Basic Electrical Engineering

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Basic Electrical Engineering

by A. Mittle and V. N. Mittle1
Created by
Idris Manaqibwala
Electrical Technology
Civil Engineering
VNIT Nagpur
College Teacher
Prof. V. B. Borghate
Cross-Checked by
Bhavani Jalkrish
August 28, 2014
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Basic Electrical Engineering
Author: A. Mittle and V. N. Mittle
Publisher: Tata McGraw Hill
Edition: 2
Year: 2005
ISBN: 9780070593572
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 DC Circuits
13
2 Electrostatics
22
3 Electromagnetism
26
4 Magnetic Circuit
29
5 Electromagnetic Induction
41
6 Fundamentals of Alternating Current
52
7 AC Series Circuit
68
8 AC Parallel Circuit
80
9 Three Phase Systems
97
10 Measuring Instruments
107
13 Temperature Rise and Ventilation in Electrical Machines
111
14 Single Phase Transformers
113
15 Three Phase Transformers
127
16 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
130
17 Fundamentals of DC Machines
132
18 DC Generators
140
19 DC Motors
150
20 Testing of DC Machine
160
21 Three Phase Alternators
167
22 Synchronous Motors
176
23 Three Phase Induction Motor
185
24 Single Phase Induction Motor
204
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
Exa 1.16
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
Example on Ohms Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example on Kirchhoffs Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Superposition Theorem . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Superposition Theorem . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Thevenin Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Norton Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Nodal Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Maximum Power Transfer Theorem . . .
Example on Delta to Star and Star to Delta Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Delta to Star and Star to Delta Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Coulombs Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Electric Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Electric Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on charging and discharging of capacitor . .
Example on Field Strength and Flux Density . . . . .
Example on Field Strength and Flux Density . . . . .
Example of Force on on Current Carrying Conductor .
Example of Force on on Current Carrying Conductor .
Example on Series Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . .
5
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
22
22
23
24
24
25
26
26
27
27
29
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
Exa 5.13
Exa 5.14
Exa 5.15
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.16
5.17
5.18
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4

Example on Series Parallel Magnetic Circuit . . . . . .
Example on Series Parallel Magnetic Circuit . . . . . .
Example on Induced EMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Growth and Decay of Current in Inductive
Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Energy Stored in Magnetic Field . . . . .
Example on AC Wave Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
30
30
31
32
33
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
41
41
42
42
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
52
54
54
55
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.13
6.14
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
9.1
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
AC Wave Shapes . . . . . . . .
Phase Difference . . . . . . . .
Simple AC Circuits . . . . . .
Simple AC Circuits . . . . . .
AC Series Circuit . . . . . . .
Phasor Method . . . . . . . . .
Phasor Method . . . . . . . . .
Phasor Method . . . . . . . . .
Phasor Method . . . . . . . . .
Admittance Method . . . . . .
Symbolic Method . . . . . . .
Series Parallel Circuit . . . . .
AC Network Theorems . . . .
Resonance in Parallel Circuits .
Resonance in Parallel Circuits .
Three Phase Circuits . . . . .
7
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56
56
60
61
64
64
66
66
67
68
68
69
70
71
71
73
73
74
75
76
76
77
78
79
80
81
83
84
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
95
97
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
13.1
13.2
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
15.1
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
on
Three Phase Circuits . . . . . .

Power Measurement . . . . . . .
Moving Coil Instruments . . . .
Heating and Cooling of Electrical
Heating and Cooling of Electrical
EMF Equation . . . . . . . . . .
EMF Equation . . . . . . . . . .
Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . .
Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . .
Regulation and Efficiency . . . .
Regulation and Efiiciency . . . .
Testing of Transformer . . . . . .
Parallel Operation . . . . . . . .
Parallel Operation . . . . . . . .
three phase transformer . . . . .
8
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Machines
Machines
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98
99
100
101
101
102
103
103
104
105
105
107
107
108
109
109
110
111
112
113
113
114
115
116
116
117
118
119
120
120
121
121
122
123
124
124
125
127
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
15.2
15.3
15.4
16.2
Exa 16.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
Example on three phase transformer . . . . . . . . . .

Example on Electromechanical Energy Conversion Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Electromechanical Energy Conversion Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on DC Winding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on DC Winding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on EMF Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Types of DC Machines . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Magnetization Characteristics . . . . . . .
Example on Parallel Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Torque and Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on Speed Control of DC Motors . . . . . . .
9
128
128
129
130
131
132
132
133
133
134
134
135
135
136
136
137
137
138
139
140
142
143
145
147
148
149
150
151
151
152
153
154
155
155
156
157
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
19.11
19.12
19.13
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
22.1
Exa 22.2
Exa 22.3
Exa 22.4
Exa 22.5
Exa 22.6
Exa 22.7
Exa 22.8
Exa 23.1
Exa 23.2
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
teristics . .
Example on
Example on
Example on
Speed Control of DC Motors . . . . . . .

losses in DC Machine . . . . . . . . . . .
emf Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
emf Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
emf Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
emf Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
emf Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
emf Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phasor Diagram and Power angle Charac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Variation of Excitation . . . . . . . . . .
Slip and Rotor Frequency . . . . . . . . .
Slip and Rotor Frequency . . . . . . . . .
10
157
158
159
160
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
174
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
185
185
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
23.16
23.17
23.18
23.19
23.20
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
Example on Slip and Rotor Frequency . . .

Example on Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . .
Example on Losses in Induction Motor . . .
Example on Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . .
No load and Block Rotor Test . . . . . . . .
Example on Circle Diagram . . . . . . . . .
Example on starting . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on starting . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example on No Load and Block Rotor Test
Example on No Load and Block Rotor Test
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187
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188
189
191
193
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194
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195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
202
204
205
206
208
209
List of Figures
4.1
4.2
Example on Series Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example on Series Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
37
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Example
Example
Example
Example
on
on
on
on
AC
AC
AC
AC
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
Example
Example
Example
Example
on
on
on
on
Magnetization
Magnetization
Magnetization
Magnetization
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Shapes
Shapes
Shapes
Shapes
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53
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65
Characteristics
Characteristics
Characteristics
Characteristics
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141
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146
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Chapter 1
DC Circuits
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Example on Ohms Law

1
2 //By KCL, I 1 + I 2 =2.25
3 I1 =10/(2+8)
4 I2 =2.25 - I1
5 r =(10 -5* I2 ) / I2
6 mprintf ( r=%d ohm , c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h ABC=%d A and
c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h ADC=%f A , r , I1 , I2 )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// i 1 , i 2 , i 3 be t h e c u r r e n t s i n t h e b r a n c h e s CD, EF
and GH r e s p e c t i v e l y
// i 1+i 2+i 3 =1.5
i2 =(20 -1.5*10) /15
i3 =(20 -1.5*10) /15
i1 =1.5 - i2 - i3
r =(20 -1.5*10) / i1
mprintf ( r=%f ohm , r )
13

1
2 // p o i n t s A, E , F ,G a r e a t t h e same p o t e n t i a l
3 Rab =20
4 Reb =50
5 R1 = Rab * Reb /( Rab + Reb )
// e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
o f Rab
and Reb
Rbc =25
R2 = R1 + Rbc // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f R1 and Rbc
Rfc =50
R3 = Rfc * R2 /( Rfc + R2 ) // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f R2
and Rfc
Rcd =30
R4 = R3 + Rcd // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f R3 and Rcd
R = R4 *50/(50+ R4 ) // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e b e t w e e n A
and D
i =200/ R
//Ohm s Law
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by c i r c u i t =%f A , i )
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Example on Kirchhoffs Law

1
2 // r e f e r F i g . 1 . 1 0 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
3 // a p p l y i n g KCL, I 1+I 2 =20; I 2+I 3 =30
4 // a p p l y i n g KVL
5 // f o r mesh ABGHA, 0.1 I 2 +20R1=108
6 // f o r mesh BCFGB, 0 . 3 I 2 +20R130R2=0
7 // f o r mesh CDEFC, 0 . 2 I 2 +30R2=114
8 a =[ -0.1 20 0;0.3 20 -30;0.2 0 30]
9 b =[108;0;114]
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x = inv ( a ) * b
I2 = x (1 ,1)
R1 = x (2 ,1)
R2 = x (3 ,1)
I1 =20 - I2
I3 =30+ I2
mprintf ( R1=%f ohm , R2=%f ohm , I 1=%f A, I 2=%f A, I 3=
%f A , R1 , R2 , I1 , I2 , I3 )

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// r e f e r F i g . 1 . 1 1 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
// a p p l y i n g KVL o v e r l o o p s ABEFA and BCDEB, I 2 =3.5
I 1 ; 2 I 1 +7 I 2 =10
a =[3.5 -1; -2 7]
b =[0;10]
i = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = i (1 ,1)
I2 = i (2 ,1)
I = I2 - I1
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t h r o u g h 8 ohm r e s i s t a n c e =%f A from
E t o B , I )

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7
// A p p l y i n g KVL
// f o r mesh AHGBA, 23 i 1 +20 i 2 +3 i 4 =0
// f o r mesh GFCBG, 20 i 1 43 i 2 +20 i 3 +3 i 4 =0
// f o r mesh FEDCF, 20 i 2 43 i 3 +3 i 4 =0
// f o r mesh ABCDJIA , 3 i 1 +3 i 2 +3 i 3 9 i 4 +50=0
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a =[ -23 20 0 3;20 -43 20 3;0 20 -43 3;3 3 3 -9]

b =[0;0;0; -50]
i = inv ( a ) * b
i1 = i (1 ,1)
i2 = i (2 ,1)
i3 = i (3 ,1)
i4 = i (4 ,1)
V1 =3*( i4 - i1 )
V2 =3*( i4 - i2 )
V3 =3*( i4 - i3 )
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s b r a n c h AB=%f V, V o l t a g e
a c r o s s b r a n c h BC=%f V, V o l t a g e a c r o s s b r a n c h CD=
%f V , V1 , V2 , V3 )

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// by a p p l y i n g KVL
// f o r mesh ABCDA, 7 . 4 5 i 1 3.25 i 2 =10
// f o r mesh EFBAE, 8 . 5 5 i 2 5.3 i 3 3.25 i 1 =10
// f o r mesh HGBFEAH, 1 1 . 3 i 3 5.3 i 2 =80
a =[7.45 -3.25 0; -3.25 8.55 -5.3;0 -5.3 11.3]
b =[10;10;80]
i = inv ( a ) * b
i1 = i (1 ,1)
i2 = i (2 ,1)
i3 = i (3 ,1)
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n 6 ohm r e s i s t o r =%f A, c u r r e n t i n
3 ohm r e s i s t o r =%f A , i3 , i2 - i1 )
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Example on Superposition Theorem

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13
// u s i n g S u p e r p o s i t i o n Theorem
// c o n s i d e r E1 a l o n e
E1 =1.5
R1 =(1+1) *2/(1+1+2) +2 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
I1 = E1 / R1 // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d
i1 = I1 /2 // c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h AB from B t o A
// c o n s i d e r E2 a l o n e
E2 =1.1
R2 =(1+1) *2/(1+1+2) +1+1 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
I2 = E2 / R2 // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d
i2 = I2 /2 // c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h AB from B t o A
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm r e s i s t o r =%f A , i1 + i2
)
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Example on Superposition Theorem

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10
11
// a p p l y i n g KVL
// f o r mesh BAEFB, 4 I 1 +2 I 2 =1.5
// f o r mesh BACDB, 2 I 1 +4 I 2 =1.1
a =[4 2;2 4]
b =[1.5;1.1]
i = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = i (1 ,1)
I2 = i (2 ,1)
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm r e s i s t o r =%f A from B
t o A , I1 + I2 )
Scilab code Exa 1.10 Example on Thevenin Theorem

1
17
2 // r e f e r F i g . 1 . 2 2 ( a ) i n t h e t e x t b o o k
3 // r e s i s t a n c e b e t w e e n A and B i s removed
4 // I 1 be c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h CD
5 // a p p l y i n g KCL
6 // 100 I 1 i s t h e c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h AF
7 // I1 50 i s t h e c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h DE
8 // 70 I 1 i s t h e c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h FE
9 // a p p l y i n g KVL f o r mesh CDEFC, we g e t ,
10 I1 =56
11 V =.1* I1 +.15*( I1 -50)
// t h e v e n i n s v o l t a g e
12 r =(.1+.15) *(.1+.15) /(.25+.25)
// t h e v e n i n s
equivalent resistance
13 I = V /( r +.05)
14 mprintf ( C u r r e n t f l o w i n g
i n t h e b r a n c h AB o f 0 . 0 5
ohm r e s i s t a n c e i s %f A , I )
Scilab code Exa 1.11 Example on Norton Theorem

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6
7
8
// by Norton s Theorem
I =2*10 // t o t a l c u r r e n t p r o d u c e d by c u r r e n t s o u r c e
r =2*2/(2+2) // r e s u l t a n t r e s i s t a n c e o f c u r r e n t s o u r c e
In =20* r /( r +1) // n o r t o n c u r r e n t
Rn =1+ r // n o r t o n r e s i s t a n c e
I = In * Rn /( Rn +8)
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e l o a d r e s i s t a n c e o f 8
ohm=%f A from A t o B , I )
Scilab code Exa 1.12 Example on Nodal Analysis

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2
3
// c i r c u i t h a s 4 nodes , v i z , A, B , C and D
// node D i s t a k e n a s r e f e r e n c e node
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// v o l t a g e s a t A, B and C be Va , Vb and Vc
respectively
// a p p l y i n g KCL
// a t node A, 7VaVbVc=25
// a t node B , 4Va+19Vb10Vc=0
// a t node C , 4Va10Vb+19Vc=40
a =[7 -1 -1; -4 19 -10; -4 -10 19]
b =[25;0; -40]
v = inv ( a ) * b
Va = v (1 ,1)
Vb = v (2 ,1)
Vc = v (3 ,1)
I =( Va - Vc ) /5
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n 5 ohm AC b r a n c h=%f A from A t o C
, I)
// e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a n s w e r
Scilab code Exa 1.13 Example on Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

1
2 V =3*20/(2+3) // t h e v e n i n s v o l t a g e
3 r =1+2*3/(2+3) // t h e v e n i n s e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e
4 R=r
5 Pmax = V ^2/(4* r )
6 mprintf ( Max power t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e l o a d i s %f W
when l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s %f ohm , Pmax , R )
Scilab code Exa 1.14 Example on Delta to Star and Star to Delta Transformation
1
2
// i n n e r d e l t a DEF i s t r a n s f o r m e d t o e q u i v a l e n t s t a r
c o n n e c t i o n h a v i n g r e s i s t a n c e s Ra , Rb , Rc
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3 Ra =1.5*2.5/(1.5+2.5+1)
4 Rb =1.5*1/(1.5+2.5+1)
5 Rc =1*2.5/(1.5+2.5+1)
6 // i n n e r p o r t i o n o f o b t a i n e d
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s t a r n e t w o r k ABC i s
converted i n t o e q u i v a l e n t d e l t a with r e s i s t a n c e s
R1 , R2 , R3
R1 =4+5.05+4*5.05/5
R2 =4+5+4*5/5.05
R3 =5+5.05+5*5.05/4
// now t h e n e t w o r k r e d u c e s t o t h e form i n which t h e
r e s i s t a n c e s a c r o s s a branch are in p a r a l l e l
// l e t e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e s be Rac , Rbc and Rab
Rac =5* R1 /(5+ R1 )
Rbc =5* R2 /(5+ R2 )
Rab =5* R3 /(5+ R3 )
R =( Rac + Rbc ) * Rab /( Rac + Rbc + Rab )
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e b e t w e e n A and B=%f
ohm ,R )
Scilab code Exa 1.16 Example on Delta to Star and Star to Delta Transformation
1
2 // by S u p e r p o s i t i o n Theorem
3 // c o n s i d e r 2 V b a t t e r y a l o n e
4 R1 =(3+1) *2/(3+1+2)
// e q u i v a l e n t
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r e s i s t a n c e o f Raf ,
Rfg , Rab
R2 =(1+ R1 ) *12/(1+ R1 +12) // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e o f
Rad , R1 , Rde
R =1+2+ R2 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t
I1 =2/ R
I2 = I1 *12/(1+ R1 +12)
I3 = I2 *4/(2+4) // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm
// c o n s i d e r 4 V b a t t e r y a l o n e
I4 =34/71 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm
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12 I = I3 + I4
13 mprintf ( By S u p e r p o s i t i o n Theorem ,
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current through
t h e 2 ohm r e s i s t a n c e i s %f A from A t o B\n , I )
// by Thevenin s Theorem
// a p p l y i n g KCL
// f o r mesh CDHIC , 15 i 1 +12 i 2 =2
// f o r mesh DEGHD, 12 i 1 +17 i 2 =4
a =[15 12;12 17]
b =[2;4]
i = inv ( a ) * b
i1 = i (1 ,1)
i2 = i (2 ,1)
Vab =4 -3* i2 - i2
R1 =(1+2) *12/(1+2+12) //R1 i s e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e
o f Rcd , Rci , Rdh
R =(1+ R1 ) *(3+1) /(1+ R1 +3+1) // t h e v e n i n s e q u i v a l e n t
resistance
I = Vab /( R +2)
mprintf ( By T h e v e n i n Theorem , c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2 ohm
r e s i s t a n c e i s %f A from A t o B\n , I )
// by Maxwell Mesh A n a l y s i s
// a p p l y i n g KVL
// f o r mesh CDEHC, 15 I1 12 I 2 =2
// f o r mesh DABED, 12 I 1 +15 I 2 +2 I 3 =0
// f o r mesh AFGBA, 2 I 2 +6 I 3 =4
a =[15 -12 0; -12 15 2;0 2 6]
b =[2;0;4]
i = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = i (1 ,1)
I2 = i (2 ,1)
I3 = i (3 ,1)
mprintf ( By Maxwell Mesh A n a l y s i s , c u r r e n t t h r o u g h 2
ohm r e s i s t a n c e i s %f A from A t o B , I2 + I3 )
21
Chapter 2
Electrostatics
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Example on Coulombs Law

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12
epsilon =8.854 D -12

r = sqrt (.1^2+.1^2) // d i s t a n c e b /w A and C
Fca =(2 D -6) *(4 D -6) /(4* %pi * epsilon * r ^2) // from A t o C
Fcb =(4 D -6) *(2 D -6) /(4* %pi * epsilon *.1^2) // from C t o B
Fcd =(4 D -6) *(4 D -6) /(4* %pi * epsilon *.1^2) // from C t o D
// Fr h a s h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l c o m p o n en t s a s Frx
and Fry r e s p e c t i v e l y
Frx = Fcd - Fca * cos (45* %pi /180)
Fry = Fcb - Fca * sin (45* %pi /180)
Fr = sqrt ( Frx ^2+ Fry ^2)
mprintf ( R e s u l t a n t f o r c e a c t i n g on c h a r g e a t C=%f N
, Fr )
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Example on Electric Intensity

1
22
2 epsilon =8.854 D -12

3 E1 =(4 D -8) /(4* %pi * epsilon *.05^2) // f i e l d
4
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6
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11
12
i n t e n s i t y due
t o c h a r g e a t A, d i r e c t i o n i s from D t o A
r = sqrt (2*.05^2) // d i s t a n c e b/w B and D
E2 =(4 D -8) /(4* %pi * epsilon * r ^2) // f i e l d i n t e n s i t y due
t o c h a r g e a t B , d i r e c t i o n i s from B t o D a l o n g
d i a g o n a l BD
E3 =(8 D -8) /(4* %pi * epsilon *.05^2) // f i e l d i n t e n s i t y due
t o c h a r g e a t C , d i r e c t i o n i s from D t o C
// Er h a s h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l c o m po n e n t s a s Erx
and Ery r e s p e c t i v e l y
Erx = E3 - E2 * cos (45* %pi /180)
Ery = - E1 + E2 * sin (45* %pi /180)
Er = sqrt ( Erx ^2+ Ery ^2)
theta = atand ( Ery / Erx )
mprintf ( R e s u l t a n t i n t e n s i t y on c h a r g e a t C=%f 1 0 4
N/C a t a n g l e %f d e g r e e s , Er /10^4 , - theta )
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Example on Electric Potential

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2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
epsilon =8.854 D -12

AB =.05
BC =.07
AC = sqrt (.05^2+.07^2)
V1 =2 D -10/(4* %pi * epsilon *.05) // p o t e n t i a l a t A
charge at B
V2 = -8D -10/(4* %pi * epsilon * AC ) // p o t e n t i a l a t A
charge at C
V3 =4 D -10/(4* %pi * epsilon *.07) // p o t e n t i a l a t A
charge at D
V = V1 + V2 + V3
mprintf ( P o t e n t i a l a t A due t o c h a r g e s a t B ,
=%f V , V )
23
due t o
due t o
due t o
C and D
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Example on charging and discharging of capacitor

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C =30 D -6
R =500
T=C*R
mprintf ( Time c o n s t a n t T=%f s e c \n , T )
// a t t =0 s e c , v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t o r i s z e r o
V =100 // a p l i e d v o l t a g e
I = V / R //Ohm s Law
mprintf ( I n i t i a l c u r r e n t=%f A\n , I )
t =.05
Q=C*V
q = Q *(1 - exp ( - t / T ) )
mprintf ( Charge on t h e c a p a c i t o r a f t e r 0 . 0 5 s e c i s
%f C\n , q )
i1 = I * exp ( - t / T )
mprintf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t a f t e r 0 . 0 5 s e c i s %f A\n ,
i1 )
t =.015
i2 = I * exp ( - t / T )
mprintf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t a f t e r 0 . 0 1 5 s e c i s %f A\n
, i2 )
V = i1 * R
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s 500 ohm r e s i s t o r a f t e r 0 . 0 5
s e c i s %f V , V )
// a n s w e r s v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round o f f
error

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7
8
9
C =100 D -6
V =200
Q=C*V
Ct =100 D -6+50 D -6 // t o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e
Vt = Q / Ct
mprintf ( P . D . a c r o s s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n =%f V\n , Vt )
EE1 =100 D -6* V ^2/2
mprintf ( E l e c t r o s t a t i c e n e r g y b e f o r e c a p a c i t o r s a r e
c o n n e c t e d i n p a r a l l e l =%f J \n , EE1 )
10 EE2 = Ct * Vt ^2/2
11 mprintf ( E l e c t r o s t a t i c e n e r g y a f t e r c a p a c i t o r s a r e
c o n n e c t e d i n p a r a l l e l =%f J , EE2 )

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2 C1 =100 D -6
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14
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// c a p a c i t a n c e o f f i r s t c a p a c i t o r which i s
t o be c h a r g e d
V =200 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s C1
Q = C1 * V
// L e t Q1 , Q2 , Q3 , Q4 be t h e c h a r g e s on r e s p e c t i v e
capacitors after connection
Q2 =4000 D -6
Q3 =5000 D -6
Q4 =6000 D -6
Q1 =Q -( Q2 + Q3 + Q4 )
C2 = C1 *( Q2 / Q1 )
C3 = C1 *( Q3 / Q1 )
C4 = C1 *( Q4 / Q1 )
mprintf ( Three c a p a c i t o r s have c a p a c i t a n c e s %d
microF , %d microF and %d microF \n , C2 *10^6 , C3
*10^6 , C4 *10^6)
Vt = Q1 / C1
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n =%f V , Vt )
25
Chapter 3
Electromagnetism
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Example on Field Strength and Flux Density
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3
4
5
6
7
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

N =150 // no . o f t u r n s o f c o i l
I =4 // c u r r e n t c a r r i e d by c o i l
l =.3 // l e n g t h o f s o l e n o i d i n m t r s
Bc = mu_not * N * I / l
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y a t c e n t r e =%f10 3 Wb/m2 ,
Bc *10^3)
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Example on Field Strength and Flux Density
1
2
3
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

// c a l c u l a t i n g f l u x d e n s i t y a t c e n t r e o f c o i l B=
mu not I / ( 2 R)
4 I =50
5 R =4 D -2
6 B = mu_not * I /(2* R )
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9
10
11
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y a t c e n t r e o f c o i l =%f10 6 Wb/

m 2 ( T e s l a ) \n , B *10^6)
// c a l c u l a t i n g f l u x d e n s i t y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o p l a n e o f
c o i l a t a d i s t a n c e o f 10 cm from i t
z =10 D -2
B = mu_not * I * R ^2/(2*( R ^2+ z ^2) ^1.5)
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o p l a n e o f c o i l
a t a d i s t a n c e o f 10 cm from i t =%f10 6 Wb/m 2 (
T e s l a ) , B *10^6)
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Example of Force on on Current Carrying Conductor

