arXiv:1309.

3450v1 [hep-ph] 13 Sep 2013

arXiv:

Non-linear evolution of unintegrated gluon density at

large values of coupling constant
Krzysztof Kutaka, Piotr Surowkab
a

Instytut Fizyki Jadrowej im H. Niewodniczanskiego,

Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel,
and International Solvay Institutes,
Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Krzysztof.Kutak@ifj.edu.pl,
Piotr.Surowka@vub.ac.be

ABSTRACT
We propose an evolution equation for unintegrated gluon densities that is valid for the
large values of QCD coupling constant s . Our approach is based on the linear resummation model introduced by Stasto. We generalize the model including non-linear term
in the diffusive regime. The validity of the diffusive evolution at the strong coupling is
supported by the AdS/CFT consideration, as well as perturbative arguments. We solve the
evolution equation numerically and extract saturation scale, which we compare with the
weak coupling counterpart.

Introduction

Strongly coupled Quantum Field Theory like Quantum Chromodynamics is the basic framework which is used in the interpretation of hadronic observables data at the high-energy
physics experiments. Despite its correctness many open questions remain and the full theoretical description is far from complete as neither perturbative methods, nor lattice gauge
theory, can provide full description of hadronic phenomena. One of the open problems is
for instance the gluon saturation [1] which is expected on theoretical grounds and there
is a growing evidence that it occurs [24]. Another open problem is the derivation of the
dynamics of strongly coupled systems, such as quark-gluon plasma, directly from QCD
lagrangian.
When energy is high enough quarks and gluons are elementary degrees of freedom in
QCD. Therefore an essential ingredient to understand the collisions is the parton content
of the hadrons that are being collided. At present we do not have analytic methods to
derive parton distribution functions. We can either use perturbation theory for carefully
chosen observables and resum infrared and collinear logarithms or use some simplified
holographic model under analytic control.
A particularly interesting resummation approach, offering possible although not definite
interpretation of low x data from the electron-proton collider HERA at DESY, was developed by Balitsky, Fadin, Kuraev, and Lipatov (BFKL) [57]. The idea is that the scattering
process occurs through the exchange of the so-called Reggeized gluons. The two interacting
Reggeized gluons are known in the literature as the Pomeron. These are effective particles
emerging after resummation of (s ln x1 )n . Such procedure gives an evolution equation for
unintegrated gluon distribution functions schematically written as
f (x, k 2 )
= K f (x, k 2 ),
ln x0 /x

(1.1)

where K is the evolution kernel and denotes convolution with respect to transverse
momenta. The main prediction of the BFKL evolution is given by the hadronic crosssection of the form
sP ,
(1.2)

where P is known as the intercept. There regime of the applicability of the LO and NLO
BFKL equation is limited to the weak coupling physics. Moreover, the BFKL leads to
power-like growth of gluon density with energy. This is a consequence of the violation of
unitarity by the BFKL equation. The point at which the linear BFKL formalism has to
be corrected to include non-linear effects is known as saturation scale. Several approaches
were proposed to encapsulate parton saturation effects such as recombination or rescattering [1, 817]. The common feature of these approaches is that the non-linearity takes into
account saturation effects.
The BFKL equation, as observed in [18], can be useful in studies of infinite strong coupling
effects. It has been noted that with appropriate introduction of DGLAP anomalous dimension into the BFKL framework, and after resummation of kinematical effects to infinite
order one is able to extend formally the solution of the BFKL equation to large values of
1

coupling constant. One can ask whether at the strong coupling the saturation effects will
be neccessary. In principle the strong coupling itself might suppress gluonic interaction. In
this paper using the framework developed by Stasto, which allows to obtain gluon density
in the larg s regime, we conclude that it is not enough to use linear BFKL approach to
suppress gluons. As a way out we propose to use an appropriately resummed BalitskyKovchegov equation. The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we review the basics
of the BFKL equation. In section 3 we solve the BFKL equation in the large values of
s and argue that the gluon distribution continues to evolve in a diffusive way. In section
4 we further motivate the use of the diffusion approximation by holography. Finally in
section 5 we show how the non-linear Balitsky-Kovchegov equation can be applied to study
the dynamics of unintegrated gluon densities at large values of s . Moreover, we extract
a saturation scale at strong coupling which is qualitatively similar to the result obtained
previously from gauge/gravity duality.

