560199 Nmm
135
Calculation of the
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
- for a symmetrical section for the both axis,
N cr ,T =
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
A
2 E I w
G It +
I0
Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2
I y = 1490580416.67mm 4
I z = 26628854.17mm 4
Cross section area:
A = 10850mm 2
=0
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 1490580416.67mm 4 + 26628854.17mm 4 = 1517209270mm 4

Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 2.81m
Torsional moment of inertia:
Working inertial moment:
I t = 514614.75mm 4
I w = 49.808 1011 mm 6

N cr ,T =
10850mm 2
1517209270mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 49.808 1011 mm 6

=
80800 N / mm 2 514614.75mm 4 +
(2810mm )
= 9646886.24 N
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 9646886.24 N
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
= 6989347.62 N = 6989.35kN
C1=1.31 for the top part of the column

C1=1.77 for the bottom part of the column
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.224
136

1 N Ed

N cr ,TF

= 0.20 1.31 4 1 328000 N 1 328000 N =
6989347.62 N 9646886.24 N
Therefore:
0 = 0.534
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

N
0 = 0.534 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
The
N cr , z
= 0.224

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

y a LT
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )

1 + y a LT

C mz = C mz , 0

a LT
2
C mLT = C my
= 0.224
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N

cr , z
cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
a LT = 1
The
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 3179229.533mm 3
1274 10 6 Nmm
7815.2mm 2
=
= 9.55
328000 N
3179229.533mm 3
It
514614.75mm 4
= 1
= 0.9996 1
Iy
1448234429mm 4
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=0
N Ed
N cr , y
137
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33)
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
y a LT
= 0.79 + (1 0.79)
1 + y a LT

-
328000 N
= 0.79
95035371.44 N
9.55 1
= 0.949
1 + 9.55 1
CmLT , calculation
CmLT must be calculated separately for each column part, separated by the lateral buckling restraint
CmLT = Cmy
-the
C my
a LT

1 N Ed

N cr ,T

1 N Ed
N cr , z
CmLT calculation, must be recalculated for the corresponding column part (in this case the top column part)
term used for
-this being the case, the
C my
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
Aeff
Weff , y
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33)
= 0.895
N cr , y
95035371.44 N
1274 10 6 Nmm
7815.2mm 2
=
= 9.55
328000 N
3179229.533mm 3
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )

2
C mLT = C my
= 0.5 :
y a LT
1 + y a LT
a LT
1 N Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,T

= 0.895 + (1 0.895)
= 0.974 2
0.328 0.328
1
1
6.9897 9.644
k yy = C my C mLT
138
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
= 0.949 1
9.55 1
= 0.974
1 + 9.55 1
C mLT 1
Therefore the
1
= 0.952
328000 N
1
95035371.44 N
= 0.989
C mLT = 1
k yy = C my C mLT
0 =
y
1
Weff , y f y
M cr 0
N Ed
N cr , y
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
=
= 0.534
3070560199 Nmm
For the bottom part of the column:
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.260

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

= 0.20 1.77 4
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
=
6989347.62 N 9646886.24 N
139
Therefore:
For the bottom part of the column:
0 = 0.534
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

= 0.260
N
N
0 = 0.534 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N
N
The
cr , z
cr ,TF

y a LT
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )

1 + y a LT

C mz = C mz , 0

a LT
2
C mLT = C my
= 0.260
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N

cr , z
cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
a LT = 1
The
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 3179229.533mm 3
1274 10 6 Nmm
7815.2mm 2
= 9.55
328000 N
3179229.533mm 3
It
514614.75mm 4
= 1
= 0.9996 1
Iy
1448234429mm 4
140
M Ed ,inf
M Ed ,sup
0
=0
1274kNm
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33)
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT

-
328000 N
= 0.79
95035371.44 N
= 0.79 + (1 0.79)
9.55 1
= 0.949
1 + 9.55 1
CmLT , calculation
CmLT = Cmy
-the
C my
a LT
1 N Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed

N cr ,T

CmLT calculation, must be recalculated for the corresponding column part (in this case the top column part)
term used for
-this being the case, the
C my
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
Aeff
Weff , y
y a LT
1 + y a LT
a LT
1 N Ed
N
cr , z

1 N Ed

N cr ,T
C mLT 1
k yy = C my C mLT
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.895
= 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33)
95035371.44 N
N cr , y
7815.2mm 2
637 10 6 Nmm
= 4.77
328000 N
3179229.533mm 3
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
2
C mLT = C my
= 0.5 :
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
= 0.949 1
= 0.895 + (1 0.895)
= 0.967 2
4.77 1
= 0.967
1 + 4.77 1
= 0.974
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
C mLT = 1
6989347.62 N 9646886.24 N
1
= 0.952
328000 N
1
95035371.44 N
141
Note:
The software does not give the results of the lower section because it is not the most solicited segment.

k yz = C mz
The
Cmz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
term must be calculated for the hole column length
C mz = C mz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)

k yz = C mz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
= 0.784
M
0
= Ed ,inf =
= 0
M Ed ,sup 1274kNm
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.784
N cr , z
6989347.62 N
1
= 0.823
328000 N
1
6989347.62 N
k yz = C mz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
= 0.784
1
= 0.823
328000 N
1
6989347.62 N
Note:

k zy = C my C mLT
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , z
6989347.62 N
z =
=
= 0.991
N Ed
328000 N
1 0.812
1 z
6989347.62 N
N cr , z
1
k zy = C my C mLT
142
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
= 0.949 1
0.991
= 0.944
328000 N
1
95035371.44 N
k zy = C my C mLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
= 0.949 1
0.991
= 0.944
328000 N
1
95035371.44 N
Note:

k zz = C mz
N Ed
N cr , z
= 0.784
0.991
= 0.815
328000 N
1
6989347.62 N
k zz = C mz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.784
0.991
= 0.815
328000 N
1
6989347.62 N
Note:
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k yz z , Ed
+ k yy
N
M
M z , Rk
y Rk
LT y , Rk
M1
M1
M1
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k zz z , Ed
+ k zy
N Rk
M
M z , Rk
LT y , Rk
z
M1
M1
M1
N Rk = f y Ai
143
328000 N
1274 10 6 Nmm
+ 0.952
+
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
0.803
1
1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.823
= 0.15 + 1.73 + 1.58 = 3.46
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N
1274 10 6 Nmm
+
0
.
944
+
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
0.803
0.812
1
1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.815
= 0.19 + 1.71 + 1.56 = 3.56
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N
1274 10 6 Nmm
0
.
952
+
+
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
0.803
0.812
1
1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
= 0.19 + 1.73 + 1.58 = 3.46
+ 0.823
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
1274 10 6 Nmm
328000 N
0
.
944
+
+
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
0.803
0.812
1
1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
= 0.19 + 1.71 + 1.56 = 3.56
+ 0.815
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
Note:
144

6 nodes,
1 linear element.


145
k yy
k yz
146
k zy
k zz
147
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
148
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
149
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
150
Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.81
k yy
0.95
k yz
0.82
k zy
0.94
k zy
0.82
SNy

0.15
SMyy
SMyz
SNz
SMzy
SMzz
1.72
1.58
0.19
1.71
1.56
Result name
Xy
Result description
Value
1 adim
Error
0.0000 %
Xz
0.811841
adim
0.2273 %
Kyy
Internal factor, kyy
0.950358
adim
0.0377 %
Kyz
Internal factor, kyz
0.823048
adim
0.3717 %
Kzy
Internal factor, kzy
0.941635
adim
0.1739 %
Kzz
Internal factor, kzz
0.815493
adim
-0.5496 %
SNy
Bending and axial compression verification

depending of the compression effort over the Y axis
term
0.152455
adim
1.6367 %
SMyy

depending of the Y bending moment over the Y axis
term
1.72357
adim
0.2076 %
SMyz

depending of the Z bending moment over the Y axis
term
1.57508
adim
-0.3114 %
SNz

depending of the compression effort over the z axis
term
0.187789
adim
-1.1637 %
SMzy

depending of the Y bending moment over the Z axis
term
1.70775
adim
-0.1316 %
SMzy

depending of the Z bending moment over the Z axis
term
1.70775
adim
-0.1316 %
151
13.23 EC3 Test 19: Verifying the buckling resistance for a IPE300 column
Test ID: 5699
Test status: Passed
13.23.1Description
The test verifies the buckling resistance for a IPE300 column made of S235 steel.
The verifications are made according to Eurocode3 French Annex.
13.23.2Background
Classification and verification under compression efforts for an IPE 300 column made of S235 steel. The column is


Units
Metric System
Cross section area: A=5380mm2

4
4
152

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Buckling lengths Lfy and Lfz are doth imposed with 10m value
Loading

Internal: None.

The calculations are made in order to obtain the buckling resistance work ratio of the analyzed element. The work
ratio of the element is calculated using the percentage of the design buckling resistance of the compressed element
(Nb,Rd) from the compression force applied to the element (NEd). The design buckling resistance of the compressed
member, Nb,Rd, is calculated according to Eurocode 3 1993-1-1-2005, Chapter 6.3.1.1.
N Ed
100 100%
N b , Rd
(6.46)
A fy
M1
N b , Rd =
(6.47)
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for Y-Y axis

according to:
1
+ 2
(6.49)

=
A* f y
N cr
N cr =
E Iz
L fy
A fy
N cr
210000MPa 8356 104 mm 4
(10000mm )2
= 1731878.70 N
5380mm 2 235 N / mm 2
= 0.854
1731878.70 N
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) +
153
The following buckling curve will be used:
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (0.854 0.2) + 0.8542 ] = 0.933

Therefore:
M1
+
2
1
0.933 + 0.9332 0.8542
N b , Rd =
M1 = 1
0.764 5380mm2 235 N / mm2

= 966051.089 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
200000 N
N Ed
100 =
100 = 20.703%
966051.089 N
N b , Rd
154
= 0.764 1
13.23.2.3Buckling in the weak inertia of the profile (along Z-Z)

N Ed
100 100%
N b , Rd
(6.46)
A fy
M1
N b , Rd =
(6.47)
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness for Z-Z axis

according to:
1
+ 2
(6.49)

=
A* f y
N cr
N cr =
E Iz
L fy
A fy
N cr
210000MPa 603.80 104 mm4
(10000mm)2
= 125144.610 N
5380mm2 235 N / mm2

= 3.178
125144.610 N
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) +
155
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (3.178 0.2) + 3.1782 ] = 6.056

Therefore:
M1
+
2
1
6.056 + 6.0562 3.1782
N b , Rd =
M1 = 1
0.089 5380mm2 235 N / mm2

= 112771.78 N
1
N Ed = 200000 N
N Ed
200000 N
100 =
100 = 177.349%
N b , Rd
112771.78 N
156
= 0.089 1

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y axis
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (strong inertia)
Work ratio (y-y)
157
Result name
Result description
Reference value
coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Y-Y

axis
0.764
coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after Z-Z

axis
0.089
Work ratio (y-y)
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance

(strong inertia) [%]
0.21 %
Work ratio (z-z)
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance (weak

inertia) [%]
1.77 %
Result name
Xy
Result description
after Y-Y axis
Value
0.763129
adim
Error
-0.1140 %
Xz

after Z-Z axis
0.0891543
adim
0.1734 %
SNy

0.207253
adim
-1.3081 %
SNz

resistance in the weak inertia of the profile
1.77401
adim
0.2266 %
158
13.24 EC3 Test 12: Verifying the design plastic shear resistance of a rectangular hollow section
beam
Test ID: 5706
Test status: Passed
13.24.1Description
Verifies the design plastic shear resistance of a rectangular hollow section beam made of S275 steel.
13.24.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section beam made of S275 steel to resist shear. Verification of the
shear resistance at ultimate limit state is realised. The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and can be found in
the Advance Design OTUA library. The beam is simply supported and it is subjected to an uniformly distributed load
(50 000 N/ml) applied at its top. The dead load will be neglected.


Fz = -50 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,

Width: b = 200 mm,
2
M 0 = 1.0 .
159

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:

Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y, Z axis and restrained in rotation along
X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
The beam is subjected to the following loadings:
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fz = -50 000 N/ml,
Internal: None.
13.24.2.2Reference results for calculating the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section
The design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section is determined with formula (6.18) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
Before using it, the shear area (Av) has to be determined.
Shear area of the cross section
For a rectangular hollow section of uniform thickness the shear area is determined according to chapter 6.2.6 (3) from
EN 1993-1-1. As the load is parallel to depth, the shear area is:
A h 9490mm 2 300mm
= 5694mm 2
=
Av =
300mm + 200mm
b+h
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section
EN 1993-1-1: 2011 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the crosssection:
V pl , Rd =
Av
M0
3 =
5694mm 2
1.0
275MPa
3
= 904044 N
Work ratio
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance is done with relationship (6.17) from EN 1993-1-1. The
Work ratio =
q L
50 N / mm 5000mm
VEd
125000 N
2
100 = 2 100 =
100 =
100 = 13.83%
V pl , Rd
V pl , Rd
904044 N
904044 N
160

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio of the design shear resistance
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load
Work ratio - Fz
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design shear resistance [%]
13.83 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fz
Result description
Shear resistance work ratio
Value
13.8219 %
Error
0.1587 %
161
13.25 EC3 Test 27: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 beam simply supported with a
displacement restraint
Test ID: 5717
Test status: Passed
13.25.1Description
The test verifies a user defined cross section beam. The beam is hinged at one end and the translations over the Y
and Z axis and rotation after the X axis are blocked.
The beam is subjected to 10 kN/m linear force applied vertically, 5 kN/m linear force applied horizontally and 3700 kN
punctual force applied on the end of the beam.
13.25.2Background
An I53*1.2+22*1.9 beam column subjected to axial compression, uniform distributed vertical force and uniform
distributed horizontal force, made from S235 steel. The beam has a 53x12mm web and 220x19mm flanges. The
beam is simply supported. The beam is subjected to an axial compression load 3700000 N, 10000 N/m uniform
distributed load over the Z axis and 5000 N/m horizontal uniform distributed force after the Y axis.

162
Exploitation loadings (category A): Fx=-3700000N; Fy=-5000N/m; Fz=-10000N/m

Units
Metric System
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
r = 0mm
Depth of the web:
Elastic modulus after the Z axis, W el , z
= 307177.41mm 3
= 477512.00mm 3
I y = 665089874.67mm 4
I z = 33789514.67mm 4
A = 14264mm 2
b = 220mm
t f = 19mm
Root radius:
hw = 530mm
= 2509773.11mm 3
= 2862172.00mm 3
I t = 1269555.73mm 4
I w = 2201162989666.67mm 6

Boundary conditions
Outer:
163
Support at the end point (x = 5) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and restrained rotation
along X axis.
Inner:
Lateral buckling restraint in the middle of the column (x=2.50).
Loading
External: Point load from X=f.00m and z=.00m: Fx =-3700000N;
External: vertical uniform distributed linear load from X=0.00 to X=5.00: Fz=-10000N/m
External: horizontal uniform distributed linear load from X=0.00 to X=5.00: Fy=-5000N/m
164

-for beam web:

inf 246.94Mpa
=
=1
sup 246.94Mpa
165
166
235
235
=
=1
fy
235
c 530mm 2 19mm
=
= 41
c
t
12mm
38 = 38 < = 41 42 = 42
t
=1
therefore
the
beam
web
is
considered to be Class 3
-for beam flange:
220 12
c
c
2
=
= 5.47 = 4.57 9 1 = 9
t
19
t
=1
= 0.34
167
y coefficient
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)

A * fy
y =
N cr , y
A = 14264mm 2
Cross section area:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
A f y
y =
N cr , y
I y = 665089874.67mm 4
210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67 mm 4
(5000mm )
= 55139061.21N = 55139.06kN
14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2
= 0.247
55139061.21N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.247 0.2) + 0.247 2 ] = 0.538
y =
1
2
y + y y
y 1
= 0.984
0.538 + 0.538 2 0.247 2
y = 0.984

168
= 0.49
according to:
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)

z =
A* f y
N cr , z
l fz = 2.50m
Cross section area:
I z = 33789514.67mm 4
A = 14264mm 2
169
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
A f y
z =
210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
(2500mm)
N cr , z
14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2
=
= 0.547
11205235.19 N
= 11205235.19 N = 11205.235kN
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.547 0.2) + 0.547 2 ] = 0.735
z =
1
2
z + z z
z 1
= 0.819
0.735 + 0.735 0.547
z = 0.816

-it must be studied separately for each beam segment
-however, the two sections are symmetrical, the same result will be obtained
is the isotactic moment report (for simply supported bar) due to Q load ant the maxim moment value
q L 10000 N / m (2500mm )
=
= 0.25
8 M
8 31.25 10 3 Nm
M cr = C1
-where:
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
170
=0
therefore:
171
C1 = 1.31
I y = 665089874.67mm4
I z = 33789514.67mm 4
Longitudinal elastic modulus:
E = 210000 N / mm 2
I t = 1269555.73mm 4
I w = 2201162989666.67mm 6
Shear modulus of rigidity:
G = 80800 N / mm 2
Buckling length of the beam
L = 2500mm
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
= 2509773.11mm 3
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
= 1.31
+
Iz E Iz
(2500mm)2
22.01163 1011 mm 6 (2500mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 1269555.73mm 4

= 1.31 11205235.19 N 272.58mm =
+
33789514.67 mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
= 4001163141Nmm
2
LT =
Weff , y f y
M cr
Calculation of the
2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
= 0.384
4001163141Nmm
will be determined below:
Note:
M Ed 31.25 10 6 Nmm
=
= 7.81 10 3
M cr
4001163141
2
M Ed
LT , 0
2
M Ed
M cr
= 7.81 10 0.04
0
.
00781
LT , 0 = 0.0156
M
cr
b
220
2
= 0.3 = 0.3
= 0.125 LT , 0 = 0.0156
h
530
LT = 0.384 > 0.20

M Ed
M cr
LT ,0
For slendernesses
apply.
2
M Ed
LT , 0
M cr
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN France; AN.3; Chapter 6.3.2.2(4)

(see 6.3.2.3) lateral torsional buckling effects may be ignored and only cross sectional checks
-therefore:
LT = 1
According to EN 1993-1-1-AN (2005); Chapter 6.3.2.2(4)
172

k yy = C my C mLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
y = 0.984
N Ed = 3700kN
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67mm 4
(5000mm )
= 55139061.21N
(previously
calculated)
N Ed
3700000 N
1
N cr , y
55130961.21N
=
= 0.999
y =
N Ed
3700000 N
1 y
1 0.984
55130961.21N
N cr , y
1
- Cmy coefficient takes into account the behavior in the plane of bending (buckling in the plan and distribution of the
bending moment).
- Must be calculated considering the beam along its length.
173
The
0 =
Weff , y f y
M cr 0
174
Iy
Wel , y =
z max
665089874.67mm 4
= 2509773.11mm 3
265mm
The calculation the
M cr , 0 = C1
M cr 0
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
+
= 1
Iz E Iz
(2500mm)2
22.01163 1011 mm 6 (2500mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 1269555.73mm 4

= 1 11205235.19 N 272.58mm =
+
33789514.67 mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
= 3054323008 Nmm
2
Weff , y f y
0 =
M cr , 0
Calculation of the
2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
= 0.439
3054323008 Nmm
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
N cr ,T
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
2 E I w
1
= 2 G It +
Lcr ,T
i0
i0 = i y + i z + y 02 + z 02 = 0.0491
I t = 1269555.73mm 4
I w = 2201162989666.67mm 6
Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 2.50m
1mm 2
2 210000 N / mm 2 2201162989666.67 mm 6
2
4
+
80800
N
/
mm
1269555
.
73
mm
(2500mm)
0.0491mm 4
= 1.696 1013 N
N Ed = 3700000 N
N cr ,T =
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 1.696 1013 N

N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
210000 N / mm 2 33789514.67mm 4
(2500mm)
= 11205235.19 N
C1=1
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.181

N
1 Ed

N cr ,TF

3700000 N
3700000 N
4
= 0.20 1 1 11205235.19 N 1 1.696 1013 N =
175
Therefore:
0 = 0.439
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

N
0 = 0.439 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
The
N cr , z
= 0.181

N
1 Ed
N
cr ,TF

y a LT
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )

1 + y a LT

C mz = C mz , 0

a LT
2
C mLT = C my
N
N
= 0.181
1 Ed 1 Ed

N cr , z N cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 2509773.11mm 3
31.25 10 6 Nmm
14264mm 2
= 0.048
3700000 N
2509773.11mm 3
a LT
It
1269555.73mm 4
= 1
= 1
= 0.998
Iy
665089874.67 mm 4
The
C my , 0 = 1 + 0.03
176
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67mm 4
(5000mm )
= 55139061.21N (previously calculated)
N Ed = 3700000 N
C my , 0 = 1 + 0.03
3700000 N
= 1.002
55139061.21N
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT
= 1.002 + (1 1.002)
0.048 1
= 1.002
1 + 0048 1
CmLT , calculation
- It must be calculated for each of the two sections.
2
CmLT = Cmy
aLT
1 N Ed
N
cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,T

It must again calculate the coefficient Cmy, but only for the left section.
z = 0.0001396m
177
Cmy , 0
2 E Iy
N
Ed =
1
=1+
2
L M y , Ed
N cr , y
2 210000 N / mm 2 665089874.67 mm 4 0.0001396

3700000 N
= 1 +
1
= 0.999
2
6
(2500mm) 31.25 10 Nmm
55139061.21N
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT
= 0.999 + (1 0.999)
a LT
C mLT = C my
Therefore the
y a LT
N
1 Ed
N cr , z

N
1 Ed

N cr ,T

= 0.999
0.219 0.998
= 0.999
1 + 0.219 0.998
0.998
3700000 N
3700000 N
1
1
13
11205235.19 N 1.696 10 N
k yy = C my C mLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
= 1.002 1.377
1
= 1.476
3700000 N
1
55130961.21N
k yz = C mz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
Cmz coefficient must be calculated considering the beam along its length.
C mz = C mz , 0 = 1 + 0.03
k yz = C mz
178
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
N Ed
3700000 N
= 1 + 0.03
= 1.010
N cr , z
11205235.19 N
= 0.776
1
= 1.506
3700000 N
1
11205235.19 N
= 1.377
k zy = C my C mLT
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
3700000 N
1
N cr , z
11205235.19 N
=
z =
= 0.917
N Ed
3700000 N
1 0.816
1 z
11205235.19 N
N cr , z
1
z = 0.816
k zy = C my C mLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
= 1.002 1.377
0.917
= 1.355
3700000 N
1
55130961.21N
k zz = C mz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.776
0.917
= 1.383
3700000 N
1
11205235.19 N
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
+ M z , Rd
M
N Ed
+ k yz z , Ed
+ k yy
M
M z , Rk
N
y Rk
LT y , Rk
M1
M1
M1
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
+ M z , Rd
M
N Ed
+ k zz z , Ed
+ k zy
M
M z , Rk
N Rk
LT y , Rk
z
M1
M1
M1
N Rk = f y Ai
179
3700000 N
31.25 10 6 Nmm
+
1
.
476
+
14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2
2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
0.984
1
1
1
6
15.62 10 Nmm
+ 1.506
= 0.12 + 0.08 + 0.33 = 0.53
307177.41mm 3 235 N / mm 2
1
3700000 N
31.25 10 6 Nmm
+ 1.355
+
14264mm 2 235 N / mm 2
2509773.11mm 3 235 N / mm 2
0.816
1
1
1
6
15.62 10 Nmm
+ 1.383
= 1.35 + 0.07 + 0.30 = 1.72
307177.41mm 3 235 N / mm 2
1

7 nodes,
1 linear element.

