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481
limited to two particles only. Given the proper
with cprresponding conditions of mass , shape
temperature
, and distribu"'
It is the cumulative
value of these
LVI.
Rectangular
Lord RAYLEIGH
Sec. R.
and the
, in some
small
the cylinders by
a.
The
material
interrupted medium for a current in any direction can be deduced from its conductivities in the three principal directions.
Author.
xi. p. 70 (1880).
ix. p. 641 (1880).
. Communicated by the
t Wied.
Ann.
t Wied.
Ann.
JJprq &yl
Sip-ce CQ1J,gnction
igp.on
pl!rall
".
- ""I'
13 parallel to
I;ig-. 1.
O't
o A
I0
(AI1'+Bl
cos
0+
(Asr +Bs1'
) cos
30+..
" (n
of
(2)
0=
o==!w.
At the hounding
metry with respect to
we have the conditions
where
surface
r=q"
V =V'
vdV' /dr=dVjd1'
the
conditions to the
term in COB
gives
(3)
(!;)
. '. '
y)
II'
uodn puedep mM
unooou OW! uaJI'B~ aq O~ S! se;).IOS JO rna SAS
eHug.u! eq qo!lI U! JaUUl1m eq~ UBq~ ueAm:
pUll)' O~ IeTI'BIt
Ef
AJ'BpUnoq . 1'Bln:6uupaJ 'B aAuq: O~ s. mpUHAO aq~ Aq pe!dnooo
S'B pBp.1U~BJ eq
u A rl1!~uB~od
eql.
(9)
nnse.r l'Bug.
O== f ij.!(;
+ IAFJ- or;
snq~ S!
eq; 'l
(v)
a.ug S! Iu.l~a~u! eq
JO ~Jtld S!q~
'Bq~ os
=1.p/AP
S09 (;-
SOO(I
eq~ O~ B
Y)=A
g +'Q
SOD V=
av puu
ao uo '
OXI
snq~ S! ay
eql. ' 0
ua.rJ:o 1'B
SS0.10'B
qS!l'BA q~oq
0~ eq1 s~uasaJdaJ
ilP
SOD .t=X'=
PU'B aoay
tv)
UP
A""
0=8p
up
ilP
p,1p,~a.1 eq A'B\l qouB puu ' s;wPU!IAO aq~ TI JOJ am'BS Bq~ AI!J'BS
"'saD
y 'r
tOJ'B ."
UInJp N
\1Qt
v uoan .t
tO ,1vZ;-l,fj1.V1af)
484
Lord Rayleigh
HIX.
For the
H,x and equated to
difference due to the sources upon the axes wil be equivalent
. Thus
(7)
=HIX .
included) is
Ao+AITCOS Of Asr
, if we subtract
H,x
s cos
30+,...;
-S
be expressed by
"" 1.
-1
,x
zy
s,x +
=B
(,x
we obtain ,
iy-E- i'T)-n
(,x
rising powers of
+5B
+3B
=1.2.
and so on ,
'T
=Bl
1 . 2 . 3 , 4, . 5 Ao =
If E,
'T;
(9)
'J,
+3.
1 ; 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 BI
(10)
6 + 3 . 4 . 5 , 6 . 7 Bo
8 + . . .
where
2,,
(g+i'T)-2n
(11)
of another shape
e, fl'to be square.
=va n'"
where
(12)
(13)
2'1Bl
IX 1. flVl
.I
l =
i!)
1-
IX
2'1Bl
IXf3H..
currents parallel to IX is
medium for
2'1B
(14)
aflH' .
and (12).
6 . . . .,
so that
(15)
(16)
IXfl( v'
4,
- jT
(17)
order,
multiples of
I l!
(18)
n =
where
= I
+im)-n
(19)
positive or negative ,
m=O , m!=0.
,m
The
are as
486
= (-
--- y=
" =
- --
=---. , .=(!(= -
--
.u_.-
tilL
Lord Rayleigh
odd value
;11
Again
l +im) -2n
1)n
is odd
Whenever
im'+m)= - 8
", or
' +m)1)"8
vanishes. Thus for
sqnare order
"i-
(20)
= 810 = 8
O. .
Ths argument does not, without I'ese\'vation , apply to 8
sUm is not convergent; and the symmetry
between
and
essential to the proof of evanescence , only
holds under the restriction that the infinite region over which
(.x+
JJ 1,21
= rr
y)2n
os
2n()r dr dO
md herein
-2n+2/( -2n+2)
-2n+l dr
:!u, y= :!v
where
are both
and
v/u=O.
vanishes by symmetry. We may therefore regard the summation as extending over the region bonnded externally by
:!v and internally by
iV=
:tv (fig. 2). 'Vhen
, the sum may be l"eplaced by the COl'esponding
:too
.'v=
is very great.
o I"
487
integral. Hence
d!Jdy
- 2
(21)
.x +
being ::
!J
being
and 00
is to be made infinite.
