A.

C MACHINES - I
Subject Title
Subject code
Periods/Week
Periods/semester
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.

:
:
:
:

Major Topics
Single phase
Transformers
Three phase
Transformers
Alternators
Parallel Operation of
Alternators
Total

A.C. MACHINES - I
EE-402
05
75
TIME SCHEDULE
Periods Weightage Short
Essay
Questions Questions
35

52

04

04

10

16

02

01

20

29

03

02

10

13

01

01

75

110

10

08

OBJECTIVES
Upon the completion of the course the student shall be able to
1.0 Understand the working of single phase transformer and 3 phase transformers
1.1
Define the word `Transformer.
1.2
Explain the working of single-phase transformer.
1.3
Classify the transformers based on
i)number of phases ii)construction
iii)function.
1.4
Describe the constructional details of transformers.
1.5
State the function of each part of the transformer with legible sketch.
1.6
Distinguish between shell type and core type transformers.
1.7
Derive the E.M.F equation of a single power transformer.
1.8
Define transformation ratio.
1.9
Draw Vector diagram for a transformer working on no load.
1.10 Calculate the core loss.
1.11 Explain the procedure for finding Ro and Xo from no load test.
1.12 Develop the vector diagram of a transformer on load for
(i) Unity power factor
(ii) Lagging power factor
(iii) Leading power factor
1.13 State the effects of leakage reactance of primary and secondary windings.
1.14 Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer by approximation.
1.15 Determine the equivalent circuit constants from no-load test and short circuit test
data.
1.16 Derive the approximate equation for regulation for transformer.
1.17 Calculate regulation of a Single Phase Transformer for
(i) Unity power factor
(ii) Lagging power factor
(iii) Leading power factor
1.18 List the losses taking place in a transformer.
1.19 Derive the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer.
1.20 Solve simple numerical problems.
1.21 State the reason for transformer rating in KVA.

102

1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26

Calculate the all day efficiency for a given load cycle.

Differentiate between distribution transformer and power transformer.
Explain the polarity test on single-phase transformer.
State the need for parallel operation of transformer.
Mention the conditions for paralleling and load sharing of transformers.

2.0
2.1
2.2

Understand Three Phase Transformers

State the advantages of 3 phase transformer over single phase transformer.
List the different types of three phase transformers by giving their symbolic
Representation and voltage relationships.
State the applications of
i)star-star
ii)delta-star
iii)star-delta
iv)delta-delta connected transformer.
State the conditions for parallel operation of 3 phase transformers.
List the special transformers.
State the advantages and disadvantages of autotransformers
State the expression for saving of copper in auto transformer.
State the necessity of cooling of power transformers.
Explain the methods of cooling of power transformer.
Draw a legible sketch of a power transformer
Explain the function of each part of a power transformer.
Explain the `on load and `off load tap changing.
Explain the procedure for tap changing for on load and no load tap changer.

2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
3.0

3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20

Understand the classification, construction, working and testing of

alternators
Explain the Principle of working of Alternators.
Describe the Constructional details of Alternators with legible sketch.
Classify the Alternators based on rotor construction.
Explain the working of the of Alternator having
i).Cylindrical Rotor
ii) Salient Pole Rotor
State the advantage of Stationary Armature.
List the main parts of Alternator along with materials used.
State the effect of Chording and Distribution factor
Derive expressions for Chording factor and Distribution factor
Derive EMF equation of an alternator taking into account distribution factor and
pitch factor
Solve simple problems on E.M.F equation
State the need for an exciter in an Alternator.
List the various types of exciters (main, pilot and static)
Explain Armature Reaction of Alternator at different P.Fs.
State the reasons for voltage variations on Load.
Define the term synchronous impedance.
State the effects of synchronous impedance on the operation of the Alternator.
Draw the vector diagram of voltages and currents for different power factors.
Define regulation of an alternator
List the different methods of finding the regulation of alternator.
Calculate the regulation by synchronous impedance method

4.0
4.1
4.2

Comprehend the procedure for voltage control and synchronisation

Explain the necessity for parallel operation of alternators
State the conditions for synchronisation

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

103

4.3
4.4
4.5

Explain the procedure of synchronisation by using lamp methods.