180
k yy
k yz
k zy
181
k zz
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression effort over
the Y axis
SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending moment over
the Y axis
SMyy
182
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over
the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
over the Z axis
SMzy
183
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending moment over
the Z axis
SMzz
Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.98
0.82
k yy
1.47
k yz
1.51
k zy
1.35
k zz
1.38
SNy

1.12
SMyy
SMyz
SNz
SMzy
SMzz
184
0.08
0.33
1.35
0.07
0.30
Result name
Xy
Result description
Value
0.983441
adim
Error
0.3511 %
Xz
0.816369
adim
-0.4428 %
Kyy
Internal factor, kyy
1.47276
adim
0.1878 %
Kyz
Internal factor, kyz
1.50599
adim
-0.2656 %
Kzy
Internal factor, kzy
1.35211
adim
0.1563 %
Kzz
Internal factor, kzz
1.38261
adim
0.1891 %
SNy

depending of the compression effort over the Y
term
1.12239
adim
0.2134 %
SMyy

term
0.078033
adim
-2.4587 %
SMyz

term
0.325974
adim
-1.2200 %
SNz

term
1.35209
adim
0.1548 %
SMzy

term
0.0716405
adim
2.3436 %
SMzz

term
0.29927
adim
-0.2433 %
185
13.26 EC3 Test 26: Verifying an user defined I section class 3 column fixed on the bottom
Test ID: 5714
Test status: Passed
13.26.1Description
The cross section has an I symmetric shape with: 408mm height; 190mm width; 9.4mm center thickness; 14.6mm
The column is subjected to 1000kN axial compression force and a 200kNm bending moment after the Y axis. All the
efforts are applied on the top of the column.
13.26.2Background
An I40.8*0.94+19*1.46 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column
has a 40.8x9.4mm web and 190x14.6mm flanges. The column is fixed at its base The column is subjected to an axial
compression load -1000000 N, a 200000Nm bending moment after the Y axis and a 5000N lateral force after the Y
axis.

186
Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-1000000N N; My=200000Nm

Units
Metric System
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
r = 0mm
Depth of the web:
= 175962.65mm 3
= 271897.69
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=257332751mm
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=16716452.10 mm
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It=492581.13 mm
6
Working inertial moment: Iw=645759981974.33mm
A = 9108.72mm 2
b = 190mm
t f = 14.6mm
Root radius:
hw = 408mm
= 1261435.06mm 3
= 1428491.78mm 3

Boundary conditions
Outer:
187
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=2.00m: FZ =-1000000N; Mx=200000Nm and Fy=5000N

- for beam web:

The web dimensions are 378.8x9.4mm.
= 2
N Ed
1.000
1 = 2
1 = 0.20 > 1
A f y
0.0091 275
Ed
= 1 +
= 1 +
= 1.01 > 0.5
f y t d 2 275 0.3788 0.0094
2
188
235
=
fy
235
= 0.924
275
c 408mm 2 14.6mm
= 40.30 c
=
42 0.924
42
= 64.25
=
9.4mm
t
= 170 >
)
.
20
(
0
.
33
0
67
.
0
0
.
33
0
.
67
= 0.924
therefore the beam web is considered to be Class 3.
- for beam flange:
c 90.30
=
= 6.18 c
t 14.6
= 6.18 9 0.924 = 8.316
t
= 0.924
189
= 0.34
y coefficient
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)
y =
A * fy
N cr , y
Cross section area:
A = 9108.72mm 2
190
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
A f y
y =
N cr , y
210000 N / mm 2 257332751mm 4
(2000mm)
= 133338053.7 N = 133338.05kN
9108.72mm 2 275 N / mm 2
=
= 0.137
133338053.7 N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.137 0.2) + 0.137 2 ] = 0.499
y =
1
2
y + y y
y 1
= 1.022
0.499 + 0.499 0.137
y =1

= 0.49
according to:
191
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)

A* f y
z =
N cr , z
l fz = 2.00m
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=16716452.10 mm4
Cross section area:
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
A fy
z =
A = 9108.72mm 2
N cr , z
210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
(2000mm )
= 8661700.38 N = 8661.70kN
9108.72mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.538
=
8661700.38 N
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.538 0.2) + 0.538 2 ] = 0.728
z =
1
2
z + z z
z 1
= 0.821
0.728 + 0.728 0.538
z = 0.821

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
-where:
allure
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
192
- in order to simplify the calculation, we will consider
C1 = 1
Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: Iz=16716452.10 mm4

Torsional moment of inertia: It=492581.13 mm4
Iw =
I z (h t f
tf
flange thickness;
t f = 14.6mm
16716452.10mm 4 (408mm 14.6mm )

Iw =
= 6.46774 1011 mm 6
4
2

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
+
= 1
Iz E Iz
(2000mm )2
6.46774 1011 mm 6 (2000mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 492581.13mm 4

+
= 1 8661700.384 N 208.052mm =
2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
16716452.10mm 4
= 1802088994 Nmm = 1802.089kNm
193
The elastic modulus : Wel , y
LT =
Weff , y f y
M cr
Calculation of the
LT =
Iy
z max
257332751mm 4
= 1261434.172mm 3
204mm
1261434.172mm 3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.439
1802088994 Nmm

1
LT + LT LT
(6.56)
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
h 408mm
=
= 2.147 > 2
b 190mm
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.76 (0.439 0.2 ) + 0.439 ] = 0.687
LT =
194
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.813 1
0.687 + 0.687 0.439

k yy = C my C mLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
y = 1.022
N Ed = 1000kN
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 133338053.7 N = 133338.05kN
N Ed
1000000 N
1
N cr , y
133338053.7 N = 1
y =
=
1000000 N
N Ed
1 1
1 y
133338053.7 N
N cr , y
1
195
The
0 =
Weff , y f y
M cr 0
Wel , y =
Iy
z max
257332751mm 4
= 1261434.172mm 3
204mm
The calculation the
M cr = C1
M cr 0
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
+
= 1
Iz E Iz
(2000mm )2
6.46774 1011 mm 6 (2000mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 492581.13mm 4

+
= 1 8661700.384 N 208.052mm =
16716452.10mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
= 1802088994 Nmm = 1802.089kNm
2
0 =
196
Weff , y f y
M cr
1261434.172mm 3 275 N / mm 2
=
= 0.439
1802088994 Nmm
Calculation of the
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
2 E I w
1
+
G
I
t
2
Lcr ,T
i0
N cr ,T =

2
i0 = i y + i z + y02 + z 02 = 0.0301
Torsional moment of inertia: It=492581.13 mm4
Working inertial moment: Iw=645759981974.33mm6
Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 2.00m
N cr ,T =
1mm 2
0.0301mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 645759981974.33mm 6
=
80800 N / mm 2 492581.13mm 4 +
(2000mm )
= 1.244 1013 N
N Ed = 1000000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 1.244 1013 N

N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
(2000mm)
= 8661700.38 N

N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.172

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

= 0.20 1 4 1 1000000 N 1 100000013N =
8661700.38 N 1.244 10 N
197
Therefore:
0 = 0.469
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed
N
cr ,TF

= 0.172
N
N
0 = 0.469 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N
N
The
cr , z
cr ,TF

y a LT
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
1 + y a LT

C mz = C mz , 0

a LT
2
C mLT = C my
N
N
= 0.172
1 Ed 1 Ed
N N

cr , z
cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
a LT = 1
The
198
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 1261435.06mm 3
200 10 6 Nmm
9108.72mm 2
=
= 1.444
1000000 N
1261435.06mm 3
It
492581.13 mm 4
= 1
= 0.998 1
Iy
257332751mm 4
The bending moment has the same value on both ends of the column:
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=1
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
210000 N / mm 2 257332751mm 4
= 133338053.7 N
(2000mm)
N Ed = 1000000 N
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 1 + 0.36 (1 0.33)
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT

2
C mLT = C my
= 1.002 + (1 1.002)

1 N Ed
N
cr ,T

= 1.0012
C mLT 1
Therefore the
1.444 1
= 1.001
1 + 1.444 1
CmLT , calculation
a LT
1 N Ed
N
cr , z
1000000 N
= 1.002
133338053.7 N
= 1.065
1000000 N
1000000 N
1
1
C mLT = 1.065
13
N
8661700
.
38
N
1
.
244
10
k yy = C my C mLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
= 1.001 1.065
1
= 1.074
1000000 N
1
133338053.7 N
k yz = C mz
Cmz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
term must be calculated for the whole column length
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
210000 N / mm 2 16716452.10mm 4
(2000mm )
C mz = C mz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)

k yz = C mz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
M
= Ed ,inf = 200kNm = 1
M Ed ,sup 200kNm
= 0.776
= 8661700.38 N = 8661.70kN
N Ed
1000000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.776
N cr , z
8661700.38 N
1
= 0.878
1000000 N
1
8661700.38 N
199
k zy = C my C mLT
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
1000000 N
1
N cr , z
8661700.38 N
z =
=
= 0.799
N Ed
1000000 N
1 0.821
1 z
8661700.38 N
N cr , z
1

k zy = C my C mLT
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
= 1.001 1.065
0.977
= 1.050
1000000 N
1
133338053.7 N
k zz = C mz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.776
0.977
= 0.857
1000000 N
1
8661700.38 N
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k yz z , Ed
+ k yy
N
M
M z , Rk
y Rk
LT y , Rk
M1
M1
M1
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k zz z , Ed
+ k zy
N Rk
M
M z , Rk
LT y , Rk
z
M1
M1
M1
N Rk = f y Ai
200
1000000 N
200 10 6 Nmm
+
1
.
074
+
9108.72mm 2 275 N / mm 2
1261435.06mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
0.813
1
1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.878
= 0.40 + 0.76 + 0.18 = 1.34
175962.5mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
1000000 N
200 10 6 Nmm
+ 1.050
+
9108.72mm 2 mm 2 275 N / mm 2
1261435.06mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.821
0.813
1
1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.857
= 0.49 + 0.74 + 0.18 = 1.41
175962.5mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1

5 nodes,
1 linear element.
201


202
k yy
k yz
203
k zy
k zz
204
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
205
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
206
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
207
Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.821
k yy
1.074
k yz
0.878
k zy
1.050
k zy
0.857
SNy

0.40
SMyy
SMyz
SNz
SMzy
SMzz
0.76
0.18
0.49
0.74
0.18
Result name
Xy
Result description
Value
1 adim
Error
0.0000 %
Xz
0.821634
adim
0.0772 %
Kyy
Internal factor kyy
1.11767
adim
4.0661 %
Kyz
Internal factor kyz
0.877605
adim
-0.0450 %
Kzy
Internal factor kzy
1.09224
adim
4.0229 %
Kzz
Internal factor kzz
0.857639
adim
0.0746 %
#SNy

term
0.399218
adim
-0.1955 %
SMyy

term
0.783306
adim
3.0666 %
SMyz

term
0.181362
adim
0.7567 %
SNz

term
0.485883
adim
-0.8402 %
SMzy

term
0.765485
adim
3.4439 %
SMzz

term
0.177236
adim
-1.5356 %
208
13.27 EC3 test 9: Verifying the classification and the compression resistance of a welded built-up
column
Test ID: 5674
Test status: Passed
13.27.1Description
Verifies the cross-section classification and the compression resistance of a welded built-up column made of S355
steel. The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
13.27.2Background
Classification and verification of a welded built-up column made of S355 steel. The column is fixed at its base and
free on the top. It is loaded by a compression force (100 000 N), applied at its top. The dead load will be neglected.


Fz = -100 000 N,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 630 mm,

209
Web thickness: tw = 8 mm,

2
M 0 = 1.0 .

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
210
External:
Point load at Z = 5.0: N = FZ = -100 000 N,
Internal: None.
13.27.2.2Cross-section classification
Before calculating the compression resistance, the cross-section class has to be determined.
picture below:
Table 5.2 - sheet 2, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the flanges class. The
picture below shows an extract from this table.
The top flange class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 2:
c (500mm 8mm) / 2
=
= 13.67
18mm
t
235
= 0.81
fy
Therefore:
c
= 13.67 > 14 = 11.34
t
211
This means that the top column flange is Class 4. Having the same dimensions, the bottom column flange is also
Class 4.
Table 5.2 - sheet 1, from Chapter 5.5.2 (EN 1993-1-1: 2001), establish the rules to determine the web class. The
picture below shows an extract from this table.
The web class can be determined by considering the cross-section geometrical properties and the conditions
described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1:
c 630mm 18mm 2
= 74.25
=
8mm
t
235
= 0.81
fy
Therefore:
c
= 74.25 > 42 = 34.02
t
5.5.2(6) from EN 1993-1-1: 2001).
According to the calculation above, the column section have Class 4 web and Class 4 flanges; therefore the class

The compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section is determined with the formula (6.11) from EN 1993-1-1:2001.
In order to verify the compression resistance for Class 4 cross-section, it is necessary to determine the effective area
of the cross-section.
The effective area of the cross section takes into account the reduction factor, , which is applying to both parts in
compression (flanges and web).
The following parameters have to be determined, for each part in compression, in order to calculate the reduction
factor: the buckling factor, the stress ratio and the plate modified slenderness.
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio() - for flanges
flanges. The below picture presents an extract from this table.
212
Taking into account that the stress distribution on flanges is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= 1.0 k = 0.43
1
The buckling factor (k) and the stress ratio() - for web
web. The below picture presents an extract from this table.
Taking into account that the stress distribution on web is linear, the stress ratio becomes:
2
= 1.0 k = 4.0
1
The plate modified slenderness (p) for flanges

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness for flanges is:
p =
((500mm 8mm ) / 2) / 18mm = 0.906

c/t
=
28.4 k
28.4 0.81 0.43
The plate modified slenderness (p) for web

The formula used to determine the plate modified slenderness for web is:
p =
(630mm 2 18mm ) / 8mm = 1.614

b/t
=
28.4 k
28.4 0.81 4.0
The reduction factor () for flanges

The reduction factor for flanges is determined with relationship (4.3) from EN 1993-1-5. Because p > 0.748, the
p 0.188
1.0
2p
The effective width of the flange part can now be calculated:
beff , f = c = 0.875
(500mm 8mm ) = 215.25mm

2
The reduction factor () for web

The reduction factor for web is determined with relationship (4.2) from EN 1993-1-5. Because p > 0.673, the
213
p 0.055 (3 + )
1.0
2p
The effective width of the web can now be calculated:
beff ,w = b = 0.535 (630mm 2 18mm ) = 317.8mm

Effective area
The effective area is determined considering the following:
Aeff = 2 t f (beff , f + beff , f + t w ) + t w beff ,w

For Class 4 cross-section, EN 1993-1-1: 2001 provides (6.11) formula in order to calculate the compression
N c , Rd =
Aeff f
M0
18328.4mm 2 355MPa
=
= 6506582 N
1.0
Work ratio
Work ratio =
N
100000 N
100 =
100 = 1.54%
N c , Rd
6506582 N
214

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Column subjected to compression axial force
Work ratio - Fx
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fx
1.53 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
Result description
Value
1.5322 %
Error
0.1438 %
215
13.28 EC3 Test 21: Verifying the buckling resistance of a CHS219.1x6.3H column
Test ID: 5701
Test status: Passed
13.28.1Description
The test verifies the buckling resistance of a CHS219.1x6.3H made of S355.
The tests are made according to Eurocode 3 French Annex.
13.28.2Background
Buckling verification under compression efforts for an CHS219.1x6.3H column made of S355 steel. The column is


Units
Metric System
216
Tube wall thickness: t=6.3mm

Tube diameter: d=219.1mm
2
Cross section area: A=4210mm
Radius of gyration about the relevant axis: i=75.283mm
4
4
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: Iy=2366x10 mm
4
4

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Buckling lengths Lfy and Lfz are both imposed with 6m value
Loading

Internal: None.
217

N Ed
100 100%
N b , Rd
(6.46)
d 219.1mm
=
= 34.778
t
6.3mm
235
235
=
= 0.814
355
fy
d
= 34.778 80 2 = 50 0.814 = 46.381 therefore the section is considered to be Class 2
t
It will be used the following buckling curve corresponding to Table 6.2:
218
N b , Rd =
A fy
M1
(6.47)
Where:
Coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness after the Y-Y axis
according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)

A* fy
y =
N cr
y =
Lcr
i 1
(6.50)
210000
E
=
= 76.41
355
fy
1 =
i=
Iy
A
23860000mm 4
= 75.283mm
4210mm 2
Lcr
6000mm
=
= 1.043
i 1 75.283mm 76.41
y = 0.5 [1 + ( y 0.2) + 2y ] = 0.5 [1 + 0.21 (1.043 0.2) + 1.043 ] = 1.132

y =
1
= 0.636 1
1.132 + 1.132 1.043
A is the cross section area; A=4210mm2; fy is the yielding strength of the material; fy=355N/mm2 and
coefficient,
M1 = 1
M1
is a safety
The design buckling resistance of the compression member will be:
N b , Rd
y A f y 0.636 4210mm 2 355 N / mm 2

=
=
= 950533.8 N
M1
1
N Ed = 100000 N
N Ed
100000 N
100 =
100 = 10.520%
N b , Rd
950533.8 N
219

4 nodes,
1 linear element.

