Baclayon Sustainable Devevelopment GB - Handbook - 04sep09

Philippine Copyright 2009
Manila Observatory
Ateneo de Manila University Campus
Loyola Heights, Katipunan Rd.
1101 Quezon City, MM
Philippines
Ayala Foundation Inc.
10th Floor, Ayala Wing
BPI Building
6768 Ayala Ave. cor. Paseo de Roxas
Makati City, MM
Philippines
This publication was made possible through funding support provided by the Ayala Foundation, Inc. (AFI).
The opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect views of the AFI nor the Municipality of Baclayon,
Bohol.
ISBN:
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. - Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol
Foreword
This handheld tool represents a disaster risk and vulnerability decision-support system for Baclayon Municipality in
the island of Bohol. It is a result of local stakeholders seeking alternative futures for their historic community. In
response to their appreciation of the vulnerability of their municipality to physical and socio-economic pressures,
Baclayons Local Government Unit began to weigh its development options and found a staunch partner in the
Ayala Foundation Inc., who sought to assist in conserving built heritage, preserving rich marine ecosystems and
diversifying livelihoods. The Ayala Foundation, under the leadership Ms. Bea Zobel de Ayala, Mr. Joel Uichico,
and their network of community and civil society partners have remained a significant driving force towards the
sustainable development of Baclayon. In mid 2008 Ayala Foundation partnered with the Manila Observatory to
produce the Sustainable Development Guidebook for Baclayon, Bohol to complement the efforts of the local
government unit towards adequate environmental governance.
This Handbook provides a qualitative rating system which considers present and probable future conditions
surrounding Baclayons development. This system consists of four categories of interrelated factors, namely:
Climate, Land, Marine and Socio-Economic, when considered together can approximate risk. It aids its users in
evaluating development plans to optimize gains and ensure sustainability, but does not prescribe development
options or offer solutions.
When evaluating the sustainability of a development option, an integrated assessment is an essential

part of the decision-making process. The sections in this Handbook represent categories fundamental
to sustainable development.
How to use this Handbook:

Step 1. Read through sections in their order of appearance.
The categories are as follows: Climate, Land, Marine, and Socio-Economic.
Step 2. Review each category to become familiar with their descriptions.
Step 3. Assign +1 (yes) or -1 (no) to each question under the corresponding categories and mark them
on the overlaid transparencies. If the question is not applicable, mark both columns with an
N/A.
Step 4. Use the Tally section of the Handbook to sum up scores by category.
Step 5. A higher positive (+) score affirms that more factors have been considered for the feasibility of
an environment-friendly and risk sensitive project; a negative (-) score reflects the presence of
gaps that need to be addressed.
CLIMATE
Climate
Factors
1. Temperature (Historical/ Projected)

The degree of hotness or coldness of the environment. (Source: http://
www.answers.com/topic/temperature - 244k - Cached)
Warmer months are from April to October with temperature from 27C
or higher. November temperature starts to go down with February
coolest. Temperature ranges from 25.5 C (February) to 28 C in May.
Projections indicate a progressive rise in temperature in the next 50
years.
Some impacts of increased temperature are:
Greater demand for water
More algal blooms
Increased exposure to mosquito and water-borne
illnesses
Has possible temperature change been considered?
Have the impacts of potential increasing temperatures been
considered?
Would project activities/ plans withstand increasing
temperatures?
Climate
Factors
2. Rainfall (Historical/ Projected)

The amount of water falling as rain within a given time and area.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Rainfall)
Based on data from 1961-1990, rainfall is more pronounced from

October to December with highest monthly average of 193 mm
occuring in November. Recorded rainfall from February to May is
relatively low at 72 mm. Annual average rainfall is 1,229 mm.
Rainfall projections show a progressive decrease in precipitation in
the next 50 years.
Some impacts of decreased average rainfall are:
Reduced water supply for domestic use.
Low crop yields due to reduced water supply for agricultural use.
Possible power disruptions due to less water for hydropower
generation.
More diseases and health problems due to the deterioration of water
quality (especially well water), and an increase in air pollutants.
Have possible changes in rainfall been considered?
Will development plans be resilient to potential increasing
temperatures?
Have the potential impacts of less rainfall been considered?
8
Climate
3. Extreme Events
Factors
Dry Land
Inquirer News Service, Philippine Daily
Inquirer, 2003 (Edwin Bacasmas)
Drought
A period of dry weather, esp. a long one that is injurious to crops.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Drought)
Some impacts of decreased rainfall are:
Damage to crops and livestock

Stressed water supply
Increased risk of food and water shortage
Increased risk of food and water-borne diseases
Energy disruptions - due to weakened water supply needed for
power generation .
Drought
Inquirer News Service, Philippine Daily
Inquirer, 1997
Has the possibility of drought been considered?

