10.

1 Technological Design
All construction processes will be identified and technological details about every item will be
related.
10.1.1 General conditions for construction execution:
The works are executed taking into account medium work conditions, considering that the
material, are provided at the construction site, in the range of the mechanized equipment from
the location.
With new construction materials which have the optimum mechanical and physical property with
respect to the actual standards.
The building phases must take place at day light or using artificial light. The temperature must be
higher than the +5C, in order to provide optimum work conditions and open construction front.
10.2 Materials
The material names are those used in the actual standards. The measurement units for materials
and for another works are according in the international system for units (I.S).They must be
tested either visually or using other methods (Laboratory) in order to provide the required
strength, stiffness and property.
They must kept in safe conditions before using them in order to avoid their deterioration or other
unfortunate factor which may affect their structural integrity. All materials must be included in
the specific consumption norms.
10.3 Technological stages
1. Choosing of the building location
Through building location it must be understood the place on the which the future construction
will be placed. Building location must respect the technical-economic, the exploitation, the
transport, and the functional aspects.
Choosing the construction site must respect a series of factors as: surface and shape of the
terrain, connections with the communication networks, the status of the terrain, relief and
subsoil, natural clime. The social-cultural buildings must not be placed in the industrial area.
Links with the existent networks have an important role in order to provide the building an easy
access. The water and electricity must be permanently available on the field and the need of a
neighborhood network is utterly necessary. The option of creating an interval water installation is
taken into account.
2. Setting of the axes and establishing the cote 0.
In the order to draw the axes of the building the following pieces are required:

General situation plan;

Drawing of the main axes of the construction plan;
Foundation plan.

The main axis situated on the field is the base of wall execution. The exterior perimeter is
delimited; afterwards the foundation axes will be established and the columns contour will be
drawn. After finishing the up works, a set of auxiliary axis are drawn in order to provide a
support for the future works.
Drawing of the elements on the vertical axis will be realized by setting up of the beginning of the
work some initial exterior landmarks (a minimum number of 3 such landmark needed) from
which the future distances will be measured.
3. Mechanical excavation
General principles that must be respected when executing the excavation works:

The natural equilibrium of the terrain surrounding the foundation hole must not be
affected;
The natural mechanical characteristics of the soil near foundation are maintained or
improved;
The work security must be assured.
The mechanical excavation offers a faster and more accurate work. The devices used for
these kinds of the works are excavators with hydraulic commands. The excavator with
the twisted hoe will be used for these kinds of works because it is used for siltey soils.

Quantity of works:
Total excavation done with the excavator with twisted hoe:
V=
Where: V- the volume of the earth needed to be excavated;
Vp=

tones-quantity of earth needed to be transported

4. Transport for the excavation works

The transport of the soil which had been excavated is an important part of the technological
process which influences in a decisive manner the productivity of these works. The soil resulted
from the excavation is transported using trucks. A flux of trucks must be assured in order not to
cause the stooping the excavators. The dump truck is a full truck chassis with the dump body
mounted into the frame. The standard dump truck is raised by a hydraulic ram lift that is
mounted forward of the bulkhead, normally between the truck cab and the dump body. The
standard dump truck also has one front axle, and one or more rear axles which normally have
wheels on each side.
Vp=
The dump truck capacity is 5.5 tones.

tones-quantity of earth needed to be transported

The distance of transport is 1 km at a specific location where it will be deposited. It will be