The BFKL equation in diffusion approximation

In this section we review some basics of the integral form of the BFKL equation at LO
and its solution in a diffusion approximation [19, 20]. The diffusion form of the BFKL
equation as turns out later is the form of BFKL at infinite strong coupling when kinematical
constraint and DGLAP corrections are imposed. The forward BFKL equation written for
the unintegrated gluon density in the integral form reads:


Z
Z 1
dz dl2 f (x/z, l2 ) f (x/z, k 2 ) f (x/z, k 2 )
2
2
2
+
f (x, k ) = f0 (x, k ) +
s k
, (2.3)
l2
|l2 k 2 |
4l4 + k 4
0
x/x0 z
where x is a longitudinal momentum fraction carried by gluon k is its transversal momentum
and we use k 2 to indicate that there is no angle dependence the normalization of the gluon
R Q2
is such that in the double logarithmic limit one has relation xg(x, Q2 ) = 0 dk 2 f (x, k 2 )/k 2 .
The LO BFKL equation due to conformal invariance can be solved by the Mellin transform.
The Mellin transform w.r.t x and its inverse read:
Z c+i
Z 1
1
2
1
2
2
dx f (, k 2).
f (, k ) =
(2.4)
dxx f (x, k ), f (x, k ) =
2i
ci
0
Applying it to both sides of (2.3) and using
1
f (, k ) =
2i
2

1
c+i

(2.5)

s
()f (, ),

(2.6)

ci

one obtains
f (, ) = f 0 (, ) +
1

(k 2 ) f (, )d

To simplify the notation we kept the same letter for Mellin transform w.r.t k 2 .

where



du u 1
1
.
() =
+
u |u 1|
4u2 + 1
0
The integral 2.7 after evaluation gives:
Z

(2.7)

() = 2(1) (1 ) (),

(2.8)

where is a digamma function. The solution to the Eq. (2.3) can be written as:
Z
Z
f 0 (, )
1
2 1
2
d(k )
dx
.
f (x, k ) =
2i
2i
s ()

(2.9)

Taking for boundary condition

f0 (x, k 2 ) = f (x0 , k 2 ),

(2.10)

f (x0 , )
,

(2.11)

which corresponds in the Mellin to

f 0 (, ) =

we arrive at the following expression:

 s ()
Z
1
x
2
2
f (x, k ) =
d(k ) f (x0 , )
.
2i
x0

(2.12)

In order to evaluate the integral above one needs to know the characteristic function along
the imaginary axis in plane. The characteristic function is an analytic function given by
the above formula and its value along the imaginary axis can be easily obtained, the plot is
shown on Fig. (1) where we plot the characteristic function along the real and imaginary
axis for various values of the strong coupling constant. We also see that the larger value of
the coupling constant the characteristic function diverges and from this one concludes that
the LO BFKL equation can not be naively extended to the large strong coupling constant
regime. Knowing that the characteristic function has a saddle point along the = 1/2 + i
contour we can write the solution as:
Z
1
2
f (x, k ) =
d(k 2 )1/2+i f (x0 , 1/2 + i)xs (1/2+i) .
(2.13)
2
The dimension full unintegrated gluon density reads:
2

2 2

ln(k /k0 )
1
2
2
e ln(x0 /x)1/2 ln(k /k0 ) e 4 1/2 ln(x0 /x) ,
F (x, k ) = F (x0 , 1/2) p
4 ln(x0 /x)1/2

(2.14)

where F (x0 , 1/2) = f (x0 , 1/2)/k 2 and the (1/2 + i) 21 2 with =

s 4 ln 2

and =
s (3). From this explicit form one may extract the coefficients of the diffusion
equation 2
1
1
Y F (Y, ) = 2 F (Y, ) + F (Y, ) + ( + /8)F (Y, ).
2
2
3

(2.15)

s HL

ReHs H12+ LL

20
15

6
4

10

2
-3

-2

-1

-2
-4

0.5

-6

Figure 1: Left: BFKL characteristic function multiplied by s along real axis. Right: BFKL
characteristic function multiplied by
s along imaginary axis. The evaluation is for
s =0.2, 0.5,
1, 3. Increasing values of y axis indicates the direction of growth of
s

In the above expression we used the following variables

Y = ln

x0
,
x

(2.16)

= ln

k2
.
k02

(2.17)

The variables (2.16) and (2.17) are convenient because they allow to write Eq. (2.15) in a
simple diffusive form.