Have the potential impacts of drought been considered?
Would project plans/ activities withstand the impacts of
drought?
Climate
Factors
Typhoon
A cyclone that originates over a tropical ocean area and can develop into
the destructive storm known in the western Pacific region as a typhoon.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Tropical%20Cyclone)
On the average, the whole province experiences an average of 1 to

2 tropical cyclones annually.
A study by Dr. Emman Anglo in 2005 reveals a downward shift in
the path of typhoons crossing the Philippines, which may imply that
more typhoons will pass through the Visayas Region where Bohol
is situated.
Has the possibility of increased typhoon frequency and
strength been considered?
Have potential impacts due to high winds been considered?
Have potential impacts due to more associated rainfall been
considered?
Have ways to address impacts been considered?
Will plans/ activities withstand frequent typhoons?
10
Climate
Factors
El Nio/ La Nia
El Nio
A warm ocean current of variable intensity that develops after late December
along the coast of Ecuador and Peru and sometimes causes catastrophic
weather conditions.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/El%20Ni%C3%B1o)
La Nia
A cooling of the ocean surface off the western coast of South America,
occurring periodically every 4 to 12 years and affecting Pacific and other
weather patterns.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/La%20Ni%C3%B1a)
Historically, Bohol is at high risk to El Nio. In particular, rice is highly

vulnerable while corn is moderately vulnerable. Typically, an El Nio
period in Bohol is marked by drought while a La Nia period is marked
by heavy rains and flooding.
Has the possibility of El Nio/ La Nia been considered?
Have impacts due to El Nio/ La Nia been considered ?
Have ways to address impacts of El Nio/ La Nia been
considered?
Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of El Nio/ La Nia?
Fig.7
11
Climate
Flooding
Factors
Flooding in Iloilo during Typhoon Frank
Christian Aid UK, 2008
A great flowing or overflowing of water, esp. over land not usually

submerged.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Flooding)
Flooding causes damage to crops, properties and

infrastructure.
Has the possibility of flooding been considered?
Have the potential impacts of flooding been considered?

Have solutions been sought to address potential impacts?
Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of flooding?
Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 1

MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009
12
Climate
Storm Surge
Factors
Exposed Talisay Roots in Pamilacan Island
MO Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009
Rise in water level due to the passage of a typhoon.
Gently sloping coastal areas are most prone to storm surge
Have the potential impacts of storm surge been considered?

Have solutions been sought to address potential impacts?
Will plans/ activities withstand the impacts of storm surge?
Storm Surge Model

NOAA Comet Program
13
Climate
Factors
Sea Level Rise (Projected)

An increase in sea level due to expansion of water due to warming and local
factors such as sinking land.
A 1-m SLR will enhance erosion potential, inundate low-lying areas along
the shore and may completely inundate Pamilacan. According to IPCC
findings, SLR will gradually increase from .3 to .65m between now and
2100.
Other impacts of future SLR are as follows:
Salinization of fresh and salt water for agriculture and human use
Migration
Damage to infrastructure
Coastal erosion (tens to hundreds of times the rate of sea-level rise)
Increasing sea levels + potential increases in the number of intense
tropical cyclones = increase risk of major flooding events and loss of life
in the future
Has the possibility of future Sea Level Rise been considered?
Have potential impacts of SLR been considered?
Have solutions been sought to address potential impacts of SLR ?
Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of future SLR?
14
LAND
15
Land
Factors
1. Geology
Geology
The science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the
earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the physical, chemical, and
biological changes that the earth has undergone or is undergoing.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Geology)
Baclayon is underlain by young coralline limestone and has many

fractures and caves, making it highly porous and permeable. Its
coastal plain is underlain by coralline sand and gravel.
(Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)
Pamilacan island does not efficiently retain water being a small

island and being underlain by permeable rocks.
Tidal Notch in Pamilacan Island

MO Project Team (Fernando P. Siringan), 2009
Has geology been considered?