considered that each truck will make 2 transports: one loaded and one empty. A number of 10
trucks will be established to do the required operation = 10 trucks will carry simultaneously
55tones. Results a numbers of 32 transports, 64 transports with 10 trucks. The average speed is
30km/h, the type of road being categorized as good (asphalted road).
5. Drawing of the pad and column axis
Depending on the drawing of the axis with respect to the project and determining the 0 cote, the
next step is to draw the foundation toe (block).The excavation works for foundation block take
place.
6. Execution of the works for isolated foundation
After digging the trench, a layer of minimum 5cm is poured beneath the foundation toe. After
that the concrete is poured into the foundation block .A concrete having C** class was chosen
for foundation block. The pouring operations will be realized using concrete pumps and transit
mixers. When pouring the foundation block, a continuous flux must be achieved in order not to
stop the complex process of concrete pouring.
The next step is to set up the wood formwork for the isolate and to prepare the reinforcements for
the works. The formwork will be realized of pine wood using kneels and steel wire for joints.
The reinforcements must be put into place respecting the imposed distances from the project. In
this stage the reinforcement for the column must be also positioned in the foundation isolate,
leaving only distances of 80 cm of reinforcement over the ground (whiskers).
Pouring the concrete for the isolate foundation and removing the formwork will be the least
steps for these processes. The work point must be equipped with vibrators.
The filling soil is set up in order to achieve the required height where the 0 cote was established.
A layer of gravel having 15cm is used in order to break the capillarity. A layer of Kraft paper is
set up over the foundation in order to avoid the water infiltration.
The poring of the leveling concrete at the isolate and mounting of the reinforcement for all
isolate and columns toe take place. The pouring operations will not take place until the state
inspection, protection and the owner will be there and verify. A verbal process is done which
confers the quality of the works. Depending on the concrete class, concrete is required from the
supply deposits.

Pouring the 5 cm layer of leveling concrete:

V=
A transit mixer of 6 m3 is chosen to carry concrete on a 10 km distance = 2 transpots.
Formwork setting up for the foundation block.
For the foundation block:
**-for one face of the foundation block;
**- for all face of the foundation block;
**-for all the foundation blocks;
Transport of the concrete for the foundation blocks

-5 transit mixers of 6 m3 are chosen to carry the concrete on the km distance = 6

transports will be required;
**- for all the foundation blocks;
Pouring the concrete for the all foundation block.
**- for one foundation block;
**- for all the foundation blocks;
Formwork manufacturing for the concrete pad
**- for one face on the pad;
**- for all the faces of the pad;
**- for all the pads;
Formwork total required: (**
Reinforcement mounting, manufacturing and positioning
For OB 37 having 8 mm:
Q=
Q=

kg -for one pad

-total quantity.

For OB 37 having 10 mm:

Q=
Q=

kg -for one pad

-total quantity.

For PC 52 having 10 mm:

Q=
Q=

kg -for one pad

-total quantity.

Reinforcement transport
One truck is needed with capacity of 45.5 tones. Two transports will be realized.
Transport of the concrete for the pad pouring.
**m3 for all the pads
Two transit mixer of 6 m3 are required to transport the concrete on the a 10 km distance
= 4 transports will be realized (two with concrete and two having an empty charge).
Concrete pouring for the foundation pads
**- for one pad;
**- for all the foundation pads;
Transport of the required soil for filling up.
V1=
- the entire excavated soil
V2=
- volume of the foundation block, foundation
pad and the column up to the 0 cote.
V3=
-for all the elements
V=V1-V3=
Q=
A number of 10 trucks will be established to do the required operation = 10 trucks
will carry simultaneously 55 tones. Results a number of 29 transports.

Soil spreading;
Q=
Soil compacting with a Caterpillar compaction cylinder.
V=
Transport of the ballast on a 10 km distance.
Q=
Setting of the ballast layer for the breaking the capillarity;
V=
Compacting the ballast layer using the vibration board
V=
Setting up the Kraft paper.
25.922.9=593.11m2

7. Elevation execution
After pouring the concrete from the foundation pads and the leaving outside the proper whiskers
for joining the reinforcements between the columns from the ground floor with the ones from the
foundation, its proceeding to the mounting of the formworks. At the execution of the formworks
of the building elevations, between the columns of the ground floor with a pre check by the state
inspection it is preceding to the concrete pouring. After concrete hardening (28 days) the
formwork removal is done for the elevations and execution of the filling operations between the
empty spaces which will be properly compacted with vibrators.
8. Column reinforcement
The reinforcements are realized in specialized workshop on marks and pieces.
The columns reinforcement is placed with respecting the dimensions between bars and between
stirrups. The reinforcements which are to be set up are cut-up in centralized workshops or in the
construction site, being executed with respect to the project and execution plans. The bars are
positioned longitudinally, a minimum necessary of 4 bars being required from constructive
reasons (which have to be positioned in each corner of the column). The minimum distances
between bars must be 5 cm in order to manage pouring the concrete. The concrete covering of
the bars is done in order to provide protections from the external factors. The longitudinal bars
are solidified all across their length with stirrups having the minimum diameter of 6 mm.