The BFKL equation with higher order corrections and the

gluon density in the whole range of coupling constant

The BFKL equation has been obtained at NLO accuracy in [21, 22] and recently solved
in [23]. However, it turns out that in order for the eigenvalue of the kernel to be stable
one needs to perform resummations of corrections to infinite order [27]. One source of
such corrections is provided by the so-called kinematical constraint effects. The LO BFKL
equation has been derived assuming strong ordering in energies of gluons emitted in the
s-channel however the integral over the k is in principle unconstraint. The way to improve
these situation is to demand that the emitted gluons when z 1 are on shell. This puts
certain restrictions on the k. The kinematical constraint refined equation reads:
f (x, k 2 ) = f0 (x, k 2 )


Z 1
Z
dz dl2 f (x/z, l2 )(l kz)(k/z l) f (x/z, k 2 ) f (x/z, k 2 )
2
+
s k
+
,
l2
|l2 k 2 |
4l4 + k 4
x z
0
(3.18)
and since it does not brake the conformal invariance the improved equation can be again
solved by the Mellin transform technique. Performing the transform with respect to x we
2

For the details about the diffusion equation we refer the reader to the Appendix A.

obtain3 :
k2
f (, k ) = f 0 (, k ) +
s



f (, k 2)
dl2 f (, l2 )(l kz)(k/z l) f (, k 2)
+
.
l2
|l2 k 2 |
4l4 + k 4
0
(3.19)
2
2
2
2
We have to combine contributions coming both from l > k and l < k . Keeping that
into account we perform the Mellin transform w.r.t k 2 and obtain
2

f (, ) = f 0 (, ) +

s
(, )f(, ),

(3.20)

where
kc (, ) =



du u+/2 (1 u) + u/2 (u 1) 1
1
.
+
u
|1 u|
4u2 + 1

(3.21)

We relegate the details of evaluation of the integrals to the appendix, the final result is:
kc (, ) = 2(1) (1 + /2) ( + /2).

(3.22)

After rearranging (3.20) and using the inverse Mellin transforms w.r.t and we obtain
Z
Z
f 0 (, )
1
2 1
2
d(k )
dx
.
(3.23)
f (x, k ) =
2i
2i

s kc (, , )
The equations (3.23) define transcendental equation and its solution gives modified energy
dependence of the BFKL gluon density
=
s kc (, ) ef f kc (, ).

(3.24)

Solving the Eq. (3.24) we see that the kinematical effects limits the growth of the eigenvalue
to large values. We notice however that the eigenvalue along the imaginary axis is unlimited
from below see Fig. (2). Besides the kinematical constraint effects, as it has been suggested
in [18] in order to have more complete treatment of contribution of higher orders one
modifies last equation to the following one:
1
= (0) ()(, ).

s
1
+ A()

is the LO DGLAP anomalous dimension, where

(0) () =

A() =

1
1
1
11
+

(2 + ) + (1) +
+1 +2 +3
12

(3.25)
(3.26)

(3.27)

The equation (3.25) can be written as effective eigenvalue equation in a form

3

For the technical details about the evaluation of such integrals we refer the reader to the Appendix B

ReH eff k.c. H12+,LL

eff k.c. H,L
2

2
1

1.5

0
1

-1
-2

0.5

-3
0.

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-4

-2

ReH eff k.c. H12+,LL

eff k.c. H,L

200

1
-200

1.5

-500
1
-1000

0.5

0.

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-4

-2

Figure 2: Kinematical constraint effects. Upper right plot: function ef f k.c.(, ) along real
contour for
s = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2. Upper left plot: function ef f k.c. along imaginary contour for

s = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2. Lower left plot: function ef f k.c.(, ) along real contour for
s = 2, 10, 100.
Lower right plot: function ef f k.c. (, ) along real contour for
s = 2, 10, 100.

= ef f (, ),

(3.28)

ef f (, ) =
s kc (, ) (1 + A) .