LT
220
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance in the strong inertia of the profile
Column subjected to axial force
Adimensional - SNy
Result name
Result description
SN y
Ratio of the design normal force to design buckling resistance in the

strong inertia of the profile
Reference value
0.636
0.1052
Result name
Xy
SNy
Result description
Value
0.635463
adim
Error
0.0000 %
0.105293
adim
0.0000 %
221
13.29 EC3 Test 24: Verifying an user defined I section class 4 column fixed on the bottom and
without any other restraint
Test ID: 5709
Test status: Passed
13.29.1Description
The test verifies an user defined cross section column.
The column is subjected to 328 kN axial compression force; 1274 kNm bending moment after the Y axis and 127.4
kNm bending moment after the Z axis. All the efforts are applied on the top of the column. The column height is
5.62m and has no restraints over its length.
222
13.29.2Background
An I880*5+220*15 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column has a
880x5mm web and 220x15mm flanges. The column is hinged at its base and, at his top end, translation is permitted
only on vertical direction and the rotation is blocked for the long axis of the column. The column is subjected to an
axial compression load 328000 N, 127400Nm bending moment after the X axis and 1274000Nm bending moment
after the Y axis.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-328000N N, Mx= 127400Nm; My=1274000Nm

Units
Metric System
223
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
r = 0mm
Depth of the web:
= 242.08 103 mm3
= 368.31 103 mm 3

4
4
4
4
6
6
Working inertial moment: Iw=4979437.37x10 mm
A = 10850mm 2
b = 220mm
t f = 15mm
Root radius:
hw = 880mm
= 3387.66 103 mm 3
= 3757.62 103 mm 3

Boundary conditions
Outer:
along X axis.
224
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =--328000N; Mx=127400Nm and My=1274000Nm

-for beam web:

= 2
N Ed
0.328
1 = 2
1 = 0.78 > 1
A fy
0.0109 275
0.328
Ed
= 1 +
= 1 +
= 0.64 > 0.5
f y t d 2 275 0.850 0.005
2
225
235
=
fy
235
= 0.924
275
c 880mm 2 15mm
= 170
=
42 0.924
42
c
= 94.057
=
5mm
t
= 170 >
0.67 + 0.33 0.67 + 0.33 (0.78)
t
=1

-for beam flange:
c 107.5
=
= 7.61 c
t
15
= 7.61 9 = 9
t
=1
13.29.2.3Effective cross-sections of Class4 cross-sections

-the section is composed from Class 4 web and Class 1 flanges, therefore will start the web
calculation:
-in order to simplify the calculations the web will be considered compressed only
c 880mm 2 15mm
=
= 170 :
t
5mm
= 1 k = 4
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
226
bw
t
p =
28.4 k
bw
bw = 850mm
235
235
=
= 0.9244
fy
275
850mm
5mm
p =
= 3.261
28.4 0.9244 4
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
-the web is considered to be an internal compression element, therefore:
p = 3.261 > 0.673

3 + = 4 0
p 0.055 (3 + ) 3.261 0.055 4

p
3.2612
= 0.286
beff = bw beff = 0.286 850mm = 243.1mm

be1 = 0.5 beff be1 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm

be 2 = 0.5 beff be 2 = 0.5 243.1mm = 121.55mm
Aeff ,web = t w be1 + t w be 2 = 5mm 121.55mm + 5mm 121.55mm = 1215.5mm 2

Aeff , flange = t f b f = 15mm 220mm = 3300mm 2
Aeff = Aeff , web + 2 Aeff , flange = 1215.5mm 2 + 2 3300mm 2 = 7815.2mm 2

13.29.2.4Effective elastic section modulus of Class4 cross-sections
-In order to simplify the calculation the section will be considered in pure bending
inf
850mm
= 1 bc = bt =
= 425mm
2
sup
= 1 k = 23.9
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Table 4.1
c 880mm 2 15mm
=
= 170
t
5mm
bw
t
p =
28.4 k
bw
bw = 850mm
227
235
235
=
= 0.9244
fy
275
850mm
5mm
= 1.325
p =
28.4 0.9244 23.9
-according EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004; Chapter4.4
p = 1.325 > 0.673

3 + = 2 0
beff = bc =
be1 = 0.4 beff
be 2 = 0.6 beff
p 0.055 (3 + ) 1.325 0.055 2

p
1.325 2
= 0.692
bw
850mm
= 294.1mm
beff = 0.692
1 ( 1)
1

be1 = 0.4 294.1mm = 117.64mm
b = 0.6 294.1mm = 176.46mm
e2

-the weight center coordinate is:
yG =
=
(220 15) 432.5 + (117.64 5) 366.18 (220 15) 432.5 (601.46 5)124.27 =
220 15 + 117.64 5 + 601.46 5 + 220 15
158330.095
= 15.53mm
10195.5
-the inertial moment along the strong axis is:
228
15 3 220
117.64 3 5
+ 220 15 448.03 2 +
+ 117.64 5 381.712 +
12
12
3
3
601.46 5
15 220
+
+ 601.46 5 107.74 2 +
+ 220 15 416.97 2 =
12
12
= 748854356.6 + 699380072.5 = 1448234429mm 4
Iy =
220 3 15
53 117.64
2
Iz =
+ 220 15 0 +
+ 117.64 5 0 2 +
12
12
3
5 601.46
220 3 15
+
+ 601.46 5 0 2 +
+ 220 15 0 2 = 26627490.63mm 4
12
12
Wel , y =
Wel , z =
Iy
z max
1448234429mm 4
= 3179229.533mm 3
455.53mm
Iz
26627490.63mm 4
=
= 242068.10mm 3
y max
110mm
229
= 0.34
y coefficient
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)

Aeff * f y
y =
N cr , y
Where:

2
Aeff = 7815.2mm 2 ;
properties:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
Aeff f y
y =
N cr , y
210000 N / mm 2 1448234429mm 4
(5620mm)
= 95035371.44 N = 95035.37kN
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.15
95035371.44 N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.15 0.2) + 0.15 2 ] = 0.503
y =
1
2
y + y y
y 1
= 1.017
0.503 + 0.503 0.15
y =1

230
= 0.49
according to:
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)

z =
Where:
Aeff * f y
N cr , z
2
Aeff = 7815.2mm 2 ;
properties:
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
(5620mm )
= 1747336.905 N = 1747.34kN
231
Aeff f y
z =
N cr , z
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 1.109
1747336.905 N
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.109 0.2) + 1.109 2 ] = 1.338
z =
1
2
z + z z
z 1
= 0.479
1.338 + 1.338 1.109
z = 0.479

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
-where:
allure
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
0kNm
=0
1274kNm
0kNm
= 0 C1 = 1.77
1274kNm
232
I y = 1448234429mm 4
I z = 26627490.63mm 4

Iw =
I z (h t f
tf
Iw =
flange thickness;
t f = 15mm
26627490.63 mm 4 (880mm 15mm )

= 49.808 1011 mm 6
4
2
-according to EN1993-1-1-AN France; Chapter 2 (4)

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G I t
2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4
= 1.77
+
Iz E Iz
(5620mm )2
49.808 1011 mm 6 (5620mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 514614mm 4

= 1.77 1747336.905 N 459.185mm =
+
26627490.63mm 4 2 210000 N / mm 2 26627490.63mm 4

= 1420163158 Nmm = 1420.163kNm
Iy
1448234429mm 4
The elastic modulus : Wel , y =
=
= 3179229.533mm 3
z max
455.53mm
2
LT =
Weff , y f y
M cr
Calculation of the
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.785
1420163158 Nmm

LT =
LT + LT LT
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
(6.56)
233
h 880mm
=
=4>2
b 220mm
= 0.76
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5[1 + 0.76 (0.785 0.2) + 0.785 ] = 1.030
LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.589 1
1.030 + 1.030 0.785

The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1:
234
k yy = C my C mLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
y =1
N Ed = 328kN
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , y
95035371.44 N = 1
=
y =
N Ed
328000 N
1 1
1 y
95035371.44 N
N cr , y
1
The
235
Weff , y f y
0 =
M cr 0
3
Wel , y = 3387.66 10 mm
M cr = 1420163158Nmm = 1420.163kNm (previously calculated)

Weff , y f y
0 =
3387660mm 3 275 N / mm 2
=
= 0.810
1420163158 Nmm
M cr 0
Calculation of the
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
N cr ,T =
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
A
2 E I w
G It +
I0
Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2
I y = 1490580416.67mm 4
I z = 26628854.17mm 4
Cross section area:
A = 10850mm 2
=0
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 1490580416.67mm 4 + 26628854.17mm 4 = 1517209270mm 4

Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 5.62m
I t = 514614.75mm 4
I w = 49.808 1011 mm 6

N cr ,T =
10850mm 2
1517209270mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 49.808 1011 mm 6

=
80800 N / mm 2 514614.75mm 4 +
(5620mm )
= 2634739.14 N
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 2634739.14 N
236
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
= 1747336.905 N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z
= 0.244

N
1 Ed
N
cr ,TF

= 0.20 1.77 4 1 328000 N 1 328000 N =
1747336.905 N 2634739.14 N
Therefore:
0 = 0.810
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
N cr , z

1 N Ed

N cr ,TF

= 0.244
N
N
0 = 0.810 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N
N
The
cr , z
cr ,TF

y a LT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )

1 + y a LT

Cmz = Cmz , 0

a LT
2
CmLT = Cmy
N
N
= 0.244
1 Ed 1 Ed

N cr , z
N cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
a LT = 1
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 3179229.533mm 3
1274 10 6 Nmm
7815.2mm 2
= 9.55
328000 N
3179229.533mm 3
It
514614.75mm 4
= 1
= 0.9996 1
Iy
1448234429mm 4
237
The
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=0
N Ed
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
C my , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 (0 0.33)
C my = C my , 0 + (1 C my , 0 )
2
CmLT = Cmy
y a LT
= 0.79 + (1 0.79)
1 + y a LT
aLT
1 N Ed
N
cr , z
CmLT = 0.949 2
k yy = Cmy CmLT
238
328000 N
= 0.79
95035371.44 N

1 N Ed
N
cr ,T

9.55 1
= 0.949
1 + 9.55 1
1
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
1747336.905 N 2634739.14 N
y
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
= 0.949 1.068
= 1.068
1
= 1.0161
328000 N
1
95035371.44 N
k yz = C mz
N Ed
N cr , z
C mz = C mz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)

k yz = C mz
N Ed
N cr , z
= 0.7677
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.7677
N cr , z
1747336.905 N
1
= 0.945
328000 N
1
1747336.905 N
k zy = C my C mLT
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , z
1747336.905 N
=
z =
= 0.893
N Ed
328000 N
1 0.479
1 z
1747336.905 N
N cr , z
1
k zy = Cmy CmLT
z
1
N Ed
N cr , y
= 0.949 1.068
0.893
= 0.908
328000 N
1
95035371.44 N
k zz = C mz
z
1
N Ed
N cr , z
= 0.7677
0.893
= 0.844
328000 N
1
1747336.905 N
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M z , Ed + M z , Rd
N Ed
+
k
k
yz
yy
M z , Rk
N
M
y Rk
LT y , Rk
M1
M1
M1
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
+ M z , Rd
M
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz z , Ed
M z , Rk
N Rk
M
LT y , Rk
z
M1
M1
M1
N Rk = f y Ai
239
328000 N
1274 10 6 Nmm
1
.
0161
+
+
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
0.589
1
1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
+ 0.945
= 0.15 + 2.51 + 1.808 = 4.47
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N
1274 10 6 Nmm
0
.
908
+
+
7815.2mm 2 275 N / mm 2
3179229.533mm 3 275 N / mm 2
0.479
0.589
1
1
6
127.4 10 Nmm
= 0.32 + 2.24 + 1.61 = 4.14
+ 0.844
242068.10mm 3 275 N / mm 2
1
240

6 nodes,
1 linear element.


241
k yy
k yz
242
k zy
k zz
243
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
244
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
245
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
246
Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.48
k yy
1.011
k yz
0.95
k zy
0.902
k zy
0.84
SNy

0.15
SMyy
SMyz
SMzy
SMzz
2.50
1.81
2.23
1.61
Result name
Xy
Result description
Value
1 adim
Error
0.0000 %
Xz
0.479165
adim
-0.1740 %
Kyy
Internal factor kyy
1.01066
adim
-0.0336 %
Kyz
Internal factor kyz
0.9451 adim
-0.5158 %
Kzy
Internal factor kzy
0.902094
adim
0.0104 %
Kzz
Internal factor kzz
0.843573
adim
0.4254 %
#SNy

term
0.152455
adim
1.6367 %
#SMyy

term
2.49874
adim
-0.0504 %
#SMyz

term
1.80865
adim
-0.0746 %
#SMzy

term
2.23031
adim
0.0139 %
#SMzz

term
1.61436
adim
0.2708 %
247
13.30 EC3 Test 29: Verifying an user defined I section class 1, column hinged on base and restrained
on top for the X, Y translation and Z rotation
Test ID: 5729
Test status: Passed
13.30.1Description
The column is an I symmetric shape with: 260mm height; 150mm width; 7.1mm web thickness; 10.7mm flange
thickness; 0mm fillet radius and 0mm rounding radius. The column is made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to 328 kN axial compression force and 50kNm bending moment after the Y axis and 10kNm
bending moment after the Z axis. All the efforts are applied to the top of the column.
13.30.2Background
An I260*7.1+150*10.7 shaped column subjected to compression and bending, made from S275 steel. The column
has a 260x7.1mm web and 150x10.7mm flanges. The column is fixed for all translations and free for all rotations, at
its base, and on the top end, the translations over the X and Y axes and the rotation over the Z axis are not
permitted. In the middle of the column there is a restraint over the Y axis, therefore the bucking length for the XY
plane is equal to half of the column length. The column is subjected to an axial compression load -328000 N, a
10000Nm bending moment after the X axis and a 50000Nm bending moment after the Y axis

248
Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=-328000N N; My=50000Nm; Mx=10000Nm;

Units
Metric System
Cross section area:
Overall breadth:
Flange thickness:
r = 0mm
Depth of the web:
= 80344.89mm 3
= 123381.96mm3
A = 4904.06mm 2
b = 150mm
t f = 10.70mm
Root radius:
hw = 260mm
= 445717.63mm3
= 501177.18mm3
I y = 57943291.64mm 4
= 6025866.46mm 4
4
Torsional moment of inertia: I t = 149294.97 mm
= 93517065421.88mm 6

249
Boundary conditions
Outer:

Restraint of translation over the Y axis at half (z=2.81)
Support at start point (z = 5.62) restrained in translation along X and Y axis, and restrained in rotation
along Z axis,
Loading
External: Point load From X=0.00m and z=5.62m: FZ =-328000N; Mx=10000Nm and My=50000Nm
250

- for beam web:

The web dimensions are 238.6x7.1mm.
= 2
1
N Ed
0.328
1 = 2
1 = 0.78 > 1
A fy
0.0109 275
N
0.328
Ed
= 1 +
= 1 +
= 0.85 > 0.5
f y t d 2 275 0.2386 0.0071
2
251
235
=
fy
235
= 0.924
275
c 260mm 2 10.7 mm
= 33.61 c
=
396 0.924
396
= 36.41
=
7.1mm
t
= 33.6
.
85
1
13
1
13
0
= 0.924
therefore the beam
web is considered to be Class 1

-for beam flange:
150 7.1
c
c
2
=
= 6.68 = 6.68 9 0.924 = 8.316
t
10.7
t
= 0.924
252
= 0.34
y coefficient
curve according to:
y =
1
2
y + y y
(6.49)
y =
A * fy
N cr , y
Cross section area:
A = 4904.06mm 2
Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis: I y
= 57943291.64mm 4
253
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
A f y
y =
N cr , y
210000 N / mm 2 57943291.64mm 4
(5620mm)
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.5956
3802327.95 N
y = 0.5 1 + ( y 0.2) + y = 0.5 [1 + 0.34 (0.5956 0.2) + 0.5956 2 ] = 0.7446
y =
1
2
y + y y
y 1
= 0.839
0.7446 + 0.7446 0.5956
y = 0.839

= 0.49
254
z coefficient corresponding to non-dimensional slenderness

according to:
z =
1
2
z + z z
(6.49)

A* f y
z =
N cr , z

Cross section area:
N cr , z =
A fy
z =
A = 4904.06mm 2
E Iz
l fz
N cr , z
I z = 6025866.46mm 4
210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
(2810mm )
= 1581706.51N = 31581.71kN
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.923
1581706.51N
z = 0.5 1 + ( z 0.2) + z = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.923 0.2) + 0.9232 ] = 1.103
z =
1
2
z + z z
z 1
= 0.586
1.103 + 1.103 0.923
z = 0.586
255

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
- where:
allure
C1 =
256
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
M y ,botom
M y ,top
25kN
=
= 0.5 C1 = 1.31
25kN
I y = 57943291.64mm 4

= 6025866.46mm 4
= 149294.97mm 4
= 93517065421.88mm 6

Iw =
I z (h t f
= 260mm
tf
t f = 10.7 mm
flange thickness;
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

= 93627638290mm 6
Iw =
4
2

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
I w L G It
+
= 1.31
Iz E Iz
(2810mm )2
93627638290mm6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97mm 4

+
= 1.31 1581706.51N 152.20mm =
6025866.46mm 4
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
= 315363380.74 Nmm = 315.36kNm
2
LT =
W pl , y f y
M cr
Calculation of the
LT =
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.661
315363380.74 Nmm
LT + LT LT
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
(6.56)
257
h 260mm
=
= 1.733 2
b 150mm
LT = 0.49
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.661 0.2) + 0.661 ] = 0.831
LT =
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.749 1
0.831 + 0.831 0.661

M cr = C1
E Iz
L
I w L G It
+
Iz E Iz
- where:
C1 is a coefficient that depends of several parameters, such as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
C1 =
1
0.325 + 0.423 + 0.252
258
0
=0
637 kNm
= 0 C1 = 1.77
I y = 57943291.64mm 4

= 6025866.46mm 4
= 149294.97mm 4
= 93517065421.88mm 6

Iw =
I z (h t f
tf
flange thickness;
= 260mm
t f = 10.7 mm
6025866.46mm 4 (260mm 10.7mm )

Iw =
= 93627638290mm 6
4
2

259
M cr = C1
E Iz
L
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
I w L G It
+
= 1.77
Iz E Iz
(2810mm )2
93627638290mm6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97mm 4
+
= 1.77 1581706.51N 152.20mm =
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
6025866.46mm 4
= 426102243.6 Nmm = 426.10kNm
2
LT =
W pl , y f y
M cr
Calculation of the
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.569
426102243.6 Nmm

LT =
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT
LT + LT LT
(6.56)
h 260mm
=
= 1.733 2
b 150mm
LT = 0.49
LT = 0.5 1 + LT ( LT 0.2) + LT = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.569 0.2) + 0.569 ] = 0.752
LT =
260
LT + LT LT
1
= 0.804 1
0.752 + 0.752 0.569

The internal factor k yy corresponding to a Class 1 section will be calculated according to Annex A, Table a.1, and will
be calculated separately for the two column parts separate by the middle torsional lateral restraint:
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
`1
C yy
N Ed
N cr , y
y =
N
1 y Ed
N cr , y
1
y = 0.839
N Ed = 328kN
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , y
3802327.95 N
= 0.985
=
y =
328000 N
N Ed
1 0.839
1 y
3802327.95 N
N cr , y
1
261
The
0 =
W pl , y f y
M cr 0
W y = 501177.18mm
The calculation the
M cr = C1
M cr 0
E Iz
L
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
I w L G It
+
= 1
Iz E Iz
(2810mm )2
93517065421.88mm6 (2810mm ) 80800 N / mm 2 149294.97 mm 4
+
= 1 1581706.51N 152.20mm =
2 210000 N / mm 2 6025866.46mm 4
6025866.46mm 4
= 240735730.8 Nmm = 240.73kNm
2
0 =
262
W pl , y f y
M cr
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
= 0.757
240735730.8 Nmm
Calculation of the
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
term:
Where:
N cr ,T =
1
I0
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T
2 E I w
G I t +
Lcr ,T
I 0 = I y + I z + A z g2 = I y + I z = 57943291.64mm 4 + 6025866.46mm 4 = 63969158.1mm 4

= 149294.97mm 4
= 93517065421.88mm 6
Lcr ,T ,
Lcr ,T = 2.81m
2 210000 N / mm 2 93517065421.88mm6
=
80800 N / mm 2 149294.97mm 4 +
(2810mm )
= 2806625.68 N = 2806.63kN
N cr ,T =
4904.06mm 2
63969158.1mm 4
N Ed = 328000 N
N cr ,TF = N cr ,T = 2806625.68 N
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
= 1581706.51N = 31581.71kN

N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,TF
= 0.183
= 0.20 1 4
328000 N
328000 N
=
1
1
1581706.51N 2806625.68 N
263
Therefore:
0 = 0.757
N
N
0.20 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N cr , z N cr ,TF
= 0.183
N
0 = 0.757 > 0.20 C1 4 1 Ed
The

1 N Ed
N cr , z N cr ,TF

y aLT
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
1 + y aLT

Cmz = Cmz , 0

aLT
2
CmLT = Cmy
= 0.183
1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N N

cr , z
cr ,T
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
y aLT
1 + y aLT
Aeff
Weff , y
y =
M y ,Ed
N Ed
aLT = 1
The
264
Aeff
Weff , y
Wel , y = Weff , y = 445717.63mm3
50 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2
= 1.677
328000 N
445717.63mm3
It
149294.97 mm 4
=1
= 0.997 1
57943291.64mm 4
Iy
The bending moment in null at one end of the column, therefore:
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
=0
N Ed
N
= 0.79 0.36 0.33 Ed
N cr , y
N cr , y
Where:
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
N Ed = 328000 N
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 0.36 0.33
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
328000 N
= 0.780
3802327.95 N
y aLT
1 + y aLT
= 0.780 + (1 0.780)
CmLT , calculation
CmLT , calculation
1.677 1
= 0.904
1 + 1.677 1
CmLT = Cmy
- the
C my
a LT
1 N Ed
N cr , z
term used for

1 N Ed

N cr ,T

CmLT calculation,
must be recalculated for the corresponding column part (in this case the top column
part)
- this being the case,
C my
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y a LT
1 + y a LT
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
y =
M y ,Ed
N Ed
Aeff
Weff , y
= 0.5 :
N Ed
238000 N
= 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33)
= 0.900
N cr , y
3802327.95 N
50 106 Nmm 4904.06mm 2
= 1.677
328000 N
445717.63mm3
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y aLT
1 + y aLT
= 0.900 + (1 0.900)
1.677 1
= 0.956
1 + 1.677 1
265
aLT
N
N
Ed
Ed
1

N 1 N
cr , z
cr ,T
0
.
997
= 0.9562
= 1.089 CmLT = 1.089
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
1581706.51N 2806625.68 N
CmLT 1
The C yy coefficient is defined according to the Table A.1, Auxiliary terms:

2
CmLT = Cmy
2
W
1.6
1.6
2
2
C yy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2
Cmy max
Cmy max n pl bLT el , y
wy
wy
W pl , y
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
M y , Ed
LT M pl , y , Rd
M z , Ed
M pl , z , Rd
bLT must be calculated separately for each of the two column parts, depending on 0
0 = C1 LT = 1.31 0.661 = 0.757
266
(for the top part of the column)
and
LT :
M y , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y , Rd
= 0.5 0.997 0.757 2

= 0.041
wy =
n pl =
W pl , y
Wel , y
2
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
M z , Ed
= 0.5 aLT 0
M pl , z , Rd
50000000 Nmm
10000000 Nmm
=
3
2
0.749 501177.18mm 275 N / mm 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm 3
= 1.124 1.5
445717.63mm 3
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.243
=
N Rk 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
M1
1
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923
1.6
1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.124 1) 2
0.904 0.923
0.904 0.923 0.243 0.041 = 0.993
1.124
1.124
C yy = 0.993
3
Wel , y 445717.63mm
0
.
889
=
=
C yy = 0.993
3
W pl , y 501177.18mm
C yy el , y
W pl , y
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
Therefore, the
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
k yy = Cmy CmLT
y
1
N Ed
N cr , y
`1
= 0.904 1.089
C yy
1
1
0.985
= 1.069
328000 N
0.993
3802327.95 N
267
k yy = Cmy CmLT
- the terms:
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
CmLT ; bLT
2
CmLT = Cmy
- the
and
`1
C yy
C yy
must be recalculated:
aLT