Manufacturing, mounting and placing in position the reinforcements.

OB 37 with 10: * -for one column
**

PC 52 with 20

-for all the columns

- for one column

**
-for all columns;
Transport of the reinforcements.
Transport of the reinforcements on a 10 km distance. It is required a 5.5 tons truck which
will be required to make 4 transports (2 with reinforcement and 2 without reinforcement).

9. Column formwork
The formwork of the column is executed in for all 4 faces from wood boards and they are
brought to the construction site in pieces, the workers having to assemble it. On one of the faces
of the formwork, at the inferior part, a space is left up which allows clearance of the formwork.
At the superior part, the wood form works are provided with spaces destined to the girders and
beams. After preparing them, are check of the axis position, of the tightness, and of the cotes is
realized. Before pouring the concrete, the base of the columns is cleaned and the formworks are
wet in order not to absorb water from the concrete.

Formwork setting up:

q=
-for one face;
*
-for all the faces of the column
q=
-for all the columns.

11. Plate reinforcement, formwork and pouring

The next stage is positioning the formwork for the plate. The formworks realized in special
workshops. They are set up with respect to the project prescriptions. A setting up the formwork, a
re-check of the axis is necessary. Special columns are provided made of wood, having 15-25 cm
diameter to take the loads from concrete pouring. At each square meter one such strut will be
disposed.
After that, the reinforcement is positioned respecting the distances and the project indications.
Some special devices are positioned in order to keep the bar in position when pouring the
concrete: flyes ( purici).
Before pouring the concrete, the circulation board is put in place which provides access to all
parts of the floor without deteriorating the reinforcements.
After pouring the concrete, the protecting of the concrete is necessary, in order that the hardening
of the concrete to take the place in normal conditions. In 12 hours from pouring, the wetting of
the plate and the formwork is done (at each 2 hours). In summer time, when there are high
temperatures, the covering of the plate is necessary using bags, sand and wood chips. On rainy
weather, the concrete is protected using panels so that the cement would not be washed from the
surface.
12. Girder reinforcement, formworks and pouring
The formworks for the girders are realized from short sawn wood and whitewood or beech. They
are supported with simple struts with crosses ad braces. They can also be supported with metallic
struts. The addings for the panels are necessary and they are done in length, at the ends of them
(foe accomplishment of the project prescriptions). The lateral panels including the adding parts
have the length equal with the height of the girder plus the formwork end. The lateral panels are
kept together with the end panels with kneels which have assembly role. First, the bottom
formwork is set in position, after that the fixing of the lateral panels being realized.

The reinforcement positioning respecting the technical rules is done, after that reinforcements
were prepared in workshops: manufactured and bent where necessary. The distances between
bars are respected placing first the longitudinal bars, then reparation bars. The stirrups are set up
in position before pouring the concrete. The concrete is poured in girders with concrete pumps.

13. Brickwork execution

Bricks must have the specific shape, dimensions mechanical properties as in the actual standards.
When executing theses kind of works the bricks must be put in place clean, without dust and
properly dried. The horizontal joists must have a thickness of 12 mm and for the vertical ones a
10 mm dimension is necessary. At the walls which have to be plastered, the joists remain
uncovered.
The works begin from the corners or from empty space, the brick being disposed on horizontal
layers, being lift progressively and uniformly on the entire length of the wall. The works can be
supported only in a teeth manner. When continuing the works, the last layer of brick is cleaned
and washed, after that a layer of mortar being placed.
14. Pitched roof execution
This process is composed of 2 other sub-processes: setting up the parts and manufacturing the
wood parts. The execution is done either at the construction site or in workshop.
Manufacturing consists:

Reading the plans: sections, details and horizontal positioning;

Drawing of the farms which usually is done at real dimensions;
Manufacturing the patterns;
Choosing the material: the necessary dimensions and the number of each specific
elements;
Execution and manufacturing of the pieces of the pitched roof.

Setting up:

Finishing the farms by joining together all the parts of each farm;
Transport of the farms to the execution place;
Drawing the positions for the farms;
Setting up and checking up the farms;
Ridge positioning;
Rafters positioning.