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

I1 =30 // c u r r e n t i n w i r e A
I2 =30 // c u r r e n t i n w i r e B
R =10 D -2 // d i s t a n c e b/w 2 w i r e s
F = mu_not * I1 * I2 /(2* %pi * R )
mprintf ( F o r c e p e r m e t r e l e n g t h i s %d10 4 N/m i n
b o t h c a s e s ( i ) and ( i i ) . However i n c a s e ( i ) , i t i s
a t t r a c t i v e and i n c a s e ( i i ) , i t i s r e p u l s i v e , F
*10^4)
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Example of Force on on Current Carrying Conductor

1
2
3
4
5
6
B =.06 // f l u x d e n s i t y
I =40 D -3 // c u r r e n t i n c o i l
l =4 D -2 // l e n g t h o f c o i l s i d e
F=B*I*l
N =50 // no . o f t u r n s
27
mprintf ( F o r c e a c t i n g on e a c h c o i l s i d e=%f10 3 N ,
F * N *10^3)
28
Chapter 4
Magnetic Circuit
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

1
2
3 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
4 a =(3 D -2) ^2 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
5 La =(20 -1.5 -1.5) *1 D -2 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n p a r t A
6 mu_r =1000 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y f o r p a r t A
7 Sa = La /( mu_not * mu_r * a )
8 mprintf ( R e l u c t a n c e o f p a r t A=%f 1 0 4AT/Wb\n , Sa
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
/10^4)
Lb =(17+8.5+8.5) *1 D -2 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n p a r t B
mu_r =1200 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y f o r p a r t B
Sb = Lb /( mu_not * mu_r * a )
mprintf ( R e l u c t a n c e o f p a r t B=%f 1 0 4AT/Wb\n , Sb
/10^4)
Lg =(2+2) *1 D -3 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n a i r gap
Sg = Lg /( mu_not * a )
mprintf ( R e l u c t a n c e o f 2 a i r g a p s=%f 1 0 4 AT/Wb\n ,
Sg /10^4)
S = Sa + Sb + Sg
mprintf ( T o t a l r e l u c t a n c e o f m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t =%f
1 0 4 AT/Wb\n , S /10^4)
29
18 N =1000 // no . o f t u r n s on e a c h c o i l
19 I =1 // c u r r e n t i n c o i l
20 mmf =2* N * I
21 mprintf ( mmf=%d AT\n , mmf )
22 flux = mmf / S
23 mprintf ( Flux i n m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t =%f10 4 Wb\n ,
24
25
flux *10^4)
flux_density = flux / a
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y=%f T e s l a , flux_density )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Bg =.7 // f l u x d e n s i t y i n a i r gap
Lg =3 D -3 // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
ATg =.796* Bg * Lg *1 D +6
Bs = Bg // f l u x d e n s i t y i n i r o n p a t h
H =660 // ampere t u r n s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Bs from BH
curve ( Fig . 4 . 2 ) o f textbook
Li =40 D -2 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n i r o n p o r t i o n
ATs = H * Li
AT = round ( ATg ) + round ( ATs )
mprintf ( T o t a l ampere t u r n s t o be p r o v i d e d on t h e
e l e c t r o m a g n e t=%d AT , AT )
// a n s w e r v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round o f f
error

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 N =700
// no . o f t u r n s on s t e e l
30
ring
I =2 // c u r r e n t c a r r i e d by t h e w i n d i n g on t h e r i n g
AT = N * I
mprintf ( mmf p r o d u c e d=%d AT\n , AT )
ATi =.35* AT // i r o n p o r t i o n t a k e s 35% o f t o t a l mmf
ATg = AT - ATi
l =1.5 D -3 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n a i r gap
B = mu_not * ATg / l
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y=%f Wb/m2\ n , B )
d =3 D -2 // d i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n o f r i n g
A = %pi * d ^2/4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f r i n g
flux = B * A
mprintf ( M a g n e t i c f l u x=%f m i l l i W b \n , flux *10^3)
S = AT / flux //Ohm s law f o r m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t s
mprintf ( R e l u c t a n c e=%f 1 0 6 AT/Wb\n , S /10^6)
l = %pi *25 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n s t e e l
ring
19 H = ATi / l
20 mu_r = B /( H * mu_not )
21 mprintf ( R e l . p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s t e e l r i n g=%d , round (
mu_r ) )
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

1
2
3
4
5
6
phi =.26 D -3 // f l u x
d =2 D -2 // d i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r c r o s s s e c t i o n o f r i n g
A = %pi * d ^2/4
B = phi / A
H =740 // ampere t u r n s p e r l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B a s o b t a i n e d from BH c u r v e o f
cast steel
7 L =90 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n t h e c a s t s t e e l
ring
8 AT = H * L
9 N =800 // no . o f t u r n s o f t h e c o i l wound on t h e r i n g
31
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
I = AT / N
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l =%f A\n ,I )
Li =L - Lg // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n r i n g
mu = B / H
Bg = AT /( Li / mu +.796* Lg *1 D +6)
flux = Bg * A
mprintf ( M a g n e t i c f l u x p r o d u c e d=%f10 4 Wb\n , flux
*1 D +4)
// c a l c u l a t i n g v a l u e o f c u r r e n t which w i l l p r o d u c e
t h e same f l u x a s i n ( i )
ATi = H * Li
ATg =.796* B * Lg *1 D +6
AT = ATi + ATg
I = AT / N
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l which w i l l g i v e t h e
same f l u x a s i n ( i )=%f A ,I )

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 N =400
// number o f t u r n s on t h e
c o i l wound on i r o n
ring
I =1.2 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e c o i l
AT = N * I
l =1 // mean f l u x p a t h i n r i n g i n m t r s
H = AT / l
B =1.15 // f l u x D e n s i t y
mu_r = B /( H * mu_not )
mprintf ( R e l p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n r i n g mu r=%d ,
round ( mu_r ) )
11 // e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a n s w e r
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
32

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 Li =50 d -2 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n i r o n
4 mu_r =1300 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
5 a =12 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
6 Si = Li /( mu_not * mu_r * a )
7 mprintf ( R e l u c t a n c e o f i r o n p a r t o f m a g n e t i c
circuit
=%f 1 0 3 AT/Wb\n , Si /10^3)

8 Lg =.4 D -2 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n a i r gap
9 Sg = Lg /( mu_not * a )
10 mprintf ( R e l u c t a n c e o f a i r gap o f m a g n e t i c
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
c i r c u i t=
%f 1 0 3 AT/Wb\n , Sg /10^3)
S = Si + Sg
mprintf ( T o t a l r e l u c t a n c e o f m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t =%f
1 0 3 AT/Wb\n ,S /10^3)
N =400+400 // t o t a l no . o f t u r n s
I =1 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h e a c h c o i l
mmf = N * I
flux = mmf / S
mprintf ( T o t a l f l u x=%f m i l l i W b \n , flux *10^3)
B = flux / a
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y i n a i r gap=%f Wb/m2 , B )
error

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 N =300 // no . o f t u r n s i n
coil
33
Figure 4.1: Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
I =.7 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h c o i l
AT = N * I
L =60 D -2 // l e n g t h o f r i n g
Li =L - Lg // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n r i n g
mu_r =300 // r e l p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n
B = AT /( Li /( mu_not * mu_r ) +.796* Lg *1 D +6)
mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y=%f Wb/m2 , B )
34
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

phi =.0006 // f l u x
A =5.5 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f r i n g
B = phi / A
h =[0 200 400 500 600 800 1000]
b =[0 .4 .8 1 1.09 1.17 1.19]
plot2d (h , b )
xtitle ( BH c u r v e f o r e x a m p l e 4 . 8 , H( ampere t u r n s
p e r m e t r e ) , B(Wb/m 2 ) )
H =600 // c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B from BH c u r v e
L =270 D -2 // l e n g t h o f r i n g
Lg =4.5 D -3 // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
Li =L - Lg // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n i r o n p o r t i o n o f r i n g
ATi = H * Li
ATg =.796* B * Lg *1 D +6
AT = round ( ATi ) + round ( ATg )
mprintf ( T o t a l ampere t u r n s=%d , AT )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

flux =1.1 D -3
A =4*4*1 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
B = flux / A
mu_r =2000 // r e l p e r m e a b i l i t y
H = B /( mu_not * mu_r )
// c a l c u l a t i n g ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d f o r p o t i o n C
l =.25 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h
ATc = H * l
// c a l c u l a t i n g ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d f o r p o t i o n D
ATd = H * l
35
14 // c a l c u l a t i n g ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d f o r a i r gap
15 ATg =.796* B *.002*10^6
16 AT = round ( ATc ) + round ( ATd ) + round (2* ATg )
17 mprintf ( T o t a l ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d=%d , AT )
18 // a n s w e r v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round o f f
error

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 flux =.018
4 // c o n s i d e r p a r t A
5 a =205 D -4
// c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
6 Ba = flux / a
7 H =760
// c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Ba a s o b t a i n e d from F i g .
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
4.2 in the textbook

l =(38 -.25) *1 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n i r o n
portion of part A
ATi = H * l
ATg =.796* Ba *2.5 D -3*10^6
ATa = ATi + ATg
// c o n s i d e r p a r t B
a =255 D -4
Bb = flux / a
H =670 // c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o Bb a s o b t a i n e d from F i g .
4.2 in the textbook
l =.25 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n i r o n p o r t i o n o f
part B
ATb = H * l
AT = round ( ATa ) + round ( ATb )
mprintf ( T o t a l ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d f o r c o m p l e t e
m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t =%d , AT )
36
Figure 4.2: Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 b =[.5 1 1.2 1.4]
4 mu_r =[2500 2000 1500 1000]
5 plot2d (b , mu_r , rect =[0 ,0 ,1.5 ,3000])
6 xtitle ( Bmu r c u r v e f o r e x a m p l e 4 . 1 1 , B(Wb/m 2 ) ,
mu r )
7
37
8 phi =.38 D -3
// f l u x i n r i n g
9 A =3 D -4
10 B = phi / A
11 mu_r =1300
// c o r r e s p o n d n g t o B from Bmu r c u r v e
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
plotted
H = B /( mu_not * mu_r ) // ampere t u r n s p e r m e t r e o f f l u x
path l e n g t h
l = %pi *58 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h
AT_iron = H * l
mprintf ( T o t a l ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d by i r o n r i n g=%d
\n , round ( AT_iron ) )
// a f t e r saw c u t o f 1 mm w i d t h h a s b e e n made
l =l -.1 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n i r o n
portion of ring
ATi = H * l
ATg =.796* B *1 D -3*1 D +6
AT = round ( ATi ) + round ( ATg )
mprintf ( E x t r a ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d =%d , round ( AT )
- round ( AT_iron ) )
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Example on Series Parallel Magnetic Circuit

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// two p a r a l l e l m a g n e t i c c i r c u i t s have e q u a l
reluctances
phi_cc =1.2 D -3 // f l u x i n c e n t r a l c o r e
phi_ol = phi_cc /2 // f l u x i n e a c h o u t e r l i m b
// c a l c u l a t i n g AT f o r c e n t r a l c o r e
a =9 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
B_cc = phi_cc / a
H =1600 // c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B c c from F i g 4 . 2 i n t h e
textbook
AT_cc = H * l
// c a l c u l a t i n g AT f o r o u t e r l i m b s
38
12 a =5 D -4
13 B_ol = phi_ol / a
14 H =1200
// c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B o l from F i g 4 . 2 i n t h e
textbook
15 l =.35
// l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h
16 AT_ol = H * l
17 AT = AT_cc + AT_ol
18 N =400
19 mprintf ( C u r r e n t r e q u i r e d i n t h e c o i l =%f A , AT / N )
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Example on Series Parallel Magnetic Circuit

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 phi_cc =1.2 D -3
// f l u x i n c e n t r a l c o r e
4 phi_ol = phi_cc /2
// f l u x i n e a c h o u t e r l i m b
5 // c o n s i d e r c e n t r a l c o r e
6 a =9 D -4
7 B_cc = phi_cc / a
// f l u x d e n s i t y
8 H =1600
// c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B c c from F i g 4 . 2 i n t h e
textbook
9 l =(15 -.2) *1 D -2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
// l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h o f c a s t
steel
AT_cc = H * l
ATg =.796* B_cc *2 D -3*10^6
// c o n s i d e r o u t e r l i m b
a =5 D -2 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
B_ol = phi_ol / a
H =1200 // c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o B o l from F i g 4 . 2 i n t h e
textbook
AT_ol = H * l
AT = AT_cc + ATg + AT_ol
N =400
mprintf ( E x c i t i n g c u r r e n t i n t h e c o i l =%f A , AT / N )
39
40
Chapter 5
Electromagnetic Induction
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Example on Induced EMF

1
2 N =1000 // no . o f t u r n s i n t h e c o i l
3 dphi = -2*900 D -6 // c h a n g e i n f l u x i n Wb
4 dt =.2 // t i m e i n s e c i n which c h a n g e t a k e s p l a c e
5 emf = - N * dphi / dt
6 mprintf ( A v e r a g e emf i n d u c e d i n t h e c o i l =%d V , round
( emf ) )

1
2 l =80 D -2 // l e n g t h o f c o n d u c t o r
3 B =1.2 // f l u x d e n s i t y o f u n i f o r m m a g n e t i c f i e l d
4 v =30 // v e l o c i t y o f c o n d u c t o r i n m/ s
5 // when t h e d i r e c t i o n o f m o t i o n i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o
field
6 e=B*l*v
7 mprintf ( emf i n d u c e d i n t h e c o n d u c t o r when t h e
41
d i r e c t i o n o f m o t i o n i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o f i e l d =%f
V\n ,e )
8 // when t h e d i r e c t i o n o f m o t i o n i s i n c l i n e d 45
degrees to f i e l d
9 e = B * l * v * sin ( %pi /4)
10 mprintf ( emf i n d u c e d i n t h e c o i l when t h e d i r e c t i o n
o f m o t i o n i s i n c l i n e d 45 d e g r e e s t o f i e l d =%f V ,e
)

1
2 N =120 // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
3 dphi =(.3 -.8) *1 D -3 // c h a n g e i n
4
5
6
7
8
9
f l u x due t o m o t i o n o f
conductor
dt =.08 // t i m e t a k e n f o r c h a n g e i n f l u x
e = - N * dphi / dt
mprintf ( I n d u c e d emf i n t h e c o i l =%f V\n ,e )
R =200 // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e r e d by t h e c o i l
I=e/R
mprintf ( I n d u c e d c u r r e n t=%f mA ,I *1000)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

N =3500 // no . o f t u r n s on i r o n r o d
I =.6 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h c o i l
AT = N * I
B =.45 // f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb/m2
l =25 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean m a g n e t i c f l u x p a t h
H = AT / l
mu_r = B /( H * mu_not )
42
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
mprintf ( R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f m e t a l=%f\n , mu_r )

A = %pi *2.5 D -2^2/4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f r i n g
phi = B * A
L = N * phi / I
mprintf ( S e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l =%f H\n ,L )
// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i i i )
dphi =.08* phi - phi // c h a n g e i n f l u x
dt =.0015 // t i m e t a k e n f o r c h a n g e
e = - N * dphi / dt
mprintf ( emf i n d u c e d i n t h e c o i l when v a l u e o f f l u x
f a l l s t o 8 p e r c e n t i t s v a l i u e i n 0 . 0 0 1 5 s e c=%f V
,e )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

H =3500 // ampere t u r n s p e r m e t r e o f f l u x p a t h l e n g t h
l = %pi *40 D -2 // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n r i n g
AT = H * l
N =440 // no . o f t u r n s on c o i l
I = AT / N // e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t
mprintf ( E x c i t i n g c u r r e n t=%d A\n , round ( I ) )
B =.9 // f l u x d e n s i t y
A =15 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f r i n g
phi = B * A
L = N * phi / I
mprintf ( S e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l =%f H\n ,L )
// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i i i )
l =( l -1/10^2) // l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h i n s t e e l r i n g
ATi = H * l // ampere t u r n s r e q u i r e d f o r i r o n p o r t i o n
ATg =.796* B *1 D -2*1 D +6 // ampere t u r n s f o r a i r gap
AT = ATi + ATg
I = AT / N
mprintf ( When an a i r gap 1 cm l o n g i s c u t i n t h e
43
r i n g , e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t I=%f A and s e l f i n d u c t a n c e
o f c o i l =%f H\n ,I , N * phi / I )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
N =800 // no . o f t u r n s
dI =10 -5 // c h a n g e i n c u r r e n t
dB =1.2 -.8 // c o r r e s p o n d i n g c h a n g e i n f l u x d e n s i t y
A =15 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
L = A * N * dB / dI
mprintf ( S e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l , L=%f H\n ,L )
di =5 -10 // c h a n g e i n c u r r e n t
dt =.04 // t i m e t a k e n f o r c h a n g e
e = - L * di / dt
mprintf ( I n d u c e d emf when t h e c u r r e n t f a l l s
u n i f o r m l y from 10 A t o 5 A i n 0 . 0 4 s e c=%d V ,
round ( e ) )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

N =1200 // no . o f t u r n s i n t h e c o i l on s o l e n o i d
l =80 D -2 // l e n g t h o f s o l e n o i d
A = %pi /4*(5 D -2) ^2 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
L = N *( mu_not * N * A / l )
mprintf ( S e l f i n d u c t a n c e=%f mH\n ,L *1000)
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n d u c e d emf
di = -5 -5
dt =.03
e = - L * di / dt
mprintf ( I n d u c e d emf=%f V ,e )
44

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N =1500 // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l A
phi =.04 D -3 // f l u x l i n k i n g c o i l A i n Wb
I =4 // c u r r e n t i n c o i l
La = N * phi / I
mprintf ( S e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l A=%f mH. As t h e
c o i l s a r e i d e n t i c a l , c o i l B w i l l a l s o have t h e
same s e l f i n d u c t a n c e . Hence , s e l f i n d u c t a n c e o f
c o i l B=%f mH\n , La *1000 , La *1000)
k =.7
M = N * k * phi / I
mprintf ( Mutual i n d u c t a n c e o f a r r a n g e m e n t=%f mH\n ,M
*1000)
di = -8
dt =.02
e = - M * di / dt
mprintf ( Emf i n d u c e d i n t h e c o i l B due t o a c h a n g e
o f c u r r e n t i n c o i l A=%f V\n ,e )

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 Ns =400 // no . o f t u r n s on s e a r c h c o i l
4 N =1000 // no . o f t u r n s o f w i r e on s o l e n o i d
5 M = mu_not * Ns * N *25 D -4/80 D -2
6 mprintf ( Mutual i n d u c t a n c e o f a r r a n g e m e n t=%f mH\n ,M
*1000)
7 // d i / d t =200
45
8 e = - M *200
9 mprintf ( emf i n d u c e d i n s e a r c h
c o i l =%f V ,e )

1
2 mu_not =4 D -7* %pi
3 N =800 // no . o f t u r n s f o r e a c h s o l e n o i d
4 l =90 D -2 // l e n g t h o f e a c h s o l e n o i d
5 Ax = %pi *(3 D -2) ^2/4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f
6
7
8
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12
13
solenoid
X
Ay = %pi *(6 D -2) ^2/4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f s o l e n o i d
Y
M = N * N * mu_not * Ax / l
mprintf ( Mutual i n d u c t a n c e o f a r r a n g e m e n t=%f mH\n
,1000* M )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c o u p l i n g co e f f i c i e n t
Lx = N * mu_not * N * Ax / l
Ly = N * mu_not * N * Ay / l
k = M / sqrt ( Lx * Ly )
mprintf ( C o u p l i n g co e f f i c i e n t =%f ,k )

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mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

Nb =500 // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l B
l =120 D -2 // mean l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n i r o n c i r c u i t
Na =50 // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l A
mu_r =2000 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n
A =80*10^ -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
M = Nb * mu_not * mu_r * Na * A /( l )
mprintf ( Mutual i n d u c t a n c e M=%f H\n ,M )
46
10 di =12
11 dt =.015
12 e = - M * di / dt
13 mprintf ( Emf i n d u c e d i n
c o i l B=%f V ,e )
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Example on Growth and Decay of Current in Inductive Circuits
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13
V =110 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
L =.5 // i n d u c t a n c e o f c o i l
r=V/L
mprintf ( Rate o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t=%d A/ s \n ,r )
R =8 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l
I=V/R
mprintf ( F i n a l s t e a d y c u r r e n t=%f A\n ,I )
T=L/R
mprintf ( Time c o n s t a n t=%f s e c \n ,T )
// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i v )
t = - log (.5) * T
mprintf ( Time t a k e n f o r t h e c u r r e n t t o r i s e t o h a l f
i t s f i n a l v a l u e=%f s e c ,t )
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2
3
4
5
6
// c a l c u l a t i n g t i m e i t w i l l t a k e c u r r e n t t o r e a c h . 8
of i t s f i n a l steady value
L =5 // i n d u c t a n c e o f w i n d i n g
R =50 // r e s i s t a n c e o f w i n d i n g
T=L/R
47
7 I = V / R // f i n a l s t e a d y c u r r e n t
8 i =.8* I
9 t = - T * log (1 - i / I )
10 mprintf ( C u r r e n t g r o w s t o . 8 t i m e s
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15
16
17
i t s f i n a l steady
v a l u e , %f s e c a f t e r t h e s w i t c h i s c l o s e d \n ,t )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t i m e i t w i l l t a k e f o r t h e c u r r e n t t o
reach .9 of i t s f i n a l steady value
i =.9* I
t = - T * log (1 - i / I )
mprintf ( Time t a k e n f o r t h e c u r r e n t t o grow t o . 9
t i m e i t s f i n a l s t e a d y v a l u e i s %f s e c \n ,t )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a v e r a g e emf i n d u c e d
e = - L *( -2.2/.05)
mprintf ( emf i n d u c e d=%d V\n , round ( e ) )
1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g i n d u c t a n c e and r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e r e l a y
3 T =.004 // t i m e c o n s t a n t which i s t i m e t a k e n f o r t h e
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
current to r i s e to .632 of i t s f i n a l steady value

I =.35/.632 // f i n a l s t e a d y v a l u e
R=V/I
L=T*R
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f r e l a y c i r c u i t =%f ohm\
n I n d u c t a n c e o f r e l a y c i r c u i t =%f H\n ,R , L )
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n i t i a l r a t e o f r i s e o f c u r r e n t
r=V/L
mprintf ( I n i t i a l r a t e o f r i s e o f c u r r e n t=%f A/ s ,r )
48
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R =.5+40+15 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
L =1 // t o t a l i n d u c t a n c e
T=L/R
V =12 // emf o f b a t t e r y
I = V / R // f i n a l s t e a d y c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t
i =.04 // c u r r e n t a t t i m e t a f t e r c l o s i n g t h e c i r c u i t
t = - T * log (1 - i / I )
mprintf ( The r e l a y w i l l b e g i n t o o p e r a t e %f s e c
a f t e r t h e r e l a y c i r c u i t i s c l o s e d \n ,t )
Scilab code Exa 5.16 Example on Energy Stored in Magnetic Field

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11
12
13
14
mu_not =4* %pi *1 D -7

// c a l c u l a t i n g i n d u c t a n c e
N =4000 // number o f t u r n s
I =2 // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e s o l e n o i d
d =8 D -2 // d i a m e t e r o f s o l e n o i d
As = %pi /4* d ^2
l =80 D -2 // l e n g t h o f s o l e n o i d i n m t r s
phi = mu_not * N * I * As / l
L = N * phi / I
mprintf ( I n d u c t a n c e=%f H\n ,L )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d
E = L * I ^2/2
mprintf ( Energy s t o r e d i n t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d =%f J ,E
)

49
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mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

// c a l c u l a t i n g e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t
B =1.2 // f l u x d e n s i t y
mu_r =500 // r e l p e r m e a b i l i t y f o r i r o n
H = B /( mu_not * mu_r )
D =10 D -2 // mean d i a m e t e r
l = %pi * D // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n t h e r i n g
AT = H * l
N =300 // number o f t u r n s on t h e r i n g
I = AT / N
mprintf ( E x c i t i n g c u r r e n t=%d A\n , round ( I ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n d u c t a n c e
As =8 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
phi = B * As
L = N * phi / I
mprintf ( I n d u c t a n c e=%f H\n ,L )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e n e r g y s t o r e d
E = L * I ^2/2
mprintf ( Energy s t o r e d=%f J \n ,E )
// c o n s i d e r t h e c a s e i n which an a i r gap o f 2 mm i n
t h e r i n g i s made
li =l -2 D -3 // l e n g t h o f f l u x p a t h i n i r o n p o r t i o n
lg =2 D -3 // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
ATi = H * li // ampere t u r n s f o r i r o n p o r t i o n
ATg =.796* B * lg *10^6 // ampere t u r n s f o r a i r gap
AT = ATi + ATg
I = AT / N
mprintf ( When t h e r e i s an a i r gap o f 2mm i n t h e r i n g
\ n E x c i t i n g c u r r e n t=%f A\n ,I )
L = N * phi / I
mprintf ( I n d u c t a n c e=%f mH\n ,L *1000)
E = L * I ^2/2
mprintf ( Energy s t o r e d=%f J \n ,E )
50