Has the project adequately considered the geomorphology of
the site (e.g. Faults, seismicity, geohazards, soil type and
composition?
Structure on top of Fracture

16
Land
Factors
2. Elevation/ Slope
Elevation
The altitude of a place above sea level or ground level.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Elevation)
Slope
Ground that has a natural incline, as the side of a hill.
Inclination or slant, esp. Downward or upward.
(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Slope)
Baclayon is an undulating to moderately steep terrain. The

eastern portion is undulating to moderately steep. The central
portion is gently sloping. The coastal area is flat to nearly level
terrain with ground elevation ranging from 50 to 30 meters average
mean sea level.
Baclayon Mainland Coast

Pamilacan is an uplifted coral reef. Its sandy shores stand about

2 meters above sea level. Over the recent years, there have been
simultaneous occurrence of erosion (northern shore) and accretion
(all over the island).
Have topography, elevation and slope been taken into
consideration?
Have ways to prevent erosion and landslides been
considered?
Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island

17
Land
Factors
3. Soil Chemistry
Soil
A particular kind of earth.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Soil)
Chemistry
The science that deals with the composition and properties of

substances and various elementary forms of matter.
(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chemistry)
Chocolate Hills, Bohol
Baclayon is predominantly of clay soil type, making it susceptible

to soil logging or holding water and expanding. This condition
together with faults render the upper slopes prone to landslides.
The slopes of Pamilacan are rocky while the lower coastal plain
is sandy with a lot of coral sediments, so the island not very
suitable for extensive agriculture.
Have soil type and chemistry been considered?

Have wastewater and sewage treatment systems been
designed appropriately?
Substrate in Pamilacan Island

18
Land
Factors
4. Hydrology/ Drainage
Drainage
The act or process of draining.
A system of drains, artificial or natural.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Drainage)
Hydrology
The science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and
properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Hydrology)
Baclayon is located within 2 river basins. Well developed river

systems running around it provide its aquifers with an ample
supply of water. (Source: 2002-2011 CLUP). In the year 2000,
former rice paddy fields were turned into lakes after an
earthquake. These are now known as Lake Tiray and Luyola.
Scientists suppose that outlets of small rivers (surface and subsurface) may have been plugged by debris mobilized by the
earthquake.

Pamilacan has very limited natural water source because of the

size of the island and permeable substrate of young coralline
limestone and sand.
Has a hydro-geological study of the site been reviewed or
undertaken?
Near the Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island

19
Land
Factors
4. Hydrology/ Drainage Contd
Have site drainage and hydrology been considered?
Will plans/ activities impact drainage and hydrology
positively?
Have alternatives been considered to improve water supply,
such as rainwater harvesting and reforestation?
Have projections on water demand been studied and
applied?
Lake Tiray, Baclayon

Have alternative ways to collect water been considered?

Have projections on wastewater generation been studied
and applied?
Have different ways to treat sewage/ wastewater been
considered?
Have steps been taken for the proper treatment and/ or
discharge of effluents?
20
Land
Factors
5. Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Diversity among and within plant and animal species in an environment.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Biodiversity)
Baclayon and Pamilacan have rich flora and fauna in terms of

terrestrial resources.
Efforts have been made to preserve existing mangrove stands in
Poblacion, San Roque, Montana, Taguihon and Laya, as it serves
as breeding ground for marine species.
Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon and Tarsier

Will biodiversity withstand adverse changes in climate/

weather?
Will resources that support biodiveristy withstand the
impacts of climate change?
Will biodiversity withstand growing tourism?
Have ways to protect and enhance biodiversity been studied?
21
MARINE
22
Marine
Factors
1. Marine Geology/ Bathymetry
Marine Geology
The branch of geology dealing with the rocks, sediments, and processes
of the floors and margins of the oceans.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Marine%20Geology)
Bathymetry
The measurement of the depths of oceans, seas, or other large bodies
of water.
The data derived from such measurement, esp. as compiled in a
topographic map.
(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bathymetry)
Bathymetric surveys of Pamilacan shows steep sea floor

gradients around the island, which are probably fault-controlled.
Has the stability of the shoreline been considered?