1 N Ed 1 N Ed
N cr , z
N cr ,T
Cmy term must be calculated corresponding to the bottom part of the column (with = 0) :
Cmy , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
y =
M y , Ed
N Ed
Aeff
Weff , y
N Ed
238000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.780
N cr , y
3802327.95 N
25 106 Nmm
4904.06mm 2
= 0.839
328000 N
445717.63mm3
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
y aLT
1 + y aLT
aLT
= 0.780 + (1 0.780)
0.839 1
= 0.885
1 + 0.839 1
N
N
Ed
Ed

1
N 1 N
cr , z
cr ,T
0.997
2
= 0.933 CmLT = 1
= 0.885
328000 N
328000 N
1
1
1581706.51N 2806625.68 N
CmLT 1
2
CmLT = Cmy
268
2
W
1.6
1.6
2
2
C yy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2
Cmy
max
Cmy
max n pl bLT el , y
wy
wy
W pl , y
M y , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
LT M pl , y , Rd
M z , Ed
M pl , z , Rd
-the
bLT must be calculated separately for each of the two column parts, depending of 0
W pl , y f y
0 =
M cr
LT =
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
=
= 0.757
240735730.8 Nmm
1
LT + LT LT
LT M pl , y , Rd
= 0.5 0.997 0.757 2

= 0.0095
wy =
n pl =
W pl , y
Wel , y
LT :
(for the bottom part of the column)
1
= 0.804 1 (for the bottom part of the column)
0.752 + 0.752 0.569
M y , Ed
bLT = 0.5 aLT 0
and
2
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
M z , Ed
= 0.5 aLT 0
M pl , z , Rd
5000000 Nmm
25000000 Nmm
=
3
2
0.804 501177.18mm 275 N / mm 123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm 3
= 1.124 1.5
445717.63mm 3
N Ed
328000 N
=
= 0.243
N Rk 4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
M1
1
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923
1.6
1.6
C yy = 1 + (1.124 1) 2
0.904 0.923
0.904 0.923 0.243 0.0095 = 0.997
1.124
1.124
C yy = 0.997
Wel , y 445717.63mm3
=
= 0.889 C yy = 0.997
3
W pl , y 501177.18mm
C yy el , y
W pl , y
N cr , y =
E Iy
l fy
= 3802327.95 N = 3802.33kN
269
Therefore the
k yy term corresponding to the bottom part of the column will be:
k yy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
`1
= 0.904 1
C yy
1
0.985
1
= 0.977
328000 N
0.997
3802327.95 N
Note: The software does not give the results of the lower section because it is not the most requested segment.
k yz = Cmz
-the
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
1
wz
0.6
C yz
wy
Cmz ter will be considered for the entire column length (with = 0) :
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.765
N cr , z
1581706.51N
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , y
3802327
.95 N
y =
=
= 0.985
N Ed
328000 N
1 0.839
1 y
3802327.95 N
N cr , y
1
N cr , z =
E Iz
l fz
= 1581706.51N
Cmz max
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14
n pl cLT
5
wz
cLT = 10 aLT
aLT = 1
0 =
z =
5+ z
M y , Ed
It
149294.97 mm 4
= 0.997
=1
57943291.64mm 4
Iy
W pl , y f y
M cr
A fy
N cr , z
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
=
= 0.757
240735730.8 Nmm
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
= 0.923
1581706.51N
M y , Ed = 50000 Nm
wz =
W pl , z
Wel , z
w z 1.5
270
123381.96mm 3
= 1.536 1.5
3
80344.89mm
w z = 1.5
wy =
- the
W pl , y
Wel , y
Cmy
501177.18mm 3
= 1.124 1.5
445717.63mm 3
term will be considered separately for each column part:
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
LT =
LT + LT LT
y aLT
1 + y aLT
=
= 0.900 + (1 0.900)
1.677 1
= 0.956
1 + 1.677 1
1
= 0.749 1
0.831 + 0.831 0.661

2
cLT = 10 aLT
M y , Ed
5 + z
0.757
50000000 Nmm
= 10 0.997
= 0.506
4
5 + 0.923 0.956 0.749 137823724.5 Nmm
N cr , z =
E Iz
= 1581706.51N
l fz
(previously calculated
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.765
N cr , z
1581706.51N
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923
n pl =
N Ed
= 0.243
N Rk
M1
- Therefore:
2
max
mz
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14
n pl cLT =
5
w
z
0.7652 0.9232
0.243 0.506 = 0.878
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 14
5
1.5
k yz = Cmz
y
1
N Ed
N cr , z
1
wz
0.6
= 0.765
C yz
wy
1
0.985
1
1.5
0.6
= 0.750
328000 N
0.878
1.124
1581706.51N
271
Cmy = Cmy , 0 + (1 Cmy , 0 )
LT =
LT + LT LT
y aLT
1 + y aLT
=
= 0.780 + (1 0.780)
0.839 1
= 0.885
1 + 0.839 1
1
= 0.804 1
0.752 + 0.752 0.569

2
cLT = 10 aLT
M y , Ed
5 + z
0.757
25000000 Nmm
= 10 0.997
= 0.254
4
5 + 0.923 0.885 0.804 137823724.5 Nmm
E Iz
N cr , z =
= 1581706.51N (previously calculated
l fz
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.765
N cr , z
1581706.51N
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923
n pl =
N Ed
= 0.243
N Rk
M1
-Therefore:
max
mz
C yz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2 14
n pl cLT =
5
w
z
0.7652 0.9232
0.243 0.254 = 1.0043
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2 14
5
1.5
k yz = Cmz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
wz
1
0.6
= 0.765
C yz
wy
1
0.985
1
1.5
0.6
= 0.656
328000 N
1.0043
1.124
1581706.51N
272

k zy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
wz
1
0.6
C zy
wy
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , z
1581706
.51N
z =
=
= 0.902
328000 N
N Ed
1 0.586
1 z
1581706.51N
N cr , z
1
z = 0.586
wy Wel , y
max
my
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14
0
.
6
pl
LT
w5y
wz W pl , y

-in order to calculate the
-the term
d LT term, the terms Cmy and Cmz
must be recalculated for each column part;
Cmz must be recalculated for the top column part only, using = 0.5 :
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33)

= 0.79 + 0.21 0.5 + 0.36 (0.5 0.33)
d LT = 2 aLT
M y ,Ed
N Ed
=
N cr , z
328000 N
= 0.908
1581706.51N
M z ,Ed
=
Cmz M pl , z ,Rd
Cmy LT M pl , y ,Rd
0.1 + z
0.757
50000000 Nmm
10000000 Nmm
= 2 0.997
=
4
0.1 + 0.923 0.956 0.749 137823724.5 Nmm 0.908 33930039 Nmm
= 0.301
4
273
2
2
0.904 1.847
= 1 + (1.124 1) 2 14
0
.
243
0
.
301
0
.
859
1.1245
C zy = 0.859
wy Wel , y
1.5
445717.63mm 3
0 .6
= 0.6
= 0.616
3
wz W pl , y
1.124 501177.18mm
wy Wel , y
C zy 0.6
wz W pl , y
max
my
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14
n pl d LT =
5
wy
- for the calculation of the C zy term,
k zy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
Cmy
will be used for the entire column and
wy
1
0.6
= 0.904 1.089
C zy
wz
1
d LT
will be used for the top column part:
0.902
1
1.124
0.6
= 0.588
328000 N
0.859
1 .5
3802327.95 N
k zy = Cmy CmLT
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
wz
1
0.6
C zy
wy
N Ed
328000 N
1
N cr , z
1581706.51N
= 0.902
=
z =
328000 N
N Ed
1 0.586
1 z
1581706.51N
N cr , z
1
z = 0.586
C
wy Wel , y
max
my
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14
n pl d LT 0.6
5
wy
wz W pl , y

- in order to calculate the
- the term
d LT term, the terms Cmy and Cmz
Cmz must be recalculated for the top column part only, using = 0 :
Cmz = Cmz , 0 = 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
274
must be recalculated for each column part;
N Ed
328000 N
= 0.79 + 0.36 ( 0.33)
= 0.765
1581706.51N
N cr , z
d LT = 2 aLT
M y ,Ed
M z ,Ed
=
Cmz M pl , z ,Rd
Cmy LT M pl , y ,Rd
0.1 + z
0.757
25000000 Nmm
5000000 Nmm
= 2 0.997
=
4
0.1 + 0.923 0.885 0.804 137823724.5 Nmm 0.765 33930039 Nmm
= 0.090
4
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923
2
2
0.885 0.923
0
.
243
0
.
090
0
.
892
=
= 1 + (1.124 1) 2 14
1
.
124
C zy = 0.892
wy Wel , y
1.124 445717.63mm3
0.6
= 0.6
= 0.462
3
wz W pl , y
1.5
501177.18mm
wy Wel , y
C zy 0.6
wz W pl , y
Cmy max
C zy = 1 + ( wy 1) 2 14
n pl d LT =
5
wy
- for the calculation of the
k zy = Cmy CmLT
C zy
N
1 Ed
N cr , y
term,
Cmy
will be used for the entire column and
wy
1
0.6
= 0.904 1.089
C zy
wz
1
d LT will be used for the top column part:
0.902
1
1.124
0.6
= 0.566
328000 N
0.892
1.5
3802327.95 N

k zz = Cmz
z
1
N Ed
N cr , z
1
C zz
1.6
1.6
2
2
Cmz
max
Cmz
max n pl eLT el , z
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2
wz
wz
W pl , z

- in calculating the
eLT , the Cmy
eLT = 1.7 a LT
0
4
term must be used accordingly with the corresponding column part
M y ,Ed
Cmy lt M pl , y ,Rd
0.1 + z
0.757
50000000 Nmm
= 1.7 0.997
= 0.787
4
0.1 + 0.923 0.956 0.749 501177.18mm 3 275 N / mm 2
275
- for the calculation of the
C zz
term, C mz will be used for the entire column and
eLT will be used for the top column part:
1.6
1.6
2
2
2
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2
0.765 1.847
0.765 1.847 0.787 0.243 = 1.013
1
.
5
1
.
5
C zz = 1.013
Wel , z
80344.89mm3
=
= 0.651
W pl , z 123381.96mm3
Wel , z
C zz
W pl , z
1
0.902
1
z
1.6
1.6
2
2
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2
Cmz
max
Cmz
max eLT n pl =
wz
wz
k zz = Cmz
N Ed
N cr , z
C zz
= 0.765
328000 N
1581706.51N
1.013
= 0.860
k zz = Cmz
z
1
N Ed
N cr , z
1
C zz
1.6
1.6
2
2
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2
Cmz
max n pl eLT el , z
Cmz
max
wz
wz
W pl , z

- in calculating the
eLT , the Cmy
eLT = 1.7 aLT
term must be used according to the corresponding column part
M y , Ed
0.1 + z
0.757
25000000 Nmm
= 1.7 0.997
= 0.396
4
0.1 + 0.923 0.885 0.804 501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
- for the calculation of the C zz term, C mz will be used for the entire column and eLT will be used for the top column part:
max = max y ; z = max(0.5956;0.923) = 0.923
1.6
1.6
0.7652 0.9232 0.396 0.243 = 1.060

0.7652 0.923
= 1 + (1.5 1) 2
1.5
1.5
C zz = 1.060
Wel , z
80344.89mm3
=
= 0.651
3
W pl , z 123381.96mm
Wel , z
C zz
W pl , z
1.6
1.6
2
2
max eLT n pl =
max
Cmz
Cmz
C zz = 1 + ( wz 1) 2
wz
wz
276
k zz = Cmz
N
1 Ed
N cr , z
1
= 0.765
C zz
1
0.902
1
= 0.821
328000 N
1.060
1581706.51N
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k yy
+ k yz z , Ed
N
M
M z , Rk
y Rk
LT y , Rk
M1
M1
M1
M y , Ed + M y , Rd
M
+ M z , Rd
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz z , Ed
N Rk
M
M z , Rk
LT y , Rk
z
M1
M1
M1
N Rk = f y Ai
328000 N
50 106 Nmm
1
.
069
+
+
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.839
0.749
1
1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.750
= 0.29 + 0.52 + 0.21 = 1.02
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N
50 106 Nmm
0
.
588
+
+
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.586
0.804
1
1
6
10 10 Nmm
+ 0.860
= 0.41 + 0.27 + 0.25 = 0.93
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
277
328000 N
25 106 Nmm
+
0
.
977
+
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.839
0.804
1
1
6
5 10 Nmm
+ 0.656
= 0.29 + 0.22 + 0.97 = 1.30
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
328000 N
25 106 Nmm
+
0
.
566
+
4904.06mm 2 275 N / mm 2
501177.18mm3 275 N / mm 2
0.586
0.804
1
1
6
5 10 Nmm
+ 0.821
= 0.42 + 0.13 + 0.12 = 0.67
123381.96mm3 275 N / mm 2
1
278

7 nodes,
1 linear element.


279
k yy
k yz
280
k zy
k zz
281
over the Y axis
SNy
over the Y axis
SMyy
282
over the Y axis
SMyz
over the Z axis
SNz
283
over the Z axis
SMzy
over the Z axis
SMzz
284
Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties; support conditions; moment diagram allure
C1

Mcr
285

LT
286
Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.839
0.586
k yy
1.069
k yz
0.750
k zy
0.588
k zz
0.860
SNy
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression

effort over the Y axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending
moment over the Y axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending
moment over the Y axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the compression
effort over the z axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Y bending
moment over the Z axis
Bending and axial compression verification term depending of the Z bending
moment over the Z axis
0.29
0.749
SMyy
SMyz
SNz
SMzy
SMzz
C1
Mcr
LT
0.52
0.21
0.41
0.27
0.25
1.77
315.36
287

Result name
Result description
Reference value
0.839
0.586
k yy
0.977
k yz
0.656
k zy
0.566
k zz
0.821
SNy

Coefficient that depends of several parameters as: section properties;
support conditions; moment diagram allure
0.29
0.804
SMyy
SMyz
SNz
SMzy
SMzz
C1
Mcr
LT
Note:
0.22
0.97
0.42
0.13
0.12
1.77
426.10
The software does not give the results of the lower section because it is not the most requested segment.
Result name
Xy
Result description
by Y axis
Value
0.839285
adim
Xz

by the Z axis
0.585533
adim
-0.0797 %
Kyy
Internal coefficient kyy
1.07027
adim
0.1188 %
Kyy
Internal coefficient kyy (bottom)
0.954475
adim
-2.3055 %
Kyz
Internal coefficient kyz
0.750217
adim
0.0289 %
Kyz
Internal coefficient kyz (bottom)
0.656481
adim
0.0733 %
Kzy
Internal coefficient kzy
0.593445
adim
0.9260 %
Kzy
Internal coefficient kzy (bottom)
0.508819
adim
-0.0356 %
Kzz
Internal coefficient kzz
0.860237
adim
0.0276 %
Kzz
Internal coefficient kzz (bottom)
0.821717
adim
0.0873 %
288
Error
0.0340 %
13.31 EC3 Test 31: Verifying IPE450 column fixed on base subjected to axial compression and
bending moment, both applied on top
Test ID: 5731
Test status: Passed
13.31.1Description
The test verifies an IPE450 column made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to a -1000kN compression effort and a 200kNm bending moment by the Y axis.
289
13.32 EC3 Test 15: Verifying a rectangular hollow section column subjected to bending and axial
efforts
Test ID: 5735
Test status: Passed
13.32.1Description
Verifies a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel subjected to bending and axial efforts.
13.32.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist bending and axial efforts.
The name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and it can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The column is
fixed at its base and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load over its height and a punctual axial load applied on
the top. The dead load will be neglected.

290

Fz = - 500 000 N,
Fx = 5 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,

Width: b = 200 mm,
2
Section area:A = 9490 mm ,
3
M 0 = 1.0 .

Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Point load at z = 5.0: Fz = - 500 000 N,
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fx = 5 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
291
13.32.2.2Reference results for calculating the column subjected to bending and axial force
In order to verify the steel column subjected to bending and axial force, the design resistance for uniform
compression (Nc,Rd) and also the design plastic moment resistance (Mpl,Rd) have to be compared with the design
values of the corresponding efforts.
The design resistance for uniform compression is verified considering the relationship (6.9) from chapter 6.2.4 (EN
1993-1-1), while the design plastic moment resistance is verified considering the criterion (6.12) from chapter 6.2.5
(EN 1993-1-1).
Before starting the above verifications, the cross-section class has to be determined.
Cross section class
In this case, the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
292
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

=
=
= 15
t
t
10mm
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to bending
and compression). It is also necessary to determine which portion of the web is compressed (). is determined
considering the stresses distribution on the web.
132 MPa
=
= 0.832 > 0.5
1 26.63MPa
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm
=
=
= 25
10mm
t
t
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
396
= 25
= 40.34
t
13 1
293
Verifying the design resistance for uniform compression

The design resistance for uniform compression, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.10) from EN
1993-1-1:2001.
N c , Rd =
A f
M0
9490mm 2 235MPa
= 2230150 N
1.0
The verification of the design resistance for uniform compression is done with relationship (6.9) from EN 1993-1-1.
The corresponding work ratio is:
Work ratio =
F
N Ed
500000 N
100 = z 100 =
100 = 22.42%
N c , Rd
N c , Rd
2230150 N
Verifying the design plastic moment resistance

The design plastic moment resistance, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.13) from EN 1993-11:2001.
M c , Rd = M pl , Rd =
W pl , y f
M0
956000mm 3 235MPa
= 224660000 Nmm
1.0
Work ratio =
M Ed
100 =
M c , Rd
294
L
5000mm
5 N / mm 5000mm
2 100 =
2
100 = 27.82%
M c , Rd
224660000 Nmm
q L

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Column subjected to bending and axial efforts
Work ratio Fx

Column subjected to bending and axial efforts
Work ratio Oblique
295
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio Fx
22.42 %
Work ratio Oblique
27.82 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
Work
ratio
Oblique
296
Result description
-
Value
22.42 %
27.8198 %
Error
0.0000 %
-0.0007 %
13.33 EC3 Test 33: Verifying UPN300 simple supported beam, loaded with centric compression,
uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and punctual vertical force by Z axis
Test ID: 5733
Test status: Passed
13.33.1Description
The test verifies an upn300 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is subjected to 20 kN compression force, 50 kN PUNCTUAL vertical load applied to the middle of the
beam and 5kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
13.34 EC3 Test 35: Verifying C310x30.8 class 4 cantilever, loaded with centric compression, uniform
linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load applied on the free end
Test ID: 5737
Test status: Passed
13.34.1Description
The test verifies a C310x30.8 beam made of S355 steel.
The beam is subjected to 3.00 kN compression force, 1.80 kN punctual vertical load applied on the free end of the
beam and 1.2.kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
13.35 EC3 Test 37: Verifying RHS350x150x8.5H class 3 column, loaded with centric compression,
punctual lateral load and bending moment, all applied to the top of the column
Test ID: 5739
Test status: Passed
13.35.1Description
The test verifies a RHS350x150x8.5H column made of S275 steel.
The column is subjected to 680 kN compression force, 5 kN horizontal load applied on Y axis direction and 200 kNm
bending moment after the Y axis. All loads are applied on the top of the column.
13.36 EC3 Test 30: Verifying IPE300 beam, simply supported, loaded with centric compression and
uniform linear efforts by Y and Z axis
Test ID: 5730
Test status: Passed
13.36.1Description
The test verifies an IPE 300 beam made of
The beam is subjected to a 20kN compression effort, a -10kN/m uniform linear effort applied vertically and a -5kN/m
linear uniform load applied horizontal.
297
13.37 EC3 Test 34: Verifying C310x30.8 class 3beam, loaded with centric compression, uniform
linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle
Test ID: 5734
Test status: Passed
13.37.1Description
The test verifies an C310x30.8 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is subjected to a 12 kN compression force, 8 kN PUNCTUAL vertical load applied to the middle of the
beam and 1.5 kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
13.38 EC3 Test 36: Verifying RHS300x150x9H class 1 simply supported beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts and a vertical punctual load in the middle
Test ID: 5738
Test status: Passed
13.38.1Description
The test verifies an RHS300x150x9H beam made of S275 steel.
The beam is subjected to 12 kN axial compression force, 7 kN punctual vertical load applied to the middle of the
beam and 3 kN/m linear uniform horizontal load.
298
13.39 EC3 Test 14: Verifying the bending resistance of a rectangular hollow section column made of
S235 steel
Test ID: 5728
Test status: Passed
13.39.1Description
Verifies the design resistance for bending of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel.
The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French annex.
13.39.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section column made of S235 steel to resist bending efforts.
Verification of the design resistance for bending at ultimate limit state is realised. The name of the cross-section is
RC3020100 and can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The column is fixed at its base and it is
subjected to a punctual horizontal load applied to the middle height (50 000 N). The dead load will be neglected.

Fx = 50 000 N,
299
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,

Width: b = 200 mm,
3
M 0 = 1.0 .

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
300
External:
Point load at z = 2.5: V= Fx = 50 000 N,
Internal: None.