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19
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

// c a l c u l a t i n g p u l l on t h e a r m a t u r e
mu_r =300 // r e l p e r m e a b i l i t y o f i r o n
AT =2000 // t o t a l ampere t u r n s
li =50 D -2 // l e n g t h o f i r o n p a t h
lg =1.5 D -3 // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
B = AT /( li /( mu_not * mu_r ) +.796* lg *10^6)
A =3 D -4 // a r e a o f e a c h p o l e s h o e
x = B ^2* A /(2* mu_not ) // p u l l on t h e a r m a t u r e a t e a c h
pole
p =2* x
mprintf ( T o t a l p u l l due t o b o t h t h e p o l e s=%f N\n ,p )
// c o n s i d e r i n g t h e gap c l o s e s t o . 2 mm
lg =.2*1 D -3
B = AT /( li /( mu_not * mu_r ) +.796* lg *10^6)
x = B ^2* A /(2* mu_not )
p =2* x
mprintf ( When t h e gap c l o s e s t o . 2 mm, t o t a l f o r c e
n e e d e d due t o b o t h t h e p o l e s , t o p u l l t h e
a r m a t u r e away=%f N ,p )
error
51
Chapter 6
Fundamentals of Alternating
Current
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Example on AC Wave Shapes

1
2 // p l o t t i n g g r a p h f o r i 1
3 theta = linspace (0 ,2* %pi ,100)
4 i1 =50* sin ( theta ) +50* sin ( theta - %pi /4)
5 plot ( theta , i1 )
8 i2 =50* cos ( theta ) +50* cos ( theta + %pi /4)
9 plot ( theta , i2 , o )
11 i3 =50* cos ( theta ) -20* sin ( theta )
12 plot ( theta , i3 , )
13 xtitle ( Graphs o f i 1 ( ) , i 2 ( oo ) and i 3 ( ) , t h e t a ,
14
c u r r e n t )
// round o f f e r r o r w h i l e p l o t t i n g g r a p h s
52
Figure 6.1: Example on AC Wave Shapes
53

1
2
3 // i =Imax s i n ( 2 %pi f t )
4 Imax =100 //max v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
5 f =25 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
6 // c a l c u l a t i n g t i m e a f t e r which c u r r e n t becomes 20 A
7 i =20
8 t = asin ( i / Imax ) /(2* %pi * f )
9 mprintf ( Time a f t e r which c u r r e n t becomes 20 A=%f
s e c \n ,t )
11 i =50
12 t = asin ( i / Imax ) /(2* %pi * f )
s e c \n ,t )
15 i =100
16 t = asin ( i / Imax ) /(2* %pi * f )
s e c \n ,t )

1
2
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n s t a n t a n e o u s v o l t a g e a t . 0 0 5 s e c
a f t e r t h e wave p a s s e s t h r o u g h z e r o i n p o s i t i v e
direction
3 f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
4 Emax =350 //max v a l u e o f v o l t a g e
5 t =.005
54
6 e1 = Emax * sin (2* %pi * f * t )

7 mprintf ( V o l t a g e a t . 0 0 5 s e c
8
9
10
11
a f t e r t h e wave p a s s e s
t h r o u g h z e r o i n p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n =%d V\n , e1 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n s t a n t a n e o u s v o l t a g e a t . 0 0 8 s e c
a f t e r t h e wave p a s s e s t h r o u g h z e r o i n n e g a t i v e
direction
t =.008
e2 = - Emax * sin (2* %pi * f * t )
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a t . 0 0 8 s e c a f t e r t h e wave p a s s e s
t h r o u g h z e r o i n n e g a t i v e d i r e c t i o n =%f V , e2 )

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15
// e =100 s i n ( 1 0 0 %pi t )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r a t e o f c h a n g e o f v o l t a g e a t t = . 0 0 2 5
sec
t =.0025
r1 =10000* %pi * cos (100* %pi * t )
mprintf ( Rate o f c h a n g e o f v o l t a g e a t . 0 0 2 5 s e c=%f V
/ s e c \n , r1 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r a t e o f c h a n g e o f v o l t a g e a t t =.005
sec
t =.005
r2 =10000* %pi * cos (100* %pi * t )
mprintf ( Rate o f c h a n g e o f v o l t a g e a t . 0 0 5 s e c=%d V/
s e c \n , r2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r a t e o f c h a n g e o f v o l t a g e a t t =.01 s e c
t =.01
r3 =10000* %pi * cos (100* %pi * t )
mprintf ( Rate o f c h a n g e o f v o l t a g e a t . 0 1 s e c=%f V/
s e c \n , r3 )
// e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a n s w e r i n f i r s t and l a s t c a s e
55

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15
16
// c a l c u l a t i n g g r e a t e s t r a t e o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t
// i =50 s i n ( 1 0 0 %pi t )
mprintf ( G r e a t e s t r a t e o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t=%f A/ s e c
\n ,50*100* %pi )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a v e r a g e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave
T =1/ f
Imean =1/.01* integrate ( 50 s i n ( 1 0 0 %pi t ) , t ,0 , T /2)
mprintf ( A v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e g i v e n c u r r e n t=%f A\n ,
Imean )
Irms = sqrt ( integrate ( ( 5 0 s i n ( t h e t a ) ) 2 , t h e t a ,0 ,2*
%pi ) /(2* %pi ) )
mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Irms )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t i m e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n a maximum v a l u e
and n e x t z e r o v a l u e
t =( %pi /2) /(100* %pi )
mprintf ( Time i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n a maximum v a l u e and
t h e n e x t z e r o v a l u e i s %f s e c t o %f s e c ,t ,2* t )
// v a l u e o f g r e a t e s t r a t e o f c h a n g e o f c u r r e n t i s
g i v e n wrong i n t h e t e x t b o o k due t o a p p r o x i m a t i o n

1
2 i = linspace (0 ,0 ,2)
3 t = linspace (0 ,1 ,2)
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39
40
41
plot2d (t , i )
for j =0:3
i = linspace (40+20* j ,40+20* j ,2)
t = linspace ( j +1 , j +2 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
if j ==0 then
t = linspace ( j +1 , j +1 ,2)
i = linspace (0 ,40 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
else
t = linspace ( j +1 , j +1 ,2)
i = linspace (40+20*( j -1) ,40+20* j ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
end
end
for j =1:3
i = linspace (100 -20* j ,100 -20* j ,2)
t = linspace ( j +4 , j +5 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
i = linspace (100 -20*( j -1) ,100 -20* j ,2)
t = linspace ( j +4 , j +4 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
end
i = linspace (40 ,0 ,2)
t = linspace (8 ,8 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
i = linspace (0 ,0 ,2)
t = linspace (8 ,9 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
for j =0:3
i = linspace ( -(40+20* j ) , -(40+20* j ) ,2)
t = linspace ( j +9 , j +10 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
if j ==0 then
t = linspace ( j +9 , j +9 ,2)
i = linspace (0 , -40 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
else
58
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t = linspace ( j +9 , j +9 ,2)
i = linspace ( -40 -20*( j -1) , -40 -20* j ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
end
end
for j =1:3
i = linspace ( -(100 -20* j ) , -(100 -20* j ) ,2)
t = linspace ( j +12 , j +13 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
i = linspace ( -100+20*( j -1) , -100+20* j ,2)
t = linspace ( j +12 , j +12 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
end
i = linspace (0 , -40 ,2)
t = linspace (16 ,16 ,2)
plot2d (t , i )
xtitle ( P e r i o d i c c u r r e n t wave f o r e x a m p l e 6 . 6 , t i m e
i n s e c o n d s , c u r r e n t )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a v e r a g e v a l u e f o r t h i s wave s h a p e
Iavg =(0+40+60+80+100+80+60+40) /8
mprintf ( A v e r a g e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o f g i v e n wave
s h a p e=%f A\n , Iavg )
// c a l c u l a t i n g RMS v a l u e f o r t h e g i v e n wave s h a p e
Irms = sqrt ( (0 ^2 +4 0^ 2+ 60 ^2 + 80 ^2 +1 00 ^2 +8 0^ 2+ 60 ^2 +4 0^ 2)
/8)
mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o f g i v e n wave s h a p e=%f
A\n , Irms )
// c a l c u l a t i n g form f a c t o r
x = Irms / Iavg
mprintf ( Form f a c t o r o f g i v e n wave form=%f\n ,x )
// c a l c u l a t i n g peak f a c t o r
Imax =100 //maximum v a l u e o f c u r r e n t wave
y = Imax / Irms
mprintf ( Peak f a c t o r o f g i v e n wave=%f\n ,y )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a v e r a g e and RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
c o n s i d e r i n g t h e wave t o be s i n u s o i d a l h a v i n g peak
v a l u e o f 100 A
59

Iavg = integrate ( 1 0 0 / %pi s i n ( t h e t a ) , t h e t a ,0 , %pi )
mprintf ( A v e r a g e v a l u e o f s i n e wave=%f A\n , Iavg )
Irms = sqrt ( integrate ( ( 1 0 0 s i n ( t h e t a ) ) 2/ %pi , t h e t a
,0 , %pi ) )
77 mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f s i n e wave=%f A , Irms )
74
75
76

1
3 i =10+10* sin ( theta ) // e x p r e s s i o n
60
f o r the r e s u l t a n t
wave
4 plot2d ( theta , i )
5 xtitle ( Wave s h a p e f o r e x a m p l e 6 . 7 , t h e t a , c u r r e n t
)
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// c a l c u l a t i n g a v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t wave
Iavg = integrate ( 10+10 s i n ( t h e t a ) , t h e t a ,0 ,2* %pi )
/(2* %pi )
mprintf ( A v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t wave
=%d A\n , Iavg )
// c a l c u l a t i n g RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o f t h e r e s u l t a n t
wave
Irms = sqrt ( integrate ( (10+10 s i n ( t h e t a ) ) 2 , t h e t a
,0 ,2* %pi ) /(2* %pi ) )
mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t wave=%f
A , Irms )

1
3 i =50* sin ( theta )
4 xset ( window ,0)
6 xtitle ( C u r r e n t wave s h a p e f o r e x a m p l e 6.8>(a ) ,
t h e t a , c u r r e n t )
7
8 xset ( window ,1)
9 theta = linspace (0 , %pi ,100)
10 i =50* sin ( theta )
12 theta = linspace ( %pi ,2* %pi ,100)
13 i = -50* sin ( theta )
15 xtitle ( C u r r e n t wave s h a p e f o r e x a m p l e 6.8>(b ) ,
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xset ( window ,2)

theta = linspace (0 ,0 ,2)
i = linspace (0 ,50 ,2)
plot2d ( theta , i )
theta = linspace (0 , %pi ,2)
i = linspace (50 ,50 ,2)
theta = linspace ( %pi , %pi ,2)
i = linspace (50 , -50 ,2)
theta = linspace ( %pi ,2* %pi ,2)
i = linspace ( -50 , -50 ,2)
i = linspace ( -50 ,0 ,2)
theta = linspace (2* %pi ,2* %pi ,2)
xtitle ( C u r r e n t wave s h a p e f o r e x a m p l e 6.8>( c ) ,
xset ( window ,3)
theta = linspace (0 , %pi /2 ,2)
i = linspace (0 ,50 ,2)
theta = linspace ( %pi /2 , %pi ,2)
i = linspace (50 ,0 ,2)
theta = linspace ( %pi ,3* %pi /2 ,2)
i = linspace (0 , -50 ,2)
theta = linspace (3* %pi /2 ,2* %pi ,2)
i = linspace ( -50 ,0 ,2)
xtitle ( C u r r e n t wave s h a p e f o r e x a m p l e 6.8>(d ) ,
// c o n s i d e r wave s h a p e ( a )
62
mprintf ( For wave s h a p e ( a ) \ nAs t h e n e g a t i v e and

p o s i t i v e p a r t s o f t h e wave a r e e q u a l , r e a d i n g o f
moving c o i l ammeter i s z e r o \n )
52 Irms = sqrt ( integrate ( ( 5 0 s i n ( t h e t a ) ) 2 , t h e t a ,0 ,2*
%pi ) /(2* %pi ) )
53 mprintf ( R e a d i n g o f moving i r o n ammeter=%f A\n , Irms
)
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// c o n s i d e r wave s h a p e ( b )
Iavg = integrate ( 50 s i n ( t h e t a ) , t h e t a ,0 , %pi ) / %pi
mprintf ( For wave s h a p e ( b ) \ nRead ing on t h e moving
c o i l ammeter=%f A\n , Iavg )
58 Irms = sqrt ( integrate ( ( 5 0 s i n ( t h e t a ) ) 2 , t h e t a ,0 ,2*
%pi ) /(2* %pi ) )
59 mprintf ( R e a d i n g on moving i r o n ammeter=%f A\n , Irms
)
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61
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// c o n s i d e r c a s e ( c )
mprintf ( For wave s h a p e ( c ) \ n A v e r a g e v a l u e o v e r one
c o m p l e t e p e r i o d i s c l e a r l y z e r o . Thus r e a d i n g on
moving c o i l ammeter i s z e r o . As t h e v a l u e o f
c u r r e n t r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t a t 50 A d u r i n g v a r i o u s
i n t e r v a l s , RMS v a l u e w i l l be 50 A o n l y . Hence ,
r e a d i n g on moving i r o n ammeter=50 A\n )
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// c o n s i d e r c a s e ( d )
Iavg =(0+10+20+30+40+50++40+30+20+10+0+( -10) +( -20)
+( -30) +( -40) +( -50) +( -40) +( -30) +( -20) +( -10) +0) /20
66 mprintf ( For wave s h a p e ( d ) \ nRead ing on moving c o i l
ammeter=%d\n , Iavg )
67 Irms = sqrt
((0^2+10^2+20^2+30^2+40^2+50^2+40^2+30^2+20^2+10^2+0^2+( -10)
^2+( -20) ^2+( -30) ^2+( -40) ^2+( -50) ^2+( -40) ^2+( -30)
^2+( -20) ^2+( -10) ^2+0^2) /20)
68 mprintf ( R e a d i n g on moving i r o n ammeter=%f A\n , Irms
)
63

1
2 // l e t u s assume V=1 V, T=1 s e c
3 // e=V t /T
4 V =1
5 T =1
6 Erms = sqrt ( integrate ( (V t /T) 2 , t ,0 , T ) / T )
7 mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f v o l t a g e i s %f t i m e s maximum
v o l t a g e \n , Erms / V )
8 Emean = integrate ( V t /T , t ,0 , T ) / T
9 k = Erms / Emean
10 mprintf ( Form f a c t o r o f t h i s wave=%f ,k )

1
2 // t h e g r a p h i s drawn c o n s i d e r i n g R=%pi
3 R = %pi
4 theta = linspace ( - %pi , %pi ,100)
5 V = sqrt ( R ^2 - theta ^2)
6 plot2d ( theta , V )
7 xtitle ( Wave s h a p e f o r e x a m p l e 6 . 1 0 , t h e t a ,
Voltage )
8 theta = linspace ( %pi ,3* %pi ,100)
9 V = - sqrt ( R ^2 -( theta -2* %pi ) ^2)
10 plot2d ( theta , V )
11
12 Vrms = sqrt ( integrate ( (R2x 2 ) / ( 2 R) , x ,-R , R ) )
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mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f s u c h a wave s h a p e w i l l be %f

o f i t s maximum v o l t a g e , Vrms / R )
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Example on Phase Difference

1
2 // c o n s i d e r p a r t ( i )
3 phi = %pi /12
4 mprintf ( For p a r t ( i ) \ n V o l t a g e l e a d s t h e c u r r e n t
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wave by %d d e g r e e s \n , round ( phi *180/ %pi ) )

f =377.16/(2* %pi )
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave s h a p e=%d Hz\n ,f )
// c o n s i d e r p a r t ( i i )
phi = %pi /3
mprintf ( For p a r t ( i i ) \ n V o l t a g e l e a d s t h e c u r r e n t by
%d d e g r e e s \n , round ( phi *180/ %pi ) )
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave s h a p e=omega / ( 2 p i ) \n
)
// c o n s i d e r p a r t ( i i i )
phi =0 -( - %pi /2)
mprintf ( For p a r t ( i i i ) \ n V o l t a g e l e a d s t h e c u r r e n t
wave by %d d e g r e e s \n , round ( phi *180/ %pi ) )
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave s h a p e=omega / p i \n )
// c o n s i d e r p a r t ( i v )
mprintf ( For p a r t ( i v ) \ n C u r r e n t wave l a g s t h e
v o l t a g e by an a n g l e=a l p h a+a t a n ( x /R) and t h e
f r e q u e n c y o f t h i s wave s h a p e i s omega / ( 2 p i ) )
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Example on Simple AC Circuits

1
2 V =230 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
3 L =60 D -3 // i n d u c t a n c e o f
coil
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f =50 // f r e q u e n c y o f s u p p l y
Xl =2* %pi * f * L
I =230/ Xl
// i f f r e q u e n c y i s r e d u c e d t o 20 Hz
Xl =2* %pi *20* L
I1 = V / Xl
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e c o i l i f f r e q u e n c y i s
r e d u c e d t o 20 Hz=%f A\n , I1 )
// i f f r e q u e n c y i s i n c r e a s e d t o 60 Hz
Xl =2* %pi *60* L
I2 = V / Xl
i n c r e a s e d t o 60 Hz=%f A\n , I2 )
// i f f r e q u e n c y i s i n c r e a s e d t o 100 Hz
Xl =2* %pi *100* L
I3 = V / Xl
i n c r e a s e d t o 100 Hz=%f A\n , I3 )
Scilab code Exa 6.14 Example on Simple AC Circuits

1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g r e a c t a n c e o f c a p a c i t o r
3 C =100 D -6
4 Xc =1/(2* %pi *50* C )
5 mprintf ( C a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e , Xc=%f ohm\n , Xc )
6 // c a l c u l a t i n g RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
7 V =200
8 Irms = V / Xc
9 mprintf ( RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Irms )
10 // c a l c u l a t i n g max c u r r e n t
11 Imax = Irms * sqrt (2)
12 mprintf ( Maximum c u r r e n t=%f A , Imax )
67
Chapter 7
AC Series Circuit
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Example on AC Series Circuit

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// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e c i r c u i t
L =0.1 // i n d u c t a n c e
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
Xl =2* %pi * f * L
R =15 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e c i r c u i t
Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ Xl ^2)
V =230 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o s e r i e s c i r c u i t
I=V/Z
mprintf ( C u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e c i r c u i t =%f A\n ,I )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power f a c t o r
pf = R / Z
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t i s %f ( l a g g i n g ) \
n V o l t a g e a c r o s s r e a c t o r=%f V\ n V o l t a g e a c r o s s
r e s i s t o r =%f V ,pf , I * Xl , I * R )
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V1 =200 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o noni n d u c t i v e l o a d
I1 =20 // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e l o a d
R = V1 / I1
V =230 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e t o s e r i e s c o n n e c t i o n o f R and
L
I = I1
Z=V/I
Xl = sqrt ( Z ^2 - R ^2)
L = Xl /(2* %pi *50)
phi = atand ( Xl / R )
mprintf ( I n d u c t a n c e o f t h e r e a c t o r=%f H, p h a s e a n g l e
b e t w e e n a p p l i e d v o l t a g e and t h e c u r r e n t i s %f
d e g r e e s ,L , phi )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r e s i s t a n c e , r e a c t a n c e and i m p e d a n c e o f
choke c o i l
I =7.5 // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e c i r c u i t
V1 =110 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s noni n d u c t i v e r e s i s t o r
R = V1 / I
V2 =180 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s c h o k e c o i l
Z = V2 / I
Zt =230/ I // i m p e d a n c e o f w h o l e c i r c u i t
r =( Zt ^2 - R ^2 - Z ^2) /(2* R )
Xl = sqrt ( Z ^2 - r ^2)
mprintf ( R e a c t a n c e o f c o i l =%f ohm\ n R e s i s t a n c e o f
c o i l =%f ohm\ nImpedance o f c o i l =%f ohm\n ,Xl ,r , Z )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e and i m p e d a n c e o f t h e
circuit
Rt = r + R
Zt = sqrt ( Rt ^2+ Xl ^2)
mprintf ( T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f c i r c u i t =%f ohm\ n T o t a l
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i m p e d a n c e o f c i r c u i t =%f ohm\n ,Rt , Zt )

// c a l c u l a t i n g power a b s o r b e d by t h e c o i l
P1 = I ^2* r
mprintf ( Power a b s o r b e d by t h e c o i l =%f W\n , P1 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power drawn by c i r c u i t
P2 = I ^2*( r + R )
mprintf ( Power drawn by t h e c i r c u i t =%f W\n , P2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power f a c t o r o f w h o l e c i r c u i t
pf = Rt / Zt
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e w h o l e c i r c u i t =%f
l a g g i n g , pf )
error

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// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t drawn a t 50 Hz
V =220 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o c h o k e c o i l
I1 =12 // c u r r e n t t a k e n by c h o k e c o i l
R1 =0 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l i s n e g l i g i b l e
Xl = V / I1
I2 =16.5 // c u r r e n t t a k e n by t h e r e s i s t o r
R = V / I2
Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ Xl ^2)
I=V/Z
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t a k e n by t h e c i r c u i t a t 50 Hz=%f A\
n ,I )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t drawn a t 30 Hz
Xl_dash =30/50* Xl
Z_dash = sqrt ( Xl_dash ^2+ R ^2)
I = V / Z_dash
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t a t 30 Hz=%f A\
n ,I )
70

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// l e t r e s i s t a n c e and i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e c o i l be R and
L respectively
V =220 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o c o i l
I =60 // c u r r e n t i n d i c a t e d by ammeter
Z1 = V / I
// when t h e f r e q u e n c y i s i n c r e a s e d t o 100 Hz
I =40 // c u r r e n t i n d i c a t e d by ammeter
Z2 = V / I
// on s o l v i n g f o r L
L = sqrt (( Z2 ^2 - Z1 ^2) /3) /(100* %pi )
R = sqrt ( Z1 ^2 -(100* %pi * L ) ^2)
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l =%f ohm\ n I n d u c t a n c e o f
c o i l =%f H ,R , L )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s o f e a c h c o i l
I =3 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t h e c i r c u i t
// f o r c o i l A
Ra =12/3 // r e s i s t a n c e
Va =15 // v o l t a g e d r o p
Za = Va / I
Xa = sqrt ( Za ^2 - Ra ^2)
// f o r c o i l B
Rb =6/3 // r e s i s t a n c e
Vb =9 // v o l t a g e d r o p
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Zb = Vb / I
Xb = sqrt ( Zb ^2 - Rb ^2)
// f o r c o i l C
Rc =9/3 // r e s i s t a n c e
Vc =12 // v o l t a g e d r o p
Zc = Vc / I
Xc = sqrt ( Zc ^2 - Rc ^2)
mprintf ( P a r a m e t e r s o f \ nCoilA : Ra=%f ohm , Xa=%f ohm\
n C o i l B : Rb=%f ohm , Xb=%f ohm\ n C o i l C : Rc=%f ohm ,
Xc=%f ohm\n ,Ra , Xa , Rb , Xb , Rc , Xc )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power f a c t o r o f e a c h c o i l
pf_a = Ra / Za
pf_b = Rb / Zb
pf_c = Rc / Zc
mprintf ( power f a c t o r o f t h e c o i l s a r e \ n p f a=%f (
l a g g i n g ) \ n p f b=%f ( l a g g i n g ) \ n p f c=%f ( l a g g i n g ) \n ,
pf_a , pf_b , pf_c )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power d i s s i p a t e d f o r e a c h c o i l
Pa = I ^2* Ra
Pb = I ^2* Rb
Pc = I ^2* Rc
mprintf ( Power d i s s i p a t e d i n t h e s e c o i l s : \ nPa=%f W\
nPb=%f W\ nPc=%f W\n ,Pa , Pb , Pc )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power f a c t o r o f w h o l e c i r c u i t
Rt = Ra + Rb + Rc
Xt = Xa + Xb + Xc
Zt = sqrt ( Rt ^2+ Xt ^2)
pf = Rt / Zt
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e w h o l e c i r c u i t =%f
l a g g i n g \n , pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e w h o l e
circuit
V = I * Zt
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e w h o l e c i r c u i t =%f
V ,V )
72