Has the possible penetration of large waves attributed to
storm surge and tsunami - been considered?
Has the possibility of strong ground shaking been
considered?
Underwater Slope in Pamilacan Island

MO Project Team (Riovie D. Ramos), 2009
23
Marine
Factors
3. Spatial Distribution
It is important to note the spatial distribution of marine resources to
ensure that these are not compromised by development and that
interventions are consistent with resource conservation and
management.
Will marine ecosystems and/ or marine protected areas be
protected from the impacts of human encroachment?
Seagrass Beds in Pamilacan Island

Have measures to protect and conserve marine resources and

habitats been explored?
Mangrove Areas in Mainland Baclayon

24
Marine
Factors
4. Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Diversity among and within plant and animal species in an environment.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Biodiversity)
Baclayon features mangroves, coral reef flats, seagrass beds, beaches,

estuaries and marine protected areas.
Pamilacan is one of the countrys richest scuba diving sites, noted for
its huge whales and manta raysBeautiful colored fishes and shells
aboundIt has coral reef flats, seagrass beds, beaches and 2 marine
protected areas. The harvesting of mollusks, the degradation of
seagrass beds and coral reefs contributed to coastal erosionhuman
activities along the shoreline and on the beaches removed the features
that promoted the deposition of sand and made the coast more prone to
erosion.
Starfish in Pamilacan Island

Coral reefsenhance fisheries, provide sediments and serve to buffer

wave action, thus promoting ecotourism.
Will activities interact positively with marine resources?

Have measures to protect and preserve existing marine
biodiversity been included?
Marine Diversity in Pamilacan Island

25
Marine
Factors
5. Water Chemistry
The science that deals with the composition and properties of substances
and various elementary forms of matter [in water].
(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chemistry)
Wastewater Discharge and Pollution

Wastewater
Water that has been used in washing, flushing, manufacturing, etc. (e.g.
sewage), [which has been released].
(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Waste%20Water)
Pollution
The introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment.
Pamilacan Island
M O Project Team (Emmi B. Capili), 2009
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pollution)
Will activities preserve the quality of water resources?

Has the preservation of water quality been considered?
Have steps to prevent water contamination/ pollution been
considered?
Have solid and/ or wastewater management systems been
considered?
Waste Materials along the coast of Pamilacan Island

26
Marine
Factors
Red Tide
Occurs when algae, simple plants that live in the sea,
produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish,
marine mammals, and birds.
(Source: NOAA)
Has possible red tide been considered?

Will project activities withstand possible red tide?
Beach Area in Pamilacan Island

Have solutions been included to address the

possibility of red tide?
Shellfish
Eatingasia.typepad.com//2007/02/index.html
27
Marine
Factors
Ocean Acidification
Takes place when carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is absorbed by
oceans resulting in more acidic waters. The corrosive nature of acidic ocean
waters decreases the ability of many marine organisms to build their shells
and skeletal structure. More CO2 in warming oceans may also slowdown the
overall growth of marine organisms, slowdown reproduction and thus reduce
abundance. It can also suppress reef formation and production.
Field studies suggest that impacts of acidification on some major marine
resources may already be detectable, and naturally high-CO2 marine
environments exhibit major shifts in marine ecosystems following trends
expected from laboratory experiments.
(Source: UNESCO Symposium 2004 The Ocean in a High CO2 World )
Fishing is one of the major livelihood activities in Baclayon and the

source of significant revenue for its residents (see Livelihood Section).
As fishing is carried out by fishermen vs. commercial fishers, the
impact of reduced marine food supply and livelihood that ocean
acidification can create brings with it profound socio-economic
implications for Baclayon.
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/
Will activities interact harmoniously with the marine ecosystem?

If so, can they withstand changes brought on by possible ocean
acidification?
Have ways to adapt to changes in marine ecosystems been
considered?
28
Marine
Factors
Coral Bleaching
Warming waters, heavy rains flooding the reef, pollution or improper fishing
practices can put stress on coral reefs and interrupt necessary processes
required for food production resulting in bleaching.
(Source: www.science.org.au/nova/076/076key.htm)
Coral reefs provide habitats and shelter for many organisms and are the
source of nitrogen and other nutrients essential for the food chain. Hundreds
of thousands of marine species live in coral reefs.
(Source: www.science.org.au/nova/076/076key.htm)
The Philippines is one of the worlds richest marine biodiversities and has 400
different species of corals. These are threatened by global warming because
corals have a limited tolerance to changes in temperature and do not recover
easily once they experience bleaching.
Jane Thomas, IAN Image Library

(www.ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary)
(Source: Greenpeace)
Do activities interact harmoniously with coral reefs?