We have
+v
v (.x+iy)2
.x + it.
.x-
and
2v d!J
l! +
= 2 tan
00 ""2 tan -I
l=i11,
AccordiI gly
(22)
7T.
2-.
3 8'" 2
'"2
4 - --
'"8 -
1 '
'l
7Ta
., 8 8
VIX
= V
IX
7a
(23)
2 -
,"l 8S
and by (14)
Conductivity
If
=1- 27Ta
(24)
IX
the proportional
denote
cylinders
occupied by the
space
p=7Ta /1X2 ;
(25)
and
2p
ConductIvIty =
1-
(26)
2 2E 8 s8'l
4 -
im'1)=O,
sin
They are all included in the form
t:
s =
7T+zm7T
where
irn7T)
A 1-
1-
W17T
- '1
zm7T
tm'1
m7T
+ 27T
488
._--
Lord Rayleigh
--- -
-_.
- .
in which
A '=
-sin
im7r.
Thus
log 1cos
,-cot
im7r
sin E
+log
get
m7r
=log
1-
un7r
+ 7r
sin
== log
log
Zln7r
SIn
+log J1-
we
1-m7r
m7r+7r
1.
+ sin
1l
(im7r-7r):
im7r + 7r?
(im7r):
, 1
+ l.t J
(zm7r+7r)4 (
l(zm7r)4
H:6
+ 3S
m7r-7r
Z1n7r un7r+7r 6 +
6 +
By expanding the sines on t,he left and equating the correE, we find
sponding powers of
1 zm+
1 tm1 1
2 +
(1.m
un)
(zm
1)"
2 +...
zm+
27r
3.
1 27r
15 .
1)4
Z'n+
zm+
Sil
. 2'
zm7r
un7r
Sil
(27)
(28)
m7T
sm
SIn
zm7r
sm
. 7r
un7T
SIl
1)6
zm7r
. (29)
m=O
=O.
sponding to
m=O
When
1 7r
sin im7r
= 3"'
(im)2
1)2 + 22+
489
2)2
Hence
m",'"
2'7
m=l
in
-2im'7
+!r
(30)
2'7
- i si
m=1
2-6
im'7+sin
im'7t, .
(31)
m=oo
2'7
27 . 35
h\ sin- im'7
im'7+sin
We have seen
alr8ady that 8
im'7t. .
='7.
, and that
(32)
The
m=o:
(33)
m'7=
m=1
, We
find:
sin -4imlT.
im1!.
- sin
'00749767
'0000562150
1395
Sum
00751165
'0000562152
so that
='7 x -03235020. .
In the same way we may verify (33), and that (32)
If we introduce
(34)
get
= 1), we
non-conductive
1+p- '3058p
(35)
summation
there isa high degree of convergency.
with respect to
490
Lord Rayleigh
f A
receives the
for the moment regarded as constant
, instead of being concentrated at equidistant
x=m
, while
values
+'" dx
(x+iy)
Now, n being greater than 1 , the value of this integral is
zero, We see , then , that the finite value of the sum depends
entirely upon the discontinuity of its formation , and thus a
high degree of convergency
when
pected.
For
example , in (11)
' +im(3/a)a.+im(3)- =1X
leads , as
the summation with respect to
be given ,
If
7r
before , to
= sin2(im7Tf3/a.),
+irn(3/a-2
and thus
m=c.
. sin
=27T
(irn7T(3/IX)
m=l
+tW.
(36)
with respect to
13
be not equal to
, if we are content
identify
approximation.
The question of the values of the sums denoted by
2n
*
are of the form
the O- functiolls
(7T/2K),
2mK+ 2m iK'
'" Qa.yley
(.x)
,'v
7J) :: 21
lf'1
sin
IV- q9f4
sin 3.x
25/4
sin
(37)
(38)
5.x-
rrK' /K
were
the
result is
=1-
3KE-(2-
)K2
! (39)
and E are
usually so denoted.
form
71
Bl(.x)
are of the
(40)
so that
+i11
ofm
and
m=O
except
P)K L . (41)
integral
extended to all
=O.
