Content

No. Content Page

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Result of Design
4. Cost Calculation
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. References
8. Appendices
Abstract
Structural analysis is a vital component in understanding the properties and
the behavior of an object when in static condition which loading may be applied.
Truss gantry crane is one of the examples for a structural analysis. Truss gantry
crane is used to lift heavy objects to move about at static position. To understand
how a truss gantry crane can withstand tremendous amount of load, truss analysis
need to be done in order to calculate the amount of external and internal force that is
reacting upon and in the truss. This is can only be done after the appropriate design
for the truss is chosen which may contain many type of truss design and variations.
Any constraints that have been set must be followed and adhered. After external
forces and internal forces have been determined using method of joints, cost
calculation for producing a truss gantry crane can be done. The cost has to be
justified with safety rectification which is very important in an accident prone working
environment. In a sustainable business model, everything must be cost effective and
can reduce the workload. Through this study of analysis, there are a lot of areas that
can be improved. Truss analysis has wide applications in engineering such that it
plays a vital role in building structures that have integrity in it.
Introduction
A truss is a structure that may consists of two-force or more-force members ,
where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a
single object. A two-force member is a structural component where force is only
applied to two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have
any shape connected in any stable configuration, trusses typically comprise five or
more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected
at joints. In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are
considered to act only at the joints and result in forces in the members which are
either tensile or compressive forces. For straight members, moments are explicitly
excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as
revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members.

Gantry cranes are a type of crane built atop a gantry, which is a structure
used to straddle an object or workspace. The terms gantry crane and overhead
crane (or bridge crane) are often used interchangeably, as both types of crane
straddle their workload. The usual distinction drawn between the two is that with
gantry cranes, the entire structure (including gantry) is usually wheeled (often on
rails). By contrast, the supporting structure of an overhead crane is fixed in location,
often in the form of the walls or ceiling of a building, to which is attached a movable
hoist running overhead along a rail or beam. Further confusing the issue is that
gantry cranes may also incorporate a movable beam-mounted hoist in addition to the
entire structure being wheeled, and some overhead cranes are suspended from a
freestanding gantry.

To understand how truss works, truss analysis needs to be done. Truss

analysis is a powerful tool that can help us understand how external forces may
affect the loads on a truss. It can also help us to comprehend how the internal forces
react within their members. There are two methods that are commonly used to
examine the truss analysis which are method of joints and method of sectioning.
Result of Design
Type of truss used is Warren truss consists of longitudinal members joined
only by angled cross-members, forming alternately inverted equilateral triangle-
shaped spaces along its length, ensuring that no individual strut, beam, or tie is
subject to bending or torsional straining force, but only to tension or compression.

The proposed design suggest that the configuration combines strength with
economy of materials and can therefore be relatively light. The gantry crane truss
design consist of several triangle with height of 0.75 m, width of 1 m and diagonal
length of 0.81 m. The trolley and the loads are allowed to move within the range 0.5
m < x < 9.5 m, which is very practical. When forces spread out, the load is focused
on the middle of the crane, pretty much all the forces are larger. The strength of each
member of the crane were calculated accordingly to prevent any damage during
handling the crane.

As for the driver cabin, it is placed 8 m measured from left beam because it
is a strategic point. The drive component was placed nearby the driver cabin, on
top of the crane, 9 m measured from left beam. It is crucial for the drive component
to be nearby the driver cabin because it is connected between each other. With total
length of 10 m, the proposed design is believed to be the most proper length to be
used in a scrap storage yard.
Final result for all members is listed below;