If so, do they include measures that ensure their preservation?
Source:
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/
7709103.stm
29
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
PROFILES
30
Socio-Economic Profiles
Factors
1. Demography
The science of vital and social statistics, as of the births, deaths, diseases,
marriages, etc., of populations.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Demography)
The population of Baclayon has grown since 1995 by 3.21%

annually. This is higher than the provincial average. The highest
population densities are found in barangays closest to the Provincial
Capital and Town Center.
Majority of Baclayons population is rural. Increased population
growth in rural areas puts stress on limited agricultural land and
natural resources.
Children Playing in Pamilacan Island

Baclayons population is largely young (50% under 25 years old),

limiting their contribution to local income and demanding greater
government subsidies for basic education and health.
Are human settlements safely located in relation to existing/

potential environmental hazards?
Have local stakeholders and communities been consulted in
identifying existing/ potential environmental hazards?
Have local populations been assessed with regards to their
level of awareness to existing/ potential environmental
hazards?
31
Factors
Do local adaptation and risk reduction strategies already
exist?
Children of Pamilacan Island

Have ways to incorporate local knowledge with disaster

preparedness and adaptation strategies been studied?
Have cultural attitudes and beliefs that could undermine
disaster preparedness and resiliency been studied?
Does the project contribute to raising local awareness of
existing/ potential environmental hazards?
Have requirements to meet the demands of a growing
population been considered, such as in land-use plans and
facilities? (e.g. Housing, food and water security, social
services, etc.)
Is there an emergency plan in place in case of a disaster?
Have temporary relocation sites and services been identified?
Have command and early warning protocols for disaster
preparedness been established?
32
Factors
2. Poverty Incidence and Income

Poverty Incidence
The proportion of individuals whose income cannot provide for the basic food
and non-food requirements called the poverty threshold to the total number of
individuals.
(Source: http://dirp.pids.gov.ph/cgi-bin/dd?PHILIPPINES+eds.dict)
Income
The monetary payment received for goods or services, or from other sources,
as rents or investments.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Income)
The barangays in Baclayon with the highest poverty incidence are:

Buenaventura (87.5), San Roque (87.21), Dasitam (77.30), Pamilacan
(75.82), Tanday (67.38) and Guiwanon (66.90).
Busy Children in Pamilacan Island

Education
The municipality has an average literacy rate of 95.69%, higher in rural

areas where most institutions of higher learning are located. Only 8.89%
of the population have college and/or post graduate degrees.
Have the poor in the community been identified?

Have the poor been situated away from existing/ potential
environmental hazards?
33
Factors
Livelihood: Agriculture and Fisheries
A means of supporting one's existence, esp. financially or
vocationally; living.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Livelihood)
Agriculture
The science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating
land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising
livestock; farming.
The production of crops, livestock, or poultry.
Farming in Baclayon
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Agriculture)
Fisheries
The occupation or industry of catching, processing, or
selling fish or shellfish.
(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Fisheries)
758.5 has of Baclayons land area is planted to crops. Most

farms are made up of small parcels at 0.62 has on average.
Agricultural productivity is low due to poor resource
endowment attributed to poor soil conditions and depth.
Fishery in Pamilacan Island

34
Factors
Majority of farm families earn incomes below the poverty

threshold of 5,900 PhP per household per month.
Municipal fishing is one of Baclayons major economic

activities. The estimated value of production from fisheries
per year is Php 12.48M. Most fishing is done on a small scale
along sandy beaches, seagrass beds, coral reefs,
mangroves and mudflats. These activities are threatened by
commercial fishing using super lights and destructive fishing
methods, fishing gear conflicts, waste dumping and
mangrove conversion. Despite the value of total annual
production, most fishermen are poor. Coastal water
fishermen are 1,074 in total number. For the years 2002 and
2011, there is a deficit in fish supply to meet demand for food
in Baclayon.
Boys with Fishing Nets in Pamilacan Island

Have impacts of climate change on the marine

ecosystem and associated geohazards in relation to
livelihoods been considered?
Have adaptation and risk reduction options addressing
reduced or lost livelihood brought on by climate change
been explored?
Have programs that develop new skills for alternative
means of livelihood been considered?
35
Factors
3. Heritage and Culture
The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age
group.
(Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Culture)
Among the significant efforts to preserve Baclayons cultural heritage, the

Bahandi Heritage Homestay Project promotes the adaptive re-use of Ancestral
Homes (Spanish colonial houses). This is in conjunction with the development
of ecotourism activities, such as scuba diving.
The Baclayon Church, established in 1596, is the best preserved Jesuit built
church in the region. It was declared as a National Historical Landmark in 1995.
Holy Name University has created a Cultural Map that locates the sites where
different crafts are produced and the areas where raw materials come from.
Have susceptibilities of heritage sites to climate change and

associated geohazards been studied?
Baclayon Church
Have innovations been made to protect/ preserve heritage sites?
Have programs that raise funds to maintain and preserve heritage

sites been considered?
Have raw materials for local arts and crafts been located?
Will the production of raw materials remain unaffected by climate
change and associated geohazards?
If affected, have measures been taken to cultivate them in a
protected location?
36
Factors
4. Ecotourism
Tourism to places having unspoiled natural resources, with minimal impact
on the environment being a primary concern.
Almost Sunset n Pamilacan Island