1
2 // r 1 be t h e v a r i a b l e r e s i s t a n c e
3 X =10 // t o t a l i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f c i r c u i t
4 V =200 // rms v a l u e o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
5 //RMS v a l u e o f c u r r e n t I =200/ s q r t ((2+ r 1 ) 2+102)
6 // power consumed i s P=I 2 r 1
7 // For max power , dP/ d r=0
8 // on s o l v i n g
9 r1 = sqrt (104)
10 mprintf ( V a l u e o f v a r i a b l e r e s i s t o r a t t h e i n s t a n t
11
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o f max power consumed i n i t i s %f ohm\n , r1 )

// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i i ) , l e t r 2 be t h e v a r i a b l e
r e s i s t a n c e I =200/ s q r t ( ( 2 0 0 + r 2 ) 2+102) ,P=I 2(2+
r2 )
// f o r max power , dP/ d r=0
// on s o l v i n g
r2 =10 -2
mprintf ( V a l u e o f v a r i a b l e r e s i s t o r =%d ohm f o r t h e
c o n d i t i o n o f max power consumed by t h e c i r c u i t \n
, round ( r2 ) )
I1 =200/ sqrt ((2+ r1 ) ^2+10^2)
I2 =200/ sqrt ((2+ r2 ) ^2+10^2)
pf1 =(2+ r1 ) / sqrt ((2+ r1 ) ^2+10^2)
pf2 =(2+ r2 ) / sqrt ((2+ r2 ) ^2+10^2)
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n c a s e ( i )=%f A a t %f p f l a g g i n g \
n C u r r e n t i n c a s e ( i i )=%f A a t %f p f l a g g i n g \n ,I1 ,
pf1 , I2 , pf2 )
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// b o t h t h e c o i l s draw l a g g i n g c u r r e n t s , h e n c e b o t h
are inductive
// f o r c o i l A
Va =10 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d
Ia =2 // c u r r e n t drawn
Za = Va / Ia
pf =.8 // power f a c t o r
Ra = pf * Za
Xa = sqrt ( Za ^2 - Ra ^2)
// f o r c o i l B
Vb =5 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d
Ib =2 // c u r r e n t drawn
Zb = Vb / Ib
Rb = pf * Zb
Xb = sqrt ( Zb ^2 - Rb ^2)
Rt = Ra + Rb // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f c i r c u i t
Xt = Xa + Xb // t o t a l r e a c t a n c e o f c i r c u i t
Z = sqrt ( Rt ^2+ Xt ^2)
V = Ia * Z
pf = Rt / Z
mprintf ( V o l t a g e t o be a p p l i e d t o t h e c i r c u i t o f
c o i l s A and B i n s e r i e s =%f V and p f=%f l a g g i n g ,V
, pf )

1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g c a p a c i t a n c e
3 Xc =4 // c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e
4 f =50
5 omega =2* %pi * f
6 C =1/( omega * Xc )
74
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mprintf ( C a p a c i t a n c e C=%f microF \n ,C *1 D +6)

// c a l c u l a t i n g i m p e d a n c e
R =5 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c i r c u i t
Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ Xc ^2)
mprintf ( Impedance o f c i r c u i t =%f ohm\n ,Z )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t t a k e n by c i r c u i t
V =200
I=V/Z
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by c i r c u i t =%f A\n ,I )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s t h e r e s i s t a n c e
Vr = I * R
mprintf ( V o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s t h e r e s i s t a n c e =%f V\n ,
Vr )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s t h e r e a c t a n c e
Vc = I * Xc
mprintf ( V o l t a g e d r o p a c r o s s t h e r e a c t a n c e=%f V\n ,
Vc )
pf = R / Z
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t =%f l e a d i n g , pf )

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// r a t i n g o f b u l b i s 100 W, 1 1 0 V
P =100
V =110
I = P / V // n o r m a l c u r r e n t o f b u l b
// v o l t a g e a c r o s s b u l b s h o u l d be 110 V
Vc = sqrt (230^2 - V ^2) // v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e c a p a c i t a n c e
Xc = Vc / I
C =1/(100* %pi * Xc )
mprintf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f %f microF must be c o n n e c t e d
i n s e r i e s w i t h t h e b u l b ,C *1 D +6)
75

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C =35 D -6 // c a p a c i t a n c e
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
Xc =1/(2* %pi * f * C )
Z =2* Xc // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e c a p a c i t a n c e i s
equal to h a l f of t o t a l voltage applied
6 R = sqrt ( Z ^2 - Xc ^2)
7 mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f v a r i a b l e r e s i s t o r , R=%f ohm ,
R)

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// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t drawn
V =230 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d
R =15+10 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t
L =.04+.1 // t o t a l i n d u c t a n c e
Xl =2* %pi *50* L
C =100 D -6 // c a p a c i t a n c e
Xc =1/(2* %pi *50* C )
X = Xl - Xc
Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ X ^2)
I=V/Z
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn=%f A\n ,I )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e s V1 and V2
Z1 = sqrt (15^2+(2* %pi *50*.04) ^2)
V1 = I * Z1
phi1 = atand (2* %pi *50*.04/15)
mprintf ( V1=%f V and l e a d s t h e c u r r e n t by %f d e g r e e s
\n ,V1 , round ( phi1 ) )
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18 Z2 = sqrt (10^2+(2* %pi *50*.1 -1/(2* %pi *50*100 D -6) ) ^2)

19 V2 = I * Z2
20 phi2 = acosd (10/ Z2 )
21 mprintf ( V2=%f V and l a g s t h e c u r r e n t by %f d e g r e e s \
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n ,V2 , phi2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power f a c t o r o f o v e r a l l c i r c u i t
pf = R / Z
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f o v e r a l l c i r c u i t =%f l a g g i n g
, pf )
// The a n s w e r s v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round
off error

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2 // s o l v i n g p a r t ( i )
3 Rb =5 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l B
4 Xb =2* %pi *50*.02 // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e
5 Zb = sqrt ( Rb ^2+ Xb ^2)
6 phi_b = atand ( Xb / Rb ) // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e
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of c o i l B
o f Vb w i t h
current as r e f e r e n c e phasor
phi_a =90* %pi /180 - phi_b * %pi /180 //Va and Vb a r e i n
quadrature
// Xc/R=t a n ( p h i a )
//Vb=2Va>R2+Xc2=Zb 2 / 4
// on s o l v i n g f o r R and Xc
R = sqrt (( Zb ^2/4) /(1+ tan ( phi_a ) ^2) )
Xc = tan ( phi_a ) * R
C =1/(2* %pi *50* Xc )
mprintf ( R=%f ohm\nC=%f microF \n ,R , C *1 D +6)
// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i i )
Rt =5+ R // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f c i r c u i t
Xt = Xb - Xc // r e s u l t a n t r e a c t a n c e o f c i r c u i t
Zt = sqrt ( Rt ^2+ Xt ^2)
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20 I = V / Zt
21 mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t =%f A\n ,I )
22 // s o l v i n g p a r t ( i i i )
23 // a s t h e r e a c t a n c e i s p o s i t i v e , c i r c u i t i s i n d u c t i v e
24 pf = Rt / Zt // l a g g i n g
25 mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t =%f ( l a g g i n g ) \n ,
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pf )
// t h e a n s w e r s v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round
off error

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// c a l c u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
C =25.5 D -6 // c a p a c i t a n c e
I =.4 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h c i r c u i t
V =50 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t o r
Xc = V / I
f =1/(2* %pi * C * Xc )
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y=%d Hz\n , round ( f ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s o f c h o k e c o i l
V =35 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s c h o k e c o i l
Z = V / I // i m p e d a n c e o f c h o k e c o i l
// r 2+(100 %pi L ) 2=Z2
R =20/.4
Vac =45 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s a c p o r t i o n o f c i r c u i t
Zac = Vac / I // i m p e d a n c e o f a c p o r t i o n
// (R+r ) 2+(100 %pi L ) 2= Zac 2
// s o l v i n g f o r r and L
r =( Zac ^2 - Z ^2 - R ^2) /(2* R )
L = sqrt ( Z ^2 - r ^2) /(100* %pi )
Xl =2* %pi *50* L
mprintf ( P a r a m e t e r s o f c h o k e c o i l : \ n R e s i s t a n c e=%f
ohm\ n I n d u c t a n c e=%f H\ n I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e=%f ohm\
n ,r ,L , Xl )
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22 // c a l c u l a t i n g a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
23 Z = sqrt (( R + r ) ^2+( Xl - Xc ) ^2)
24 V = I * Z
25 mprintf ( V o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e c i r c u i t =%f V\n ,V )
26 // c a l c u l a t i n g l o s s e s i n c h o k e c o i l
27 W = I ^2* r
28 mprintf ( L o s s e s i n c h o k e c o i l =%d W\n , round ( W ) )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g c a p a c i t a n c e t o g i v e r e s o n a n c e
Xl =2* %pi *50*.4
Xc = Xl
C =1/(2* %pi *50* Xc )
mprintf ( C a p a c i t a n c e=%f microF \n ,C *1 D +6)
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t
R =5
Z=R
V =110
I=V/Z
mprintf ( c u r r e n t drawn=%f A\n ,I )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e a c r o s s i n d u c t a n c e
Xl =2* %pi *50*.4
Vl = I * Xl
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s i n d u c t a n c e=%f V\n , Vl )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t a n c e
Xc = Xl
Vc = I * Xc
mprintf ( V o l t a g e a c r o s s c a p a c i t a n c e=%f V\n , Vc )
// c a l c u l a t i n g Qf a c t o r
Q_factor = Vl / V
mprintf ( Qf a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t =%f , Q_factor )
79
Chapter 8
AC Parallel Circuit
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Example on Phasor Method

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function [r , theta ]= rect2pol ( A )

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
theta = atand ( y / x )
endfunction
function [ z ]= pol2rect (r , theta )
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
function [ r ]= mag ( A )
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n e a c h b r a n c h and i t s a n g l e
of lag or lead
19 V =230
20 f =50
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// f o r b r a n c h A
Ra =10 // r e s i s t a n c e
L =.04 // i n d u c t a n c e
Xl =2* %pi * f * L // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e
Za = sqrt ( Ra ^2+ Xl ^2) // i m p e d a n c e
Ia = V / Za
phi_a = atand ( Xl / Ra )
// f o r b r a n c h B
R =25 // r e s i s t a n c e
Zb = R // i m p e d a n c e
Ib = V / Zb
phi_b =0
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n b r a n c h A, I a=%f A l a g g i n g t h e
a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \ n C u r r e n t i n b r a n c h
B , I b=%f A i n p h a s e w i t h a p p l i e d v o l t a g e \n ,Ia ,
phi_a , Ib )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , phi_a )
Ib = pol2rect ( Ib ,0)
I = Ia + Ib
mprintf ( T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t =%f A\n ,
mag ( I ) )
phi = atand ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) )
mprintf ( Phase a n g l e o f c o m b i n a t i o n=%f d e g r e e s and
power f a c t o r =%f l a g g i n g ,phi , cos ( phi * %pi /180) )

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7

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
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8 function [ z ]= pol2rect (r , theta )

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x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
10
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
11
z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
13 function [ r ]= mag ( A )
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x = real ( A )
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y = imag ( A )
16
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
17 endfunction
18 // s o l v i n g p a r t ( i )
19 Xa =2* %pi *50*.1 // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f b r a n c h A
20 Za = sqrt (50^2+ Xa ^2)
21 Ia =230/ Za
22 phi_a = atand ( Xa /50) // a n g l e o f l a g o f I a w . r . t .
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applied voltage
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , - phi_a )
Xb =1/(2* %pi *50*100 D -6) // c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f
branch B
Zb = sqrt (45^2+ Xb ^2)
Ib =230/ Zb
phi_b = atand ( Xb /45) // a n g l e o f l e a d o f I b w . r . t .
applied voltage
Ib = pol2rect ( Ib , phi_b )
I = Ia + Ib
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t =%f A\n , mag ( I
))
phi = atan ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) ) // p h a s e a n g l e o f t h e
circuit
pf = cos ( phi )
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e c i r c u i t =%f ( l e a d i n g ) \n ,
pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power t a k e n by t h e p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t
P =230* mag ( I ) * pf
mprintf ( Power t a k e n by t h e p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t =%d W ,
round ( P ) )
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off error

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3 function [r , theta ]= rect2pol ( A )
4
x = real ( A )
5
y = imag ( A )
6
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
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8 endfunction
10
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
11
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
12
z = x + y * %i
13 endfunction
15
x = real ( A )
16
y = imag ( A )
17
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
18 endfunction
19 // c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n c o i l A
20 Xa =2* %pi *50*.02 // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f c o i l A
21 Za = sqrt (12^2+ Xa ^2)
22 Ia =200/ Za
23 phi_a = atand ( Xa /12) // a n g l e o f l a g o f I a w . r . t .
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applied voltage
mprintf ( I a=%f A, l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f
d e g r e e s \n , Ia , phi_a )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n c o i l B
Xb =2* %pi *50*.03 // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f c o i l B
Zb = sqrt (6^2+ Xb ^2)
Ib =200/ Zb
phi_b = atand ( Xb /6) // a n g l e o f l a g o f I b w . r . t . a p p l i e d
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voltage
mprintf ( I b=%f A, l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f
d e g r e e s \n , Ib , phi_b )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l c u r r e n t i n t h e c i r c u i t
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , - phi_a )
Ib = pol2rect ( Ib , - phi_b )
I = Ia + Ib
mprintf ( T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by c i r c u i t =%f A l a g g i n g
t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \n , mag ( I ) ,atand ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l c u r r e n t when a d d i t i o n a l c i r c u i t
i s added
Xc =1/(2* %pi *50*120 D -6) // c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e
Zc = sqrt (15^2+ Xc ^2)
Ic =200/ Zc
phi_c = atand ( Xc /15) // a n g l e o f l a g o f I c w . r . t .
applied voltage
Ic = pol2rect ( Ic , phi_c )
I = Ia + Ib + Ic
phi = atand ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) )
mprintf ( For t h e new c i r c u i t , t o t a l c u r r e n t drawn=%f
A l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s , i . e
. p f=%f ( l a g g i n g ) , mag ( I ) ,- phi , cos ( phi * %pi /180) )

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8
9

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
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y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)

z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
// f o r c o i l A
Ia =5 // c u r r e n t t a k e n
Pa =300 // power d i s s i p a t e d
Ra = Pa / Ia ^2
Za = Va / Ia
Xa = sqrt ( Za ^2 - Ra ^2)
// f o r c o i l B
Ib =5 // c u r r e n t t a k e n
Pb =400 // power d i s s i p a t e d
Rb = Pb / Ib ^2
Zb = Vb / Ib
Xb = sqrt ( Zb ^2 - Rb ^2)
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t drawn and power f a c t o r when
c o i l s conected in s e r i e s
R = Ra + Rb
Xl = Xa + Xb
Z = sqrt ( R ^2+ Xl ^2) // i m p e d a n c e o f s e r i e s c i r c u i t
I = Va / Z
pf = R / Z
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t =%f A a t p f=%f
l a g g i n g \n , I , pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t drawn and power f a c t o r when
c o i l s conected in p a r a l l e l
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , - acosd ( Ra / Za ) )
Ib = pol2rect ( Ib , - acosd ( Rb / Zb ) )
I = Ia + Ib
phi = atan ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) )
mprintf ( T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by t h e p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t
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=%f A a t p f=%f ( l a g g i n g ) , mag ( I ) , cos ( phi ) )
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Example on Admittance Method

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i )
// f o r c o i l 1
Z1 =5+2* %pi *50*.03* j // i m p e d a n c e
Y1 =1/ Z1
G1 = real ( Y1 )
B1 = imag ( Y1 )
mprintf ( For c o i l 1 , \ n C o n d u c t a n c e=%f mho\
n S u s p e c t a n c e=%f mho\ n A d m i t t a n c e=%f mho\n , G1 , - B1
, mag ( Y1 ) )
// f o r c o i l 2
Z2 =3+2* %pi *50*.04* j // i m p e d a n c e
Y2 =1/ Z2
G2 = real ( Y2 )
B2 = imag ( Y2 )
mprintf ( For c o i l 2 , \ n C o n d u c t a n c e=%f mho\
n S u s p e c t a n c e=%f mho\ n A d m i t t a n c e=%f mho\n , G2 , - B2
, mag ( Y2 ) )
Y = Y1 + Y2 // t o t a l a d m i t t a n c e
I =200* Y
phi = atan ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) )
pf = cos ( phi )
mprintf ( T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t =%f A a t
p f o f %f ( l a g g i n g ) \n , mag ( I ) , pf )
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// c a l c u l a t i n g power
P =200* mag ( I ) * pf
mprintf ( Power a b s o r b e d by t h e c i r c u i t =%f W\n ,P )
Z =1/ Y
R = real ( Z )
Xl = imag ( Z )
L = Xl /(2* %pi *50)
mprintf ( R=%f ohm , L=%f H o f s i n g l e c o i l which w i l l
t a k e t h e same c u r r e n t and power a s t a k e n by t h e
o r i g i n a l c i r c u i t ,R , L )
36 // a n s w e r s v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round o f f
error
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35
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Example on Symbolic Method

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// v o l t a g e V i s t a k e n a s r e f e r e n c e p h a s o r
Z1 =5+10* j // i m p e d a n c e o f i n d u c t i v e b r a n c h
Z2 =10 -15* j // i m p e d a n c e o f c a p a c i t i v e b r a n c h
I =20 // t o t a l c u r r e n t
V = I / mag (1/ Z1 +1/ Z2 )
mprintf ( A p p l i e d v o l t a g e=%f V\n ,V )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power f a c t o r o f t o t a l c u r r e n t
I1 = V / Z1
I2 = V / Z2
I = I1 + I2
phi = atan ( imag ( I ) / real ( I ) ) // a n g l e o f l a g
pf = cos ( phi )
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mprintf ( Power f a c t o r o f t h e t o t a l c i r c u i t =%f (

l a g g i n g ) \n , pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power t a k e n by e a c h b r a n c h
R1 =5 // r e s i s t a n c e o f b r a n c h 1
P1 = mag ( I1 ) ^2* R1
R2 =10 // r e s i s t a n c e o f b r a n c h 2
P2 = mag ( I2 ) ^2* R2
mprintf ( Power t a k e n by i n d u c t i v e b r a n c h=%f W\ nPower
t a k e n by c a p a c i t i v e b r a n c h=%f W , P1 , P2 )
error

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x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
// f o r c o i l A
Ia =2 // c u r r e n t t a k e n
pf =.8 // l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , - acosd ( pf ) )
Za = Va / Ia // i m p e d a n c e
// f o r c o i l B
Ib =2 // c u r r e n t t a k e n
88
22 Ib = pol2rect (2 , - acosd ( pf ) )
23 Zb = Vb / Ib // i m p e d a n c e
24 // c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a c u r r e n t
o f 2 A w i t h A and B i n s e r i e s
25 I =2
26 Z = Za + Zb // i m p e d a n c e o f s e r i e s c i r c u i t
27 V = I * mag ( Z )
28 mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a c u r r e n t
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of 2
A w i t h A and B i n s e r i e s =%f V\n , V )

// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a c u r r e n t
o f 2 A w i t h A and B i n p a r a l l e l
Z = Za * Zb /( Za + Zb ) // i m p e d a n c e o f p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t
V = I * mag ( Z )
mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a c u r r e n t o f 2
A w i t h A and B i n p a r a l l e l =%f V\n , V )
off error

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// c a l c u l a t i n g v a l u e o f unknown c a p a c i t a n c e
R =30 // r e s i s t a n c e o f r e s i s t i v e c i r c u i t
Ir = V / R //Ohm s Law
I =5 // t o t a l c u r r e n t drawn
Xc = V / sqrt ( I ^2 - Ir ^2)
C =1/(2* %pi * f * Xc )
mprintf ( C a p a c i t a n c e=%f microF \n ,C *10^6)
// c a l c u l a t i n g unknown f r e q u e n c y
I =4 // t o t a l c u r r e n t drawn
f = sqrt ( I ^2 - Ir ^2) /( V *2* %pi * C )
mprintf ( To d e c r e a s e t h e t o t a l c u r r e n t t o 4 A, t h e
f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s u p p l y s h o u l d be a d j u s t e d t o %f
89
Hz ,f )
15 // The a n s w e r s v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round
off error

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x = real ( A )
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y = imag ( A )
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r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6 endfunction
7
8 j = %i
9 R1 =12 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s e r i e s
10 X1 =2* %pi *50*.025 // i n d u c t i v e
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circuit
reactance of the s e r i e s
circuit
Z1 = R1 + X1 * j
pf1 = R1 / mag ( Z1 ) // power f a c t o r o f t h e s e r i e s c i r c u i t (
lagging )
// t h e i m p e d a n c e s and power f a c t o r o f t h e p a r a l l e l
c i r c u i t a r e t o be same a s t h a t o f s e r i e s c i r c u i t
// on s o l v i n g , we g e t , R Xl / s q r t (R2+ Xl 2 )=mag ( Z1 ) ;
Xl / ( s q r t (R2+ Xl 2 ) )=p f 1
R = mag ( Z1 ) / pf1
// s o l v i n g f o r Xl
Xl = pf1 * R / sqrt (1 - pf1 ^2)
L = Xl /(2* %pi *50)
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e=%f ohm ; I n d u c t a n c e=%f H\n ,R , L )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n e a c h c a s e
I1 = V / mag ( Z1 )
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n s e r i e s c i r c u i t =%f A\n , I1 )
I2 = V / mag ( Z1 )
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t =%f A , I2 )
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off error
Scilab code Exa 8.10 Example on Series Parallel Circuit

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// c a l c u l a t i n g i m p e d a n c e o f o v e r a l l c i r c u i t
Za =2+0* j // i m p e d a n c e o f b r a n c h A
Zb =3+4* j // i m p e d a n c e o f b r a n c h B
Zab = Za * Zb /( Za + Zb ) // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e s o f b r a n c h e s
A and B
Zc =2 -2* j
Z1 = Zab * Zc /( Zab + Zc ) // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e o f p a r a l l e l
circuit
Zd =1+1* j // i m p e d a n c e o f b r a n c h D
Z = Z1 + Zd
[ Z theta ]= rect2pol ( Z )
mprintf ( T o t a l i m p e d a n c e o f o v e r a l l c i r c u i t =%f ohm
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a t a n g l e %f d e g r e e s \n , Z , theta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t t a k e n by o v e r a l l c i r c u i t
V =110 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e o v e r a l l c i r c u i t
I=V/Z
mprintf ( C u r r e n t t a k e n by t h e o v e r a l l c i r c u i t =%f A\n
, I)
// C a l c u l a t i n g power consumed i n e a c h b r a n c h and
t o t a l power consumed
Id = I // c u r r e n t i n t h e s e r i e s b r a n c h
Rd =1 // r e s i s t a n c e o f b r a n c h D
Pd = I ^2* Rd // power consumed by b r a n c h D
Ia = I * mag ( Z1 ) / mag ( Za ) // c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h A
Ib = I * mag ( Z1 ) / mag ( Zb ) // c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h B
Ic = I * mag ( Z1 ) / mag ( Zc ) // c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h C
Ra =2
Pa = Ia ^2* Ra
Rb =3
Pb = Ib ^2* Rb
Rc =2
Pc = Ic ^2* Rc
P = Pa + Pb + Pc + Pd
mprintf ( Power consumed by b r a n c h A=%f W, \ nPower
consumed by b r a n c h B=%f W, \ nPower consumed by
b r a n c h C=%f W, \ nPower consumed by b r a n c h D=%f W, \
n T o t a l power consumed=%f W ,Pa , Pb , Pc , Pd , P )
off error
Scilab code Exa 8.11 Example on AC Network Theorems