2' If K'
+im
sinc.e
=21 2KE
k2=!,
and
= 71
in general t,
EK'
In proceeding
which an
This is
(.x)=Ale -lAB"
in which
.JA.x-Sl
A3
3T
A5:J A7
+S2
7T +
-Sa
51
(43)
B=
2fJ4
.J'
(42)
71 71
A=
So
=1X/3(a
6fJ4
Son + 1
'i '
t Cayley
=!.
492
Lord Rayleigh
).
= -
! + ' . , -----
while
IX
k'2
(3=
(45)
v(kk'
Thus
2(35
, s2
IX=O
AB=I/71
=(3,
and
(46)
(3=I/v2;
36(39
, S4
4 A
5" (47)
20 J
(m)
Hence
!1:
,,;2
. 0) (m)
10g
If
(48)
16. 35,
271
:ti\.,
, we have
(m)/x=
4-
2-
51 ,
271
(m+im
, 8
=71, 8
and thus
8A8
(49)
70.
in which
.3 .5
22 , 42 . 6
.3
K = 1 +
A =
' '2 +
?T
22 . 42
. 4 +
'8+...
= 1'18034,
spherical
expansions
V=Ao + (AIr + B
+(A +B" -n- )Y,,
(50)
(51)
Yl'r+... +
V=V'
vdV' /dn
493
And
dV/dn
we find
+v+
. In general
2n+I
8=n
the limitations to be
e:,
cos
scp
'=0
+K
sin
(52)
imposed upon
scp),
(53)
where
= sinBO cos,,-sO
1)
(2n
l)
(54)
cOSn-S- 20
n=O)
tJ
(parallel
tJz.
Further , no sines of
scp
=cos
=COS
O+H sin
0-.g- cos
- If
Y 5 = COS
cos
+ L sin
0 cos
(56)
2cp,
cos
+ ir cos
B (COS
O-t
cos
0)
2cp
cos
/3ry, V
, =0.
IXC-/3yV + 471B
(59)
We suppose , as before , that the system of obstacles , extended without limit in every direction , is yet infinitely more
than in the directions of /3 and ry.
extended in the direction of
Phil, Mag.
IX
1892. 2
Dec.
494
Lotd Rayleigh
Then ,
infinity
. ;a
, VI=
f3ry
f1-
IX L
471
lXf3rH
compound medium
IX is
471B
1lXf3ry
(60)
H.
acting as sources of potential. Thus , if we revert to rectangular coordinates and denote the coordinates of a point rela-.
, y, z and relatively to one of the Q' s by
tively to P by
, z we have
Ao+ (A
l'
H)x+Aa (J,
" x
in which
's
(61 )
=x-g, y
'T, z
=z-',
if
'T, s be the coordinates of Q referred to P. The left side
of (61) is thus the expansion of the right in ascending powers
did. v of
of x y, z. Accordingly, A - H is found by taking
member and then making x .y, z vanish, Iu
the right-hand
d ,,r- p
7- --'
d.'
in which
+ S2
=E2
that each
JI::
in Rectangular Orde1'
upon a Medium.
'7V
495.
fh=g/P.
Thus
d 0/
7J 1,
1"
(fh)
of
fh,
-3 P
In like manner
'7
tgp
5P
(fh)
and
d" x
dg"
= - 24
P-" P (fh).
H=(62)
In each of the quantities ,
the summation
is to be extended to all the points whose coordinates
are of
such as
the form
except 0
,
0
,
O.
If
we
take
IX=
1
,
and
denote
the
corresponding
sums by 8 , 8 , . . , . , these quantities wil be
purely numerical , and
-n(63)
obtain
2+v a3
+28
321-
2a
410
Ct
(64)
which with (60) gives the desired result for the conductivity
of the medium.
We now . proceed to the calculation of 8 , We have
3fh
2g2 -rl-
s2
clg
is to
:tv
?J
496
!;= :t
Lord Rayleigh
where
=::
::.
,\
as we
::v,
'I= ::v
Now when
may be
)agd'Id!;.
=- SSS
In this
00
+'l
a(j) dE=+u
-u
+'2
v d'I
2V
1= (V
+'l
) (2V
+'2i'
and finally
2d()
+u
-u (7,
+'2
(2V
+'2
0"; (2+tan
2ds
rl/ "'2
Jo ";(2-8
Thl:s
27T
(65)
= 3"
, If we neglect a
/lX
, and write
lZ.