(Source : http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Ecotourism)
Tourism that promotes the appreciation of nature in their natural

habitat, ex. coral reefs, forests.
Baclayon has the potential to become a top tourist destination
because of its heritage sites and its convenient location to the airport
in Tagbilaran and Panglao Island where most beach resorts are found.
Marine Sports and Recreation

Pamilacan is one of the countrys riches scuba diving sites and noted
for beautiful prized colored fishes and Gloria Maris shells. It is also
known for manta ray, dolphin and whale sitings.
Sunny Day in Pamilacan Island

Revenue from ecotourism would be adversely affected by changes in

climate and by unmanaged disaster risk.
Have impacts of climate change and associated geohazards on
terrestrial and marine ecotourism been considered?
Have strategies to preserve terrestrial and marine biodiversity
been taken into account?
Have climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
options been explored?
37
Project Name:
Total Tally
+
CLIMATE
MARINE
Temperature
Marine Geology/ Bathymetry
Rainfall
Spatial Distribution
Extreme Events
Biodiversity
Water Chemistry
Drought
Typhoon
Wastewater Discharge
El Nio/ La Nia
Pollution
Flooding
Red Tide
Storm Surge
Sea Level Rise (SLR)
Ocean Acidification
Coral Bleaching
Sub-Total
Sub-Total
LAND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES
Geology
Demography
Elevation/ Slope
Poverty Incidence/ Income
Soil
Hydrology/ Drainage
Heritage and Culture
Biodiversity
Ecotourism
Sub-Total
Livelihood
Sub-Total
38
SAMPLE
Project Name: Pamilacan Coastal

Resource
Management
Total Tally = 67 (+), 13 (-)

+
CLIMATE
2
Rainfall
Extreme Events
Drought
Typhoon
El Nio/ La Nia
Flooding
Storm Surge
MARINE
Temperature
Biodiversity
Water Chemistry
Wastewater Discharge and Pollution
Red Tide
Ocean Acidification
Coral Bleaching
4
4
4
4
3
4
Sub-Total
22
LAND
Sub-Total
14
Demography
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILES
Geology
Elevation/ Slope
Soil
Hydrology/ Drainage
Biodiversity
Sub-Total
13
Livelihood
Ecotourism
Sub-Total
18
5
39
Notes
1. This Handbook is part of 2 volumes comprising the SD Guidebook for Baclayon, Bohol. The complete
findings of this scientific research project may be found in the SD Technical Report.
2. To facilitate understanding, an attempt was made to utilize open source and non-technical definitions
for scientific terms; the technical explanations and definitions for these terms are contained in the SD
Guidebook Glossary annexed to the Technical Report.
40
Cross Reference of SD Handbook Sections to the SD Guidebook Technical Report

Page No.
CLIMATE
Temperature
Rainfall
Page No.
MARINE
Extreme Events
LAND
18
24
Biodiversity
Drought
5, 27
Water Chemistry
Typhoon
7, 29
Wastewater Discharge and

Pollution
El Nio/ La Nia
51, 55
Red Tide
Flooding
4, 27
Ocean Acidification
Storm Surge
7, 29
Coral Bleaching
30, 31
Geology
10, 13
Elevation/ Slope
10, 13
1, 33, 35, 42, 52, 55
Soil
13, 21
Livelihood
1, 24, 32, 34, 37, 39,