(3.29)

with
The crucial behavior providing the graviton-like intercept is the vanishing of the eigenvalue
function when 1. As a practical application of the result obtained in [18] we ask a
question about the properties of the gluon density while evaluated at the increasing values
of strong coupling. To obtain gluon density we know from previous sections that we need to
know the eigenvalue function along the imaginary axis to perform inverse Mellin transform.
Since the analytical solution is not possible we solve the equation above numerically along
the imaginary axis
= Re (ef f (1/2 + i, ))
(3.30)
We see (Fig. 5) that the additional contributions stabilize completely the eigenvalue and
allow for investigations of the BFKL in the whole spectrum of coupling constant. This
stems from the fact that there is no divergency after taking the linit
S . Keeping
6

ReH eff H12+,LL

eff H,L
2

2
1.5
1
1
0
0.5

0.

-1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-4

-2

ReH eff H12+,LL

eff H,L
2

2
1.5
1
1
0
0.5

0.

-1

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-4

-2

Figure 3: Kinematical constraint effects and resummation effects. Upper right plot: function
ef f (, ) along real contour for
s = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2. Upper left plot: function ef f (, ) along
imaginary contour for
s = 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2. Lower left plot: function ef f (, ) along real contour
for
s = 2, 10, 100. Lower right plot: function ef f (, ) along real contour for
s = 2, 10, 100.

this in mind we can ask a question what is the shape of the gluon density as we flow to the
larger values of the coupling constant. Naively one can think that if the coupling constant
increases, there the number of gluons vanishes or at least it is constant. Below we show that
this is not the case, the gluon density grows, and we get infinitely many soft gluons. Thus in
order to achieve the stabilization one has to include some additional effects, most probably
of non-linear type. The solution for various values of
s of the transcendental equation
along real and imaginary axis is presented on Fig. (4). In order to obtain the gluon density
we interpolate the solution and integrate it numerically. The resulting gluon density for
different values of the coupling constant is shown on Fig. (4). The quite simple structure
of the solution of eigenfunction equation for omega can be parameterized in polynomial of

ln10 FHx,k2 L

ln10 FHx,k2 L

10

k2

Figure 4:

Gluon density obtained for various values of the coupling constant

s =
0.2, 0.5, 1, 10, 104 . The densities with smaller coupling constants are smaller. Upper left
x = 106 , upper right: x = 104 .

where An are fit parameters:

ef f (, 1/2 + i) =

N
X

An n

(3.31)

n=M

Applying this prescription we obtain at infinite value of the strong coupling

analytical formula:

the following

ef f (, 1/2 + i) = P10 ()( + 0.683)(0.683 ) ( 0.683) ( 0.683), (3.32)

where the tenth order polynomial P10 () takes the form
P10 () = 0.998873 2.01319 2 + 15.9008 4 154.039 6 + 540.208 8 657.203 10 . (3.33)
The form of the eigenvalue function used in order to evaluate gluon density can be simplified.
By inspection we see Fig. (5, right) that if for the evaluation of the gluon density we use
simplified fit (3.34) the resulting gluon almost does not change. The reason of this is that
the net contribution to the integral from regions of the eigenvalue function where it is
negative and where the functions start to differ is negligible see Fig. (5, left).
1
ef f (, 1/2 + i) = 1.02795 2.04635 2 st st 2
2

(3.34)

The formula above can be used to obtain analytically a solution of the BFKL equation
in strong coupling regime and to deduce a partial differential equation which it obeys:
1
1
Y (Y, ) = st 2 (Y, ) + st (Y, ) + (st + st /8)(Y, )
2
2
where the values are read off from formula (3.34) st = 4.08 st = 1.02
4

It works also at finite values

(3.35)

10

k2

N + ratio
3.5

eff H12+i,L
2

3.0
2.5

2.0

1.5
-1

1.0

-2

0.5
2

Figure 5: Comparison of from formula (3.32) and (3.34). Right: ratio of gluon densities for
different values of x as obtained from (3.32) and (3.34. In order to visualize the tiny effect of
dependence on exact integration path we plot ratios and shift the appropriate curve by 2 and by 3
respectively.

AdS/CFT and the Pomeron

The main message that comes from our discussion so far is that the diffusive behavior is
not particular to weak coupling regime of the BFKL evolution. In fact it is the dominant
contribution in the strong coupling. This is not an artefact of the model we are considering.
Similar observation was done in the context of gauge/gravity duality [2830] where an
analytic expression for the gluon distribution related function (or an evolution kernel) was
derived in N = 4 SYM theory
fP SBC (, s)

2
1
ej0 Y e 4DY ,
4DY

(4.36)

where

1
2
(4.37)
j0 = 2 + O(1/) , D = + O(1/) .