15. Lindab Roof covering

Is realized respecting the producer prescriptions: first take place the fixing of the supports and
then mounting the covering material.

10.4 Concrete mix design (according to NE 012-1999)

The concrete mix it is performed for the concrete used in the above ground structure.
C16/20-P810-T3/T4-I32.5-16
C16/20-concrete class;
P810-impermability grade;
T3/T4-workability (depends on the type of the element);
I32.5 -cement type (depends on the concrete class, execution condition and exposure class);
16- granularity.
The concrete mix properties are determined using NE 012-1999. The performance requirements
are defined by the shape of the element, finishing, strength, durability, shrinkage and creep. To
achieve these requirements the fresh concrete must be suitable in terms the quality and quantity
of its constituents and the following requirements must be respected:

The mix should produce homogeneous concrete in a short time, this property gives the
mix-ability of the concrete;
The mix should be stable; it should not segregate during transportation;
The mix should be cohesive and mobile enough to be placed in the form around the
reinforcement, the property is called mobility;
The mix should be amenable to proper and through compaction into a dense and
compact state, with the minimum voids; the property is so called compact ability;
The mix should give a satisfactory surface finish without honeycombing or blowing holes
through the formwork and the free surface; this property is called finish-ability;
These requirements of mix-ability, stability, transportability, place-ability, mobility,
compact-ability and finish-ability of the fresh concrete mentioned above are collectively
referred to workability;
The workability depends primarily on the materials, mix proportions and environmental
conditions. The workability of fresh concrete shout be such that it can be placed in
formwork and compacted with minimum effort, without segregation or bleeding;
The choice of workability depends upon the type of compacting equipment available, the
size of the section and concentration of reinforcement.

10.4.1 Preliminary mix design

Is obtained by taking into account theoretical information given by the standards and the
materials characteristics (cement type). The assumption is that the aggregates are dry.

Establish the water quantity (W), by taking into account the concrete strength (C16/20),
T
T
the required workability ( 3 / 4 ) and the nature of aggregates (16 mm).

W=200 l;
W ' =1.10200=220 ( 10% for 16 mm aggregates)

The water-cement ratio (W/C) can be evaluated by using the standards, taking into
consideration the concrete class (C16/20) and also the cement type (I32.5)

P10
8

W
=0.5
C

-Determine the cement quantity

C=

W ' 220
=
=440 Kg /m3
w 0.5
c
Determine the overall aggregates; quantity for a cubic meter is:

Gag C
C
3
dm
=
+ +W + a Gag =ag (1000 W a)
1000
ag c
c
3
3
The air volume for the aggregates of 16 mm is a=25 dm /m

ag

- is the aggregate specific apparent mass

ag

- is the cement type specific apparent mass

3
3
=2.7 dm /m

=3.1

Kg/ m

W- is the water quantity;

C- is the cement quantity;
Gag=2.7 (1000

440
22025) =1656
3.1

Kg/m 3

Evaluate the proportion of each size fraction by selecting an appropriate grading curve
for the available aggregates and nominating the values for the cumulative percentage
passing.

3
T3
T
For C= 440 Kg/m and
/ 4 it results the granularity zone III.

p j p

Zon
e

Limit

III

min
max

% passing though sieve

0.2
6
1

1
25
15

3
40
30

7
60
50

16
100
95

G ag
100
Gij =
i

Where
i d j
;
d

Gij

j/ pi
i/ d j
passing
percentage
through
the
size sieve;
p
d

S 0.23=

S 37=

- the quantity of the aggregate for size

p3
35
Gag =
1656=579.6 Kg/m3
100
100

p7 p3
5535
Gag=
1656=311.2 Kg/m3
100
100

S 716=

p 16 p7
10055
G ag =
1656=745.2 Kg/ m3
100
100

3
Checking: S 0.23 +S 37 +S 716=579.6+311 .2+7 45.2=1 656 Kg/m

Determine the concrete apparent specific weight;

'

b=W +C +Gag=220+ 440+1656=2316 Kg/m

Results for the preliminary mix design

Water quantity
Aggregate quantity
'
W =220 [l]
Gag=1656 Kg/m3

Cement quantity
Kg/m 3
C=440
]