Explain the method for adjusting the loads shared by two alternators (or one
alternator with infinite bus bar).
Explain the effect of change in input and excitation of an alternator connected to
infinite bus.

COURSE CONTENT
1. Transformers
Classifications of transformers, Construction of transformers, Theory of an ideal
transformer - emf equation derivation - Ratio of transformation and relation between turn
ratio - Voltage ratio and current ratio, Transformer on no load - No load current
components and no load power factor -Transformer on load - Equivalent circuit of
transformer - Equivalent circuit constants by transformation, Short circuits test Regulation of transformer - definition and derivation of approximate equation for
regulation based on vector diagram for lagging ,leading, unity power factor determination of regulation from S.C. Test data , Losses in transformer -determination
from O.C. and S.C. tests data- efficiency, condition for maximum efficiency rating of
transformer-All day efficiency definition - Calculation for a given load cycle- problems,
Polarity test - Efficiency calculation, Parallel operation of single phase transformers necessity - conditions for paralleling-load sharing of single phase transformers
2. Three phase transformer
Descriptive treatment of star-star, delta-delta, star-delta and delta-star, voltage current
and phase relation for the above groups-conditions to be fulfilled for paralleling 3 phase
transformer, open delta working of 3 phase transformers, Auto-transformers expression
for copper saving applications, Necessity of cooling - Methods of cooling - Sketch of
power transformer indicating parts and explain their functions - Tap changing gear - no
load and on load tap changing procedure.
3. Alternators
Classification of low, medium and high speed alternators - Brief description of parts with
sketches and function of each part, construction, Assembly - Exciter and pilot exciter
Stationary armature type construction Advantages, Concentrated and distributed
windings - short pitch and full pitch coils - Effect of chording and distribution factors EMF equation - Derivation Problems, Cause for variation of voltage on load Resistance, leakage reactance - Armature reaction - Synchronous reactance and
synchronous impedance concepts - phasor diagram for unity, lagging and leading power
factor loads, Regulation - definition - derivation of relation between no load voltage and
on load voltage for different power factors Different methods of finding regulationCalculation of regulation by synchronous impedance method,
4. Parallel operation of alternators
Necessity for parallel Operation - condition to be fulfilled for synchronisation,
Synchronisation by lamp methods - Load sharing simple problems-Effect of change in
excitation and input of an alternator connected to infinite.
REFERENCES:
1.
B.L. Theraja-Electrical Technology - Vol II S.Chand & Co.
2.
M.G Say -AC machines
3.
DP Kothari, IJ Nagrath Electric Machines- Mc.Graw.Hill
3.
P.S. Bhimbra -Electrical machines - Khanna Publishers
4.
A.E. Fritzgerald, C. Kingsley and S. Umans Electrical machinery-Mc Graw Hill
5.
MV Deshpande-Electric machines , Wheeler publishing.
6.
BR Gupta and Vandana singhal Fundamentals of Electric machines

104

A.C. MACHINES LABORATORY PRACTICE - I

Subject Title
:
A.C .Machines Laboratory Practice - I
Subject Code
:
EE- 409
Periods/Week
:
03
Periods/Year(Sem)
:
45
TIME SCHEDULE
S. No.

Major Topics

No. of
Period
s
9

I.

Performance of single phase transformers

II.

Sumpners test and Scott connection

III.

Parallel operation of transformers and oil testing kit

IV.

Alternators

21

OBJECTIVES (LIST OF EXPERIMENTS)

Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
I.
Observe the Performance of single phase transformers.
1.
Conduct load test on 1-phase Transformer and calculate efficiency and
regulation
2.
Conduct the following two tests on 1-phase Transformer
i) O.C. test
ii) S.C. tests
and from the result
a)
Draw the equivalent circuit.
b)
Calculate efficiency at various loads and p.f.s
c)
find the load at which maximum efficiency occurs.
d)
Calculate All-day efficiency for the given load cycle of 24 hours.

4.
5.

Conduct Sumpners test ,Perform Scott connection and load sharing.