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
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endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// u s i n g Maxwell s mesh a n a l y s i s
// c o n s i d e r i n g mesh FDCEF, (18+8 j ) I1 (10+8 j ) I 2 =24
// c o n s i d e r i n g mesh ABCDA, (10+8 j ) I1 (14+10 j ) I 2 =0
a =[18+8* j -(10+8* j ) ;10+8* j -(14+10* j ) ]
b =[24;0]
x = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = x (1 ,1)
I2 = x (2 ,1)
[ I2 theta ]= rect2pol ( I2 )
mprintf ( By Maxwell Mesh A n a l y s i s , c u r r e n t i n b r a n c h
AB o f t h e c i r c u i t shown i s %f A, l a g g i n g t h e
a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \n ,I2 , - theta )
// u s i n g t h e v e n i n s t h e o r e m
// r e f e r F i g . 8 . 1 4 ( a ) , ( b ) and ( c )
Zth =8*(10+8* j ) /(8+10+8* j ) +( -4* j ) // t h e v e n i n s
impedance
// f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e e q u i v a l e n t Thevenin s v o l t a g e
Vth , I 1 be t h e c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n t h e b r a n c h CD
I1 =24/(8+10+8* j )
Vth = I1 *(10+8* j ) // e q u i v a l e n t t h e v e n i n s v o l t a g e
I = Vth /((4+6* j + Zth ) )
[ I theta ]= rect2pol ( I )
mprintf ( By T h e v e n i n Theorem , c u r r e n t i n t h e b r a n c h
AB i s %f A l a g g i n g t h e v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \n ,I
, - theta )
93
Scilab code Exa 8.12 Example on Resonance in Parallel Circuits

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
V =200
// c a l c u l a t i n g s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y
L =.1 // i n d u c t a n c e o f b r a n c h A
//Xa=2%pi f . 1
Ra =10 // r e s i s t a n c e o f b r a n c h A
C =150 D -6 // c a p a c i t a n c e o f b r a n c h B
//Xb=1/(2 %pi f 150D6)
Rb =0 // r e s i s t a n c e o f b r a n c h B
// Zb=Xb j
// t o t a l c u r r e n t I=I a+Ib , t o t a l c u r r e n t i s i n p h a s e
w i t h v o l t a g e >j component o f I =0
// on s o l v i n g f o r f ,
f = sqrt (( V *2* %pi * L ) *(1/(2* %pi * C ) ) /V - Ra ^2) /(2* %pi * L )
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f t h e s u p p l y which i s a l s o t h e
r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y , f=%f Hz\n , f )
Xa =2* %pi * f *.1
Za = Ra + Xa * j
Ia = V / Za
Xb =1/(2* %pi * f *150 D -6)
Zb = - Xb * j
Ib = V / Zb
I = Ia + Ib
mprintf ( T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t =%f A ,
mag ( I ) )
off error
94
Scilab code Exa 8.13 Example on Resonance in Parallel Circuits

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// c a l c u l a t i n g b r a n c h c u r r e n t s
Z1 =15+12* j // i m p e d a n c e o f b r a n c h 1
I1 =200/ Z1
phi1 = atand (12/15)
Z2 =25 -17* j // i m p e d a n c e o f b r a n c h 2
I2 =200/ Z2
mprintf ( I 1=%f A a t a n g l e o f %f d e g r e e s \ n I 2=%f A a t
a n g l e o f %f d e g r e e s \n , mag ( I1 ) , phi1 , mag ( I2 ) , phi2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l c u r r e n t
I = I1 + I2
[ I phi ]= rect2pol ( I )
mprintf ( T o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by t h e c i r c u i t I=%f A,
a n g l e o f l a g=%f d e g r e e s and power f a c t o r =%f
l a g g i n g \n ,I , - phi , cos ( phi * %pi /180) )
// power f a c t o r i s t o be r a i s e d t o u n i t y a c a p a c i t o r
h a s t o be c o n n e c t e d i n p a r a l l e l
// a t u n i t y power f a c t o r , i m a g i n a r y p a r t o f I must be
zero
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28 Xc = -200/ imag ( I1 + I2 )
29 f =40
30 C =1/(2* %pi * f * Xc )
31 mprintf ( I f power f a c t o r
i s t o be r a i s e d t o u n i t y a
c a p a c i t o r o f %f microF h a s t o be c o n n e c t e d i n
p a r a l l e l t o g i v e n c i r c u i t , C *1 D +6)
96
Chapter 9
Three Phase Systems
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Example on Three Phase Circuits

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// c o n s i d e r i n g c o i l s t o be s t a r c o n n e c t e d
Vl =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Vph = Vl / sqrt (3)
Rph =15 // r e s i s t a n c e o f l o a d
Xl =2* %pi *50*.03 // i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f e a c h c o i l
Zph = Rph + Xl * j
Iph = Vph / mag ( Zph )
Il = Iph
pf = Rph / mag ( Zph ) // power f a c t o r
P = sqrt (3) * Vl * Il * pf
mprintf ( I n s t a r c o n n e c t e d c i r c u i t , \ nPhase c u r r e n t=
%f A, \ n L i n e c u r r e n t=%f A, \ nPower a b s o r b e d=%f kW\n
, Iph , Il , P /10^3)
97
// c o n s i d e r i n g c o i l s t o be d e l t a c o n n e c t e d
Vph = Vl
Iph = Vph / mag ( Zph )
Il = sqrt (3) * Iph
P = sqrt (3) * Vl * Il * pf
mprintf ( I n d e l t a c o n n e c t e d c i r c u i t , \ nPhase c u r r e n t=
%f A, \ n L i n e c u r r e n t=%f A, \ nPower a b s o r b e d=%f kW\n
, Iph , Il , P /10^3)
error
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// c a l c u l a t i n g p h a s e c u r r e n t
Vph = Vl
Pout =200 D +3 // o u t p u t
e =.91 // e f f i c i e n c y
Pin = Pout / e // i n p u t
Iph = Pin /(3* Vph * pf )
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn by e a c h motor p h a s e=%f A\n ,
Iph )
// c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t
Il = sqrt (3) * Iph
mprintf ( L i n e c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Il )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a c t i v e and r e a c t i v e c o m p o ne n t s o f
phase c u r r e n t
phi = acos ( pf )
Iact = Iph * pf
Ireact = Iph * sin ( phi )
mprintf ( A c t i v e component o f p h a s e c u r r e n t=%f A\
n R e a c t i v e component o f p h a s e c u r r e n t=%f A , Iact ,
Ireact )
98

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Vl =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e a c r o s s a l t e r n a t o r and motor

Vph = Vl // a s t h e motor i s d e l t a c o n n e c t e d
Pout =112 D +3 // o u t p u t o f motor
e =.88 // e f f i c i e n c y o f motor
Pin = Pout / e // i n p u t t o motor
pf =.86
phi = acos ( pf )
Il = Pin /( sqrt (3) * Vl * pf )
Iph = Il / sqrt (3)
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n e a c h motor phase , I p h=%f A\n ,
Iph )
// a l t e r n a t o r i s s t a r c o n n e c t e d
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n e a c h a l t e r n a t o r p h a s e=%f A\n , Il
)
// c a l c u l a t i n g a c t i v e and r e a c t i v e c o m p o ne n t s o f
c u r r e n t i n e a c h p h a s e o f motor
Iact = Iph * pf
mprintf ( A c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t i n e a c h p h a s e
o f motor=%f A\ n R e a c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t i n
e a c h p h a s e o f motor=%f A\n , Iact , Ireact )
// p h a s e a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e p h a s e v o l t a g e and p h a s e
c u r r e n t w i l l be t h e same f o r b o t h motor and
a l t e r n a t o r i f we n e g l e c t l i n e i m p e d a n c e
Iph = Il
Iact = Iph * pf
mprintf ( A c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t i n e a c h p h a s e
o f a l t e r n a t o r =%f A\ n R e a c t i v e component o f c u r r e n t
i n e a c h p h a s e o f a l t e r n a t o r =%f A\n , Iact , Ireact
)
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off error

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x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n e a c h l i n e
Vph = Vl / sqrt (3) // p h a s e v o l t a g e
Ir =8 D +3/ Vph
Iy =6 D +3/ Vph
Ib =4 D +3/ Vph
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n Rphase , I r=%f A\ n C u r r e n t i n Y
phase , I y=%f A\ n C u r r e n t i n Bphase , I b=%f A\n ,Ir ,
Iy , Ib )
// Loads on t h r e e p h a s e s a r e r e s i s t i v e
Ir = pol2rect ( Ir ,0)
Iy = pol2rect ( Iy , -120)
Ib = pol2rect ( Ib , -240)
In = Ir + Iy + Ib
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n t h e n e u t r a l=%f A , mag ( In ) )
100

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Pout =30 D +3 // o u t p u t
e =.86 // e f f i c i e n c y
Pin = Pout / e // i n p u t
mprintf ( L i n e c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Il )
Iph = Il / sqrt (3) // motor i s d e l t a c o n n e c t e d
mprintf ( Phase c u r r e n t=%f A , Iph )

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x = real ( A )
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y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
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7 endfunction
9
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
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y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
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z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
14
x = real ( A )
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y = imag ( A )
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r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
17 endfunction
18 j = %i
19 // c a l c u l a t i n g p h a s e c u r r e n t s l e t
20 Vl =440 // l i n e v o l t a g e
101
t h e s e q u e n c e be RYB
21 Vph = Vl // d e l t a c o n n e c t e d l o a d
22 Zph1 =150 // i m p e d a n c e o f t h e p h a s e b e t w e e n A and B(
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resistive )
I1 = Vph / Zph1
mprintf ( I 1=%f A a t 0 d e g r e e s w . r . t . Vry \n , I1 )
Zph2 =30+50* j // i m p e d a n c e o f t h e p h a s e b e t w e e n B and C
I2 = Vph / mag ( Zph2 )
// a s t h e l o a d i s i n d u c t i v e , c u r r e n t w i l l l a g t h e
v o l t a g e Vyb by p h i 2
mprintf ( I 2=%f A a t %f d e g r e e s w . r . t . Vyb\n , I2 ,
phi2 )
C =20 D -6
f =50
Xc = -(1/(2* %pi * f * C ) ) * j
I3 = Vph / mag ( Xc )
// a s t h e l o a d i s c a p a c i t i v e , c u r r e n t w i l l l e a d t h e
v o l t a g e Vbr by 90 d e g r e e s
mprintf ( I 3=%f A a t 90 d e g r e e s w . r . t . Vbr \n , I3 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t s
Vry = pol2rect (440 ,0)
Vyb = pol2rect (440 , -120)
Vbr = pol2rect (440 , -240)
I1 = Vry / Zph1
I2 = Vyb / Zph2
I3 = Vbr / Xc
// u s i n g KCL
Ir = I1 - I3
Iy = I2 - I1
Ib = I3 - I2
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n l i n e R , I r=%f A, \ n C u r r e n t i n
l i n e Y, I y=%f A, \ n C u r r e n t i n l i n e B , I b=%f A, \ n ,
mag ( Ir ) , mag ( Iy ) , mag ( Ib ) )
102

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Vl =1100 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Vph = Vl / sqrt (3) // s t a r c o n n e c t e d l o a d
Il =80 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h l o a d
Iph = Il
Zph = Vph / Iph
P =100 D +3 // power drawn by l o a d
pf = P /( sqrt (3) * Vl * Il ) // power f a c t o r
Rph = Zph * pf
Xc = sqrt ( Zph ^2 - Rph ^2)
f =50
C =1/(2* %pi * f * Xc )
mprintf ( C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e=%f microF , C *10^6)
// Answer v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round o f f
error
Scilab code Exa 9.8 Example on Power Measurement

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2 W1 =15 D +3 // r e a d i n g o f f i r s t w a t t m e t e r
3 W2 = -1.5 D +3 // r e a d i n g o f s e c o n d w a t t m e t e r
4 W = W1 + W2 // t o t a l power f e d t o t h e l o a d
5 mprintf ( T o t a l power f e d t o t h e l o a d=%f kW\n ,W
/10^3)
6 phi = atand ( sqrt (3) *( W1 - W2 ) / W )
7 mprintf ( Power f a c t o r a n g l e , p h i=%f d e g r e e s \ nPower
f a c t o r o f l o a d=%f , phi , cos ( phi * %pi /180) )

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W1 =115 D +3
W2 =50 D +3
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t t o motor
W = W1 + W2
mprintf ( Power i n p u t t o t h e motor=%f kW\n , W /1000)
phi = atand ( sqrt (3) *( W1 - W2 ) /( W1 + W2 ) )
mprintf ( Power f a c t o r a n g l e , p h i=%f d e g r e e s \ nPower
f a c t o r o f l o a d=%f A\n , phi , cos ( phi * %pi /180) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t
Il = W /( sqrt (3) *440* cos ( phi * %pi /180) )
mprintf ( L i n e c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor=%f A\n , Il )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y
Pout =150 D +3 // o u t p u t o f motor
e = Pout / W *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e i n d u c t i o n motor=%f
p e r c e n t ,e )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g p h a s e v o l t a g e
Vph = Vl / sqrt (3) // s t a r c o n n e c t e d c i r c u i t
mprintf ( Phase v o l t a g e=%f V\n , Vph )
Iph =20 // p h a s e c u r r e n t
Zph = Vph / Iph // i m p e d a n c e o f l o a d p e r p h a s e
// c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d p a r a m e t e r s c u r r e n t i n e a c h p h a s e
l a g s b e h i n d i t s v o l t a g e by 40 d e g r e e s
// on s o l v i n g f o r R
R = Zph / sqrt (1+( tan (40* %pi /180) ) ^2)
X = R * tan (40* %pi /180)
mprintf ( Load p a r a m e t e r s a r e \nR=%f ohm\nX=%f ohm\n ,
R,X)
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l power
104
14 P =3* Vph * Iph * cos (40* %pi /180)

15 mprintf ( T o t a l power consumed=%f kW\n ,P *10^ -3)
16 // c a l c u l a t i n g W1 and W2>W1+W2=P , W1W2=P t a n ( p h i ) /
sqrt (3)
17 a =[1 1;1 -1]
18 b =[ P ; P * tan (40* %pi /180) / sqrt (3) ]
19 w = inv ( a ) * b
20 mprintf ( W1=%f kW, \ nW2=%f kW , w (1 ,1) /1000 , w (2 ,1)
/1000)

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Pout =37.3 D +3 // power o u t p u t

e =.88 // e f f i c i e n c y
Pin = Pout / e // i n p u t power
phi = acosd ( pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g W1 and W2>W1+W2=Pin , W1W2=Pin t a n (
phi ) / s q r t (3)
a =[1 1;1 -1]
b =[ Pin ; Pin * tan ( phi * %pi /180) / sqrt (3) ]
w = inv ( a ) * b
mprintf ( R e a d i n g s o f two w a t t m e t e r s a r e : \ nW1=%f kW, \
nW2=%f kW\n , w (1 ,1) /1000 , w (2 ,1) /1000)
mprintf ( F u l l l o a d l i n e c u r r e n t=%f A , Il )

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// c o n s i d e r i n g s t a r c o n n e c t e d c i r c u i t
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Rph =20 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l
Xph =15 // r e a c t a n c e o f c o i l
Vph = Vl / sqrt (3) // p h a s e v o l t a g e
Zph = sqrt ( Rph ^2+ Xph ^2) // i m p e d a n c e p e r p h a s e
Iph = Vph / Zph // p h a s e c u r r e n t
Il = Iph // l i n e c u r r e n t
pf = Rph / Zph // power f a c t o r
phi = acosd ( pf )
Pin = sqrt (3) * Vl * Il * pf // i n p u t power
phi ) / s q r t (3)
a =[1 1;1 -1]
w = inv ( a ) * b
mprintf ( R e a d i n g s o f two w a t t m e t e r s i n c a s e o f s t a r
c o n n e c t i o n a r e \nW1=%f W, \ nW2=%f W\n , w (1 ,1) , w
(2 ,1) )
// c o n s i d e r i n g d e l t a c o n n e c t e d c i r c u i t
Iph = Vl / Zph // p h a s e c u r r e n t
Il = sqrt (3) * Iph // l i n e c u r r e n t
Pin = sqrt (3) * Vl * Il * pf // i n p u t power
phi ) / s q r t (3)
a =[1 1;1 -1]
w = inv ( a ) * b
mprintf ( R e a d i n g s o f two w a t t m e t e r s i n c a s e o f d e l t a
c o n n e c t i o n a r e \nW1=%f W, \ nW2=%f W , w (1 ,1) , w
(2 ,1) )
off error
106
Chapter 10
Measuring Instruments
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Example on Moving Coil Instruments

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e s h u n t
i =20 D -3 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h t t h e c o i l
r =4 // r e s i s t a n c e o f c o i l
V=i*r
I =2 // t o t a l c u r r e n t t o be m e a s u r e d
Is =I - i // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h s h u n t
R = V / Is //Ohm s law
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f t h e s h u n t=%f ohm\n , R )
V =30 // v o l t a g e t o be m e a s u r e d
R = V /i - r
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d i n s e r i e s w i t h
moving c o i l =%d ohm , R )

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V =30 // v o l t a g e t o be m e a s u r e d
R =( V - r * i ) / i // r e s i s t a n c e i n s e r i e s t o r e a d u p t o 30
V
// t o r e a d u p t o 60 V
V =60
R1 = V /i - r
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e n e e d e d t o r e a d u p t o
60 V=%d ohm\n , R1 - R )
// t o r e a d u p t o 90 V
V =90
R2 = V /i - r
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e n e e d e d t o r e a d u p t o
90V=%d ohm ,R2 - R1 )

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V=i*r
// when t o t a l c u r r e n t t o be m e a s u r e d=2 A
Is =2 - i // s h u n t c u r r e n t
R1 = V / Is
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f o r 2A r a n g e=%f ohm\n ,
R1 )
R2 = V / Is
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f o r 4A r a n g e=%f ohm\n ,
R2 )
R3 = V / Is
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16
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f o r 6A r a n g e=%f ohm , R3

)

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// c a l c u l a t i n g d e f l e c t i n g t o r q u e
N =50 // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
B =.12 // f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb/m2
A =5 D -4 // a r e a o f c o i l i n m2
I =15 D -3 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h c o i l
Td = N * B * A * I
mprintf ( D e f l e c t i n g t o r q u e=%fD6 Nm\n , Td *10^6)
// c a l c u l a t i n g d e f l e c t i o n o f p o i n t e r
C =18 D -7 // c o n s t a n t f o r s p r i n g i n Nm p e r d e g r e e
Tc = Td // c o n t r o l l i n g t o r q u e
theta = Tc / C
mprintf ( D e f l e c t i o n=%d d e g r e e s , theta )

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N =80 // no . o f t u r n s i n c o i l
B =.5 // f l u x d e n s i t y
A =15 D -4 // a r e a o f c o i l
Tc =2 D -4 // c o n t r o l l i n g t o r q u e a t f u l l s c a l e
deflection
Td = Tc // u n d e r f i n a l s t e a d y c o n d i t i o n
I = Td /( N * B * A )
n =100 // no . o f d i v i s i o n s
v =2 // v o l t a g e m e a s u r e d p e r d i v i s i o n
V = n * v // a t f u l l s c a l e d e f l e c t i o n
R=V/I
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12
mprintf ( S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e =%f ohm ,R )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r e s i s t a n c e o f manganin s h u n t t o e x t e n d
range to 1 A
R =10 // r e s i s t a n c e o f i n s t r u m e n t c o i l
I =10 D -3 // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h c o i l
V=I*R
Is =1 - I // s h u n t c u r r e n t
r = V / Is
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f manganin s h u n t t o e x t e n d
r a n g e t o 1 A=%f ohm\n , r )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v a l u e o f s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e t o e x t e n d
t h e r a n g e t o 15 V
v =15 - V // v o l t a g e a c r o s s s e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e
Rs = v / I
mprintf ( S e r i e s r e s i s t a n c e t o be c o n n e c t e d t o e x t e n d
r a n g e t o 15 V=%d ohm , Rs )
110
Chapter 13
Temperature Rise and
Ventilation in Electrical
Machines
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Example on Heating and Cooling of Electrical Machines
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// temp . r i s e a t any t i m e t i s t h e t a=t h e t a f ( t h e t a f

t h e t a 1 ) exp ( t /T)
theta_1 =0 // i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e
// t h e t a =25 d e g r e e C when t =1 h r ; t h e t a =37.5 d e g r e e
C when t =2 h r
// on s o l v i n g f o r T
T =1/ log (2)
mprintf ( H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t=%f h r \n , T )
// on s o l v i n g f o r t h e t a f
theta_f =25/(1 - exp ( -1/ T ) )
mprintf ( F i n a l s t e a d y f u l l l o a d t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
t h e t a f =%f d e g r e e C\n , theta_f )
//Temp . f a l l a t any t i m e t i s t h e t a = t h e t a f + (
t h e t a 2 t h e t a f ) exp ( t /T )
// As t h e t r a n s f o r m e r i s d i s c o n n e c t e d now , t h e t a f =0
111
13 theta_2 = theta_f
14 theta_dash =40 -30
15 t =1.5
16 T = t / log ( theta_2 / theta_dash )
17 mprintf ( C o o l i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t =%f h r , T )
18 // The a n s w e r s v a r y from t h e t e x t b o o k due t o round
off error
Scilab code Exa 13.2 Example on Heating and Cooling of Electrical Machines
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// temp . r i s e o f t h e motor a t any t i m e t i s t h e t a=

t h e t a f ( t h e t a f t h e t a 1 ) exp ( t /T)
theta_f =50 // f i n a l s t e a d y temp r i s e
T =100 // h e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t i n min
t =20 // f u l l l o a d w o r k i n g p e r i o d i n min
// d u r i n g c o o l i n g p r o c e s s , temp . d e c r e a s e s t o t h e t a 1
=t h e t a exp ( t /T )
t =40 // s t a t i o n a r y p e r i o d i n min
T =140 // c o o l i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t i n min
// s o l v i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s e q u a t i o n s
a =[1 - exp ( -20/100) ; - exp ( -40/140) 1]
b =[50 -50* exp ( -20/100) ;0]
c = inv ( a ) * b
theta = c (1 ,1)
mprintf ( Maximum temp a t t a i n e d=%f d e g r e e C , theta )
112
Chapter 14
Single Phase Transformers
Scilab code Exa 14.1 Example on EMF Equation

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// c a l c u l a t i n g Bm
Ep =400 // i n d u c e d emf i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
Np =350 // no . o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y
Ai =55 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Bm = Ep /(4.44* f * Ai * Np )
mprintf ( Maximum v a l u e o f f l u x d e n s i t y i n t h e c o r e=
%f T e s l a (Wb/m 2 ) \n , Bm )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
Ns =1050
Es = Ep * Ns / Np
mprintf ( V o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n t h e s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g=%d
V , round ( Es ) )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g no . o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
Es =500 // no l o a d v o l t a g e o f low v o l t a g e w i n d i n g
phi =.06 // f l u x
Ns = round ( Es /(4.44* f * phi ) )
mprintf ( No . o f t u r n s i n low v o l t a g e w i n d i n g=%f\n ,
Ns )
// c a l c u l a t i n g no . o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g
Np = Ns *6600/500
mprintf ( Np=%f ( n o t p o s s i b l e ) \n , Np )
// Here , t h e no . o f t u r n s f i n a l l y t a k e n i s 500 and
n o t 502
mprintf ( No . o f t u r n s f i n a l l y t a k e n i s 500 , b e c a u s e
t h e h i g h v o l t a g e w i n d i n g w i l l be s p l i t up i n t o a
no . o f c o i l s )
Scilab code Exa 14.3 Example on Equivalent Circuit

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Rp =.8
Xp =3.2
Rs =.009
Xs =.03
Rs_dash =(2200/220) ^2* Rs
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e
%f ohm\n , Rp + Rs_dash )
Xs_dash =(2200/220) ^2* Xs
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e
ohm\n , Xp + Xs_dash )
Rp_dash =(220/2200) ^2* Rp
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e
=%f ohm\n , Rp_dash + Rs )
Xp_dash =(220/2200) ^2* Xp
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e
%f ohm , Xp_dash + Xs )
114
r e f e r r e d t o p r i m a r y=
r e f e r r e d t o p r i m a r y=%f
r e f e r r e d to secondary
r e f e r r e d t o s e c o n d a r y=

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y
Is =10 // a t 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g
Ip_dash = Is *400/200 // a t 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g
Ip_dash = pol2rect ( Ip_dash , - acosd (.8) )
Im =200/300 // m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t
Iw =200/600 // a c t i v e component o f no l o a d c u r r e n t
I0 = Iw - Im * j // no l o a d c u r r e n t
Ip = Ip_dash + I0
[ Ip theta ]= rect2pol ( Ip )
mprintf ( C u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y i s %f A, l a g g i n g a t an
a n g l e o f %f d e g r e e s \n ,Ip , - theta )
29 // c a l c u l a t i n g t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
30 Ip = pol2rect ( Ip , - theta )
31 Ep = Ip_dash *(.15+.37* j )
115
32 Es_dash =200 - Ep
33 [ Es_dash theta ]= rect2pol ( Es_dash )
34 Es = Es_dash *400/200
35 mprintf ( S e c o n d a r y t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e=%f V,
l a g g i n g at
an a n g l e o f %f d e g r e e s ,Es , - theta )
Scilab code Exa 14.5 Example on Regulation and Efficiency