Before calculating the design resistance for bending, the cross section class has to be determined.
Cross section class
In this case, the column is subjected to bending efforts, therefore the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
301
c b 2 r 2 t 200mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

= 15
=
=
10mm
t
t
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 15 33 = 33
t
properties and the conditions described in Table 5.2 - sheet 1 (the above highlighted extract part subject to
bending):
c h 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

=
=
= 25
10mm
t
t
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 72 = 72
t
302

The design resistance for bending, for Class 1 cross-section, is determined with formula (6.13) from EN 1993-11:2001.
M c , Rd =
W pl , y f
M0
956000mm 3 235MPa
= 224660000 Nmm
1.0
Work ratio
Work ratio =
M Ed
M c , Rd
5000mm
L
50000 N
2
2 100 =
100 = 55.64%
100 =
224660000 Nmm
M c , Rd
V

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
303

Work ratio Oblique
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio of the design resistance for bending [%]
55.64 %
Result name
Work
ratio
Oblique
304
Result description
Value
55.6396 %
Error
-0.0007 %
13.40 EC3 Test 32: Verifying IPE600 simple supported beam, loaded with centric compression and
uniform linear efforts by Y and Z axis
Test ID: 5732
Test status: Passed
13.40.1Description
The test verifies an IPE600 beam made of S275 steel.
The beam is subjected to a -3700kN compression force, a -10kN/m linear uniform vertical load and a -5kN/m linear
uniform horizontal load.
305
13.41 EC3 Test 16: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam subjected to
biaxial bending
Test ID: 5736
Test status: Passed
13.41.1Description
Verifies a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam made of S235 steel subjected to biaxial bending.
13.41.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular hollow section beam made of S235 steel to resist bi-axial bending efforts. The
name of the cross-section is RC3020100 and it can be found in the Advance Design OTUA library. The beam is
simply supported and it is subjected to uniformly distributed loads over its length. The dead load will be neglected.
Analysis type: static linear;


Fz = - 10 000 N/ml,
Fy = 10 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
306
Height: h = 300 mm,

Width: b = 200 mm,

Section area: A = 9490 mm2,
3
3
Plastic section modulus about z-z axis: Wpl,z = 721000 mm ,
M 0 = 1.0 .

Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,

Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis, and restrained in rotation
about the X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q1 = Fz = -10 000 N/ml
Uniformly distributed load: q2 = Fy = 10 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
307
13.41.2.2Reference results for calculating the beam subjected to bi-axial bending

In order to verify the steel beam subjected to bi-axial bending, the criterion (6.41) from chapter 6.2.9.1 (EN 1993-1-1)
has to be used.
Before verifying this criterion, the cross-section class has to be determined.
Cross section class
In this case, the stresses distribution is like in the picture below:
308
Taking into account that the entire cross-section is subjected to bending stresses, its class can be determined by
extract part subject to bending).
c b 2 r 2 t 300mm 2 15mm 2 10mm

=
= 25
=
10mm
t
t
235
= 1.0
fy
Therefore:
c
= 25 72 = 72
t
This means that the left/right web is Class 1. As the dimensions for top/bottom wing are smaller than the left/right
web, they will be also classified as Class 1.
Determining the design plastic moment resistance
Before verifying for bi-axial bending a rectangular structural hollow section of uniform thickness, the design plastic
moment resistance reduced due to the axial force (MN,Rd) needs to be determined. Its determination has to be made
about 2 axes (according to the bending efforts) and it will be done with formulae (6.39) and (6.40) from EN 1993-1-1.
Other terms involved in calculation have to be determined: aw, af, n.
Ratio of design normal force to design plastic resistance to normal forces, n:
n=
N Ed
as the beam is not subjected to axial efforts n = 0.
N pl , Rd
Determination of aw for hollow section:
aw =
A 2bt
0.5 a w = 0.5
A
309
Determination of af for hollow section:
af =
Determination of aw for hollow section:
aw =
A 2 ht
0.5 a f = 0.3678
A
A 2bt
0.5 a w = 0.5
A
Determination of design plastic moment resistance (about y-y axis) reduced due to the axial force, MN,y,Rd:
M N , y , Rd =
M pl , y , Rd (1 n )
(1 0.5 aw )
M pl , y , Rd
In order to fulfill the above relationship MN,y,Rd must be equal to Mpl,y,Rd.
W pl , y f y
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd =
M0
956000mm 3 235MPa
= 22466 10 4 Nmm
1 .0
Determination of design plastic moment resistance (about z-z axis) reduced due to the axial force, MN,z,Rd:
M N , z , Rd =
M pl , z , Rd (1 n )
(1 0.5 a )
M pl , z , Rd
In order to fulfill the above relationship MN,z,Rd must be equal to Mpl,z,Rd.
W pl , z f y
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd =
M0
721000mm 3 235MPa
= 16943.5 10 4 Nmm
1.0
Verifying for bi-axial bending

Criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1 has to be fulfilled:
M y , Ed
M
N , y , Rd
M z , Ed
+
M
N , z , Rd
Determination of constants and for rectangular hollow section:
= =
1.66
6 = = 1.66
1 1.13 n 2
Determination of design bending moments (My,Ed and Mz,Ed) at the middle of the beam:
M y , Ed =
M z , Ed =
1.0
q1 L2
8
q 2 L2
8
10 N / mm 5000 2 mm 2
=
= 3125 10 4 Nmm
8
10 N / mm 5000 2 mm 2
=
= 3125 10 4 Nmm
8
Verifying criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1:

1.66
3125 10 4 Nmm
4
22466 10 Nmm
Work ratio =
310
1.66
3125 10 4 Nmm
+
4
16943.5 10 Nmm
0.098
100 = 9.8%
1.0
= 0.0378 + 0.0604 = 0.098 1.0
Verifying for simple bending about y-y axis

For class 1 cross-section, design resistance for simple bending about y-y axis is verified using the criterion (6.12)
from EN 1993-1-1:
M y , Ed
M pl , y , Rd
Work ratio =
3125 10 4 Nmm
= 0.139 1.0
22466 10 4 Nmm
0.139
100 = 13.9%
1.0
Verifying for simple bending about z-z axis

For class 1 cross-section, design resistance for simple bending about z-z axis is verified using the criterion (6.12)
from EN 1993-1-1:
M z , Ed
M pl , z , Rd
Work ratio =
3125 10 4 Nmm
= 0.1844 1.0
16943.5 10 4 Nmm
0.1844
100 = 18.44%
1.0
As this work ratio is bigger than the others, we can consider it as reference.

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Beam subjected to bending efforts
Work ratio Oblique
311
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio of the design resistance for biaxial bending
18.44 %
Result name
Work
ratio
Oblique
312
Result description
Work ratio of the design resistance for biaxial bending
Value
18.4437 %
Error
0.2375 %
13.42 EC3 Test 18: Verifying a simply supported circular hollow section element subjected to
torsional efforts
Test ID: 5743
Test status: Passed
13.42.1Description
Verifies a simply supported circular hollow section element made of S235 steel subjected to torsional efforts.
The verification is made according to Eurocode3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
13.43 EC3 Test 39: Verifying CHS323.9x6.3H class 2 beam, loaded with centric compression, uniform
linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle
Test ID: 5741
Test status: Passed
13.43.1Description
The test verifies a CHS323.9x6.3H beam made of S275 steel.
13.44 EC3 Test 38: Verifying RHS350x150x5H class 4 column, loaded with centric compression,
punctual horizontal force by Y and a bending moment, all applied to the top
Test ID: 5740
Test status: Passed
13.44.1Description
The test verifies a RHS350x150x5H column made of S355 steel.
The column is subjected to 680 kN compression force, 5 kN punctual horizontal load and 200 kNm bending moment,
all applied to the top.
313
13.45 EC3 Test 45: Comparing the shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made from different
steel materials
Test ID: 5745
Test status: Passed
13.45.1Description
The shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made of S275 steel is compared with the shear resistance of the
same built-up beam made of a user-defined steel material.
13.45.2Background
Verifies the shear resistance of a welded built-up beam made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined steel. The
beam is simply supported and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load (20 000 N/ml) applied over its length. The
dead load will be neglected.
Also verifies the shear resistance of the same welded built-up beam made of S275 steel. The loading and support
conditions are the same.


Fz = - 20 000 N/ml,
Units
Metric System
314
Geometry
Height: h = 300 mm,

Flange thickness: tf = 10.7 mm,
Web thickness: tw = 7.1 mm,
2
M 0 = 1.0 .
500 MPa yield strength user-defined material and S275 steel are used. The following characteristics are used:

Yield strength (for S275 steel) fy = 275 MPa.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,

Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fz = -20 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
13.45.2.2Reference results for calculating the design plastic shear resistance of the cross section
In order to verify the steel beam subjected to shear, the criterion (6.18) from chapter 6.2.6 (EN 1993-1-1) has to be
used:
VEd
1.0
V pl , Rd
VEd represents the design value of the shear force:
VEd =
q L 20000 N / ml 5000mm
=
= 50000 N
2
2
Vpl,Rd represents the design plastic shear resistance. The design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section
is determined with formula (6.18) from EN 1993-1-1:2001. Before using it, the shear area (Av) has to be
determined.
315
Shear area of the cross section made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined material
According to chapter 5.1 from EN 1993-1-5, because the steel grade used for beam is higher than S460, the factor
for shear area () may be conservatively taken equal 1.0.
For a welded I sections, the shear area is determined according to chapter 6.2.6 (3) from EN 1993-1-1. As the load is
parallel to web, the shear area is:
Av = (hw t w ) = 1.0 (278.6mm 7.1mm) = 1978.06mm 2

Shear area of the cross section made of S275 steel
According to chapter 5.1 from EN 1993-1-5, because the steel grade used for beam is up to S460, the factor for
shear area () is 1.2.
As the load is parallel to web, the shear area becomes:
Av = (hw t w ) = 1.2 (278.6mm 7.1mm) = 2373.67mm 2

Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined material
EN 1993-1-1 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section:
V pl , Rd =
Av
M0
3 =
1978.06mm 2
1.0
500 MPa
3
= 571016.7 N
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance of the cross section is done with criterion (6.18) from EN 19931-1:
VEd
50000 N
=
= 0.0876 1.0
V pl , Rd 571016.7 N
Work ratio =
VEd
50000 N
100 =
100 = 8.76%
V pl , Rd
571016.7 N
Design plastic shear resistance of the cross section made of S275 steel
EN 1993-1-1 provides the following formula to calculate the design plastic shear resistance of the cross-section:
V pl , Rd =
Av
M0
3 =
2373.67mm 2
1.0
275MPa
3
= 376870.7 N
The verification of the design plastic shear resistance of the cross section is done with criterion (6.18) from EN 19931-1:
VEd
50000 N
=
= 0.133 1.0
V pl , Rd 376870.7 N
Work ratio =
VEd
50000 N
100 =
100 = 13.27%
376870.7 N
V pl , Rd
316

7 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio of the design shear resistance (beam made of 500 MPa yield strength user-defined material)
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load applied over its length
Work ratio Fz
Work ratio of the design shear resistance (beam made of S275 steel)
Beam subjected to uniformly distributed load applied over its length
Work ratio Fz
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 275 MPa)
13.27 %
Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 500 MPa)
8.76 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fz
Result description
Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 275
MPa)
Value
13.2671 %
Error
-0.0219 %
Work ratio - Fz
Work ratio of the design plastic shear resistance (fy = 500

MPa)
8.75631 %
-0.0421 %
317
considering the load applied on the lower flange
Test ID: 5750
Test status: Passed
13.46.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped laminated beam made of S235 steel, considering
the load applied on the lower flange.
The determination is made considering the provisions from Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
considering the load applied on the lower flange
Test ID: 5753
Test status: Passed
13.47.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped laminated beam made of S235 steel, considering
the load applied on the lower flange. The loadings applied on the beam are: a uniformly distributed load and 2
punctual bending moments, acting opposite to each other, applied at beam extremities.
318
13.48 EC3 test 8: Verifying the classification and the resistance of a column subjected to bending
and axial load
Test ID: 5632
Test status: Passed
13.48.1Description
Verifies the classification and the resistance for an IPE 600 column made of S235 steel subjected to bending and
axial force. The verification is made according to Eurocode 3 (EN 1993-1-1) French Annex.
13.48.2Background
Classification and verification of an IPE 600 column, made of S235 steel, subjected to bending and axial force. The
column is fixed at its base and free on the top. The column is loaded by a compression force (1 000 000 N), applied
at its top, and a uniformly distributed load (50 000 N/ml). The dead load will be neglected.

The following load case (Q1) and load combination are used:
Exploitation loadings (category A), Q1:

Fz = -1 000 000 N,
Fx = 50 000 N/ml,
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1 x Q1
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 600 mm,

2
Plastic section modulus about the strong y-y axis:
W pl , y = 3512000mm 3 ,
M 0 = 1.0 .
319

5
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.
Loading
320
External:
Point load at Z = 5.0: N = FZ = -1 000 000 N,
Uniformly distributed load: q = Fx = 50 000 N/ml
Internal: None.
13.48.2.2Reference results for calculating the column subjected to bending and axial force
In order to verify the steel column subjected to bending and axial force, the design resistance for uniform
compression (Nc,Rd) and also the design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial force (MN,Rd) have to be
compared with the design values of the corresponding efforts.
The design resistance for uniform compression is verified considering the relationship (6.9) from chapter 6.2.4 (EN
1993-1-1), while for bi-axial bending, the criterion (6.41) from chapter 6.2.9.1 (EN 1993-1-1) has to be satisfied.
Before starting the above verifications, the cross-section class has to be determined.
Cross section class
Considering that the column is subjected to combined bending and axial compression, and also that its axial effort is
bigger than 835 kN, the following classification is made according to the CTICM journal no. 4 2005 (extracted of
journal):
So, according to this table, the column cross-section is Class 2.

Verifying the design resistance for uniform compression
Expression (6.10) from EN 1993-1-1 is used to determine the design compression resistance, Nc,Rd:
N c , Rd =
A fy
M0
15600mm 2 235MPa
= 3666000 N
1.0
In order to verify the design resistance for uniform compression, the criterion (6.9) from chapter 6.2.4 (EN 1993-1-1)
has to be satisfied:
N Ed
N
1000000 N
= 0.273 1.0 27.3% 100%
=
=
N c , Rd N c , Rd 3666000 N
Verifying the column subjected to bending and axial force
According to paragraph 6.2.9.1 (4) from EN 1993-1-1, allowance will not be made for the effect of the axial force on
the plastic resistance moment about the y-y axis if relationship (6.33) is fulfilled.
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd 1000000 N > 0.25 3666000 N = 916500 N

In this case, because the above verification is not fulfilled, the axial force has an impact on the plastic resistance
moment about the y-y axis.
In order to verify the column subjected to bending and axial force, the criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1 has to be
used. Supplementary terms need to be determined: design resistance for bending (Mpl,Rd), ratio of design normal
force to design plastic resistance to normal force of the gross cross-section (n), ratio of web area to gross area (a),
design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial force (MN,Rd).
321
Design plastic moment resistance:
M pl , y , Rd =
M0
3512000mm 3 235MPa
= 825320000 Nmm
1.0
N
N pl , Rd
1000000 N
= 0.273
3666000 N
Ratio of web area to gross area:
a=
Ratio of design normal force to design plastic resistance to normal force of the gross cross-section:
n=
W pl , y f y
A 2bt f
A
15600mm 2 2 220mm 19mm

=
= 0.464
15600mm 2
Design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial force is determined according to expression (6.36)
from EN 1993-1-1:
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd
1 n
1 0.5 a
M N , y , Rd = 825320000 Nmm
but
M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd
1 0.273
= 781259948 Nmm 825320000 Nmm
1 0.5 0.464
The column subjected to bending and axial force is verified with criterion (6.41) from EN 1993-1-1:
M y , Ed
M
N , y , Rd
M z , Ed
+
M
N , z , Rd
1.0
Because the column doesnt have bending moment about z axis, the second term from criterion (6.41) is
neglected. The verification becomes:
M y , Ed
M
N , y , Rd
q L2 / 2
=
1.0
M
N
y
Rd
,
,

2
2
q L / 2 = 50 N / mm (5000mm ) / 2 = 0.799 1.0 79.9% < 100%
M

781259948 Nmm
N , y , Rd
322

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio - Fx
Work ratio of the design resistance for oblique bending

323
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio - Fx
Work ratio of the design resistance for uniform compression [%]

Work ratio of the design resistance for oblique bending [%]
27.3 %
79.9 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
Work
ratio
Oblique
324
Result description
Work ratio of the
compression
-
design
resistance
for
uniform
Work ratio of the design resistance for oblique bending
Value
27.2777 %
Error
-0.0084 %
79.9691 %
-0.0386 %
13.49 EC3 Test 17: Verifying a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam subjected to
torsional efforts
Test ID: 5742
Test status: Passed
13.49.1Description
Verifies a simply supported rectangular hollow section beam made of S235 steel subjected to torsional efforts.
325
13.50 EC3 Test 44: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up
beam considering the load applied on the upper flange
Test ID: 5749
Test status: Passed
13.50.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up beam made of S235 steel,
considering the load applied on the upper flange. The loadings applied on the beam are: a uniformly distributed load
and 2 punctual bending moments, acting opposite to each other, applied at beam extremities.
13.50.2Background
Determines the elastic critical moment (Mcr) and factors (C1, C2, LT) involved in the torsional buckling verification for
a simply supported steel beam. The beam is made of S235 steel and it is subjected to a uniformly distributed load (50
000 N/ml) applied over its length and concentrated bending moments applied at its extremities (loads are applied to
the upper fibre). The dead load will be neglected.

326

Fz = - 50 000 N/ml,
6
My,1 = 142 x 10 Nmm,
6
My,2 = - 113.6 x 10 Nmm,
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 260 mm,

Flange thickness: tf = 10.7 mm,
Web thickness: tw = 7.1 mm,
2
4
Flexion inertia moment about the z axis: Iz = 6025866.46 mm ,
4
Torsional moment of inertia: It = 149294.97 mm ,
6
Warping constant: Iw = 93517065421.88 mm ,
3
Plastic modulus about the y axis: Wy = 501177.18 mm
M 0 = 1.0 .

5
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 2.1 x 10 MPa;
Shear modulus of rigidity: G=80800MPa.
Boundary conditions
Outer:

Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and restrained rotation
along X axis.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load over its length: q = Fz = -50 000 N/ml
Bending moment at x=0: My,1 = 142 x 106 Nmm
6
Bending moment at x=5: My,2 = - 113.6 x 10 Nmm,
Internal: None.
327
13.50.2.2Reference results for calculating the elastic critical moment of the cross section
In order to determine the elastic critical moment of the cross section (Mcr), factors C1 and C2 have to be calculated.
They are determined considering the method provided at chapter 3.5 from French Annex of EN 1993-1-1. C1 and C2
coefficients are depending on the bending moment diagram along the member segment between lateral restraints.
The simply supported beam has the following bending moment diagram (the values are in Newton x meter):
For a beam subjected to uniformly distributed load and concentrated bending moments applied at its extremities, the
moments distribution is defined considering two parameters:
Ratio between the moments at extremities:
113600 Nm
= 0.8
142000 Nm
Ratio between the moment given by uniformly distributed load and the biggest bending moment from
extremity:
q L2 50 N / mm (5000mm )
= 1.1
=
8 M
8 142 10 6 Nmm
2
Its value is positive as both loadings are deforming the beam about the same fibre (chapter 3.4 from French
Annex of EN 1993-1-1).
In order to determine C1 and C2 parameters, factors , , a, b, c, A, B, d1, e1, r1, , m, C10, d2, e2, r2 need to be
calculated considering the analytical relationships provided in chapter 3.5 from French Annex of EN 1993-1-1:
= + 4 1 = 0.8 + 4 1.1 1 = 4.2
= 2 8 = 4.2 2 8 1.1 = 8.84
a = 0.5 (1 + ) + 0.1413364 0.6960364 + 0.9126223 2 = 1.738
b = 0.5 (1 + ) + 0.1603341 0.9240091 + 1.4281556 2 = 1.4765
c = 0.1801266 0.0900633 + 0.5940757 0.9352904 2 = 0.0602
A = a b c 2 = 2.5625
b
B = 2 a + = 4.2143
2
328
d1 = + 0.52 (1 + ) = 2.036
e1 = 0.3
As d1 > e1, the factor r1 is equal to 1.0
= 0.5
m = 1 (1 ) + 4 (1 ) = 2.002 1.0
B B2 4 A
C10 = r1
= 0.5363
2 A
d 2 = 0.425 + + 0.675 = 2.065
e2 = 0.65 0.35 = 0.37
1
= 0.4773 1.0
8
As d2 > e2, the factor r2 is equal to 1.0

Having the above factors, C1 and C2 coefficients become:
C1 = m C10 = 1.074
C 2 = 0.398 r2 C10 = 0.235
The load being applied at the top fibre it tends to accentuate the lateral torsional buckling, so it will reduce the value
of elastic critical moment. In this case, the distance from the shear centre to the point of load application (zg) will be
positive:
z g = +130mm
The French Annex of EN 1993-1-1 provides the analytical relationship used to determine the value of the elastic
critical moment:
M cr = C1
2 E I z I w
L2 G I t
2
+ 2
+ (C 2 z g ) C 2 z g = 91.71772 10 6 Nmm
I z E I z
L2
13.50.2.3Reference results for calculating the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
The calculation of the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling (LT) is done using the formula (6.56) from chapter
6.3.2.2 (EN 1993-1-1).
Before determining the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling (LT), the following terms should be determined:
LT
, imperfection factor LT, LT.