47Ta
(66)
3(.
we have by
(1)0) for
the conductivity
(2+v)/(1-v)(2+v)j(1-v)+p
or in the particular case of
(67) *
(v=O)
non-conducting obstacles
(68)
. +2P ,
I have calculated an
314,
' Electricity,'
(~
Bq~ JO
(/. ---'
Fl
--
XI)
. ,
po!.wd aq~ qH
n'
UO!
'BJq!A JO smarqold
U!'BpBO O~ pa!TddB
AHA!Pl1P
1.1
1900,
1.1
9800, +
'1 ' I
'
I' '
I'
1.61:0,
1.600,
I: ' I '
I: ' I '
0'
ttIO, +
'1601.
1'(
1'900.
1090,
1:1
woo' +
9600, -
noo, -
9l.0.
1:171'0,
(69)
LL60'
I 'I '
I 'I '
96(H.
17601:,
T '0 '
0009, 1: +
S! nnSBJ aqJ:
uO!~'Bmums oq~ JO A~!nU!~UOOS!P aq~ uodn
os ' aJBqds
0 +
gO+gg=
puooas aq~ U! PU'B
~1 +gg+~g=
~SJ9 Bq~ ul ' uo!~!sodUiOO JO spuPI OM.~ S1uasaJdoJ 6
.10
U!q~!"'10 a!I
dldm'Bxa JOJ ' asuo aq~ U! uom~BdaJ S!ql. ' 81
rp!qM s u!od II'B JOJ ~l nsaJ aq~ su!u~uoo alq'B ~U!AI.OnOJ BqJ,
PloJOM.~ ' qS!Ul!A OM.
pUB ' PIOj-IlOJ S! UO!~!~BdeJ f)q~ ' qS!UUA sapm!p.IOOO BB.Iql Bq~
U! pa~uadaJ s! a1!ug
+ f,
30ft'BlnmJoJ
UlnJp&N v uodn .
L6v
u_-
498
Lord Rayleigh
of
(1+!p)j(l-
But this i.; not the only effect of the obstacles which we
considering the velocity of propagation. The potential energy also undergoes a change.
The space available for compression or rarefaction is now
(I-p) only instead of 1; and in this proportion is increased
the potential energy corresponding to a given accumulation
must take into account in
f-
l+p
that of
I+p,
1)/p=constant
(f-
(70)
but in the
303,
, i
499
approximate ratio
(u+ 1)/(u- 1) +p
(u+ 1)/(a-- 1)The effect of this is the same as if the density of
(71)
the whole
material com-
posing them resists compression m times as -much as the remainder of the medium , the volume
counts only as
p/m
and the whole space
p+p/m
(l-p+p/m).
(72)
we may
set m= 1 , and
u+ 1)/(u- 1) +p
P, -
(u+ 1)/(u-
(73)
1)-
1 1
constant, .
(74)
we obtain in
like manner (m = 1)
(2u+1)/(u- 1)+p
(75)
+l)/(u- l)-
2 -1 1
where
in terms of p,2
constant.
Tn
(76)
is a quadratic
(76),
If it be
500
Lord Rayleigh
------
."
' "(..
obstacles ,
we
= (l-
It wil be evident
that
'3058p
(77)
'3058
results such as these afford no
sponding properties of the components, Such theories reoccurs in the first power only, as
quire formulre in which
in (76),
wave- surface.
any cor-
present question ,
297), A
all
sity, "
in the,
gross
do
do
if!;
17
=m1
=m1
' U'
dt2
=m1
where
1;, 17, S are the displacements parallel to the axes
the compressibility, and
0:
o -
If X
, m,
Medium. 501
where
fLO
i(lx+n1y+y.
vt)
Thus
do/dtV
&c.
lB(lX+mfL+nv),
l(lX+mfL+nv),
mlm(lX+mfL+
mln(lX+mfL+
we get
on elimination of X :
fL
p m
if
, b,
+r?n
(78)
, b , c,
As an example :
parallel to
cylindrical ,
obstacles ,
broken. This
currents for the same total flux is the same as if there were
no obstacles, at least if we regard the wave- length as in-
finitely great * . And the potential energy of electric displacement is subject to the same mathematical laws as the
resistance of our compound eleeirical conductor, specific
inductive capacity in the one question corresponding to
= +
- = -,. -
. .
(79)
.1,
(80)
fk
I p
If the
65
obstacles be cylindrical ,
v+4/3P
10/3
the medium
thedirectiun
Huygens,
=1+(vgiving Newton
density.
(81)
l)p,
(26),
in which
= (1 +
v)/(l-
v),
&c. we get
(82)
fk
+ 1
(83)
+ 1
(79) to be more
approximately
bodies,
than
result,
f:!