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// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d w i t h
0.8 pf lagging
Ip =2000/400 // p r i m a r y c u r r e n t a t f u l l l o a d
Rp =3
Xp =4
phi = acos (.8)
Vp =400
VR = Ip *( Rp * cos ( phi ) + Xp * sin ( phi ) ) / Vp *100
mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d w i t h 0 . 8 p f
l a g g i n g=%f p e r c e n t \n , VR )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d w i t h
0.8 pf leading
VR = Ip *( Rp * cos ( phi ) - Xp * sin ( phi ) ) / Vp *100
mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d w i t h 0 . 8 p f
l e a d i n g=%f p e r c e n t \n , VR )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n a t h a l f l o a d w i t h 0 . 8 p f
lagging
Ip = Ip /2 // h a l f l o a d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t
VR = Ip *( Rp * cos ( phi ) + Xp * sin ( phi ) ) / Vp *100
mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t h a l f l o a d w i t h 0 . 8 p f
l a g g i n g=%f p e r c e n t , VR )

116
1
2 // I s Rs =.02 Vs , I s Xs =.05 Vs
3 // c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n a t . 8 p f l a g g i n g
4 VR =(.02*.8+.05*.6) *100
5 mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%f
p e r c e n t \n , VR )
6 // c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n a t . 8 p f l e a d i n g
7 VR =(.02*.8 -.05*.6) *100
8 mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t 0 . 8 p f l e a d i n g=%f
p e r c e n t , VR )
Scilab code Exa 14.7 Example on Regulation and Efiiciency

1
2 Wcu_fl =425 // c o p p e r l o s s e s a t f u l l l o a d
3 // c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , u n i t y p f
4 Pout =50*1000*1 // o u t p u t
5 e = Pout /( Pout +350+425) *100
6 mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , u n i t y p f=%f
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p e r c e n t \n ,e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f
Pout = Pout /2 // o u t p u t
Wi =350 // i r o n l o s s e s
Wcu = Wcu_fl /2^2 // c o p p e r l o s s e s
e = Pout /( Pout + Wi + Wcu ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l
lagging
Pout =(50 D +3) *.8 // o u t p u t
e = Pout /( Pout + Wi + Wcu_fl ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
// c a l c u l a t i n g maximum e f f i c i e n c y
Wcu = Wi // c o p p e r l o s s e s
117
load , unity pf
, u n i t y p f=%f
load , 0 . 8 pf
, . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%f
19 x = sqrt ( Wcu / Wcu_fl ) // l o a d a t which maximum e f f i c i e n c y
occurs
mprintf ( At %f p e r c e n t o f t h e f u l l l o a d , maximum
e f f i c i e n c y w i l l o c c u r \n ,x *100)
21 Pout =( x *50 D +3*1)
22 e_max = Pout /( Pout +2* Wi ) *100
23 mprintf ( Maximum e f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t \ nLoad a t
maximum e f f i c i e n c y =%f kVA , e_max , Pout /1000)
20

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Wi =1100 // i r o n l o s s e s
Wcu =400 // c o p p e r l o s s e s a t 50% l o a d
Is =100*1000/10000 // s e c o n d a r y f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 25% l o a d , u n i t y p f
Is1 = Is /4 // s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t
Wcu1 =(25/50) ^2*400 // c o p p e r l o s s e s
Pout =.25*100*1000 // o u t p u t
e = Pout /( Pout + Wcu1 + Wi ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 25 p e r c e n t l o a d , u n i t y p f=%f
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 25% l o a d , 0 . 8 p f
e =( Pout *.8) /( Pout *.8+ Wcu1 + Wi ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 25 p e r c e n t l o a d , . 8 p f=%f
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 50% l o a d , u n i t y p f
Pout =.5*100*1000 // o u t p u t
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 50 p e r c e n t l o a d , u n i t y p f=%f
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 50% l o a d , 0 . 8 p f
e = Pout *.8/( Pout *.8+ Wi + Wcu ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 50 p e r c e n t l o a d , 0 . 8 p f=%f
118
21 // c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , u n i t y p f
22 Pout =100*1000 // o u t p u t
23 Wcu3 =(10/5) ^2*400 // c o p p e r l o s s e s
24 e = Pout /( Pout + Wcu3 + Wi ) *100
25 mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , u n i t y p f=%f
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// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , . 8 p f
e =( Pout *.8) /( Pout *.8+ Wcu3 + Wi ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , 0 . 8 p f=%f p e r c e n t \
n ,e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d f o r max e f f i c i e n c y a t u n i t y p f
x = sqrt ( Wi / Wcu3 )
mprintf ( Load f o r max e f f i c i e n c y =%f kVA\ nLoad f o r
max e f f i c i e n c y w i l l r e m a i n t h e same i r r e s p e c t i v e
o f power f a c t o r ,x * Pout /1000)
// e r r o r i n t h e t e x t b o o k a n s w e r f o r e f f i c i e n c y a t 50
% load at unity pf as w e l l as at . 8 pf

1
2 e =.9 // e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
3 Pout =500 // o u t p u t a t f u l l l o a d
4 // we g e t , . 9 = 5 0 0 / ( 5 0 0 +Wi+Wcu)
5 // e f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d i s a l s o t h e same
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>.9=(500/2) /(500/2+Wi+Wcu/ 4 )
// s o l v i n g f o r Wi and Wcu a t f u l l l o a d
a =[.9 .9;.9 .225]
b =[50;25]
z = inv ( a ) * b
Wi = z (1 ,1)
Wcu = z (2 ,1)
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 75% l o a d
Pout =.75*500 // o u t p u t
Wcu1 =.75^2* Wcu // c o p p e r l o s s e s
119
15 e = Pout /( Pout + Wi + Wcu1 ) *100

16 mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 75 p e r c e n t
f u l l l o a d=%f
p e r c e n t ,e )

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e_max =.98 //max e f f i c i e n c y

Pout =.75*500*1000 // o u t p u t o f t r a n s f o r m e r a t max
efficiency
Wi = Pout *(1 - e_max ) /(2* e_max )
Wcu1 = Wi // c o p p e r l o s s e s a t 3/4 f u l l l o a d
Wcu = Wcu1 /(.75) ^2 // c o p p e r l o s s e s a t f u l l l o a d
Is =500*1000/500 // s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t
Vs =500 // s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e
VR =( Wcu /( Vs * Is ) *.8+ sqrt (.1^2 -( Wcu /( Vs * Is ) ) ^2) *.6)
*100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d , 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%f
p e r c e n t , VR )

1
2 e1 =.985 // e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d , . 8 p f l a g g i n g
3 // . 9 8 5 = 1 0 0D+ 3 . 8 / ( 1 0 0D+3.8+Wi+Wcu) >.985Wi+.9 85
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9
Wcu=1200
e2 =.99 // e f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d , u n i t y p f
// . 9 9 = ( ( 1 0 0D+3) / 2 ) / ( ( 1 0 0D+3)/2+Wi+Wcu/ 4 ) >.99Wi
+ . 2 4 7 5 Wcu=500
// s o l v i n g f o r Wi and Wcu
a =[.985 .985;.99 .2475]
b =[1200;500]
w = inv ( a ) * b
120
10 Wi = w (1 ,1)
11 Wcu = w (2 ,1)
12 mprintf ( I r o n
l o s s e s =%f W\ n F u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s e s =
%f W ,Wi , Wcu )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d , 0 . 8 p f
lagging
Pout1 =.75*500 D +3 // o u t p u t a t max e f f i c i e n c y
Wi =375 D +3*(1 -.97) /(2*.97)
Wcu1 = Wi // c o p p e r l o s s e s a t 3/4 t h f u l l l o a d
Wcu =(4/3) ^2* Wcu1 // c o p p e r l o s s e s a t f u l l l o a d
Is =500 D +3/220
Rs = Wcu / Is ^2
Vs =220 // s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e
Zs =220*.1/ Is
Xs = sqrt ( Zs ^2 - Rs ^2)
VR =( Is * Rs *.8+ Is * Xs *.6) / Vs *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%f p e r c e n t \n ,
VR )
leading
VR =( Is * Rs *.8 - Is * Xs *.6) / Vs *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t . 8 p f l e a d i n g=%f p e r c e n t \n ,
VR )

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2
e_max =.98 //max e f f i c i e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r

121
3 P =15 D +3 // l o a d a t which max e f f i c i e n c y

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occurs at
unity pf
Wi = P *(1 - e_max ) /(2* e_max )
Wcu = Wi
// i n t h e f i r s t i n t e r v a l
P1 =3 D +3/0.6 // l o a d on t h e t r a n s f o r m e r
Wcu1 = Wcu *( P1 / P ) ^2
// i n t h e s e c o n d i n t e r v a l
Wcu2 = Wcu *( P2 / P ) ^2
// i n t h e t h i r d i n t e r v a l
Wcu3 = Wcu *( P3 / P ) ^2
// l o a d on t h e t r a n s f o r m e r d u r i n g l a s t i n t e r v a l =0>
c o p p e r l o s s e s =0 , i r o n l o s s e s =0
Wi = Wi *24 // t o t a l i r o n l o s s e s
Wcu =10* Wcu1 +5* Wcu2 +5* Wcu3 // t o t a l c o p p e r l o s s e s
Pout =(3*10+10*5+18*5) *10^3 // t o t a l o u t p u t
mprintf ( A l l day e f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t ,e )
Scilab code Exa 14.14 Example on Testing of Transformer

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10
// f o r no l o a d t e s t
V0 =400 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
I0 =1 // c u r r e n t
W0 =60 // power consumed
Iw = W0 / V0
R0 = V0 / Iw
Im = sqrt ( I0 ^2 - Iw ^2)
Xm = V0 / Im
mprintf ( No l o a d p a r a m e t e r s : \ nR0=%f ohm , \nXm=%f ohm\
n ,R0 , Xm )
11 // f o r s h o r t c i r c u i t t e s t
122
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Vsc =15 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
Isc =12.5 // c u r r e n t
Wsc =50 // power consumed
Zp = Vsc / Isc
Rp = Wsc / Isc ^2
Xp = sqrt ( Zp ^2 - Rp ^2)
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e and r e a c t a n c e
r e f e r r e d t o p r i m a r y i s %f ohm and %f ohm\n ,Rp , Xp
)
lagging
Vp =400
Ip =5 D +3/400
VR = Ip *( Rp *.8+ Xp *.6) / Vp *100
mprintf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n=%f p e r c e n t \n , VR )
// c a l c u l a t i n g i r o n and c o p p e r l o s s e s
Wi = W0
Wcu = Wsc
mprintf ( I r o n l o s s e s =%f W\ nCopper l o s s e s a t f u l l
l o a d=%f W\n ,Wi , Wcu )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d and 0 . 8 p f
lagging
e =5 D +3*.8/(5 D +3*.8+ Wi + Wcu ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d and . 8 p f l a g g i n g=
%f p e r c e n t ,e )

1
2 W0 =1300 // power consumed i n no l o a d t e s t
3 Wsc =2400 // power consumed i n s h o r t c i r c u i t
test
performed at f u l l load current
4 Wi = W0
5 Wcu = Wsc
6 Pout =(8*200*.8+10*.5*200*1) *10^3 // t o t a l o u t p u t
123
7 Wit =1300*24 // t o t a l i r o n l o s s e s
8 Wcut =2400*8+2400/4*10 // t o t a l c o p p e r l o s s e s
9 e = Pout /( Pout + Wit + Wcut ) *100
10 mprintf ( A l l day e f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t ,e )

1
2 Woc =60 // power consumed i n OC t e s t a t 220 V
3 // i r o n l o s s e s i n t r a n s f o r m e r a r e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o
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square of applied voltage

Wi =60*(200/220) ^2 // i r o n l o s s e s a t n o r m a l v o l t a g e o f
200 V
Is =5 D +3/400 // f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t on HV s i d e
// f o r SC t e s t
Isc =10 // c u r r e n t
Wsc =120 // power consumed
Wcu =( Is / Isc ) ^2* Wsc // f u l l l o a d c o p p e r l o s s e s
e =(5 D +3*.8) /(5 D +3*.8+ Wi + Wcu ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d=%f p e r c e n t ,e )
Scilab code Exa 14.17 Example on Parallel Operation

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8
9
10

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
124
11
z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
13
14 j = %i
15 I = pol2rect (300 , - acosd (.8) ) // t o t a l
l o a d t o be s h a r e d
by t r a n s f o r m e r s A and B a t . 8 p f l a g g i n g
16 Za =.011+.042* j // i m p e d a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r A
17 Zb =.044+.072* j // i m p e d a n c e o f t r a n s f o r m e r B
18
19 // c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d s h a r e d by t r a n s f o r m e r A
20 Ia = Zb * I /( Za + Zb )
21 [ Ia theta ]= rect2pol ( Ia )
22 mprintf ( Load s h a r e d by t r a n s f o r m e r A=%f A,
lagging
by an a n g l e o f %f d e g r e e s \n ,Ia , - theta )
23
24 // c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d s h a r e d by t r a n s f o r m e r B
25 Ib = Za * I /( Za + Zb )
26 [ Ib theta ]= rect2pol ( Ib )
27 mprintf ( Load s h a r e d by t r a n s f o r m e r B=%f A,
28
lagging
by an a n g l e o f %f d e g r e e s ,Ib , - theta )
error

1
3
x = real ( A )
4
y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6 endfunction
7
8 j = %i
9 Zl =8+6.2* j // l o a d i m p e d a n c e
10 // f o r t r a n s f o r m e r A
125
11 Ea =6600 // s e c o n d a r y i n d u c e d emf
12 Za =.3+3.2* j // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e r e f e r r e d
13
14
15
16
17
18
to
secondary
// f o r t r a n s f o r m e r B
Eb =6400 // s e c o n d a r y i n d u c e d emf
Zb =.2+1.2* j // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e r e f e r r e d t o
secondary
Ia =( Ea * Zb +( Ea - Eb ) * Zl ) /( Za * Zb +( Za + Zb ) * Zl )
Ib =( Eb * Za -( Ea - Eb ) * Zl ) /( Za * Zb +( Za + Zb ) * Zl )
mprintf ( C u r r e n t d e l i v e r e d by t r a n s f o r m e r A i s %f A\
n C u r r e n t d e l i v e r e d by t r a n s f o r m e r B i s %f A , mag (
Ia ) , mag ( Ib ) )
126
Chapter 15
Three Phase Transformers
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Example on three phase transformer

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P =50 D +3 // power p e r p h a s e
Power_rating =3* P
Vpp =2300 // p r i m a r y p h a s e v o l t a g e
Vsp =230 // s e c o n d a r y p h a s e v o l t a g e
Vpl = sqrt (3) * Vpp // p r i m a r y n o r m a l l i n e v o l t a g e
Vsl = Vsp // s e c o n d a r y n o r m a l l i n e v o l t a g e
mprintf ( R a t i n g o f 3 p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r w i l l be \n3
phase , %d kVA , %d/%d V, s t a r / d e l t a c o n n e c t i o n \n ,
Power_rating /1 D +3 , round ( Vpl ) , round ( Vsl ) )
Ipp = P / Vpp
Ipl = Ipp
Isp = P / Vsp
Isl = sqrt (3) * Isp
mprintf ( Primary p h a s e c u r r e n t=%f A\ nPrimary l i n e
c u r r e n t=%f A\ n S e c o n d a r y p h a s e c u r r e n t=%f A\
n S e c o n d a r y l i n e c u r r e n t=%f A\n ,Ipp , Ipl , Isp , Isl )
// c a l c u l a t i n g v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
Rp_dash =1.2 // e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o
primary
127
Xp_dash =1.6 // e q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o
primary
18 VR = Ipp *( Rp_dash *.8+ Xp_dash *.6) *100/ Vpp
19 mprintf ( V o l t a g e R e g u l a t i o n=%f p e r c e n t , VR )
17

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// c a l c u l a t i n g no . o f t u r n s p e r p h a s e
Vsp =440/ sqrt (3) // s e c o n d a r y p h a s e v o l t a g e
Et =8 // emf p e r t u r n i n v o l t
Ts = round ( Vsp / Et )
Vpp =1100 // p r i m a r y p h a s e v o l t a g e
Tp = Ts * Vpp / Vsp
mprintf ( No . o f t u r n s p e r p h a s e on p r i m a r y w i n d i n g=
%d\nNo . o f t u r n s p e r p h a s e on s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g=
%d\n , Tp , Ts )
// c a l c u l a t i n g n e t c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f c o r e
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
Bm =1.3 // f l u x d e n s i t y
Ai = Et /(4.44* f * Bm )
mprintf ( Net c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f c o r e , Ai=%d cm
2 , round ( Ai *1 D +4) )

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6
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t s i n t h e main and t e a s e r
transformer
P2 =600 D +3 // o u t p u t
V2 =110 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
I2 = P2 /( pf * V2 )
128
7 I1t =1.15* I2 *110/6600

8 I1m = I2 *110/6600
9 mprintf ( C u r r e n t s i n p r i m a r y w i n d i n g o f main and
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11
12
13
14
t e a s e r t r a n s f o r m e r i s %f A and %f A r e s p e c t i v e l y \
n , I1m , I1t )
// c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t s
Ic = I1t
Ib = sqrt ( I1m ^2+( I1t /2) ^2)
Ia = Ib
mprintf ( L i n e c u r r e n t s a r e %f A, %f A and %f A , Ia ,
Ib , Ic )

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function [r , theta ]= rect2pol (x , y )

r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
Q =750 // t o t a l l o a d t o be s h a r e d
theta = - acosd (.8)
Q = rect2pol ( Q * cos ( theta ) ,Q * sin ( theta ) )
Zb = rect2pol (.35 ,3.3) // p e r p h a s e i m p e d a n c e o f
transformer B
Za = rect2pol (.2 ,1.8) // p e r p h a s e i m p e d a n c e o f
transformer A
Qa = Zb * Q /( Za + Zb )
Qb = Za * Q /( Za + Zb )
mprintf ( T r a n s f o r m e r A o f 500 kVA r a t i n g s h a r e s a
l o a d o f %f kVA w h e r e a s t r a n s f o r m e r B o f 250 kVA
r a t i n g s h a r e s a l o a d o f %f kVA , Qa , Qb )
129
Chapter 16
Electromechanical Energy
Conversion
Scilab code Exa 16.2 Example on Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Devices
1
2 i =3 // c u r r e n t i n c o i l
3 x =5 D -2 // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
4 lambda = sqrt ( i /(121* x ^2) )
5 // c a l c u l a t i n g f i e l d e n e r g y W f
6 W_f = integrate ( 12 1 lambda 2 . 0 5 2 , lambda , 0 ,
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
lambda )
mprintf ( F i e l d e n e r g y s t o r e d=%f watts e c \n , W_f )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c o e n e r g y
W_f_dash = integrate ( i . 5 / ( 1 1 . 0 5 ) , i ,0 , i )
mprintf ( Coe n e r g y=%f watts e c \n , W_f_dash )
// c a l c u l a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e on moving p a r t
k e e p i n g lambda c o n s t a n t
function y = f ( x )
y =121* x ^2* lambda ^3/3
endfunction
F_f = -1* derivative (f , x )
mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l f o r c e d e v e l o p e d F f=%d Nm ,
130
round ( F_f ) )
Scilab code Exa 16.3 Example on Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Devices
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

i =120/6 // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n c o i l
N =300 // no . o f t u r n s
x =.005 // l e n g t h o f a i r gap
Ag =36 D -4 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a a t gap
// c a l c u l a t i n g s t o r e d f i e l d e n e r g y
W_f = mu_not * N ^2* Ag * i ^2/(4* x )
mprintf ( S t o r e d f i e l d e n e r g y=%f watts e c \n , W_f )
// c a l c u l a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e d e v e l o p e d
F_f = mu_not * N ^2* i ^2* Ag /(4* x ^2)
mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l f o r c e d e v e l o p e d=%f Nm , F_f )
131
Chapter 17
Fundamentals of DC Machines
Scilab code Exa 17.1 Example on DC Winding

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
a = P // no . o f p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s
n =150 // no . o f s l o t s
c =8 // no . o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
Z = n * c // t o t a l no . o f c o n d u c t o r s
T = Z /2 // no . o f t u r n s
Lmt =250 D -2 // mean l e n g t h o f one t u r n
S =10*2.5*1 D -6 // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
rho =2.1 D -8 // r e s i s t i v i t y a t 80 d e g r e e C
R =( rho * Lmt * T ) /( a ^2* S )
mprintf ( R e s i s t a n c e=%f ohm\n ,R )
Scilab code Exa 17.2 Example on DC Winding

1
2 P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
3 n =24 // no . o f s l o t s
132
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
c =2 // c o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
p = Z /4 // p o l e p i t c h
Ybp = p +1 // back p i t c h
Yfp =p -1 // f r o n t p i t c h
Y = Ybp - Yfp
mprintf ( R e s u l t a n t p i t c h=%f ,Y )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
A = P // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
phi =.018 // f l u x p e r p o l e
N =600 // s p e e d o f r o t a t i o n i n rpm
Z =840 // t o t a l no . o f c o n d u c t o r s
Eg = P * phi * N * Z /(60* A )
mprintf ( Emf g e n e r a t e d=%f V\n , Eg )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
A =2 // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
Z =300 // no . o f c o n d u c t o r s on a r m a t u r e
N =1000 // s p e e d o f r o t a t i o n i n rpm
Eg =400 // emf g e n e r a t e d on open c i r c u i t
phi =60* Eg * A /( P * N * Z )
mprintf ( Flux p e r p o l e=%f Wb\n , phi )
133

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Eg =400 // emf g e n e r a t e d
n =80 // no . o f s l o t s on a r m a t u r e
Z = n * c // t o t a l no . o f c o n d u c t o r s on a r m a t u r e
N =1000 // s p e e d i n rpm
phi =60* Eg /( N * Z )
Eg =220 // d e s i r e d v a l u e o f g e n e r a t e d v o l t a g e
N =60* Eg /( phi * Z )
mprintf ( Speed o f r o t a t i o n t o g e n e r a t e 220 V=%f rpm\
n , round ( N ) )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
A =2 // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s i n a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g
N =750 // s p e e d o f r o t a t i o n
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Eg =230 // emf g e n e r a t e d on open c i r c u i t
phi =60* Eg * A /( P * N * Z )
mprintf ( U s e f u l f u x p e r p o l e=%f Wb\n , phi )
Eg =115 // emf t o be g e n e r a t e d a t no l o a d
A = P * N * Z * phi /(60* Eg ) // r e q u i r e d no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
in armature winding
13 mprintf ( As t h e machine h a s e q u a l number o f p o l e s
and p a r a l l e l p a t h s i n a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g , t h e
a r m a t u r e w i l l be l a p c o n n e c t e d t o g e n e r a t e 115 V
a t t h e same s p e e d )
134
Scilab code Exa 17.7 Example on Types of DC Machines

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// c a l c u l a t i n g t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
P =10 D +3 // l o a d s u p p l i e d
Vl =220 // v o l t a g e a t l o a d t e r m i n a l s
Il = P / Vl
R =.1 // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e e d e r s
Vd = Il * R // v o l t a g e d r o p on f e e d e r s
V = Vd + Vl
mprintf ( T e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e a r m a t u r e
t e r m i n a l s=%f V\n ,V )
// C a l c u l a t i n g s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
Rsh =100 // s h u n t r e s i s t a n c e
Ish = V / Rsh
mprintf ( Shunt f i e l d c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Ish )
// C a l c u l a t i n g g e n e r a t e d emf
Ra =.05 // r e s i s t a n c e o f a r m a t u r e
Eg = V + Il * Ra
mprintf ( G e n e r a t e d emf Eg=%f V , Eg )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
V =200 // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s a r m a t u r e
Rsh =80 // s h u n t f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
Ish = V / Rsh // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
Il =100 // l o a d c u r r e n t
Ia = Il + Ish
mprintf ( Armature c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Ia )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t p e r a r m a t u r e p a t h
135
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
A =4 // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
mprintf ( C u r r e n t p e r a r m a t u r e p a t h=%f A\n , Ia / A )
// c a l c u l a t i n g emf g e n e r a t e d
Ra =.1 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
e =2 // b r u s h c o n t a c t d r o p
Eg = V + Ia * Ra + e
mprintf ( Emf g e n e r a t e d=%f V\n , Eg )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
V =100 // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
Rse =.03 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s e r i e s f i e l d w i n d i n g
Ra =.04 // r e s i s t a n c e o f a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g
Rsh =60 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t
Vd = Il * Rse // v o l t a g e d r o p i n s e r i e s f i e l d w i n d i n g
V_dash = V + Il * Rse // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s a r m a t u r e
Ish = V_dash / Rsh
Ia = Il + Ish
Eg = V + Il * Rse + Ia * Ra
mprintf ( G e n e r a t e d emf=%f V , Eg )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = Ish + Il
Eg = V + Ia * Ra
136
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
phi =.05 // f l u x p e r p o l e i n Wb
A = P // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
N =60* Eg * A /( P * phi * Z )
mprintf ( Speed o f r o t a t i o n=%f rpm , round ( N ) )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// when t h e dc s h u n t machine w o r k s a s a g e n e r a t o r
Rsh =100 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = Il + Ish
Eg = V + Ia * Ra
// when t h e dc s h u n t machine w o r k s a s a motor
V =250 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e t o motor
Il =80 // l i n e c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor
Ia = Il - Ish
Eb =V - Ia * Ra
// f o r a machine , P p h i Z / ( 6 0 A) i s a c o n s t a n t
x = Eg / Eb
mprintf ( s p e e d a s g e n e r a t o r / s p e e d a s motor=%f ,x )