Non dimensional slenderness for lateral torsional buckling,
LT =
W pl , y f y
501177.18mm 3 235 N / mm 2
= 1.133
91.71772 10 6 Nmm
M cr
LT
In order to determine the imperfection factor LT, the buckling curve must be chosen. According to table 6.4
from EN 1993-1-1, for welded I-sections which have the ratio h / b 2, the recommended lateral torsional
buckling curve is c. In this case, table 6.3 from EN 1993-1-1 recommends the value for imperfection factor
LT:
LT = 0.49
The value used to determine the reduction factor LT, LT, becomes:
The reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling is calculated using the formula (6.56) from EN 1993-1-1:
LT = 0.5 1 + LT LT 0.2 + LT 2 = 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1.133 0.2) + 1.133 2 ] = 1.370
LT =
1
2
LT + LT LT
1
1.37 + 1.37 2 1.133 2
= 0.467 1.0

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
329

C1 parameter
Simply supported beam
C1
C2 parameter
C2
Elastic critical moment

Mcr
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling

XLT
330
Result name
Result description
Reference value
C1
C1 parameter [adim.]
1.074
C2
C2 parameter [adim.]
0.235
Mcr
Elastic critical moment [kNm]
91.72 kNm
XLT
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling [adim.]
0.467
Result name
C1
Result description
C1 parameter
Value
1.07375
adim
Error
-0.0233 %
C2
C2 parameter
0.234812
adim
-0.0800 %
Mcr
Elastic critical moment
91.72 kN*m
0.0000 %
XLT
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
0.466895
adim
-0.0225 %
331
13.51 EC3 Test 40: Verifying CHS508x8H class 3, simply supported beam, loaded with centric
compression, uniform linear horizontal efforts by Y and a vertical punctual load in the middle
Test ID: 5744
Test status: Passed
13.51.1Description
The test verifies a CHS508x8H beam made of S235 steel.
13.52 EC3 Test 42: Determining lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up
beam considering the load applied on the upper flange
Test ID: 5752
Test status: Passed
13.52.1Description
Determines the lateral torsional buckling parameters for a I-shaped welded built-up beam made of S235 steel,
considering the load applied on the upper flange. The loadings applied on the beam are: a uniformly distributed load
and 2 punctual negative bending moments applied at beam extremities.
13.53 Verifying the shape sheet for a steel beam with circular cross-section (TTAD #12533)
Test ID: 4549
Test status: Passed
13.53.1Description
Verifies the shape sheet for a steel beam with circular cross-section when the lateral torsional buckling is computed
and when it is not.
13.54 Changing the steel design template for a linear element (TTAD #12491)
Test ID: 4540
Test status: Passed
13.54.1Description
Selects a different design template for steel linear elements.
13.55 Verifying the "Shape sheet" command for elements which were excluded from the specialized
calculation (TTAD #12389)
Test ID: 4529
Test status: Passed
13.55.1Description
Verifies the program behavior when the "Shape sheet" command is used for elements which were excluded from the
specialized calculation (chords).
332
13.56 EC3: Verifying the buckling length results (TTAD #11550)

Test ID: 4481
Test status: Passed
13.56.1Description
Performs the steel calculation and verifies the buckling length results according to Eurocodes 3 - French standards.
The shape sheet report is generated.
The model consists of a vertical linear element (IPE300 cross section, S275 material) with a rigid fixed support at the
base. A punctual live load of 200.00 kN is applied.
13.57 EC3 fire verification: Verifying the work ratios after performing an optimization for steel
profiles (TTAD #11975)
Test ID: 4484
Test status: Passed
13.57.1Description
Runs the Steel elements verification and generates the "Envelopes and optimizing profiles" report in order to verify
the work ratios. The verification is performed using the EC3 norm with Romanian annex.
333
13.58 EC3 test 4: Class section classification and bending moment verification of an IPE300 column
Test ID: 5412
Test status: Passed
13.58.1Description
Classification and verification of an IPE 300 column made of S235 steel.
The column is connected to the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part.
In the middle, the column is subjected to a 50 kN force applied on the web direction, defined as a live load.
13.58.2Background
Classification and verification of sections for an IPE 300 column made from S235 steel. The column is connected to
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. In the middle, the column is subjected to a 50kN force
applied on the web direction, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 3 Part1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001;

The following load cases and load combination are used:
334
Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = 50kN,

Units
Metric System
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x=0) restrained in translation and rotation along X, Y and Z axis,
Support at end point (z = 5.00) free.
Inner: None.

According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2
In this case, the column is subjected to a lateral load, therefore the stresses distribution on the most stressed point
(the column base) is like in the picture below.
The Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the web class.
335
According to the Table 5.2 and the column section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
336
Therefore:

Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the flanges class.
According to Table 5.2 and the column section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
337
Therefore:
This means that the column flanges are Class 1.

A cross-section is classified by quoting the heist (least favorable) class of its compression elements.
According to the calculation above, the column section have a Class 1 web and Class 1 flanges; therefore the class
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2(6)
13.58.2.3Reference results in calculating the bending moment resistance
M Ed
1
M c , Rd
M c , Rd =
wpl * f y
M0
for Class1 cross sections

Where:
w pl = 628.40cm 3
fy
nominal yielding strength for S235 fy=235MPa
M 0 partial safety coefficient M 0 = 1

Therefore:
M y ,V , Rd =
wpl * f y
M0
628.40 * 106 * 235

= 0.147674MNm
1
M Ed = 2.5m * 50kN = 125kNm = 0.125MNm
M Ed
0.125
=
= 84%
M y ,V , Rd 0.148
338

7 nodes,
1 linear element.

Combined oblique bending
Result name
Combined
bending
oblique
Result description
Reference value
85 %
Result name
Work
ratio
Oblique
Result description
Value
84.6459 %
Error
-0.4166 %
339
13.59 EC3 Test 2: Class section classification and shear verification of an IPE300 beam subjected to
linear uniform loading
Test ID: 5410
Test status: Passed
13.59.1Description
Classification and verification of an IPE 300 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is subjected to a 50 kN/m linear uniform load applied gravitationally.
The force is considered to be a live load and the dead load is neglected.
13.59.2Background
Classification and verification of sections for an IPE 300 beam made from S235 steel. The beam is subjected to a
50 kN/m linear uniform load applied gravitationally. The force is considered to be a live load and the dead load is
neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = -50kN/m,

Units
Metric System
340
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (x=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z axis,

Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation along Y and Z axis and rotation restrained on X
axis
Inner: None.

In this case the stresses distribution along the section is like in the picture below:
compression for the top flange

compression and tension for the web
tension for the bottom flange
To determine the web class it will be used the Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2.
341
According to the Table 5.2 and the beam section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
342
Therefore:

To determine the flanges class it will be used the Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter
5.5.2
According to the Table 5.2 and the beam section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
c 56.45mm
=
= 5.276
t 10.7 mm
= 0.92
343
Therefore:
c 56.45mm
=
= 5.276 9 * = 9 * 0.92 = 8.28
t
10.7mm
this means that the column flanges are Class 1.
According to the calculation above, the beam section have a Class 1 web and Class 1 flanges; therefore the class
section for the entire beam section will be considered Class 1.
13.59.2.3Reference results in calculating the shear resistance Vpl,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section Vpl,Rd shall be determined as follows:
V pl , Rd =
Av *
fy
M0
3
Where:
Av: section shear area for rolled profiles
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f
A: cross-section area A=53.81cm2

b: overall breadth b=150mm
h: overall depth h=300mm
hw: depth of the web hw=248.6mm
r: root radius r=15mm
tf: flange thickness tf=10.7mm
tw: web thickness tw=7.1mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f = 53.81 2 * 15 * 17 + (0.71 + 2 * 1.5) * 1.07 = 25.68cm 2

fy: nominal yielding strength for S275 fy=275MPa
M 0 : partial safety coefficient M 0 = 1

Therefore:
V pl , Rd =
344
Av *
fy
M0
3 =
25.68 * 104 *
1
275
3 = 0.4077 MN = 407.7kN
For more:
Verification of the shear buckling resistance for webs without stiffeners:
hw
72 *
tw
= 1.20 *
M1
1
= 1.20 * = 1.20
M0
1
235
=
fy
235
= 0.92
275
hw 248.6
1.20
=
= 35.01 72 * = 72 *
= 93.91
tw
7.1
0.92
There is no need for shear buckling resistance verification
According to: EC3 Part 1,5 EN 1993-1-5-2004 Chapter 5.1(2)

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Shear resistance work ratio

Work ratio - Fz
345
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Fz
Shear force
125 kN
Work ratio
Work ratio - Fz
31 %
Result name
Fz
Work ratio - Fz
346
Result description
Fz
Work ratio Fz
Value
-125 kN
30.6579 %
Error
0.0000 %
-1.1035 %
13.60 EC3 Test 6: Class section classification and combined biaxial bending verification of an
IPE300 beam
Test ID: 5424
Test status: Passed
13.60.1Description
Classification and verification on combined bending of an IPE 300 beam made of S235 steel.
The beam is connected to its ends by a connection with all translation blocked and on the other end by a connection
with translation blocked on the Y and Z axis and rotation blocked along X axis.
The beam is subjected to a -10 kN/m uniform linear force applied along the beam gravitational along the Z local axis,
and a 10kN/m uniform linear force applied along the beam on the Y axis.
Both forces are considered as live loads.
13.60.2Background
Classification and verification on combined bending of sections for an IPE 300 beam made from S235 steel. The
beam is connected to its ends by a connection with all translation blocked and on the other end by a connection with
translation blocked on the Y and Z axis and rotation blocked along X axis. The beam is subjected to a -10kN/m
uniform linear force applied along the beam gravitational along the Z local axis, and a 10kN/m uniform linear force
applied along the beam on the Y axis. Both forces are considered live loads. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = -10kN/m, Q2 = 10kN/m,

Units
Metric System
347
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at end point (x = 5.00) restrained in translation and rotation along Y, Z axis and rotation
blocked along X axis.
Inner: None.

In this case, the beam is subjected to linear uniform equal loads, one vertical and one horizontal, therefore the
stresses distribution on the most stressed point (the column base) is like in the picture below:
Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the web class.
348
349
Therefore:
This means that the beam web is Class 1.

According to Table 5.2 and the beam section geometrical properties, the next conclusions can be found:
350
Therefore:
This means that the beam left top flanges are Class 1.
Overall the beam top flange cross-section class is Class 1.
In the same way will be determined that the beam bottom flange cross-section class is also Class 1
13.60.2.3Reference results for calculating the combined biaxial bending
M Y , Ed
M z , Ed
+
1
M Ny , Rd
M Nz , Ed
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 6.2.9.1(5)
In which and are constants, which may conservatively be taken as unity, otherwise as follows:
For I and H sections:
=2
= max(n;1)
n=
0
N Ed
= 0 therefore = 1
=
N pl , Rd N pl , Rd
Bending around Y:
For cross-sections without bolts holes, the following approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H sections
and for welded I or H sections with equal flanges:
M Ny , Rd =
M pl , y , Rd * (1 n)
1 0.5 * a
but
M Ny , Rd M ply , Rd
n=
a=
0
N Ed
=
=0
N pl , Rd N pl , Rd
(A 2*b *tf )
M N , y , Rd =
(53.81 * 104 2 * 0.15 * 0.0107)

=
= 0.403 0.5
53.81 * 10 4
M pl , y , Rd
(1 0.5 * 0.403)
M pl , y , Rd
0.8
0.8 * M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd M N , y , Rd > M pl , y , Rd
but
M Ny , Rd M ply , Rd
351
Therefore, it will be considered:
Bending around Y:
For cross-sections without bolts holes, the following approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H sections
and for welded I or H sections with equal flanges:
M Nz , Rd =
M pl , z , Rd * (1 n)
1 0.5 * a
but
M Nz , Rd M plz , Rd
0.8 * M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd M N , z , Rd > M pl , z , Rd
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd =
wpl , z * f y
M0
but
M Nz , Rd M plz , Rd therefore it will be considered:
125.20 * 106 * 235

=
= 0.030MNm
1
In conclusion:
M Y , Ed
M Ny , Rd
M z , Ed
+
M Nz , Ed
2
1
0.03125
0.03125
=
+
0.148
0.029375 = 1.1086 > 1
The coresponding work ratio is:

WR = 1.1086 x 100 = 110.86 %

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio oblique bending
Beam subjected to combined bending
Work ratio Oblique [%]
352
Result name
Combined
bending
oblique
Result description
Reference value
Combined oblique bending [%]
110.86 %
Result name
Work
ratio
Oblique
Result description
Work ratio-Oblique
Value
110.691 %
Error
-0.2784 %
353
13.61 EC3 Test 1: Class section classification and compression verification of an IPE300 column
Test ID: 5383
Test status: Passed
13.61.1Description
On top, the column is subjected to a 100 kN force applied gravitationally, defined as a live load.
13.61.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. On top, the column is subjected to a 100kN force applied
gravitationally, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = -100kN,

Units
Metric System
354
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.

In this case, the column is subjected only to compression, therefore the distribution of stresses along the section is
like in the picture below:
To determine the web class, we use Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2
355
=1
Therefore:

To determine the flanges class, we will use Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2
356
c 56.45mm
=
= 5.276
t 10.7 mm
=1
Therefore:
c 56.45mm
=
= 5.276 9 * = 9
t 10.7 mm
this means that the column flanges are Class 1.
357
13.61.2.3Reference results in calculating the compressive resistance Nc,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section force Nc,Rd shall be determined as follows:
For Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-section
N c , Rd =
A* fy
M0
Where:
A
section area A=53.81cm2
Fy

Therefore:
N c , Rd =
A* fy
M0
53.81 * 104 * 235

=
= 1.264535MN = 1264.54kN
1
358

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Compressive resistance work ratio
Column subjected to compressive load
Work ratio [%]
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Work ratio
Compressive resistance work ratio [%]
8%
Result name
Work ratio - Fx
Result description
Work ratio Fx
Value
7.90805 %
Error
-1.1494 %
359
13.62 EC3 Test 5: Class section classification and combined axial force with bending moment
verification of an IPE300 column
Test ID: 5421
Test status: Passed
13.62.1Description
The column is subjected to a 500 kN compressive force applied on top and a 5 kN/m uniform linear load applied on
all the length of the column, on the web direction, both defined as live loads.
13.62.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. The column is subjected to a 500kN compressive force
applied on top and a 5kN/m uniform linear load applied for all the length of the column, on the web direction, both
defined as live loads. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q1 = 500kN, Q2 = 5kN/m,

Units
Metric System
360
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.

In this case the column is subjected to compression and lateral load, therefore the stresses distribution on the most
stressed point (the column base) is like in the picture below.
Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2 determines the web class.
361
= 2
N Ed
0.500
1 = 2
1 = 0.21 > 1
A f y
0.005381 235
0.5
Ed
= 1 +
= 1 +
= 1.10 > 0.5
2
f y t d 2 235 0.2486 0.0071
362
Therefore:
42
42 * 1
=
= 69.92
0.67 + 0.33 0.67 + 0.33 * (0.21)
Therefore:
c
42
= 35.014
= 69.92
t
0.67 + 0.33
363
Therefore:

Cross sections for class 3, the maximum longitudinal stress should check:

In this case:
In absence of shear force, for Class 3 cross-sections the maximum longitudinal stress shall satisfy the criterion:

This means:
The corresponding work ratio is: WR = 0.8728 x 100 = 87.28 %

364

6 nodes,
1 linear element.

Work ratio bending and axial compression
Column subjected to bending and axial compression
Work ratio Oblique [%]
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Bending and axial

compression
Work ratio oblique [%]
87.28 %
Result name
Work
ratio
Oblique
Result description
Work ratio- Oblique
Value
87.2799 %
Error
0.3217 %
365
13.63 EC3 Test 3: Class section classification, shear and bending moment verification of an IPE300
column
Test ID: 5411
Test status: Passed
13.63.1Description
In the middle, the column is subjected to a 200 kN force applied on the web direction, defined as a live load.
13.63.2Background
the ground by a fixed connection and is free on the top part. In the middle, the column is subjected to a 200kN force
applied on the web direction, defined as a live load. The dead load will be neglected.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = -200kN,

Units
Metric System
366
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Inner: None.

In case the column is subjected to a lateral load, the stresses distribution on the most stressed point (the column
base) is like in the picture below:
367
To determine the web class, we will use Table 5.2 sheet 1, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2.
368
Therefore:

To determine the flanges class it will be used the Table 5.2, sheet 2, from EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter
5.5.2.
369
Therefore:

According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 5.5.2(6).
13.63.2.3Reference results in calculating the shear resistance Vpl,Rd

The design resistance of the cross-section Vpl,Rd , is determined as follows:
V pl , Rd =
Av *
fy
M0
3
Where:
Av section shear area for rolled profiles
A
cross-section area A=53.81cm2
overall breadth b=150mm
overall depth h=300mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f
hw depth of the web hw=248.6mm

r
root radius r=15mm
tf
flange thickness tf=10.7mm
tw
web thickness tw=7.1mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f = 53.81 2 * 15 * 17 + (0.71 + 2 * 1.5) * 1.07 = 25.68cm 2

fy

Therefore:
V pl , Rd =
370
Av *
fy
M0
3 =
25.68 * 104 *
1
235
3 = 0.3484MN = 348.42kN
13.63.2.4Reference results in calculating the bending moment resistance
VEd
200
=
= 57.4% > 50%
V pl , Rd 348.42
The shear force is greater than half of the plastic shear resistance. Its effect on the moment resistance must be taken
into account.
According to: EC3 Part 1,1 EN 1993-1-1-2001 Chapter 6.2.8(1)(2)
Where:
2VEd
2 * 0.200 2
=
1 =
1 = 0.0223
pl , Rd
0.348
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f
Av section shear area for rolled profiles
A cross-section area A=53.81cm2
b
overall breadth b=150mm
overall depth h=300mm
hw depth of the web hw=248.6mm

r
root radius r=15mm
tf
flange thickness tf=10.7mm
tw web thickness tw=7.1mm
Av = A 2 * b * t f + (t w + 2 * r ) * t f = 53.81 2 * 15 * 17 + (0.71 + 2 * 1.5) * 1.07 = 25.68cm 2

fy

Therefore:
M y ,V , Rd
* Av
0.0223 * (25.68 * 104 )
w pl
* f y 628.40 * 10 6
* 235
4t w
4 * 0.0071
=
=
= 0.146 MNm
M0
1
M Ed = 2.5m * 200kN = 500kNm = 0.5MNm
M Ed
0.500
=
= 342%
M y ,V , Rd 0.146
371

7 nodes,
1 linear element.

Shear z direction work ratio
Shear z direction work ratio
Work ratio - Fz
372

Result name
Result description
Reference value
Shear z
work ratio
direction
Work ratio - Fz
57 %
Combined
bending
oblique
341 %
Result name
Work ratio - Fz
Work
ratio
Oblique
Result description
Work ratio Fz
-
Value
57.4021 %
Error
0.7054 %
341.348 %
0.1021 %
373
14 Timber design
14.1 EC5: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to oblique bending

Test ID: 4878
Test status: Passed
14.1.1 Description
Verifies a rectangular timber purlin made from solid timber C24 to resist oblique bending. The verification is made
following the rules from Eurocode 5 French annex.
14.1.2 Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 subjected to oblique bending. The
verification of the bending stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test E.3;
Element type: linear;
Distance between adjacent purlins (span): d = 1.8 m.