2
and we introduced notation fP SBC to indicate that the function is not directly gluon distribution function but related to it after rescaling by k 1/2 [31]
2 fP SCB (Y, )
fP SCB (Y, )
=D
+ j0 fP SCB (Y, ).
Y
2

(4.38)

We note that in N = 4 SYM has several remarkable properties, such as integrability of the
evolution equation or the so-called maximal transcendentality property [32]. These properties allow to calculate the spectrum of anomalous dimensions and the Pomeron intercept
to a high order in the inverse coupling expansion [3337]. Therefore the most activity in
the subject was devoted to the understanding of linear BFKL equation. At present the
detailed studies of unitarization is beyond reach as one has to resum multi-loop string amplitudes to all orders. However, under some simplified assumption the saturation line has
been extracted from holographic considerations [38, 39]. In the next section we will show
that this result is consistent with the saturation line for the model we are considering.
This is a striking feature of the strongly coupled physics, despite the differences between
9

10

k2

FHY,L

FHY,L
2

0.001
0.0008
0.0006

0.0004
0.0002
-5

10

15

20

10

15

20

Figure 6: Left figure: solution of strongly coupled BK equation for Y=10, 20,30, 40. Right figure:
the corresponding dipole gluon density.

QCD and N = 4 SYM they seem to share common properties such as validity of diffusive
approximation and quantitatively similar saturation properties.

The BK equation in the limit of infinite coupling constant

s

The linear BFKL evolution equation misses a very important aspect of the high-energy scattering, namely the saturation physics. As pointed out in the introduction several approaches
were constructed in order to include non-linear effects, like multiple scattering and gluon
saturation, responsible for the unitarization of the scattering amplitudes. A particularly
useful and simple enough approach to unitarize the cross section is the Balitsky-Kovchegov
equation, it reads:
(x, k 2 ) = 0 (x, k 2 ) + 1 (x, k 2 ),
(5.39)
where
1




s 2
dl2 l2 (x/z, l2 ) k 2 (x/z, k 2 ) k 2 (x/z, k 2 )
2
+
(x/z, k ) .

1 (x, k ) =
s
l2
|l2 k 2 |
R2
4l4 + k 4
0
x
(5.40)
We note that if one neglects the non-linear term one recovers the linear BFKL equation.
An important feature of the BK equation as observed in [40] is that it lies within the
universality class of the Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piscounov (FKPP) equation:
2

dz
z

Z

t u(t, x) = x2 u(t, x) + u(t, x) u2 (t, x).

(5.41)

One can view this equation as a diffusion equation supplemented with a non-linear term
that encodes saturation. The question arises how to extend the BK equation to the whole
strong coupling regime. We do not have an answer yet and at this point we do not have
a derivation of such equation from first principles. Nevertheless we can postulate such
extension based on our numerical analysis and phenomenological arguments
1
Nc s 2
1
(Y, ), (5.42)
Y (Y, ) = st 2 (Y, ) + st (Y, ) + (st + st /8)(Y, )
2
2
R2
10

where the values are read off from formula (3.34) st = 4.08 st = 1.02
The coefficient in front of the non-linear term has to be consistent with the strongcoupling. We take the t Hooft limit (Nc s ) and assume large target approximation
c s
(R2 ), the ratio NR
2 being fixed. The solution of the above equation is presented on
Fig. (6) and it shows that at some point where the shape of the curve flattens the number
of gluons saturates. We notice that the gluon density becomes constant in the saturated
regime therefore the derivatives vanish and we obtain from (5.42) the saturation scale:
sat = st + st /8

(5.43)

Y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Figure 7: Red line: saturation line obtained from solution of (5.42) using the definition (5.45).
Blue line: saturation scale as follows from the weak coupling equations and models: Qs (Y ) e0.29 Y

The gluons, however, do not contribute much to the momentum distribution since the
momentum gluon density or dipole gluon density which is calculated via:
Nc 2
(Y, )
(5.44)
FBK (Y, ) =
4
drops off after the saturation scale has been reached and its maxima signalize emergence
of the saturation scale which can be defined as [41]:
FBK (Y, )|=ln Qs2 (Y ) = 0

(5.45)

using the formula we can calculate the saturation line that follow from our equation and
we obtain
Qs e0.85 Y
(5.46)