1
137
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// c a l c u l a t i n g back emf
Il =200 // l i n e c u r r e n t
Ra =.02 // a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = Il - Ish
Eb =V - Ia * Ra
mprintf ( Back emf=%f V\n , Eb )
Z = n * c // t o t a l no . o f c o n d u c t o r s on a r m a t u r e
phi =.04
N =60* Eb /( phi * Z )
mprintf ( Speed a t which motor w i l l run when f l u x p e r
p o l e i s . 0 4 Wb=%d rpm , round ( N ) )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// c a l c u l a t i n g l o a d c u r r e n t
i =30 // c u r r e n t drawn by e a c h motor
I =5* i // c u r r e n t drawn by 5 m o t o r s
P =150*60 // t o t a l l i g h t i n g l o a d
I1 = P / V // c u r r e n t t a k e n by l i g h t i n g l o a d
I = I1 + I
mprintf ( T o t a l l o a d c u r r e n t=%d A\n , round ( I ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
V_dash =110 // v o l t a g e a t t e r m i n a l s o f l o a d
R =.04 // r e s i s t a n c e o f f e e d e r s
Vd = I * R // v o l t a g e d r o p i n f e e d e r s
V = V_dash + Vd
mprintf ( T e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e g e n e r a t o r
t e r m i n a l s=%f V\n ,V )
138
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
// c a l c u l a t i n g emf g e n e r a t e d
Rsh =55 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f i e l d
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = I + Ish
Ise = Ia
Rse =.04 // s e r i e s f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
Eg = V + Ia *( Ra + Rse )
mprintf ( G e n e r a t e d emf , Eg=%f V , Eg )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// when t h e machine i s w o r k i n g a s g e n e r a t o r
V =240 // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d
P =40 D +3 // l o a d on g e n e r a t o r
Il = P / V // l o a d c u r r e n t
Rsh =60 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f i e l d
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = Il + Ish
e =2*1 // v o l t a g e d r o p a t b r u s h e s
Eg = V + Ia * Ra + e
N =450 // s p e e d a s a g e n e r a t o r a t t h i s l o a d
// l e t k=P p h i Z / ( 6 0 A)
k = Eg / N
// when t h e machine i s w o r k i n g a s motor
Ia = Il - Ish
Eb =V - Ia * Ra - e
N = Eb / k
mprintf ( Speed a s a motor=%d rpm , round ( N ) )
139
Chapter 18
DC Generators
Scilab code Exa 18.1 Example on Magnetization Characteristics

1
2 i = linspace (0 ,1.6 ,9)
3 V =[0 40 66 86 101 112 121 128 133]
4 plot (i ,V , rect =[0 0 1.6 133])
5 xtitle ( M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e f o r e x a m p l e 1 8 . 1 , F i e l d
C u r r e n t , G e n e r a t e d emf )
6
7 // r e f e r F i g . 1 8 . 4 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
8 Rsh =94 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f i e l d w i n d i n g
9 //OA i s t h e f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e l i n e f o r t h i s
10
11
12
13
14
resistance
Voc =126 // v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o p o i n t A
mprintf ( Open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e when t h e f i e l d c i r c u i t
r e s i s t a n c e i s 94 ohm=%d V\n , Voc )
//D i s p o i n t on OCC c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 110 V . OD
r e p r e s e n t s the f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e l i n e to generate
this voltage
R =70/.6 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f i e l d c i r c u i t
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e s h u n t f i e l d
140
Figure 18.1: Example on Magnetization Characteristics
141

c i r c u i t i s %f ohm\n , R - Rsh )
15 // l i n e OE r e p r e s e n t s t h e c r i t i c a l r e s i s t a n c e o f
shunt f i e l d
16 Rc =40/.2
17 mprintf ( C r i t i c a l r e s i s t a n c e =%d ohm , Rc )

1
2 i = linspace (0 ,3.5 ,8)
3 V =[0 60 120 138 145 149 151 152]
142
4
5
plot2d (i , V )
xtitle ( M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e f o r e x a m p l e 1 8 . 2 , F i e l d
6
7 // r e f e r F i g . 1 8 . 5 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
8 Rsh =60 // s h u n t f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
9 // l i n e OA i s f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e l i n e
10 Voc =149 // v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o p o i n t A
11 mprintf ( Open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e=%d V\n , Voc )
12 // r e s i s t a n c e r e p r e s e n t e d by OE i s c r i t i c a l
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
resistance
Rc =120
mprintf ( C r i t i c a l r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f i e l d =%d ohm\n
, Rc )
// when t h e l o a d h a s a r e s i s t a n c e o f 4 ohm
R =4
// l o a d c u r r e n t I=V/4
// I s h=V/60
// I a=I+I s h
Eg = Voc
//V=EgI a Ra
V = Eg /(1+(1/ R +1/ Rsh ) * Ra )
mprintf ( T e r m i n a l v o l t a g e , V=%f V\n ,V )
// when t h e t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s 100 V
Ia =( Eg - V ) / Ra
Ish = V / Rsh
I = Ia - Ish
mprintf ( Load c u r r e n t=%f A ,I )
143
144
1
2 i = linspace (0 ,2.5 ,6)
3 V =[0 50 84 105 120 131]
4 plot (i , V )
5 xtitle ( M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e
f o r e x a m p l e 1 8 . 3 , F i e l d
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
// r e f e r F i g . 1 8 . 6 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
//OE i s t h e f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e l i n e o f c r i t i c a l
resistance
Rc =100
// s o l v i n g ( i i i )
Rsh =70 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
N =750 // s p e e d i n rpm
Nc = Rsh / Rc * N
mprintf ( When t h e f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e i s 70 ohm ,
c r i t i c a l s p e e d=%d rpm\n , round ( Nc ) )
// s o l v i n g ( i v )
Eg =100 // open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e
// now , t h e o p e r a t i n g p o i n t i s M i n s t e a d o f A
//LM/LN=N1/N
// from t h e graph , LM/LN=100/115
N1 =100/115* N // d e s i r e d s p e e d
mprintf ( With s h u n t f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e o f 55 ohm ,
r e d u c t i o n i n s p e e d t o make t h e open c i r c u i t
v o l t a g e e q u a l t o 100 V=%d rpm , round (N - N1 ) )

1
2
3
// g e n e r a t e d emf i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s p e e d
// r e a d i n g s f o r OCC a t 1 0 0 0 rpm a r e
145
146
4 Eg2 =[10*(1000/800) 112*(1000/800) 198*(1000/800)
232*(1000/800) 252*(1000/800) 266*(1000/800) ]

5 i = linspace (0 ,5 ,6)
6 plot2d (i , Eg2 )
7 xtitle ( M a g n e t i z a t i o n c u r v e
f o r e x a m p l e 1 8 . 4 , F i e l d
c u r r e n t , G e n e r a t e d emf )
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// r e f e r F i g . 1 8 . 7 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Rsh =70 // r e s i s t a n c e o f f i e l d c i r c u i t
// l i n e OA i s f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e l i n e
V =330 // v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o p o i n t A
mprintf ( No l o a d t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s %d V\n ,V )
// now , no l o a d t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s 270 V
V =270
// t h e o p e r a t i n g p o i n t i s D
// l i n e OD i s c o r r e s p o n d i n g f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e l i n e
R = V /2.4 // r e s i s t a n c e r e p r e s e n t e d by l i n e OD
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e r e q u i r e d i n t h e f i e l d
c i r c u i t t o r e d u c e t h e v o l t a g e t o 270 V=%f ohm\n
,R - Rsh )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// f o r g e n e r a t o r A
V1 =240 // i n i t i a l t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
V2 =225 // f i n a l t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
Ia =120 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
Ra =( V1 - V2 ) / Ia // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
// f o r g e n e r a t o r B
V1 =230 // i n i t i a l t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
V2 =215 // f i n a l t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
Ib =100 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
Rb =( V1 - V2 ) / Ib // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
I =200 // t o t a l l o a d c u r r e n t
147
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// I 1+I 2=I , V=240 I 1 Ra , V=230 I 2 Rb

// s o l v i n g f o r V, I 1 and I 2
a =[1 1 0; Ra 0 1;0 Rb 1]
b =[200;240;230]
x = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = x (1 ,1)
I2 = x (2 ,1)
V = x (3 ,1)
mprintf ( Busb a r v o l t a g e=%f V, \ n G e n e r a t o r A s u p p l i e s
%f A, \ n G e n e r a t o r B s u p p l i e s %f A , V , I1 , I2 )

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Ra =.03 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h g e n e r a t o r
Rsh =60 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h g e n e r a t o r
I =4500 // t o t a l l o a d c u r r e n t
// I 1+I 2 =4500 , I s h=V/60
// I a 1=I 1+V/60
// I a 2=I 2+V/60
Ea1 =500 // i n d u c e d emf i n g e n e r a t o r 1
// 500=V+I a 1 . 0 3
Ea2 =510 // i n d u c e d emf i n g e n e r a t o r 2
// 510=V+I a 2 . 0 3
// s o l v i n g f o r V, I 1 and I 2
a =[1 1 0;.03 0 1+.03/60;0 .03 1+.03/60]
b =[4500;500;510]
x = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = x (1 ,1)
I2 = x (2 ,1)
V = x (3 ,1)
mprintf ( Busb a r v o l t a g e=%f V, \ nLoad s h a r e d by
g e n e r a t o r 1=%f A, \ nLoad s h a r e d by g e n e r a t o r 2=%f
A , V , I1 , I2 )
148

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// L e t V be busb a r v o l t a g e and I1 , I 2 be t h e
c u r r e n t s s u p p l i e d by g e n e r a t o r s 1 and 2
respectively
Il =3000 // t o t a l l o a d c u r r e n t
// I 1+I 2= I l
// f o r g e n e r a t o r 1
Rsh1 =30 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
Ra1 =.05 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
Eg1 =400 // i n d u c e d emf
// f o r g e n e r a t o r 2
Rsh2 =25 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
Eg2 =380 // i n d u c e d emf
// I s h 1=V/ Rsh1
// I s h 2=V/ Rsh2
// I a 1=I 1+I s h 1
// I a 2=I 2+I s h 2
// Eg1=V+I a 1 Ra1 ; Eg2=V+I a 2 Ra2
// s o l v i n g f o r I1 , I 2 and V
a =[1 1 0; Ra1 0 1+ Ra1 / Rsh1 ;0 Ra2 1+ Ra2 / Rsh2 ]
b =[ Il ; Eg1 ; Eg2 ]
x = inv ( a ) * b
I1 = x (1 ,1)
I2 = x (2 ,1)
V = x (3 ,1)
P1 = V * I1
P2 = V * I2
mprintf ( Output o f g e n e r a t o r 1=%f kW\ nOutput o f
g e n e r a t o r 2=%f kW , P1 /1000 , P2 /1000)
error
149
Chapter 19
DC Motors
Scilab code Exa 19.1 Example on Torque and Speed

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// c a l c u l a t i n g t o r q u e d e v e o p e d
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
A =6 // no . o f p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s
n =500 // no . o f a r m a t u r e t u r n s
Z =2*500 // t o t a l no . o f c o n d u c t o r s
phi =75 D -3 // f l u x p e r p o l e
Ta =.159* P * phi * Ia * Z / A
mprintf ( Torque d e v e l o p e d=%f Nm\n , Ta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s h a f t t o r q u e
T =2.5* Ta /100 // t o r q u e l o s t i n windage , f r i c t i o n and
iron losses
Tsh = Ta - T
mprintf ( S h a f t t o r q u e=%f Nm\n , Tsh )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s h a f t power
Psh =2* %pi * N * Tsh /60
mprintf ( S h a f t power=%f kW , Psh /1000)
error
150

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// c a l c u l a t i n g t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by a r m a t u r e
V =200 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e motor
Rsh =40 // r e s i s t a n c e o f s h u n t f i e l d w i n d i n g
Ish = V / Rsh
I =100 // t o t a l c u r r e n t drawn by motor
Ia =I - Ish
Eb =V - Ia * Ra
P = Eb * Ia // m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
Ta =60* P /(2* %pi * N )
mprintf ( Torque d e v e l o p e d by a r m a t u r e=%f Nm\n , Ta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g c o p p e r l o s s e s
Wcu1 = V * Ia - Eb * Ia // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s e s
Wcu2 = Ish ^2* Rsh // f i e l d c o p p e r l o s s e s
mprintf ( T o t a l c o p p e r l o s s e s =%f W\n , Wcu1 + Wcu2 )
Wc =1500 // f r i c t i o n and i r o n l o s s e s
Pi =200*100 // i n p u t t o motor
Psh = Pi -( Wc + Wcu1 + Wcu2 )
mprintf ( S h a f t power=%f kW\n , Psh /1000)
Tsh =60* Psh /(2* %pi * N )
mprintf ( S h a f t t o r q u e=%f Nm\n , Tsh )
e = Psh / Pi *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t ,e )

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Po =60 D +3 // f u l l l o a d o u t p u t o f t h e motor
e =0.905 // e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e motor
Pin = Po / e
I = Pin / V // l i n e c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor
Rsh =200 // r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e s h u n t f i e l d w i n d i n g
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia =I - Ish
Ra =0.1 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
Eb =V - Ia * Ra
A =2 // no . o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s i n a r m a t u r e w i n d i n g
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Z =450 // t o t a l number o f c o n d u c t o r s
N = round (60* Eb * A /( P * phi * Z ) )
mprintf ( F u l l l o a d s p e e d=%d rpm\n ,N )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a r m a t u r e t o r q u e
Ta =0.159* P * phi * Ia * Z / A
mprintf ( Torque d e v e l o p e d by t h e a r m a t u r e o f t h e DC
motor=%f Nm\n , Ta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g u s e f u l t o r q u e
Psh =60 D +3 // s h a f t power
Tsh =60* Psh /(2* %pi * N )
mprintf ( U s e f u l t o r q u e=%f Nm , Tsh )
// e r r o r i n t h e t e x t b o o k a n s w e r f o r u s e f u l t o r q u e

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V =220 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o motor
Ra =0.3 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
Ish = V / Rsh
I0 =4.5 // c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor a t no l o a d
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Ia0 = I0 - Ish
Eb0 =V - Ia0 * Ra
// u n d e r l o a d e d c o n d i t i o n s ,
I =30 // c u r r e n t drawn by motor
Ia =I - Ish
Eb =V - Ia * Ra
// p h i =.97 p h i 0
// back emf i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o f l u x and
speed
15 N0 =1000 // s p e e d a t no l o a d
16 N = Eb * N0 /( Eb0 *.97)
17 mprintf ( Speed u n d e r l o a d e d c o n d i t i o n=%d rpm , round
(N))

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V =100 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o s e r i e s motor
Rm = Ra + Rse // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
Ia =45 // c u r r e n t i n a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t
Eb =V - Ia * Rm
Pm = Eb * Ia // m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
Wc =750 // i r o n and f r i c t i o n l o s s e s
Psh = Pm - Wc
mprintf ( S h a f t power=%f kW\n , Psh /1000)
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
Ta =60* Pm /(2* %pi * N )
mprintf ( T o t a l t o r q u e=%f Nm\n , Ta )
Tsh =60* Psh /(2* %pi * N )
mprintf ( S h a f t t o r q u e=%f Nm , Tsh )
153

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// c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Ia =46 // c u r r e n t i n a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t
Ra =.25 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
Rm = Ra + Rse
Eb =V - Ia * Rm
A =2 // no . o f p a r a l l e l c i r c u i t s
Z =1200 // t o t a l c o n d u c t o r s on a r m a t u r e
N = round (60* Eb * A /( P * phi * Z ) )
mprintf ( Speed , N=%d rpm\n , N )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l t o r q u e
Ta =.159* P * phi * Ia * Z / A
mprintf ( T o t a l t o r q u e=%f Nm\n , Ta )
Pm = Eb * Ia // m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
Wc =900 // i r o n and f r i c t i o n l o s s e s
Po = Pm - Wc
mprintf ( S h a f t power=%f kW\n , Po /1000)
Tsh =60* Po /(2* %pi * N )
mprintf ( S h a f t t o r q u e Tsh=%f Nm\n , Tsh )
Pin = V * Ia // i n p u t t o motor
e = Po / Pin *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t ,e )
154

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// w o r k i n g a s motor
V1 =110 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e t o motor
Ish1 = V1 / Rsh // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
Il =230
Ia1 = Il - Ish1
Eb1 = V1 - Ia1 * Ra
N1 =450 // s p e e d i n rpm
V2 =210 // c h a n g e d v a l u e o f a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
Ish2 = V2 / Rsh
Il =85 // c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor from t h e main
Ia2 = Il - Ish2
Eb2 = V2 - Ia2 * Ra
// back emf i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s h u n t f i e l d
c u r r e n t and s p e e d
N2 =( Eb2 / Eb1 ) *( Ish1 / Ish2 ) * N1
mprintf ( Speed o f t h e motor=%d rpm\n , N2 )
// w o r k i n g a s g e n e r a t o r
V =200 // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e l o a d
Ish3 = V / Rsh
Il =140 // l o a d c u r r e n t on t h e g e n e r a t o r
Ia3 = Il + Ish3
Eg = V + Ia3 * Ra
N3 =( Eg / Eb1 ) *( Ish1 / Ish3 ) * N1
mprintf ( Speed a t which g e n e r a t o r would have t o run=
%d rpm , N3 )
error
Scilab code Exa 19.8 Example on Speed Control of DC Motors
155
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N1 =1000 // i n i t i a l s p e e d
Ra =.3 // r e s i s t a n c e o f a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t
Eb1 =V - Ia * Ra
N1 =1000 // s p e e d i n rpm
Ia =25 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t i n new s i t u a t i o n
N2 =750 // c h a n g e d s p e e d i n rpm
// back emf i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s p e e d
R =(( V - Ia * Ra ) * N1 - N2 * Eb1 ) /( Ia * N1 )
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t =
%f ohm ,R )

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N1 =600 // i n i t i a l s p e e d o f t h e motor i n rpm

Ia1 =20 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
Eb1 =V - Ia1 * Ra
Rf1 =200 // f i e l d r e s i s t a n c e
If1 =200/200 // f i e l d c u r r e n t
N2 =900 // i n c r e a s e d s p e e d i n rpm
// I f 2 =200/ Rf
// p h i 1 / p h i 2= I f 1 / I f 2 =Rf / 2 0 0
// I a 2=I a 1 p h i 1 / p h i 2 =.1 Rf
// Eb2 =200 .04 Rf
// back emf i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o f l u x and
speed
15 // we g e t a q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n i n Rf a s . 0 4 Rf 2 200
Rf +57600=0
16 // s o l v i n g f o r Rf
17 Rf2 =(200 - sqrt (200^2 -4*.04*57600) ) /(2*.04)
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mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e s h u n t f i e l d
c i r c u i t =%f ohm ,Rf2 - Rf1 )

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N1 =700 // i n i t i a l s p e e d o f motor
Ra =.4 // e f f e c t i v e a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
Eb1 =V - Ia1 * Ra
N2 =600 // r e d u c e d s p e e e d o f motor
Ia2 = Ia1 // a s t o r q u e and f l u x r e m a i n s same
R =(( V - Ia2 * Ra ) * N1 - Eb1 * N2 ) /( Ia2 * N1 )
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e a r m a t u r e
c i r c u i t i s %f ohm ,R )

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R =.25+.05 // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t
N1 =500 // n o r m a l s p e e d
Ia1 =100 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t a t n o r m a l s p e e d
Eb1 =V - Ia1 * R
// s o l v i n g p a r t ( i )
R1 = R +1 // t o t a l r e s i s i t a n c e i n t h e a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t
Eb2 =V - Ia2 * R1
N2 = Eb2 / Eb1 * N1
mprintf ( For ( i ) \ nSpeed=%d rpm\n , round ( N2 ) )
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14 // s o l v i n g p a r t ( i i )
15 Ia3 =50 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
16 Eb3 =V - Ia3 * R
17 // I s h 3 =.6 I s h 1 >p h i 3 / p h i 1 =.6
18 // back emf i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o f l u x and
speed
19 N3 =( Eb3 / Eb1 ) * N1 /.6
20 mprintf ( For ( i i ) \ nSpeed=%d rpm , N3 )

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// s o l v i n g ( i )
Il =70 // c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor
Ish = V / Rsh // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
Ia1 = Il - Ish
N1 =500 // i n i t i a l s p e e d
Eb1 =200 - Ia1 * Ra1
N2 =350 // r e d u c e d s p e e d o f motor
Ia2 = Ia1 // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t r e m a i n s same
// Eb2 =200 68(R+ . 2 )
// back emf i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s p e e d
R =(( V - Ia2 * Ra1 ) * N1 - Eb1 * N2 ) /( Ia2 * N1 )
mprintf ( A d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e i n t h e a r m a t u r e
c i r c u i t =%f ohm\n ,R )
// s o l v i n g ( i i )
Ra2 = R + Ra1 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e
Eb3 =V - Ia3 * Ra2
N3 = N1 * Eb3 / Eb1
mprintf ( Speed=%d rpm , N3 )
158
error

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V =250 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e motor
Eb1 = V //Ra i s n e g l i g i b l e
N1 =500 // s p e e d i n rpm
R =25 // a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e
// a s f l u x r e m a i n s same , back emf i s d i r e c t l y
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s p e e d ; and t o r q u e i s d i r e c t l y
p r o p o r t i o n a l to armature c u r r e n t
// Eb2=250 I a 2 2 5 , N2=50050 I a 2
// a l s o , t o r q u e v a r i e s a s c u b e o f s p e e d
// from t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , we g e t , I a 2 3 30 I a 2 2+325
I a 2 1000=0
// s o l v i n g t h i s e q u a t i o n , we g e t
Ia2 =5
N2 =( Ia2 / Ia1 ) ^(1/3) * N1
mprintf ( Speed o f t h e motor w i t h 25 ohm r e s i s t o r i n
t h e a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t =%d rpm , N2 )
159
Chapter 20
Testing of DC Machine
Scilab code Exa 20.1 Example on losses in DC Machine

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3 // f o r a machine , eddy c u r r e n t
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losses is directly
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o Bmax2 and f 2
//Bmax i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o f l u x
// f i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o s p e e d
// when s p e e d and f l u x i n c r e a s e d by 10%
E2 =1.1^2*1.1^2* E1 // Eddy c u r r e n t l o s s e s u n d e r
changed c o n d i t i o n
mprintf ( I n c r e a s e i n eddy c u r r e n t l o s s e s =%f W , E2 E1 )

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3 E1 =300 // h y s t e r e s i s l o s s e s
4 // E1=k1 N
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k1 = E1 / N
E2 =150 // eddy c u r r e n t l o s s e s
// E2=k2 N2
k2 = E2 / N ^2
E = E1 + E2 // t o t a l i r o n l o s s e s
// when i r o n l o s s e s a r e r e d u c e d t o h a l f
// k1 N1+k2 N1 2 =.5 E
// s o l v i n g f o r N1
N1 =( - k1 + sqrt ( k1 ^2 -4* k2 *( -.5* E ) ) ) /(2* k2 )
mprintf ( T o t a l i r o n l o s s e s w i l l be h a l v e d i f s p e e d
i s r e d u c e d t o %d rpm , round ( N1 ) )