Sand (0.2-3 mm) quantity

S 0.23=579.6 Kg/m3

Water/cement ratio
W/C=0.5

Sand (3-7 mm) quantity

3
S 37=331 .2 Kg /m

Apparent specific weight

3
b
2316 Kg/m

Sand (3-7 mm) quantity

S 716=745.2 Kg/m3

10.4.2 Laboratory mix design

This means checking of concrete for workability, cohesion and surface finish, testing cubes and
determine the compressive strength. After the mix proportions which are determined by the
design, a trial mix is made.
In order to obtain the specific workability (

T3

T4

from the laboratory testing, it is

3
necessary to decrease the water quantity (W=230 l/ m ) and another specific weight (

b=2398 Kg/m3 , meaning the cement quantity;

Cnew =

W new 230
3
=
=460 Kg/ m
w
0.5
c

The new aggregate quantity is obtained:

b ,eff +
2

W C=

For C=460 and

S 0.23=

T3

2398+2316
230460=1667 Kg/ m3
2
G ag , new =
/

T4

the granularity zone is III;

p3
35
Gag ,new =
1667=5 83.45 Kg/m3
100
100

S 37=

p7 p3
5535
Gag ,new =
16 67=333.4 Kg/m3
100
100

S 716=

p 16 p7
10055
G ag ,new=
16 67=750.15 Kg /m 3
100
100

Checking: S 0.23 +S 37 +S 716 =583.45+333.4 +750.15=1667 Kg/ m

Results for the laboratory mix design

Water quantity
Aggregate quantity
new
W
Gag=1667 Kg/m3
=230
Cement quantity
3
C=460 Kg/ m

Sand (0.2-3 mm) quantity

S 0.23=583.4 5 Kg/m3

Water/cement ratio
W/C=0.5

Sand (3-7 mm) quantity

S 37=333.4 Kg/m3

Apparent specific weight

b
2398 Kg/m3

Sand (3-7 mm) quantity

S 716=7 50.1 5 Kg /m3

10.4.3 Working mix design

Comes from the laboratory mix, by correcting it with the real aggregates humidity.

uis =2

uig =1

The real aggregate humidity are known for each size fraction (
compacted concrete the quantity of water in the aggregates is:
Gij =

uij Gij

100

uij

).So, for one cubic meter of

 S0.23 =

S37=

uis S 0.23 2 583.4 5

=
=11. 669l/m3
100
100

uis S 37 2 333.4
=
=6.668l /m3
100
100

S716=

uis S 716 2 750.15

=
=15.003 l/m3
100
100

The water quantity contained by the aggregates is:

G= Gij =33.34 l/m

The real aggregates quantity becomes:

G'ag=Gag + W g=1667 +33.34=1700.34 Kg /m3
S '0.23=S 0.23+ S 0.23=5 83.45+11. 669=595.119 Kg/m3
'

S 37=S37 + S 37=333.4+ 6.6 68=3 40.068 Kg /m

'

S 716=S716 + S7 16 =7 50.15+ 15.003=7 65.153 Kg/m

The real quantity for mixing is:
'

W =W W g=23033.34=196.66

l/m

The real apparent specific weight is:

b=W ' +C +G'ag=196.9+ 460+1700.34=23 57 Kg/m3

'