46, 51, 52
SOCIOECONOMIC
Demography
Hydrology/ Drainage
19
Biodiversity
Ecotourism
1, 33
54, 55, 59
41
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the following institutions and individuals for their valuable contributions.
A. Alvin J. Uy, Mayor of Baclayon
Joy Arado and Arnulfo C. Mangyao, Mayors Office
Marilyn R. Uy, Vice-Mayor of Baclayon
Baclayon Sanggunniang Bayan
Marvin Apale, Baclayon MPDO
Bezo Recreational and Aquatic Activities for Bohol (BRAABO)
Ruth T. Siringan
Celina Y. Loyzaga
42
Project Team
Ayala Foundation Incorporated
Beatriz Zobel Jr.
Joel Uichico
Guillermo Luz
Ma. Paz Baylon
Edgar Baylon
Ces Nazareno
Manila Observatory
Antonia Y. Loyzaga Executive Director, Manila Observatory
Rosa T. Perez, PhD Team Leader
May Celine T.M. Vicente, PhD - Co-Investigator, Risk Mapping
Gemma T. N. Narisma, PhD - Co-Investigator, Climate Analysis
Fernando P. Siringan, PhD - Co-Investigator, Geophysical and Coastal Geology
Emmi B. Capili Project Research Assistant
Joel de Mesa Geomatics Specialist
Deborah B. Tolentino Communications
Joan M. Reotita and Riovie D. Ramos, Field Assistants
Resource Persons
Renato Solidum Director, PHIVOLCS
Leah P. Castro - Economist
43
Figure
Caption
Page No.
Temperature Profile for Bohol. The trends indicate hotter summer months from April to May. The temperatures from April to October range from
27C or higher. By November, the temperature starts to go down with February coolest. From February to May, the temperature ranges from 25.5C
to 28C. The data was taken from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and processed by the Manila Observatory Regional Climate Systems.
Temperature Projections for Bohol. The projections indicate a progressive rise in temperature in the next 50 years. The data was taken from the
Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate Systems.
Rainfall Profile for Bohol. Based on data from 1961-1990, rainfall is more pronounced from October to December, with highest monthly average of
193 mm in November. The recorded rainfall from February to May is relatively low at 72 mm. The annual average rainfall is 1,229 mm. The data
was taken from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) of the University of East Anglia and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate
Systems.
Rainfall Projections for Bohol. The rainfall projections show a progressive decrease in precipitation in the next 50 years. The data was taken from
the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and processed by the Manila Observatory - Regional Climate Systems.
A. Typhoon Nida churning in the waters 414 miles east-southeast of Manila. The image was taken on May 17, 2004 by the Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard NASAs Aqua Satellite (http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=6746). B. Hundreds of people are
feared dead in the eastern Philippines, after a powerful typhoon hit the country. C. Rescuers are finding it difficult to reach isolated villages as many
roads are inaccessible. Photos courtesy of BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/6199318.stm).
Typhoon Trends in the Western Pacific (1945-2003). The number of tropical cyclones appearing in the Western Pacific has been increasing. In the
Philippines, the rise in typhoon crossings is most pronounced over Visayas. The analysis was done by Dr. Emmanuel G. Anglo.
Rice Vulnerability to El Nino. The province of Bohol is classified as high risk when it comes to El Nino based on the map generated by the Manila
Observatory in partnership with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
10
Areas at Risk to 1m Sea Level Rise in Mainland, Baclayon, Bohol. The areas along the coast are most vulnerable to 1m sea level rise in mainland
Baclayon.
13
Areas at Risk to 1m Sea Level Rise in Pamilacan Island, Baclayon, Bohol. The entire island is vulnerable to 1m sea level rise.
13
10
Bathymetry Profile of Pamilacan Island, Baclayon, Bohol. The bathymetry profile was generated using datum taken at Mean Low Low Tide. The
steep flanks on the Northwest and Southwest sides of the island are probably fault controlled.
23
11
Population of Baclayon, Bohol by Age Group (2000)
31
12
Barangays with Highest Poverty Incidence in Mainland Baclayon, Bohol, Philippines
33
13
Built Heritage Map for Pamilacan Island, Baclayon (map courtesy of Holy Name University).
44
36
Title
Credits
Page No.
Dry Land
Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2003
Drought
Philippine Daily Inquirer, 1997
Flooding in Iloilo during Typhoon Frank
Christian Aid UK, 2008
11
11
Exposed Talisay Roots in Pamilacan Island
12
Storm Surge Model
NOAA Comet Program
12
Tidal Notch in Pamilacan Island
15
Structure on top of Fracture
15
Baclayon Mainland Coast
16
Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island
16
Chocolate Hills, Bohol
17
Substrate in Pamilacan Island
17
18
Near the Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island
18
Lake Tiray, Baclayon
19
Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon and Tarsier
20
45
Title
Credits
Page No.
20
Underwater Slope in Pamilacan Island
23
Seagrass Beds in Pamilacan Island
24
Mangrove Areas in Mainland Baclayon
24
Starfish in Pamilacan Island
25
Marine Diversity in Pamilacan Island
25
Pamilacan Island
26
Waste Materials along the coast of Pamilacan Island
26
Beach Area in Pamilacan Island
27
Shellfish
Eatingasia.typepad.com//2007/02/index.html
27
Underwater Life
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
28
Bleached Staghorn Corals
Jane Thomas, IAN Image Library (www.ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary)
29
Bleached Corals covered with Seaweeds
News.bbc.co.uk/2hi/science/nature/7709103.stm
29
Children Playing in Pamilacan Island
31
Children of Pamilacan Island
32
Busy Children in Pamilacan Island
33
46
Title
Credits
Page No.
Farming in Baclayon
34
Fishery in Pamilacan Island
34
Boys with Fishing Nets in Pamilacan Island
35
Baclayon Church
36
Almost Sunset n Pamilacan Island
37
Sunny Day in Pamilacan Island
37
47
Ayala Foundation Incorporated