Loadings from the structure: G = 550 N/m2;
Snow load (structure is located at an altitude < 1000m above sea level): S = 900 N/m2;
2
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 2092.5 N/m ;
All loads will be projected on the purlin direction since the roof slope is 17.
Simply supported purlin subjected to loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Purlin cross section characteristics:
376
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.10 m,
Length: L = 3.5 m,
2
Section area: A = 0.02 m ,
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, y:
Wy =
b h 2 0.1 0.20 2
=
= 0.000666m 3 ,
6
6
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, z:
Wz =
b 2 h 0.12 0.20
=
= 0.000333m 3 .
6
6
Rectangular solid timber C24 is used. The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
Characteristic bending strength: fm,k = 24 x 106 Pa,

Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z;

Support at end point (z = 3.5) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Inner: None.
Loading
The purlin is subjected to the following projected loadings (at ultimate limit state):
External:
2
Uniformly distributed load (component about y axis): qy = Cmax x d x sin17 = 2092.5 N/m x 1.8 m x sin17 =
1101.22 N/m,
2
Uniformly distributed load (component about z axis): qz = Cmax x d x cos17 = 2092.5 N/m x 1.8 m x cos17 =
3601.92 N/m,
Internal: None.
14.1.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber purlin subjected to oblique bending

In order to verify the timber purlin subjected to oblique bending at ultimate limit state, the formulae (6.17) and (6.18)
from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, M, kh, ksys,
km, have to be determined. After this, the reference solution (which includes the design bending stress about y axis,
the design bending stress about z axis and the maximum work ratio for strength verification) is calculated.
Reference solution for ultimate limit state verification
Before calculating the reference solution (design bending stress about y axis, design bending stress about z axis and
maximum work ratio for strength verification) it is necessary to determine some parameters involved in calculations
(kmod, M, kh, ksys, km).
Modification factor for duration of load (short term) and moisture content:
kmod = 0.9 (according to table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1)
Partial factor for material properties:

M = 1.3
Depth factor (the height of the cross section in bending is bigger than 150 mm):
kh = 1.0
System strength factor:

ksys = 1.0 (because several equally spaced similar members are subjected by an uniformly distributed load)
Factor considering re-distribution of bending stresses in a cross-section (for rectangular sections):

km = 0.7
Design bending stress about y axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qz):
m,y,d =
My
q L2
= z
=
8 Wy
Wy
N
3.5 2 m 2
m
= 8.2814 10 6 Pa
3
8 0.000666m
3601.92
Design bending stress about z axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qy):
m,z,d =
N
2
1101.22 3.5 2 m 2
M z qy L
m
=
=
= 5.0638 10 6 Pa
3
Wz
8 Wz
8 0.000333m
377
Design bending strength:

fm,y,d = fm,z,d =
f m ,k
k mod
k sys k h = 24 10 6
0.9
1.0 1.0 = 16.615 10 6 Pa
1.3
Maximum work ratio for strength verification; it represents the maximum value between the work ratios
obtained with formulae 6.17 and 6.18 from EN 1995-1-1 norm:
m , y , d
+ k m m , z ,d
f m , z ,d
f m , y ,d
max
1
k m , y , d + m , z , d
m f m , y ,d f m , z ,d

5 nodes,
1 linear element.
Stress SMy diagram

Simply supported purlin subjected to uniformly distributed load, qz
Stress SMy [Pa]
Stress SMz diagram

Simply supported purlin subjected to uniformly distributed load, qz
Stress SMz [Pa]
Maximum work ratio for strength verification

Strength of a simply supported purlin subjected to oblique bending
Work ratio [%]
378
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Smy
Design bending stress about y axis [Pa]
8281441 Pa
SMz
Design bending stress about z axis [Pa]
5063793 Pa
Work ratio
Maximum work ratio for strength verification [%]
71.2 %
14.1.3 Calculated results

Result name
Stress SMy
Result description
Design bending stress about y axis
Value
8.47672e+006 Pa
Error
0.0000 %
Stress SMz
Design bending stress about z axis
5.18319e+006 Pa
0.0000 %
Work ratio
Maximum work ratio for strength verification
71.153 %
0.0000 %
379
14.2 EC5: Verifying the residual section of a timber column exposed to fire for 60 minutes
Test ID: 4896
Test status: Passed
14.2.1 Description
Verifies the residual cross section of a column exposed to fire for 60 minutes. The column is made from glued
laminated timber GL24 and it has only 3 faces exposed to fire. The verification is made according to chapter 4.2.2
(Reduced cross section method) from EN 1995-1-2 norm.
14.2.2 Background
Verifies the adequacy of the cross sectional resistance for a rectangular cross section, which is made from glued
laminated timber GL24, exposed to fire for 60 minutes on 3 faces. The verification is made according to chapter 4.2.2
from EN 1995-1-2 norm.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test F.1;

Timber column with fixed base
Units
Metric System
Geometry
380
Depth: h = 0.60 m,
Width: b = 0.20 m,
Section area: A = 0.12 m2
Height: H = 5.00 m
Glued laminated timber GL24 is used. The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
Density: = 380 kg/m3,
Design charring rate: n = 0.7 x 10-3 m/min,
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Fixed at base (Z = 0),

Support at top (Z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X and Y,
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at Z = 5.00: Fz = N = - 100000 N,

Internal: None.
14.2.2.2Reference results in calculating the cross sectional resistance of a timber column exposed to
fire
Reference solution
The reference solution (residual cross section) is determined by reducing the initial cross section dimensions by the
effective charring depth according to chapter 4.2.2 from EN 1995-1-2. Before calculating the effective charring depth
we need to determine some parameters involved in calculations (dchar,n, k0, d0).
Depth of layer with assumed zero strength and stiffness: d0 = 7 x 10-3 m;

Coefficient depending of fire resistance time and also depending if the members are protected or not:
k0 = 1.0 (according to table 4.1 from EN 1995-1-2)
Notional design charring depth:

dchar,n = n t = 0.7 10 3
m
60 min = 0.042m (according to relation 3.2 from EN 1995-1-2)
min
Effective charring depth:

def = dchar,n + k 0 d 0
Residual cross section:

Afi = (h def ) (b 2 def )

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
381
Residual cross section

Column with fixed base exposed to fire for 60 minutes
Afi
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Afi
Residual cross section [m2]
0.056202 m2

Result name
Afi
382
Result description
Value
0.056202 m
Error
0.0000 %
14.3 EC5: Verifying the fire resistance of a timber purlin subjected to simple bending
Test ID: 4901
Test status: Passed
14.3.1 Description
Verifies the fire resistance of a rectangular cross section purlin made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending.
The purlin is exposed to fire on 3 faces for 30 minutes. The verification is made according to chapter 4.2.2 (Reduced
cross section method) from EN 1995-1-2 norm.
14.3.2 Background
Verifies the adequacy of the fire resistance for a rectangular cross section purlin made from solid timber C24 to resist
simple bending. The purlin is exposed to fire on 3 faces for 30 minutes (the top of the purlin is not exposed to fire).
Verification of the bending stresses corresponding to frequent combination of actions is realized.
Chapter 1.1.1.3 presents the results obtained with the theoretical background explained at chapter 1.1.1.2.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test F.2;

Loadings from the structure: G = 500 N/m2,
Snow load: S = 700 N/m2,
2
Frequent combination of actions: CFQ = 1.0 x G + 0.5 x S = 850 N/m
Purlin with 3 supports
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.075 m,
Length: L = 3.30 m,
Distance between adjacent purlins (span): d = 1.5 m,
-3
2
Section area: A = 15.0 x 10 m ,
383
Rectangular solid timber C24 is used.The following characteristics are used in relation to this material:
Characteristic compressive strength along the grain: fc,0,k = 21 x 106 Pa,

6
Density: = 350 kg/m3,
Design charring rate (softwood): n = 0.8 x 10-3 m/min,

Service class 1.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (X = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,

Support at middle point (X = 3.30) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Support at end point (X = 6.60) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z and restrained in rotation along
X.
Inner: None.
Loading
External:
2
Uniformly distributed load: q = CFQ x d = 850 N/m x 1.5 m = 1275 N/m,
Internal: None.
14.3.2.2Reference results in calculating the fire resistance of a timber purlin subjected to simple
bending
In order to verify the fire resistance for a timber purlin subjected to simple bending it is necessary to determine the
residual cross section. After this, the formulae (6.17) and (6.18) from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them,
some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod,fi, M,fi, kfi, km, have to be determined.
The residual cross section is determined by reducing the initial cross section dimensions by the effective charring
depth according to chapter 4.2.2 from EN 1995-1-2. Before calculating the effective charring depth we need to
determine some parameters involved in calculations (dchar,n, k0, d0).
Depth of layer with assumed zero strength and stiffness: d0 = 7 x 10-3 m;

Coefficient depending of fire resistance time and also depending if the members are protected or not:
k0 = 1.0 (according to table 4.1 from EN 1995-1-2)
Notional design charring depth:

dchar,n =
d char ,n + k 0 d 0
Residual cross section:

Afi =
384
m
30 min = 0.024m
min
Effective charring depth:

def =
n t = 0.8 10 3
hef bef = (h d ef ) (b 2 d ef )
(according to relation 3.2 from EN 1995-1-2)
Reference solution for frequent combination of actions

Before calculating the reference solution (maximum work ratio for fire verification based on formulae (6.17) and (6.18)
from EN 1995-1-1 norm) it is necessary to determine the design bending stress (taking into account the residual
cross section), the design bending strength and some parameters involved in calculations (kmod,fi, M,fi, kfi).
Modification factor in case of a verification done with residual section:

kmod,fi = 1.0 (according to paragraph 5 from chapter 4.2.2 from EN 1995-1-2)
Partial safety factor for timber in fire situations:

M,fi = 1.0
Factor kfi, taken from table 2.1 (EN 1995-1-2):

kfi = 1.25 (for solid timber)
Factor considering re-distribution of bending stresses in a cross-section (for rectangular sections) according
to paragraph 2 from chapter 6.1.6 (EN 1995-1-1):
km = 0.7
Design bending stress (taking into account the residual cross section):
m,d =
My
Wy
6 M y
bef hef
The picture below shows the bending moment diagram (kNm). My from the above formula represents the
maximum bending moment achieved from frequent combination of actions.
Design bending strength (for fire situation):

fm,d,fi =
f m ,d
M , fi
= 1.25 24 10 6
1 .0
= 30 10 6 Pa
1 .0
1 .0
Work ratio according to formulae 6.18 from EN 1995-1-1 norm (considering that the axial effort, as well as the
bending moment about z axis, are null):
km
k mod, fi
Work ratio according to formulae 6.17 from EN 1995-1-1 norm (considering that the axial effort, as well as the
bending moment about z axis, are null):
m ,d
k fi f m ,k
m ,d
f m ,d
1.0
Maximum work ratio for bending verification for fire situation:
WR = max m ,d ; k m m ,d
f m ,d
f m ,d
100 = m ,d 100
f m ,d

8 nodes,
1 linear element.
385
Residual cross-section area

Simply supported beam subjected to bending (fire situation)
Residual area [m2]
Design bending stress taking into account the residual cross-section

Design bending stress for residual cross-section [Pa]
Maximum work ratio for bending verification (fire situation)

Work ratio [%]
386
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Afi
Residual area [m ]
0.002197 m2
Stress
Design bending stress for residual cross-section [Pa]
27568524 Pa
Work ratio
Maximum work ratio for fire verification [%]
91.9 %

Result name
Afi
Result description
Residual area
Value
0.002197 m
Error
0.0000 %
Stress
Design bending stress for residual cross-section
2.75626e+007 Pa
0.0000 %
Work ratio
Maximum work ratio for fire verification
91.8752 %
0.0000 %
387
14.4 EC5: Verifying lateral torsional stability of a timber beam subjected to combined bending and
axial compression
Test ID: 4877
Test status: Passed
14.4.1 Description
Verifies the lateral torsional stability for a rectangular timber beam subjected to combined bending and axial
compression. The verification is made following the rules from Eurocode 5 French annex.
14.4.2 Background
Verifies the lateral torsional stability of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 subjected to simple
bending (about the strong axis) and axial compression.
Distance between adjacent rafters (span): d = 0.5 m.

Loadings from the structure: G = 450 N/m2;
2
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 1957.5 N/m ;
All loads will be projected on the rafter direction, since its slope is 50% (26.6).
Simply supported rafter subjected to projected loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
388
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.05 m,
Length: L = 5.00 m,
-3
2
Section area: A = 10 x 10 m ,
b h 2 0.05 0.20 2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, y: W y =
=
= 0.000333m 3 .
6
6

6
10
Longitudinal elastic modulus: E = 1.1 x 10 Pa,
10
Fifth percentile value of the modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain: E0,05 = 0.74 x 10 Pa,
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z.
Inner: None.
Loading
The rafter is subjected to the following projected loadings (at ultimate limit state):
External:
2
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d x cos26.6 = 1957.5 N/m x 0.5 m x cos26.6 = 875.15 N/m,
2
Compressive load component: N = Cmax x d x sin26.6 x L = 1957.5 N/m x 0.5m x sin26.6 x 5.00m =
= 2191.22 N
Internal: None.
14.4.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to combined stresses

In order to verify the lateral torsional stability of a timber beam subjected to combined stresses at ultimate limit state,
the formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1 norm is used. Before applying this formula we need to determine some
parameters involved in calculations like: slenderness ratios, relative slenderness ratios, instability factors. After this,
we calculate the reference solution which includes: the design compressive stress, the design bending stress and the
work ratio based on formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1.
Slenderness ratios
In professional practice the slenderness ratio is limited to 120. The slenderness ratios corresponding to bending
about y and z axes are determined as follows:
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z axis:
z = 12
m lg
lc
1 5m
= 12
= 12
= 346.4
b
b
0.05m
It is necessary to reduce the buckling length about the z axis, because z exceeded the value 120. A restraint
is placed in each tierce of the rafter, so that the slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z axis
become:
z = 12
m lg
lc
1 1.667m
= 12
= 12
= 115.5 < 120
b
b
0.05m
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
y = 12
m lg
lc
1 5m
= 12
= 12
= 86.6
h
h
0.2m
389
Relative slenderness ratios

The relative slenderness ratios are:
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z axis:
rel , z =
E0,05
115.5
2110 6 Pa
= 1.958
0.74 1010 Pa
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
rel , y =
f c , 0,k
f c , 0 ,k
E0,05
86.6
21 10 6 Pa
= 1.468
0.74 1010 Pa
Maximum relative slenderness ratio:
rel ,max = max(rel , z , rel , y ) = 1.958
So there is a risk of buckling because rel,max 0.3.

Relative slenderness for bending
The effective length of the beam and the critical bending stress must be determined before calculating the relative
slenderness for bending.
Effective length of the beam; its calculation is made according to table 6.1 from EN 1995-1-1 and it is based
on the loading type and support conditions. The effective length is increased by 2h because the load is
applied at the compressed fiber of the beam:
leff = 0.9 l + 2 h = 0.9 5.0m + 2 0.2m = 4.9m
Critical bending stress (determined according to formula 6.32 from EN 1995-1-1):

m,y,crit =
0.78 b 2 E0.05 0.78 0.052 m 2 0.74 1010 Pa

=
= 14.724 106 Pa
h lef
0.2m 4.9m
Relative slenderness for bending (determined according to formula 6.30 from EN 1995-1-1):
rel,m =
f m ,k
m,crit
24 106 Pa
= 1.277
14.724 106 Pa
Instability factors
In order to determine the instability factors we need to determine the c factor. It is a factor for solid timber members
within the straightness limits defined in Section 10 from EN 1995-1-1:
c = 0.2 (according to relation 6.29 from EN 1995-1-1)
The instability factors are:
kz = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,z 0.3) + rel,z2] (according to relation 6.28 from EN 1995-1-1)
ky = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,y 0.3) + rel,y2] (according to relation 6.27 from EN 1995-1-1)
kc,z =
kc, y =
390
1
k z + k z2 2rel , z
1
k y + k y2 2rel , y

Before calculating the reference solution (the design compressive stress, the design bending stress and the work
ratio based on formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1) it is necessary to determine some parameters involved in
calculations (kmod, M, kh, ksys, km, kcrit).

M = 1.3
kh = 1.0

Factor which takes into account the reduced bending strength due to lateral buckling:
Kcrit = 1.56 0.75rel,m (because 0.75 < rel,m < 1.4)
Design compressive stress (induced by the compressive component, N):

c,d =
Design compressive strength:

fc,0,d =
k mod
= 2110 6
0.9
= 14.538 10 6 Pa
1.3
My
Wy
q L
=
8 Wy
N
5.00 2 m 2
m
= 8.213 10 6 Pa
3
8 0.000333m
875.15

fm,y,d =
f c , 0,k
Design bending stress (induced by uniformly distributed load, q):
m,d =
N
2191.22 N
=
= 219122 Pa
A 10 10 3 m 2
f m ,k
k mod
k sys k h = 24 10 6
0.9
1.0 1.0 = 16.615 10 6 Pa
1.3
Work ratio according to formula 6.35 from EN 1995-1-1 norm:
m ,d
k f
crit m, y ,d
c ,d
+
1
k
f
c
z
c
d
,
,
0
,

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
391
Stress SFx diagram

Simply supported rafter subjected to compressive component of the applied forces
Stress SFx [Pa]
Stress SMy diagram

Simply supported rafter subjected to uniformly distributed loads
Stress SMy [Pa]
Lateral-torsional stability work ratio

Stability of a simply supported rafter subjected to combined stresses
Work ratio [%]
Result name
Result description
Reference value
SFx
Design compressive stress [Pa]
219122 Pa
SMy
Design bending stress [Pa]
8212744 Pa
kcrit
Kcrit factor
0.602
Work ratio
Lateral-torsional stability work ratio [%]
76 %

Result name
Stress SFx
Stress SMy
Result description
Design compressive stress
Design bending stress
Value
219124 Pa
8.20519e+006 Pa
Error
0.0000 %
0.0000 %
Kcrit
kcrit factor
0.592598 adim
0.0000 %
Work ratio
Work ratio according to formula 6.35
0.759538 adim
0.0000 %
392
14.5 EC5: Shear verification for a simply supported timber beam

Test ID: 4822
Test status: Passed
14.5.1 Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section beam made from solid timber C24 to shear efforts. The verification of the shear
stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.
14.6 Modifying the "Design experts" properties for timber linear elements (TTAD #12259)
Test ID: 4509
Test status: Passed
14.6.1 Description
Defines the "Design experts" properties for a timber linear element, in a model created with a previous version of the
program.
14.7 Verifying the timber elements shape sheet (TTAD #12337)

Test ID: 4538
Test status: Passed
14.7.1 Description
Verifies the timber elements shape sheet.
14.8 Verifying the units display in the timber shape sheet (TTAD #12445)
Test ID: 4539
Test status: Passed
14.8.1 Description
Verifies the Afi units display in the timber shape sheet.
393
14.9 EC5: Verifying a timber beam subjected to simple bending

Test ID: 4682
Test status: Passed
14.9.1 Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section beam made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending. Verifies the bending
stresses at ultimate limit state, as well as the deflections at serviceability limit state.
14.9.2 Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending. Verification
of the bending stresses at ultimate limit state, as well as the verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state
are performed.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test C;

2
Loadings from the structure: G = 0.5 kN/m ,
2
Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = 1.5 kN/m ,
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x Q = 2.925 kN/m2
Characteristic combination of actions: CCQ = 1.0 x G + 1.0 x Q
Quasi-permanent combination of actions: CQP = 1.0 x G + 0.3 x Q
Units
Metric System
Geometry
394
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.075 m,
Length: L = 4.50 m,
Distance between adjacent beams (span): d = 0.5 m,
-3
2
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis y:
Wy =
b h 2 0.075 0.20 2
=
= 0.0005m 3
6
6

6
Service class 1.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,

Inner: None.
Loading
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d = 2.925 kN/m2 x 0.5 m = 1.4625 kN/m,
Internal: None.
14.9.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to uniformly distributed loads
In order to verify the timber beam bending stresses at ultimate limit state, the formulae (6.11) and (6.12) from EN
1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, M, kh, ksys, km, must
be calculated. After this, the reference solution, which includes the design bending stress about the principal y axis,
the design bending strength and the corresponding work ratios, is calculated.
A verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state is done. The verification is performed by comparing the
effective values with the limiting values for deflections specified in EN 1995-1-1 norm.
Before calculating the reference solution (design bending stress, design bending strength and work ratios) it is
necessary to determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M, kh, ksys, km).
Modification factor for duration of load (medium term) and moisture content:

M = 1.3
kh = 1.0


km = 0.7
Design bending stress (induced by the applied forces):

m,d =
My
Wy
6 q L2 6 1.4625 4.5 2
=
= 7.4039 10 6 Pa
8 b h2
8 0.075 0.2 2

fm,d =
f m ,k
k mod
k sys k h = 24 10 6
0.8
1.0 1.0 = 14.769 10 6 Pa
1.3
395
Work ratio according to formulae 6.11 from EN 1995-1-1 norm:
m ,d
f m ,d
1 .0
km
m ,d
f m ,d
1.0
Reference solution for serviceability limit state verification

The following limiting values for instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action), final deflection and net
deflection are considered:
winst (Q)
w fin
L
300
L
125
wnet , fin
L
200
For the analyzed beam, no pre-camber is considered (wc = 0). The effective values of deflections are the followings:
Instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action):
winst (Q) = 0.00749m winst (Q) =
Instantaneous deflection (calculated for a characteristic combination of actions - CCQ):
winst = d CQ = 0.00999m winst =
L
600.8
L
450.45
In order to determine the creep deflection (calculated for a quasi-permanent combination of actions - CQP), the
deformation factor (kdef) has to be chosen:
k def = 0.6
(calculated value for service class 1, according to table 3.2 from EN 1995-1-1)
wcreep = 0.6 d QP = 0.6 0.00475m = 0.00285m wcreep =
L
1578.95
Final deflection:
w fin = winst + wcreep = 0.00999m + 0.00285m = 0.01284m w fin =
Net deflection:
wnet , fin = w fin + wc = 0.01284m + 0m = 0.01284m wnet , fin =

396
L
350.47

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
L
350.47
Work ratio diagram

Simply supported beam subjected to bending
Strength work ratio
Result name
Result description
Reference value
m,d
Design bending stress [Pa]
7403906.25 Pa
Strength work ratio
Work ratio (6.11) [%]
50 %
winst (Q)
Deflection for a base variable action [m]
0.00749 m
dCQ
Deflection for a characteristic combination of actions [m]
0.00999 m
winst
Instantaneous deflection [m]
0.00999 m
kdef
Deformation coefficient
0.6
dQP
Deflection for a quasi-permanent combination of actions [m]
0.00475 m
wfin
Final deflection [m]
0.01284 m
wnet,fin
Net deflection [m]
0.01284 m

Result name
Stress
Result description
Design bending stress
Value
7.40391e+006
Pa
Error
0.0000 %
Work ratio
Work ratio (6.11)
50.1306 %
0.0000 %
Deflection for a base variable action
0.00749224 m
0.0000 %
Deflection for a characteristic combination of actions
0.00998966 m
0.0000 %
Winst
Instantaneous deflection
0.00998966 m
0.0000 %
Kdef
0.6 adim
0.0000 %
Deflection for a quasi-permanent combination of actions
0.00474509 m
0.0000 %
Wfin
Final deflection
0.0128367 m
0.0000 %
Wnet,fin
Net deflection
0.0128367 m
0.0000 %
397
14.10 EC5: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression
Test ID: 4879
Test status: Passed
14.10.1Description
Verifies the stability of a rectangular timber purlin made from solid timber C24 subjected to biaxial bending and axial
compression. The verification is made following the rules from Eurocode 5 French annex.
14.10.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 subjected to biaxial bending and
axial compression. The verification is made according to formulae (6.23) and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1 norm.
Distance between adjacent purlins (span): d = 1.8 m.