The behavior of the gluon number density (Y, ) is to be contrasted with full form of
the BK in the weak coupling regime where rate of production of gluons slows down but still
diverges logarithmically and can only approximately obeys FKKP equation.
The result for the saturation scale suggests that at the same values of ln( x1 ) saturation
strong correlations occur earlier than at weak coupling. This can be easily understood since
the strong coupling tends to pack gluons closer and therefore the overlapping or screening
is larger. The result (5.46) is quite close to the one obtained in [38, 39] by very different
holographic approach, therefore justifying our derivation.
11

Conclusions

Parton distribution functions are important objects in high-energy phenomenology as they

are necessary ingredients to determine physical observables. In this paper we proposed
an evolution equation gluon density obeys when the coupling constant is very large. We
stay within a QCD framework that, through certain resummations, allows to probe strong
coupling physics. Our proposal stays within the diffusive regime, in which we introduce
saturation physics. Solving this equation we are able to extract saturation scale, which
agrees qualitatively with results from holography. For the future plans we postpone the
study of the running coupling effect as well as possible extensions of the framework towards
the whole range of strong coupling.
One very important aspect of high-energy physics is the generation of entropy after the
collision. For this phenomenon we lack theoretical tools that can handle the dynamics in
QCD. Therefore it is often convenient to consider the same questions in the context of
strongly coupled plasma in the N = 4 supersymmetric gauge theory for which one can
use the AdS/CFT correspondence [42]. However, these methods will always be restricted
to some universal properties that QCD and N = 4 SYM share. In the context of QCD
it has been suggested that the notion of a thermodynamical entropy is associated with
the production of gluons in the saturation regime of dense initial states in hadron-hadron
collisions [43]. Later a microscopic definition of entropy was given in [44] in which the
notion of gluon distribution function plays a crucial role. It will be interesting to employ
similar ideas to study entropy generation in the model presented in this paper.

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dimitri Colferai for useful correspondence and Anna Stasto for
interesting discussions. PS acknowledges the hospitality and partial support from the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences where the work has been completed.
The work of KK was supported by the NCBiR grant LIDER/02/35/L-2/10/NCBiR/2011.
The work of PS was supported in part by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office through
the Interuniversity Attraction Pole IAP VI/11 and by FWO-Vlaanderen through project
G011410N.

Diffusion equation

Following [45] we intend to solve an equation of the form

w(t, x)
2 w(t, x)
w(t, x)
=a
+
b
+ cw(t, x).
t
x2
x

(A.47)

w(t, x) = exp(t + x)u(t, x),

(A.48)

The substitution

12

with

b2
b
, and = ,
4a
2a
which leads to the homogenous heat equation for u(t, x)
=c

2 u(t, x)
u(t, x)
=a
.
t
x2

(A.49)

(A.50)

As a next step we solve a Cauchy problem on the domain x with the initial
condition
u(0, x) = f (x).
(A.51)
The solution can be written as
u(t, x) =

df ()G(t, x, ),

(A.52)

where the Greens function is



(x )2
1
exp
.
G(t, x, ) =
4at
2 at
If f (x) = (x) we get the solution as a Gaussian function


1
x2
u(t, x) =
.
exp
4at
2 at

(A.53)

(A.54)

Integrals

In this appendix we collect useful formulae needed in order to evaluate the function.
Z

du u+ 2
(1 u).
(B.55)
A1 =
u |1 u|
0
Z 1

v + 2
du u 2
(u 1) =
.
dv
A2 =
u |1 u|
|1 v|
0
0
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
1
1
du
=

.
A3 =
du
du
u(1 u)
1u
u
0
0
0
Z

The A3 integral we split into

A3a =

du

A3b =

13

1
0

1
,
1u
du
,
u

(B.56)
(B.57)

(B.58)
(B.59)

Z 1
1
1
=
,
dv
A4 =
du
u(u 1)
1v
0
1
Z
1
du

A5 =
,
u 4u2 + 1
0
Z 1
Z 1

1
1
u+ 2 1 1
du
du = (1) (1 + )
du.
1u
2
0 u1
0 u1
Z

(B.60)
(B.61)
(B.62)

We combine the integrals in the following way:

A1 + A4 = (1) ( + /2),

(B.63)

A2 + A3a = (1) (1 + /2).

(B.64)

Introducing regulators in the remaining integrals we get

A5 + A3b =

du
1
u

u
4u2 + 1

du 21 21

u =
u

1
.

(B.65)

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