The Ayala Foundation, Inc. (AFI) is a nonstock, nonprofit organization that serves as the socio-cultural development arm of the Ayala
Group of Companies (AGC). Through various social development and cultural programs, the Foundation works to fulfill the needs of the
whole person, firmly believing in the human being as less of an object of charity than a cause for celebration.
The Foundation was established by Col. Joseph McMicking and his wife, Mercedes Zobel in 1961. Then called the Filipinas
Foundation, it was primarily dedicated to technical and vocational education, social science and research, livelihood and the arts.
It was renamed Ayala Foundation, Inc. in the 1990s, renewing the commitment and support of the AGC. Through its divisions, the
present Foundation moves along a holistic response to the complex needs of the Filipino.
Today, the Ayala Foundation is also working to extend the benefits of recent technological developments to a greater number of men,
women and children. Through these new technologies, the Foundation continues to work for the cultivation of Filipino ingenuity and
talent, as well as the preservation of our rich culture, history and traditions.
Manila Observatory
The Manila Observatory is a private non-stock, non-profit, scientific research institution that was established in 1865 by the Jesuit
mission in the Philippines. With Federico Faura at its inception, it was engaged in the systematic observation of Philippine weather. It
began serving typhoon warnings in 1879, and embarked on earthquake observations in 1880. In 1884, The Spanish government issued
a royal decree formally recognizing the Manila Observatory as the official Philippine institution for weather forecasting.
At the turn of the 21st century, the Observatory finds itself at the nexus of global concerns for environment and development. With
its tradition of excellence and service in scientific research, the Observatory envisions itself as a vital partner in these critically global
yet locally relevant concerns. Through its present research programs, the Observatory now actively confronts these new challenges
through a science that must inform and guide the shaping of a safe and sustainable future for humankind.
48

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Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

When evaluating the sustainability of a development option, an integrated assessment is an essential

How to use this Handbook:

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

1. Temperature (Historical/ Projected)

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

2. Rainfall (Historical/ Projected)

Based on data from 1961-1990, rainfall is more pronounced from

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Some impacts of decreased rainfall are:

Damage to crops and livestock

Has the possibility of drought been considered?

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

On the average, the whole province experiences an average of 1 to

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Historically, Bohol is at high risk to El Nio. In particular, rice is highly

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

A great flowing or overflowing of water, esp. over land not usually

Flooding causes damage to crops, properties and

Has the possibility of flooding been considered?

Have the potential impacts of flooding been considered?

Will plans/ activities withstand the effects of flooding?

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 1

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Rise in water level due to the passage of a typhoon.

Gently sloping coastal areas are most prone to storm surge

Have the potential impacts of storm surge been considered?

Storm Surge Model

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Sea Level Rise (Projected)

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Baclayon is underlain by young coralline limestone and has many

Pamilacan island does not efficiently retain water being a small

Tidal Notch in Pamilacan Island

Has geology been considered?

Structure on top of Fracture

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Baclayon is an undulating to moderately steep terrain. The

Baclayon Mainland Coast

(Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Pamilacan is an uplifted coral reef. Its sandy shores stand about

Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

The science that deals with the composition and properties of

Baclayon is predominantly of clay soil type, making it susceptible

MO Project Team (Joan M. Reotita), 2009

(Source: 2002-2011 CLUP)

Have soil type and chemistry been considered?

Substrate in Pamilacan Island

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Baclayon is located within 2 river basins. Well developed river

Lake Lu-yola, Baclayon 2

Pamilacan has very limited natural water source because of the

Near the Marine Sanctuary, Pamilacan Island

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Lake Tiray, Baclayon

Have alternative ways to collect water been considered?

Sustainable Development Handbook for Baclayon, Bohol

Baclayon and Pamilacan have rich flora and fauna in terms of