Obtain the efficiency and regulation of two similar 1-phase transformers by
conducting sumpners test.
Conduct scott connection (T- connection) on transformers.
Connect two identical 1-ph transformers in parallel and observe the load sharing

III.
6.
7.
8.

Observe the Performance of Alternators

Conduct (direct) load test on Alternator and obtain voltage regulation.
Obtain the regulation of Alternator by using synchronous impedance method.
Synchronise the given Alternator with supply mains by using bright lamp method.

IV.
9.

Report on observations on Industrial visits

Visit a 33/11 KV substation
i)Observe the connections of 3-phase power transformers
ii)Draw the wiring diagram of their parallel operation
iii)List the various equipment used by noting their ratings.
iv)Write a report on the functioning of various equipment
Visit a nearby Generating station.
i) Understand its layout.

II
3.

10.

126

ii).Note down its capacity and duty cycle.

iii) Observe the placement of the various equipment.
iv).Write a report on its working.
11.

S.No

Visit any nearby Solar installation

i)Understand its functioning
ii)write a report on the functioning of various equipment
iii)Draw the Layout diagram.

Experiment title

Performance of
single phase
transformers

Key competencies to be achieved by the student

competencies

Draw the required circuit diagram.

Identify the different terminals of the given 1ph transformer.

Interpret the name plate details.

Select proper supply terminals.

Select proper range and type of meters.

Make connections as per circuit diagram.

Follow the precautions to be taken(ex: Check

for loose and/or wrong connections if any and
rectify).

Follow the instructions and increase the given

load gradually and tabulate the observations.

Draw the efficiency curve and locate the

maximum efficiency point.

Conduct
Sumpners test
,Perform Scott
connection and
conduct parallel
operation of
Transformer.

Select proper range and type of meters.

Make connections as per circuit diagram.
Follow the instructions and perform
sumpners test by giving required rated
voltage on primary side.
Check for series opposition (back to back)
connection on secondary side.
Give required reduced voltage on secondary
side.
Tabulate observations.
Calculate efficiency and regulation.
Identify main and teaser trans formers and
their terminals
Give the required 3-ph supply.
Take readings on both 3-ph and 2-ph side.
Interpret the readings and verify 3-ph to 2-ph
transformation.
Conduct polarity test and ascertain the
relative polarities of secondary windings for
parallel operation of Transformers.

127

Key competencies

Identify the different

terminals of 1-ph
transformer.
Select proper range
and type of meters
Increase the given
load gradually

Give required rated

voltage on primary
side.
Check for series
opposition (back to
back) connection on
secondary side.
Identify main and
teaser trans formers
and their terminals

Performance of
Alternators

Report on
Industrial visits

Draw the required circuit diagram.

Identify the different terminals of 3-ph
Alternator, exciter and prime mover .
Interpret the name plate details.
Select proper supply for prime mover and
exciter.
Select proper range and type of meters.
Make connections as per circuit diagram.
Increase the given load gradually and tabulate
the observations.
Calculate regulation at each load.
Select proper supply for armature resistance
test.
Make connections for armature resistance
test.
Give required voltage , take readings and
obtain armature resistance .
Calculate synchronous impedance and
regulation.

Give required field current .

For bright lamp method, Synchronise the
alternators when all the conditions are
satisfied.
Understand its layout
Draw the wiring diagram
Writing a report

Select proper supply

for prime mover and
exciter.
Select
proper
supply for armature
resistance test
For bright lamp
method,
Synchronise the
alternators

Writing a report

COURSE CONTENT
1. Performance of single phase transformers :
Load test on 1-ph transformer - obtaining the equivalent circuit parameters ,calculate
efficiency , regulation , All-day efficiency of 1-ph transformer by conducting O.C. and
S.C. tests.
2. Sumpners test and Scott connection :
Obtaining the efficiency and regulation of two similar 1-phase transformers by
conducting sumpners test - scott connection( T- connection) on transformers. Connect
two 1-ph transformers in parallel and observing the load sharing
3..Alternators :
Load test on Alternator obtain the regulation of alternator by using synchronous
Impedance method Synchronisation of the given Alternator with supply mains by
using bright lamp method.
5. Industrial visits:
Visit a 33/11 KV substation, Generating station and Solar installation and write a report
on them.

128