The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: CULS = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S + 0.9 x W;
2
Loadings from the structure: G = 550 N/m ;
Axial compression force due to wind effect on the supporting elements: W = 15000 N;
Uniformly distributed load corresponding to the ultimate limit state combination:
2
Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 2092.5 N/m .
All loads will be projected on the purlin direction since its slope is 30% (17).
Simply supported purlin subjected to loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
398
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.10 m,
Length: L = 3.50 m,
2
Section area: A = 0.02 m ,
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, y:
Wy =
b h 2 0.1 0.20 2
=
= 0.000666m 3 ,
6
6
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis, z:
Wz =
b 2 h 0.12 0.20
=
= 0.000333m 3 .
6
6
Rectangular solid timber C24 is used. The followings characteristics are used in relation to this material:

6
10
10
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z = 0) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z;

Support at end point (z = 3.50) restrained in translation along Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Inner: None.
Loading
The purlin is subjected to the following projected loadings (corresponding to the ultimate limit state combination):
External:
Axial compressive load: N =0.9 x W = 13500 N;
2
Uniformly distributed load (component about y axis): qy = Cmax x d x sin17 = 2092.5 N/m x 1.8 m x sin17 =
1101.22 N/m,
2
Uniformly distributed load (component about z axis): qz = Cmax x d x cos17 = 2092.5 N/m x 1.8 m x cos17 =
3601.92 N/m,
Internal: None.
14.10.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber purlin subjected to combined stresses

In order to verify the stability of a timber purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression at ultimate limit
state, the formulae (6.23) and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before applying these formulae we need to
determine some parameters involved in calculations like: slenderness ratios, relative slenderness ratios, instability
factors. After this, well calculate the maximum work ratio for stability verification, which represents in fact the
reference solution.
Slenderness ratios
The slenderness ratios corresponding to bending about y and z axes are determined as follows:
z = 12
m lg
lc
1 3.5m
= 12
= 12
= 121.24
0.1m
b
b
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
y = 12
m lg
lc
1 3.5m
= 12
= 12
= 60.62
h
h
0.2m
399

rel , z =
E0, 05
121.24
21 10 6 Pa
= 2.056
0.74 1010 Pa
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis:
rel , y =
f c , 0,k
f c , 0,k
E0,05
60.62
21 10 6 Pa
= 1.028
0.74 1010 Pa
Maximum relative slenderness ratio:
rel ,max = max(rel , z , rel , y ) = 2.056
So there is a risk of buckling because rel,max 0.3.

Instability factors
ky = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,y 0.3) + rel,y2] (according to relation 6.27 from EN 1995-1-1)
k c,z =
kc, y =
1
k z + k z2 2rel , z
1
k y + k y2 2rel , y

Before calculating the reference solution (the maximum work ratio for stability verification based on formulae (6.23)
and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1) it is necessary to determine the design compressive stress, the design compressive
strength, the design bending stress, the design bending strength and some parameters involved in calculations (kmod,
M, kh, ksys, km).
Design compressive stress (induced by the axial compressive load from the corresponding ULS combination,
N):
c,0,d =
Design bending stress about the y axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qz):
m,y,d =
My
Wy
qz L
=
8 Wy
N
3.50 2 m 2
m
= 8.2814 10 6 Pa
8 0.000666m 3
3601.92
Design bending stress about the z axis (induced by uniformly distributed load, qy):
m,z,d =
400
N 13500 N
=
= 675000 Pa
A 0.02m 2
N
2
1101.22 3.50 2 m 2
M z qy L
m
=
=
= 5.0638 10 6 Pa
Wz
8 Wz
8 0.000333m 3
Modification factor for duration of load (instantaneous action) and moisture content (service class 2):

M = 1.3
kh = 1.0


fc,0,d =
f c , 0,k
= 21 10 6
1. 1
= 17.769 10 6 Pa
1. 3

fm,y,d = fm,z,d =
k mod
f m ,k
k mod
k sys k h = 24 10 6
1.1
1.0 1.0 = 20.308 10 6 Pa
1.3
Maximum work ratio for stability verification based on formulae (6.23) and (6.24) from EN 1995-1-1:
m, y ,d
c , 0,d
+
+ k m m, z ,d
f m, y ,d
f m, z ,d
k c , y f c , 0,d
max
1
c , 0,d + k m , y ,d + m , z ,d
m
k c , z f c , 0,d
f m , y ,d
f m, z ,d

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
401
Instability factor, kcy

Simply supported purlin subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression
Kc,y
Instability factor, kcz

Kc,z
Maximum work ratio for stability verification

Work ratio [%]
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Kc,y
Instability factor, kc,y
0.67
Kc,z
Instability factor, kc,z
0.21
Work ratio
Maximum work ratio for stability verification [%]
71.1 %
Result name
Kc,y
Result description
Instability factor, kc,y
Value
0.665025 adim
Error
0.0000 %
Kc,z
Instability factor, kc,z
0.212166 adim
0.0000 %
Work ratio
Maximum work ratio for stability verification
70.6586 %
-0.6208 %
402
14.11 EC5: Verifying a timber column subjected to tensile forces

Test ID: 4693
Test status: Passed
14.11.1Description
Verifies the tensile resistance of a rectangular cross section column (fixed at base) made from solid timber C24.
14.11.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of the tension resistance for a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24. The
verification is made according to formula (6.1) from EN 1995-1-1 norm.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test A;

Column with fixed base
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.122 m,
Width: b = 0.036m,
Section area: A = 43.92 x 10-4 m2
-6
4
I = 5.4475 x 10 m .
403

6
Characteristic tensile strength along the grain: ft,0,k = 14 x 10 Pa,
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions:
Outer:
Fixed at base (z = 0),
Free at top (z = 5),
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at z = 5: Fz = N = 10000 N,

Internal: None.
14.11.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber column subjected to tension force

Reference solution
The reference solution is determined by formula (6.1) from EN 1995-1-1. Before applying this formula we need to
determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M, kh). After this, the design tensile stress, the design
tensile strength and the corresponding work ratio are calculated.
Modification factor for duration of load and moisture content: kmod = 0.9
Partial factor for material properties: M = 1.3

Depth factor (h represents the width, because the element is tensioned):
150 0.2
kh = min h
1.3
Design tensile stress (induced by the ultimate limit state force, N):
t,0,d =
Design tensile strength:

ft,0,d =
N
A
f t , 0,k
k mod
kh
Work ratio:
SFx =
t , 0,d
f t , 0,d
1.0
404

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Work ratio SFx diagram

Column with fixed base, subjected to tension force
Work ratio SFx
Result name
Result description
Reference value
t,0,d
Design tensile stress [Pa]
2276867.03 Pa
SFx
Work ratio [%]
18 %
Result name
Stress SFx
Work ratio
Result description
Design tensile stress
Work ratio
Value
2.27687e+006 Pa
18.0704 %
Error
0.0000 %
0.3911 %
405
14.12 EC5: Verifying a timber column subjected to compression forces

Test ID: 4823
Test status: Passed
14.12.1Description
Verifies the compressive resistance of a rectangular cross section column (hinged at base) made from solid timber
C18.
14.12.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of the compressive resistance for a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C18. The
verification is made according to formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1 norm.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test B;

Simply supported column
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Column cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.15 m,
Width: b = 0.10 m,
-3
2
Section area: A = 15.0 x 10 m
406
Service class 1.
Boundary conditions
The boundary conditions:
Outer:
Support at base (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,
Support at top (z = 3.2) restrained in translation along X, Y and restrained in rotation along Z.
Inner: None.
Loading
External: Point load at z = 3.2: Fz = N = -20000 N,

Internal: None.
14.12.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber column subjected to compression force

The formula (6.35) from EN 1995-1-1 is used in order to verify a timber column subjected to compression force.
Before applying this formula we need to determine some parameters involved in calculations, such as: slenderness
ratios, relative slenderness ratios, instability factors. After this, the reference solution is calculated. This includes: the
design compressive stress, the design compressive strength and the corresponding work ratio.
Slenderness ratios
The most important slenderness is calculated relative to the z axis, as it will be the axis of rotation if the column
buckles.
z = 12
m lg
lc
1 3.2m
= 12
= 12
= 110.85
b
b
0.1m
Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis (informative):
y = 12
m lg
lc
1 3.2m
= 12
= 12
= 73.9
h
h
0.15m

rel , z =
f c , 0,k
E0,05
m l g 12
f c , 0,k
E0,05
1 3.2m 12
0.1m
18 10 6 Pa
= 1.933
0.6 1010 Pa
Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y axis (informative):
rel , y =
f c , 0,k
E0,05
m l g 12
f c , 0,k
E0,05
1 3.2m 12
0.15m
18 10 6 Pa
= 1.288
0.6 1010 Pa
So there is a risk of buckling, because rel,max 0.3.

Instability factors
407
ky = 0.5 [1 + c (rel,y 0.3) + rel,y2] (informative)
k c,z =
kc, y =
1
k z + k z2 2rel , z
(informative)
k y + k y2 2rel , y
Reference solution
Before calculating the reference solution (design compressive stress, design compressive strength and work ratio) we
need to determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M).
Partial factor for material properties: M = 1.3

Design compressive stress (induced by the applied forces):
c,0,d =

fc,0,d =
N
A
f c , 0,k
k mod
Work ratio:
Work ratio =
c , 0,d
k c , z f c , 0,d
408

4 nodes,
1 linear element.
1.0
Work ratio diagram

Simply supported column subjected to compression force
Work ratio
Result name
Result description
Reference value
kc,z
Instability factor
0.2400246
kc,y
Instability factor (informative)
0.488869
c,0,d
Design compressive stress [Pa]
1333333 Pa
Work ratio
Work ratio [%]
50 %
Result name
Kc,z
Result description
Instability factor
Value
0.240107 adim
Error
0.0000 %
Kc,y
Instability factor
0.488612 adim
0.0000 %
Stress SFx
Design compressive stress
1.33333e+006 Pa
0.0000 %
Work ratio
Work ratio
50.1319 %
0.2638 %
409
14.13 EC5: Verifying a timber beam subjected to combined bending and axial tension
Test ID: 4872
Test status: Passed
14.13.1Description
Verifies a rectangular cross section rafter made from solid timber C24 to resist combined bending and axial tension.
The verification of the cross-section subjected to combined stresses at ultimate limit state, as well as the verification
of the deflections at serviceability limit state are performed.
14.13.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist simple bending and axial
tension. The verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state is also performed.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test E;
Distance between adjacent rafters (span): d = 0.5 m.

2
Loadings from the structure: G = 450 N/m ;
Snow load (structure is located at an altitude > 1000m above sea level): S = 900 N/m2;
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x S = 1957.5 N/m2;
Characteristic combination of actions: CCQ = 1.0 x G + 1.0 x S;
Quasi-permanent combination of actions: CQP = 1.0 x G + 0.2 x S.

All loads will be projected on the rafter direction since its slope is 50% (26.6).
Simply supported rafter subjected to projected loadings
Units
Metric System
Geometry
410
Height: h = 0.20 m,
Width: b = 0.05 m,
Length: L = 5.00 m,
-3
2
Section area: A = 10 x 10 m ,
Elastic section modulus about the strong axis y:
Wy =
b h 2 0.05 0.20 2
=
= 0.000333m 3 .
6
6
Characteristic tensile strength along the grain: ft,0,k = 14 x 106 Pa,

6
Service class 2.
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along Y, Z and restrained in rotation along X.
Support at end point (z = 5.00) restrained in translation along X, Y, Z.
Inner: None.
Loading
The rafter is subjected to the following projected loadings (at ultimate limit state):
External:
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d x cos26.6 = 1957.5 N/m2 x 0.5 m x cos26.6 = 875.15 N/m,
2
Tensile load component: N = Cmax x d x sin26.6 x L = 1957.5 N/m x 0.5m x sin26.6 x 5.00m =
= 2191.22 N
Internal: None.
14.13.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to combined stresses

In order to verify the timber beam subjected to combined stresses at ultimate limit state, the formulae (6.17) and
(6.18) from EN 1995-1-1 norm are used. Before using them, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, M,
kh, ksys, km, must be determined. After this the reference solution, which consists of the design tensile stress, the
design tensile strength and the corresponding work ratio and also the work ratios of the combined stresses, is
calculated.
A verification of the deflections at serviceability limit state is done. The verification is performed by comparing the
effective values with the limiting values for deflections specified in EN 1995-1-1 norm.
Before calculating the reference solution (the design tensile stress, the design tensile strength and the corresponding
work ratio, and also the work ratios of the combined stresses) it is necessary to determine some parameters involved
in calculations (kmod, M, kh, ksys, km).

M = 1.3
Depth factor (h represents the width in millimeters because the element is tensioned):
150 0.2
150 0.2
1.25
= min 50 = min
= 1.25
kh = min h
1.3
1.3
1.3


km = 0.7
Design tensile stress (induced by the ultimate limit state force, N):
t,0,d =
N
2191.22 N
=
= 219122 Pa
A 10 10 3 m 2
411
Design tensile strength:
t , 0,d
f t , 0,d
My
6 q L2
=
=
Wy 8 b h 2
N
5.00 2 m 2
m
= 8.2045 10 6 Pa
8 0.05m 0.2 2 m 2
6 875.15
f m ,k
k mod
k sys k h = 24 10 6
0.9
1.0 1.0 = 16.615 10 6 Pa
1.3
t , 0 ,d
f t , 0 ,d
1.0

fm,y,d =
0.9
1.25 = 12.115 10 6 Pa
1.3
Design bending stress (induced by the applied forces):
m,y,d =
k h = 14 10 6
Work ratio:
SFx =
k mod
f t , 0,k
ft,0,d =
m , y ,d
f m , y ,d
+ km
m , z ,d
f m , z ,d
t , 0 ,d
f t , 0 ,d
+ km
m , y ,d
f m , y ,d
m , z ,d
f m , z ,d
Reference solution for serviceability limit state verification

The following limiting values for instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action), final deflection and net
deflection are considered:
winst (Q)
w fin
L
300
L
125
wnet , fin
L
200
For the analyzed beam, no pre-camber is considered (wc = 0). The effective values of deflections are:
Instantaneous deflection (for a base variable action):
winst (Q) = 0.00914m winst (Q) =
Instantaneous deflection (calculated for a characteristic combination of actions - CCQ):
winst = d CQ = 0.01371m winst =
L
547.05
L
364.7
In order to determine the creep deflection (calculated for a quasi-permanent combination of actions - CQP), the
deformation factor (kdef) has to be chosen:
k def = 0.8
(value determined for service class 2, according to table 3.2 from EN 1995-1-1)
wcreep = 0.8 d QP = 0.8 0.0064m = 0.00512m wcreep =

412
L
976.6
Final deflection:
w fin = winst + wcreep = 0.01371m + 0.00512m = 0.01883m w fin =
L
265.5
Net deflection:
wnet , fin = w fin + wc = 0.01883m + 0m = 0.01883m wnet , fin =
L
265.5

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
SFx work ratio diagram

Simply supported beam subjected to tensile forces
Work ratio SFx
Strength work ratio diagram

Simply supported beam subjected to combined stresses
Strength work ratio
Instantaneous deflection winst(Q)

Simply supported beam subjected to snow loads
Instantaneous deflection winst(Q) [m]
Instantaneous deflection winst(CQ)

Simply supported beam subjected to a characteristic load combination of actions
Instantaneous deflection winst(CQ) [m]
413
Final deflection wfin

Simply supported beam subjected to characteristic load combination of actions
Net deflection wnet,fin

Simply supported beam subjected to characteristic load combination of actions
Result name
Result description
Reference value
SFx
SFx work ratio [%]
1.808 %
Strength work ratio
Work ratio (6.17) [%]
51.19 %
winst (Q)
Deflection for a base variable action [m]
0.00914 m
dCQ
Deflection for a characteristic combination of actions [m]
0.01371 m
winst
Instantaneous deflection [m]
0.01371 m
kdef
0.8
dQP
Deflection for a quasi-permanent combination of actions [m]
0.0064 m
wfin
Final deflection [m]
0.01883 m
wnet,fin
Net deflection [m]
0.01883 m
Result name
Work ratio SFx
Result description
SFx work ratio
Value
1.81483 %
Error
0.3778 %
Work ratio
Strength work ratio
51.1941 %
0.0000 %
w_inst(Q)
0.00914038 m
0.0000 %
deflection for a characteristic combination
0.0137106 m
0.0000 %
Winst
instantaneous deflection
0.0137105 m
0.0000 %
Kdef
deformation coefficient
0.8 adim
0.0000 %
deformation for a quasi-permanent combination
0.00639828 m
0.0000 %
Wfin
final deflection
0.0188291 m
0.0000 %
Wnet,fin
net final deflection
0.0188291 m
0.0000 %
414
14.14 EC5: Verifying a C24 timber beam subjected to shear force

Test ID: 5036
Test status: Passed
14.14.1Description
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist shear. The verification of
the shear stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.
14.14.2Background
Verifies the adequacy of a rectangular cross section made from solid timber C24 to resist shear. The verification of
the shear stresses at ultimate limit state is performed.
Reference: Guide de validation Eurocode 5, test D;

Loadings from the structure: G = 0.5 kN/m2,

Exploitation loadings (category A): Q = 1.5 kN/m2,
2
The ultimate limit state (ULS) combination is: Cmax = 1.35 x G + 1.5 x Q = 2.925 kN/m
Units
Metric System
Geometry
Beam cross section characteristics:
Height: h = 0.225 m,
Width: b = 0.075 m,
Length: L = 5.00 m,
Distance between adjacent beams (span): d = 0.5 m,
-3
2
Characteristic shear strength: fv,k = 2.5 x 106 Pa,

Service class 1.
415
Boundary conditions
Outer:
Support at start point (z=0) restrained in translation along X, Y and Z,

Inner: None.
Loading
External:
2
Uniformly distributed load: q = Cmax x d = 2.925 kN/m x 0.5 m = 1.4625 kN/m,
Internal: None.
14.14.2.2Reference results in calculating the timber beam subjected to uniformly distributed loads
In order to verify the timber beam shear stresses at ultimate limit state, the formula (6.13) from EN 1995-1-1 norm is
used. Before using it, some parameters involved in calculations, like kmod, kcr, M, kf, beff, heff, have to be determined.
After this the reference solution, which includes the design shear stress about the principal y axis, the design shear
strength and the corresponding work ratios, is calculated.
Before calculating the reference solution (design shear stress, design shear strength and work ratio) it is necessary to
determine some parameters involved in calculations (kmod, M, kcr, kf, beff, heff).

M = 1.3
Cracking factor, kcr :

kcr = 0.67 (for solid timber)
Factor depending on the shape of the cross section, kf:

kf = 3/2 (for a rectangular cross section)
Effective width, beff:

beff = kcr x b = 0.67 x 0.075m = 0.05025m
Effective height, heff:

heff = h = 0.225m
Design shear stress (induced by the applied forces):
d =
f v ,k
k mod
= 2.5 10 6 Pa
0.8
= 1.538 10 6 Pa
1.3
f v ,d
416
beff heff
3
3656.25 N
2
=
= 0.485075 10 6 Pa
0.05025m 0.225m
Design shear strength:

fv,d =
k f Fv ,d
1.0

6 nodes,
1 linear element.
Shear force, Fz, diagram

Shear force diagram [N]
Design shear stress diagram

Design shear stress [Pa]
Shear strength work ratio diagram

Work ratio S_d [%]
417
Result name
Result description
Reference value
Fz
Shear force [kN]
3.65625 kN
Stress S_d
Design shear stress [Pa]
485074.63 Pa
Work ratio S_d
Shear work ratio (6.13) [%]
32 %
Result name
Fz
Result description
Shear force
Value
-3.65625 kN
Error
0.0000 %
Stress S_d
Design shear stress
485075 Pa
0.0001 %
Working ratio S_d
Shear strength work ratio
31.5299 %
-1.4691 %
418
031516-0409-0622

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VALIDATION GUIDE

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

STEEL DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 9

Generating the shape sheet by system (TTAD #11471) ............................................................................. 10

Verifying shape sheet on S275 beam (TTAD #11731) ................................................................................ 10

Verifying the buckling coefficient Xy on a class 2 section ......................................................................... 12

EC3: Verifying the buckling length results (TTAD #11550)......................................................................333

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

TIMBER DESIGN ................................................................................................................. 375

EC5: Verifying a timber purlin subjected to oblique bending ..................................................................... 376

EC5: Verifying a timber beam subjected to simple bending ...................................................................... 394

EC5: Verifying a timber column subjected to tensile forces .................................................................... 403

EC5: Verifying a timber column subjected to compression forces........................................................... 406

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

13.2 Generating the shape sheet by system (TTAD #11471)

13.3 Verifying shape sheet on S275 beam (TTAD #11731)

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

13.12 Verifying the buckling coefficient Xy on a class 2 section

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

Reference: Guide devaluation Advance Design, EN 1993-1-1: 2001;

Analysis type: static linear (plane problem);

Element type: linear.

Exploitation loadings (category A), Q:

Cross section dimensions are in milimeters (mm).

Yield strength fy = 235 MPa,

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

External: Point load at Z = 5.0: N = Fz = -100 000 N,

13.13.2.2Reference results for calculating the cross section class

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

The section geometrical properties are described in the picture below:

c 600mm 19mm 2 24mm 2

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

c (220mm 12mm 24mm 2) / 2

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

13.13.2.3Reference results for calculating the compression resistance of the cross-section

(600mm 2 19mm 2 24mm ) / 12mm = 0.754

The reduction factor ()

Aeff = A (1 ) b t w = 15600 (1 0.939) (600 2 19 2 24)12 = 15223.75mm 2

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

Finite elements modeling

Linear element: S beam,

Finite elements results

Compression resistance work ratio [%]

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

Reference: Guide devaluation Advance Design, EN 1993-1-1: 2005;

Analysis type: static linear (plane problem);

Element type: linear.

Exploitation loadings (category A): Fz=--328000N N; My=50000Nm; Mx=10000Nm;

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE

Column length: L=5620mm

Cross section area:

Depth of the web:

Elastic modulus after the Y axis, Wel , y

Plastic modulus after the Y axis, Wy

Elastic modulus after the Z axis, Wel , z

Plastic modulus after the Z axis, W pl , z

Flexion inertia moment around the Y axis:

Flexion inertia moment around the Z axis: I z

Torsional moment of inertia: I t

Working inertial moment: I w

Yield strength fy = 275 MPa,

ADVANCE DESIGN VALIDATION GUIDE