Member Force Magnitude (kN) Force Type

AA’ 36.72 C

AB 22.67 T

BA’ 0 -

B’C’ 0 -

BC 22.67 C

A’C 36.72 T

A’B’ 0 -

CB’ 0 -

CC’ 49.68 C

C’D 0 -

C’E 49.68 T

CD 30.67 C

C’D’ 0 -

DE 30.67 T

D’E 0 -

EE’ 49.68 C

D’E’ 0 -

EF 30.67 C

E’F 0 -

GE’ 49.68 T

E’F’ 0 -

GG’ 49.68 C

F’G 0 -

GH 30.67 C
FG 30.67 T

F’G’ 0 -

IG’ 49.68 T

G’H’ 0 -

HI 30.67 T

II’ 49.68 C

G’H 0 -

IJ 30.67 C

H’I’ 0 -

IH’ 50 T

I’J’ 0 -

KI’ 49.68 T

JK 30.67 T

JI’ 0 -

J’K 0 -

KK’ 49.68 C

KL 30.67 C

J’K’ 0 -

LK’ 0 -

MK’ 49.68 T

K’L’ 0 -

LM 30.67 T

MM’ 49.68 C

MN 30.67 C

L’M’ 0 -

OM’ 49.68 T
 M’N’ 0 -

N’O’ 0 -

OO’ 32.4 C

N’O 0 -

OP 20 T

PO’ 0 -

PQ 20 C

O’Q 32.4 C

P’O’ 13.33 T

Q’P’ 13.33 C

QP’ 10 C

QQ’ 21.6 T

Q’R 0 -

Q’R’ 13.33 C

QR 13.33 T

Q’S 21.6 C

R’S 20 C

R’S’ 21 C

SS’ 22.67 T

ST 22.67 C

RS 22.67 T

S’T 0 -

US’ 36.72 C

UT 22.67 T

*refer to the crane design for members’ annotation.

 Cost calculation
To calculate the cost to build a truss gantry crane, it is assumed that there are
nothing along the line of motion, and the trusses are connected to each other
through other components.

- Number of truss(es) = 2
- Length of compressive member = 16.41 meters
- Length of tensile member = 33.04 meters
- Total length of compressive member = 16.41 x 2 = 32.82 meters
- Total length of tensile member = 33.04 x 2 = 66.08 meters
- Height of crane = 10 meters
- Numbers of steel beams for struts = 4
- Total length for steel beams = 4 x 10 meters = 40 meters

No. Item Cost (RM) Quantity Total (RM)

1. 1. Compressive member 75/meter 32.82 2461.50

meters

2. 2. Tensile member 50/meter 66.08 3304

meters

3. 3. Joint welding 10/joint 80 joints 800

4. 4. Steel beam 50/meter 40 meter 2000

Discussion
Justification for design

The reasons for the usage of Warren Truss are :

- There is less material required for the construction of a Warren truss bridge.
- There is less blockage of view.
- The constituents of a Warren truss bridge can be assembled piece wise.

Safety Factors
Safety is a main issue. To justify this,

1) Structural design shall be in accordance with industry standards for material

selection, welding, allowable stresses, design limitations, framing, rails, wheels,
and other structural elements.
2) Operational life, crane service classification, load capability, and the desired
control characteristics with which the crane handles the load shall be addressed
for all designs.
3) Hooks shall meet the manufacturer’s recommendations, and shall not be
overloaded. Swiveling hooks should rotate 360 degrees on antifriction bearings
with means for lubrication.
4) Cranes that have the specified design features, maintenance/inspection, and test
intervals to lift critical loads shall be marked conspicuously so that the operator
and assurance personnel can distinguish that the crane is qualified for critical
lifts.
5) The rated load of all cranes shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane.
Conclusion
To conclude, in building a truss gantry crane, a suitable design must be first
chosen. Constraints must be followed and adhered. To calculate the external forces
that react upon the trusses, equation of equilibrium is used. Internal forces are
determined using truss analysis. To analyze all the members, method of joints is
used to ensure accurate calculations and minimizing any errors that may occurs.
Using the internal forces, an estimation for the cost can be made and safety
rectification can be made to ensure the safety of workers and public around them.
There still room for improvement for this design. In the near future, disadvantages for
the design can be overcome by solving the deflections for long members and
optimizing the repair cost for the Warren truss joints. While women in America were
fighting for the vote, they were doing so in outfits fit for revolutionaries. A dropped
waist and soft fabrics helped women focus less on their own physical discomfort and
more on what they were trying to achieve. They were granted the opportunity to
enjoy the same luxury as men: the luxury of comfort. Chanel’s refusal to conform
initiated a movement that would see generation after generation of women using
fashion as a way to express themselves, rather than attempting to fit themselves into
an unrealistic ideal. Knowledge for trigonometry, physics and static can be applied to
further reinforce the comprehension of how trusses works.
References
1) http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/doctree/canceled/1740_9.pdf
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_crane
4) Hibbeler, R., & Hibbeler, R. (1985). Mechanics for engineers. New York:
Macmillan ;
5) Williams, L. (2005). Cranes. Mankato, MN: Capstone Press.
6) Hibbeler, R. (1999). Structural analysis (4th ed.). Upper Saddler River, N.J.:
Prentice Hall.
APPENDICES