Results for the working mix design

Water quantity
Aggregate quantity
'
3
3
Gag=1 700.34 Kg/m
=196.66 l/m

Cement quantity
3
C=460 Kg/ m

Sand (0.2-3 mm) quantity

S '0.23=59 5.119 Kg/m3

Water/cement ratio
W/C=0.5

Sand (3-7 mm) quantity

S '37=340.068 Kg /m 3

Apparent specific weight

b
23 57 Kg/m3

Sand (3-7 mm) quantity

S '716=7 65.153 Kg/m3

Technological sheet for concrete mix

10
T
T
C16/20 - P8 - 3 / 4 -I32.5-16

Composition

Component

Preliminary mix
design

Laboratory mix
design

Working mix
design

3
Water (l/ m )

220

230

196.66

W/C

0.5

0.5

0.5

460

460

440
Cement ( Kg/ m

S 0.23
579.6

583.4 5

595.11 9

331.2

333.4

340.068

745.2

750.15

765.153

Total aggregate
Kg/ m3

1656

1667

1700.34

Specific weight
3
Kg/ m

2316

2398

2375

Aggregate
3
Kg/m

S 37

S 716

9.5 Formwork design

The formwork are auxiliary constructions, mostly there are used as temporary structures and
have the role of shaping the concrete, dimensions and surface aspect until the concrete reaches its
desired mechanical properties which assures the safe formwork removal.
A correct formwork realizing can highly influence the complex technological process, as the
technological process influences the formwork setting.
The formwork cost, also they are temporary constructions can vary from 20% to 60% of the total
cost of the concrete works.
The parts of a formwork are:

Solid part;
Primary sustaining elements;
Secondary sustaining elements;
Bracing elements;

The main purpose when elaborating a formwork is to obtain the best technological and
economical solution;
The labour consumption is an important factor, the entire labour consumption representing 40%

to 60% of the labour used for a concrete work.

10.5.1 Loads acting on the formworks

10.5.1.1 Vertical loads which acts on the formworks
a) Vertical loads which act on the formwork faces are composed of the self weight of the
formwork combined with the concrete weight.

The material used for fabrication of the formwork is wood having the specific weight G=750
Kg/m

. Self weight of the formwork is considered as a uniformly distributed load having

p=0.2-0.25 KN/m2.
b) Weight of the concrete freshly poured will be considered with the following density
b=2500 Kg/m

Where:
b - pressure exerted by freshly poured concrete;
H b - height of the concrete layer;
a 150 daN/m2 for medium reinforced elements;

b=0.5 2500+150=1400 Kg/m

=14 KN/m2

c) Technological weight given by the circulation boards installed above the formworks
pc =1 KN /m2
d) Concentrated load obtained from the weight of the workers who transport different types of
pd =1.3
equipments
KN/m2
e) Uniformly distributed load obtained from concrete vibrating

pe =1.2

KN/m2

10.5.1.2 Horizontal loads which acts on the formworks

f) Horizontal static loading due to the lateral pushing of the concrete is a uniformly distributed
load whose value is distributed on the formwork height depending on the pouring speed.

Pf

- loading from concrete casting:

Pfmax =1 2 3 4 H b

- coefficient depending on speed of casting 0.9

- concrete workability coefficient 1.05

- coefficient that takes into account the temperature of the casted concrete

H height of the formwork 0.5 m;

= 6 m/h

Pfmax =0.9 1.05 0.95 0.95 0.5 2500=10.66 KN /m2

-

pinf = pmax

- = 0.8 coefficient corresponding to the pouring speed

g) Horizontal dynamic loading due to shocks that may appear from the concrete pouring;
For pouring the concrete with pump: q=6 KN/m2

Loads considered for the specific

elements calculus
No

Elements
Strength
calculus

Stiffness
calculus

a+b+c+d+e

a+b

a+b+c+d

a+b

Formwork for slabs, horizontal

elements, arces and beams
Vertical elements and
vertical sustaining elements
Column formwork

f+g

Lateral parts for girders and arces

Bottom of the formworks

a+b+e

a+b

1
2

Scafoddings with the height of

a+b+c
max 6 m
Scafoddings with the height heigher
a+b+c+h
than 6 m
Table 10.5 group of actions which are taken in computation;

Loads taken in consideration:

Strength calculus
pmax =a+b+ c+ d +e=0.2+14+ 1+ 1.3+ 1.2=17.7 KN /m2
Stiffness calculus
a + b=0.2+14=14.2

KN /m2

Strength of the panel

M cmax < M ccap
M cmax=
c

q l q d
=
8
8
c

M cap= a W c ,where:
q- uniformly distributed load for a strip of 1 m width;

a+b
a+b

d - distance between extensible girders;

ca =12000

KN /m2

W c - strength modulus
q d 2 c
< a W c
8

W=

b h 2 100 0.3 0.3

=
=1.5 m3
6
6

q= pmax l af =17.7 0.75=13.275 KN /m

8 ca W
d=
=105 cm
13.275

q d 2 13.275 1.05
=
=1.74 Knm<1200 1.05=12600 Knm
8
8