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// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
Il =200 // c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d
Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = Il + Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2*.1 // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s e s
Wc =4000 // c o n s t a n t l o s s e s i n c l u d i n g f i e l d c o p p e r
losses
Wt = Wcu + Wc // t o t a l l o s s e s
Po = V * Il // o u t p u t power
e = Po *100/( Po + Wt )
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// C a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d
Il =200/2
Ia = Il + Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2*.1
Wt = Wc + Wcu
Po = V * Il
e = Po *100/( Po + Wt )
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mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// C a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 1 . 5 t i m e s t h e f u l l l o a d
Il =1.5*200
Ia = Il + Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2*.1
Wt = Wc + Wcu
Po = V * Il
e = Po *100/( Po + Wt )
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 1 . 5 t i m e s t h e f u l l l o a d=%f
p e r c e n t , e)

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Po =10 D +3 // o u t p u t power o f e a c h motor a t f u l l l o a d

e =.85 // e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
Pi = Po / e
W = Pi - Po // t o t a l l o s s e s a t f u l l l o a d f o r e a c h motor
// c a l c u l a t i n g h a l f l o a d e f f i c i e n c y f o r motor A
Wc =500 // c o n s t a n t l o s s e s
Wcu1 =( W - Wc ) /2^2 // c o p p e r l o s s e s
W1 = Wc + Wcu1 // t o t a l l o s s e s
P1 = Po /2 // o u t p u t
e1 = P1 /( P1 + W1 ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d f o r motor A=%f
p e r c e n t \n , e1 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g h a l f l o a d e f f i c i e n c y f o r motor B
Wc =600 // c o n s t a n t l o s s e s
Wcu2 =( W - Wc ) /2^2 // c o p p e r l o s s e s
W2 = Wc + Wcu2 // t o t a l l o s s e s
P2 = Po /2 // o u t p u t
e2 = P2 /( P2 + W2 ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d f o r motor B=%f
p e r c e n t , e2 )
162

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// c a l c u l a t i n g power r e q u i r e d a t t h e d r i v i n g s h a f t a t
f u l l load
Po =30 D +3 // o u t p u t power o f dc s h u n t g e n e r a t o r
Wi =1300 // m e c h a n i c a l and i r o n l o s s e s
Ish = V / Rsh
Wcu = V * Ish // s h u n t f i e l d c o p p e r l o s s e s
Wc = Wi + Wcu // c o n s t a n t l o s s e s o f g e n e r a t o r
Il = Po / V
Ia = Il + Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2* Ra // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s
Wt = Wc + Wcu // t o t a l l o s s e s
Pi = Po + Wt
mprintf ( Power r e q u i r e d a t t h e d r i v i n g s h a f t a t f u l l
l o a d=%f kW\n , Pi /10^3)
e = Po / Pi *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d
Il =( Po /2) / V
Ia = Il + Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2* Ra // c o p p e r l o s s e s
e =( Po /2) /( Po /2+ Wt ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// a t maximum e f f i c i e n c y
Wcu = Wc // c o p p e r l o s s e s
Ia = sqrt ( Wcu / Ra )
Il = Ia - Ish
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mprintf ( Power o u t p u t a t max e f f i c i e n c y =%f kW\n , Il *

V /10^3)
// c a l c u l a t i n g max e f f i c i e n c y
e_max = Il * V /( Il * V +2* Wc ) *100
mprintf ( Max e f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t , e_max )
error

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Il0 =4 // no l o a d c u r r e n t t a k e n by motor
Ish =1 // s h u n t c u r r e n t
Pi = V * Il0 // power i n p u t a t no l o a d
Ia0 = Il0 - Ish
Wcu = Ia0 ^2* Ra // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s e s a t no l o a d
Wc = Pi - Wcu // c o n s t a n t l o s s e s
// when i n p u t c u r r e n t =20 A
Il =20
Ia = Il - Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2* Ra // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s e s
Pi = V * Il // power i n p u t t o motor
Po = Pi - Wt
e = Po / Pi *100
mprintf ( When i n p u t c u r r e n t =20 A, o u t p u t i s %f W and
e f f i c i e n c y o f motor i s %f p e r c e n t \n ,Po , e )
// when i n p u t c u r r e n t =100 A
Il =100
Ia = Il - Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2* Ra // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s e s
Pi = V * Il // power i n p u t t o motor
164
25 Po = Pi - Wt
26 e = Po / Pi *100
27 mprintf ( When i n p u t c u r r e n t =100 A, o u t p u t
i s %f W
and e f f i c i e n c y o f motor i s %f p e r c e n t \n , Po , e )

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// s h u n t g e n e r a t o r was run a s a s h u n t motor a t no

load
I0 =5 // c u r r e n t drawn
Ish =1.5 // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t
Ia0 = I0 - Ish
Ra =.15 // a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e
Wcu = Ia0 ^2* Ra // a r m a t u r e c o p p e r l o s s
Pi = V * I0 // power i n p u t
Wc = Pi - Wcu // c o n s t a n t l o s s e s
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y o f s h u n t g e n e r a t o r a t f u l l
load
Po =50 D +3 // o u t p u t o f g e n e r a t o r
Il = Po / V // l o a d c u r r e n t
Ia = Il + Ish
e = Po /( Po + Wt ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f s h u n t g e n e r a t o r a t f u l l l o a d=
%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t 3/4 t h l o a d
I1 =3/4* Il // l o a d c u r r e n t
Ia = I1 + Ish
e =(3/4* Po ) /(3/4* Po + Wt ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t 3/4 t h l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
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// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d
I2 =.5* Il // l o a d c u r r e n t
Ia = I2 + Ish
Wcu = Ia ^2*.15 // c o p p e r l o s s e s
e =(.5* Po ) /(.5* Po + Wt ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t h a l f l o a d=%f p e r c e n t , e )

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I1 =50 // i n p u t c u r r e n t from mains

Po =100 D +3 // o u t p u t o f g e n e r a t o r on f u l l l o a d i n W
I2 = Po / V // l o a d c u r r e n t o f g e n e r a t o r
Rg =.1 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f g e n e r a t o r
Rm =.1 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e o f motor
Pi =25 D +3 // i n p u t power from mains
Pr =( Pi - I2 ^2* Rg -( I1 + I2 ) ^2* Rm ) /2 // i r o n and
m e c h a n i c a l l o s s e s i n e a c h machine
I3 =4 // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t o f g e n e r a t o r
I4 =3 // s h u n t f i e l d c u r r e n t o f motor
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r
Wt = Pr + V * I3 + I2 ^2* Rg // t o t a l l o s s e s
e = Po /( Po + Wt ) *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f g e n e r a t o r=%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y o f motor
Pi = V *( I1 + I2 + I4 ) // power i n p u t
Wt = Pr + V * I4 +( I1 + I2 ) ^2* Rm // t o t a l l o s s e s
e =( Pi - Wt ) / Pi *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f motor=%f p e r c e n t , e )
166
Chapter 21
Three Phase Alternators
Scilab code Exa 21.1 Example on emf Equation

1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d
3 f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
4 P =20 // no . o f p o l e s
5 N =120* f / P
6 mprintf ( Speed a t which a l t e r n a t o r must be run=%d
rpm\n , N )
7 // c a l c u l a t i n g t h e g e n e r a t e d emf p e r p h a s e
8 x =180 // t o t a l no . o f s l o t s
9 y = x / P // s l o t s p e r p o l e
10 m = y /3 // s l o t s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
11 alpha =180/9 // p h a s e d i s p l a c e m e n t b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t
slots
12 Kd = sin (( m * alpha /2) * %pi /180) /( m * sin (( alpha /2) * %pi
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/180) ) // d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r
Kc =1 // c o i l s p a n f a c t o r
Kw = Kd * Kc // w i n d i n g f a c t o r
Z =180*8 // t o t a l no . o f c o n d u c t o r s
a = Z /3 // c o n d u c t o r s p e r p h a s e
T = a /2 // t u r n s p e r p h a s e
167
19 Eph = round (4.44* Kw * f * phi * T )

20 mprintf ( G e n e r a t e d emf p e r p h a s e=%d V\n , Eph )
21 // c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e emf
22 El = sqrt (3) * round ( Eph )
23 mprintf ( L i n e emf=%d V , round ( El ) )
error

1
2 funcprot (0)
3 m =2 // no . o f s l o t s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
4 x = m *3 // no . o f s l o t s p e r p o l e
5 alpha =180/ x // p h a s e d i s p l a c e m e n t b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t
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s l o t s in degrees
Kd = sin (( m * alpha /2) * %pi /180) /( m * sin (( alpha /2) * %pi
beta =180 -150 // i n d e g r e e s
Kc = cos (( beta /2) * %pi /180) // c o i l s p a n f a c t o r
Kw = Kd * Kc // w i n d i n g f a c t o r
P =10 // no . o f p o l e s
n = m * P // no . o f s l o t s p e r p h a s e
Zph = n *10 // no . o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r p h a s e
Tph =100 // no . o f t u r n s p e r p h a s e
N =600 // s p e e d o f t h e a l t e r n a t o r i n rpm
f = P * N /120 // f r e q u e n c y
phi =.05 // u s e f u l f l u x p e r p o l e i n Wb
Eph =4.44* Kw * f * phi * Tph
mprintf ( S t a t o r emf p e r p h a s e a t no l o a d=%d V ,
round ( Eph ) )

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2 funcprot (0)
3 // c a l c u l a t i n g p i t c h f a c t o r
4 beta =0 // f u l l p i t c h c o i l
5 Kc = cos (( beta /2) * %pi /180)
6 mprintf ( P i t c h f a c t o r , Kc=%d\n , Kc )
7 // c a l c u l a t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r
10 alpha =180/ x // p h a s e d i s p l a c e m e n t b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t
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s l o t s in degrees
Kd = sin (( m * alpha /2) * %pi /180) /( m * sin (( alpha /2) * %pi
/180) )
mprintf ( D i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r o f s t a t o r w i n d i n g=%f\n
, Kd )
// c a l c u l a t i n g emf g e n e r a t e d p e r p h a s e
Kw = Kd * Kc
y = m *8 // no . o f s l o t s p e r p h a s e
n = y *10 // no . o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r p h a s e
Tph =160 // no . o f t u r n s p e r p h a s e
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
phi =.04 // f l u x p e r p o l e
Eph = round (4.44* f * Kw * Tph * phi )
mprintf ( Emf p e r p h a s e a t no l o a d=%d V\n , Eph )
// c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e emf
El = sqrt (3) * Eph
mprintf ( L i n e emf=%d V , round ( El ) )
error

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3
funcprot (0)
// c a l c u l a t i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r o f s t a t o r w i n d i n g
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6 alpha =180/ x
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/180) )
mprintf ( D i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r o f s t a t o r w i n d i n g , Kd=
%f\n , Kd )
// c a l c u l a t i n g p i t c h f a c t o r o f s t a t o r w i n d i n g
beta =2*20/3
Kc = cos (( beta /2) * %pi /180)
mprintf ( P i t c h f a c t o r =%f\n , Kc )
// c a l c u l a t i n g u s e f u l f l u x p e r p o l e
Zph =9*2*4 // no . o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r p h a s e
Tph =36 // t u r n s p e r p h a s e o f s t a t o r w i n d i n g
P =2 // no . o f p o l e s
N =3000 // s p e e d i n rpm
f = P * N /120
V =3.3 D +3 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Eph = V / sqrt (3)
phi = Eph /(4.44* f * Kd * Kc * Tph )
mprintf ( U s e f u l f l u x p e r p o l e=%f Wb , phi )

1
2 funcprot (0)
5 alpha =180/ x // i n d e g r e e s
7 beta =3*12 // i n d e g r e e s
8 Kc = cos (( beta /2) * %pi /180) // p i t c h
factor of stator
winding
9 Tph =5*2*4/2 // no .
of turns per phase

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V =6 D +3 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Eph = V / sqrt (3)
phi =.857 // f l u x i n Wb
f = round ( Eph /(4.44* Kd * Kc * Tph * phi ) )
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
N =120* f / P
mprintf ( Speed o f r o t a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t o r , N=%d rpm ,
round ( N ) )
error
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16
Scilab code Exa 21.6 Example on Regulation

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d a t u n i t y p f
V =3300 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Vph = V / sqrt (3)
P =500 D +3 // o u t p u t
Ia = P /( sqrt (3) * V )
Ra =.4 // r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Xs =3.8 // r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
pf =1 // power f a c t o r
Ef =[( Vph *1+ Ia * Ra ) ^2+( Vph *0+ Ia * Xs ) ^2]^.5 // open
c i r c u i t v o l t a g e per phase
VR =( Ef - Vph ) / Vph *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d a t u n i t y p f=%f
// c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d a t . 8 p f
lagging
Ef =[( Vph *.8+ Ia * Ra ) ^2+( Vph *0.6+ Ia * Xs ) ^2]^.5
VR =( Ef - Vph ) / Vph *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n f u l l l o a d a t . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%f
error
171

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// c a l c u l a t i n g s y n c h r o n o u s i m p e d a n c e
Voc =90 // open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
Isc =15 // s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t
Zs = Voc / Isc
mprintf ( S y n c h r o n o u s i m p e d a n c e=%d ohm\n , Zs )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e
Ra =1 // a r m a t u r e r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Xs = sqrt ( Zs ^2 - Ra ^2)
mprintf ( S y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e=%f ohm\n , Xs )
// S o l v i n g p a r t ( i i i )
V =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Vt = round ( V / sqrt (3) ) // p h a s e v o l t a g e a t t h e t e r m i n a l s
of load
Ia =15 // l o a d c u r r e n t
Ef = round ([( Vt *.8+ Ia * Ra ) ^2+( Vt *.6+ Ia * Xs ) ^2]^.5)
mprintf ( V o l t a g e r i s e s from %d V t o %d V, when t h e
l o a d i s thrown o f f \n , Vt , Ef )
// a t 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g
VR =( Ef - Vt ) / Vt *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%f p e r c e n t \n ,
VR )
// a t u n i t y p f
Ef =[( Vt *1+ Ia * Ra ) ^2+( Vt *0+ Ia * Xs ) ^2]^.5
VR =( Ef - Vt ) / Vt *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t u n i t y p f=%f p e r c e n t , VR )
error
172

1
2 // r e f e r F i g . 2 1 . 1 9 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
3 AT =15 D +3 //PE r e p r e s e n t s t h e a r m a t u r e r e a c t i o n ampere
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turns
mprintf ( Armature r e a c t i o n ampere t u r n s=%d\n , AT )
Pout =15 D +6 // o u t p u t o f t h e a l t e r n a t o r
Vl =10.2 D +3 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Il = Pout /( sqrt (3) * Vl )
Iph = Il
Ia = Il
// l i n e DE r e p r e s e n t s t h e l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e d r o p i n
terms o f l i n e v a l u e s
Es =1.3 D +3
Eph = Es / sqrt (3)
Xl = Eph / Ia
mprintf ( L e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e p e r phase , Xl=%f ohm\n ,
Xl )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r e g u l a t i o n f o r f u l l l o a d a t . 8 p f
lagging
Rt =.53 // r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e s t a t o r w i n d i n g b e t w e e n
terminals
Ra = Rt /2 // r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Rd1 = Ia * Ra // r e s i s t a n c e d r o p i n t e r m s o f p h a s e v a l u e
Rd2 = sqrt (3) * Rd1 // r e s i s t a n c e d r o p i n t e r m s o f l i n e
value
// r e f e r F i g . 2 1 . 2 0 ( a ) i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Ifg =21.67 D +3
Ifs =1.67 D +3
Ifsc =18 D +3
// r e f e r F i g . 2 1 . 2 0 ( b ) i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Ifl =40.67 D +3 // t o t a l f i e l d ampere t u r n s
Ef =12.85 D +3 // no l o a d v o l t a g e
Vt =10.2 D +3 // f u l l l o a d r a t e d v o l t a g e
VR =( Ef - Vt ) / Vt *100
mprintf ( R e g u l a t i o n a t f u l l l o a d , 0 . 8 p f l a g g i n g=%d
p e r c e n t , round ( VR ) )
173

1
3
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
4
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
5
z = x + y * %i
6 endfunction
8
x = real ( A )
9
y = imag ( A )
10
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
11 endfunction
12 j = %i
13 Vt =1100/ sqrt (3) // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e , t a k e n a s
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26
reference
phasor
Vt = pol2rect ( Vt ,0)
Ia =1200*1000/(3* Vt ) // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
phi = acosd ( pf )
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , - phi )
Xq =1.2* j
Xd =1.8* j
// r e f e r F i g . 2 1 . 2 4 i n t h e t e x t b o o k , p h a s o r OB i n t h e
d i r e c t i o n o f Ef i s g i v e n a s
OB = Vt + Ia * Xq
delta =29 // power a n g l e
Id = Ia * sin (( delta + phi ) * %pi /180)
Ef = mag ( OB ) + mag ( Id ) * mag ( Xd - Xq )
mprintf ( E x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e Ef=%d V , round ( Ef ) )

174
1
3
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
4
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
5
z = x + y * %i
6 endfunction
8
x = real ( A )
9
y = imag ( A )
10
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
11 endfunction
12 j = %i
13 // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e i s t a k e n a s
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r e f e r e n c e p h a s o r and
the rated q u a n t i t i e s are taken as 1 p . u .
Vt = pol2rect (1 ,0) // t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
phi = acosd ( pf )
Ia = pol2rect (1 , - phi ) // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
Xd =.8* j
Xq =.4* j
// r e f e r t o F i g . 2 1 . 2 4 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
OB = Vt + Ia * Xq
delta =14.47 // power a n g l e
Id = Ia * sin (( delta + phi ) * %pi /180)
Ef = mag ( OB ) + mag ( Id ) * mag ( Xd - Xq )
mprintf ( E x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e i s %f p . u . ,
Ef )
175
Chapter 22
Synchronous Motors
Scilab code Exa 22.1 Example on Phasor Diagram and Power angle Characteristics
1
3
x = real ( A )
4
y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6
7 endfunction
9
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
10
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
11
z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
13 Va =400/ sqrt (3) // p e r p h a s e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
14 Ef = Va // p e r p h a s e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e
15 delta =4*2 // e q u i v a l e n t e l e c t r i c a l d e g r e e s by which
16
17
18
19
the r o t o r i s r e t a r t e d
Xs =2 // p e r p h a s e s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e
Vt = pol2rect ( Va ,0)
Ef = pol2rect ( Ef , -8)
Xs = pol2rect (2 ,90)
176
20 Ia =( Vt - Ef ) / Xs
21 [ Ia theta ]= rect2pol ( Ia )
22 mprintf ( Armature c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor i s %f A
, l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s , Ia ,
- theta )
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23
// c a l c u l a t i n g a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t
Pout =7.46 D +3 // o u t p u t power
Wc =500 // i r o n amd m e c h a n i c a l l o s s e s
P = Pout + Wc // t o t a l m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
Pm = P /3
Va =440/ sqrt (3) // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
Ra =.5 // e f f e c t i v e r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
//Pm=Va I a pf I a 2 Ra
// s o l v i n g t h i s q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n
Ia =( Va * pf - sqrt (( Va * pf ) ^2 -4* Ra * Pm ) ) /(2* Ra )
mprintf ( Armature c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Ia )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l power s u p p l i e d
Pin = Va * Ia * pf
Pi =3* Pin // t o t a l i n p u t t o s t a t o r
Pe =650 // e x c i t a t i o n l o s s
Pt = Pi + Pe
mprintf ( T o t a l power s u p p l i e d=%f W\n , Pt )
e = Pout / Pt *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t , e )
error
177
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30

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
f =50
P =4
Ns =120* f / P
// c a l c u l a t i n g e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e and power a n g l e
Va =400/ sqrt (3)
Va = pol2rect ( Va ,0)
Pin =3000 // i n p u t t o motor
Ia = Pin /(3* mag ( Va ) )
Xs =8
Ef = mag ( Va ) - %i * Ia * Xs
[ Ef theta ]= rect2pol ( Ef )
mprintf ( E x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e Ef=%f V, power a n g l e=%f
d e g r e e s \n , Ef , - theta )
178
31 // c a l c u l a t i n g t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
32 omega_s =2* %pi * Ns /60
33 T =3* mag ( Va ) * Ef /( Xs * omega_s ) * sin ( - theta * %pi /180)
34 mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d T=%f Nm\n ,T )
35 // c a l c u l a t i n g max t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
36 Tmax =3* mag ( Va ) * Ef /( Xs * omega_s )
37 mprintf ( Max t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d o r p u l l o u t t o r q u e=%f
Nm , Tmax )
1
3
x = real ( A )
4
y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6
7 endfunction
9
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
10
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
11
z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
14
x = real ( A )
15
y = imag ( A )
16
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
17 endfunction
18 j = %i
19 // c a l c u l a t i n g p e r p h a s e c u r r e n t drawn from t h e
supply
20 Pout =100*746 // o u t p u t power
21 Va =500/ sqrt (3) // p e r p h a s e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
22 Zs =.06+ j *.6 // s y n c h r o n o u s i m p e d a n c e p e r p h a s e
179
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e =.89 // e f f i c i e n c y o f motor a t f u l l l o a d
Pin = Pout / e // i n p u t t o t h e motor
pf =.8 // l e a d i n g power f a c t o r
Ia = Pin /(3* Va * pf )
theta = acosd (.8)
mprintf ( C u r r e n t drawn from t h e s u p p l y i s %f A
l e a d i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \n , Ia ,
theta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
Va = pol2rect ( Va ,0)
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , theta )
Ef = Va - Ia * Zs
[ Ef delta ]= rect2pol ( Ef )
mprintf ( E x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e i s %f V\ nPower
a n g l e=%f d e g r e e s \n , mag ( Ef ) ,- delta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d Pm
Ra =.06 // s t a t o r w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Pm = Pin -3* mag ( Ia ) ^2* Ra
mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d=%f W\n , Pm )
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8
9
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11
12

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
180
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j = %i
Pout =10 D +3 // o u t p u t o f t h e motor a t f u l l l o a d
e =.85 // e f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d
Pin = Pout / e // i n p u t a t f u l l l o a d
Zs =.4+ j *3 // s y n c h r o n o u s i m p e d a n c e p e r p h a s e
Va =400/ sqrt (3) // p e r p h a s e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
pf =.8 // l e a d i n g power f a c t o r
Ia = Pin /(3* Va * pf )
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , acosd ( pf ) )
Ef = Va - Ia * Zs
mprintf ( Motor must be e x c i t e d t o a v o l t a g e o f %f V
p e r p h a s e and t h e a n g l e o f r e t a r d i s %f d e g r e e s \n
, Ef , - delta )
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
Va =400/ sqrt (3) // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
Zs =.5+ j *4 // s y n c h r o n o u s i m p e d a n c e p e r p h a s e
Ia =15
Ef = Va - Ia * Zs
181
17
mprintf ( E x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e i s %f V and power a n g l e

i s e q u a l t o %d d e g r e e s , Ef , - delta )
1
3
x = real ( A )
4
y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6
7 endfunction
9
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
10
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
11
z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
14
x = real ( A )
15
y = imag ( A )
16
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
17 endfunction
18
19 j = %i
20 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e i s
21
22
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25
26
27
28
taken as the
r e f e r e n c e phasor
Va =1 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e i n p . u .
theta = acosd ( pf )
Ia = pol2rect (1 , - theta ) // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
Xq =.4* j
Xd =.8* j
OC = Va - Ia * Xq
[ OC alpha ]= rect2pol ( OC )
182
29 delta = - alpha // power a n g l e

30 Id = Ia * sin (( theta - delta ) * %pi /180)
31 Ef = OC - mag ( Id ) * mag ( Xd - Xq ) // a r m a t u r e
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
resistance is
neglected
mprintf ( E x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e i s %f p . u .
l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \n ,Ef ,
delta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power due t o e x c i t a t i o n
Pf = Va * Ef * sin ( delta * %pi /180) / mag ( Xd )
mprintf ( Per p h a s e power d e v e l o p e d due t o f i e l d
e x c i t a t i o n i s %f p . u . \ n , Pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g power due t o s a l i e n c y
Pr = Va ^2* mag (( Xd - Xq ) /(2* Xd * Xq ) ) * sin (2* delta * %pi /180)
mprintf ( Per p h a s e power d e v e l o p e d due t o s a l i e n c y
o f t h e motor i s %f p . u . \ n , Pr )
error
Scilab code Exa 22.8 Example on Variation of Excitation

1
3
x = real ( A )
4
y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6
7 endfunction
9
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
10
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
11
z = x + y * %i
12 endfunction
13 j = %i
14 // c a l c u l a t i n g new power a n g l e
15 Va =400/ sqrt (3) // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
183
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33
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35
Pin =8.5 D +3/3 // power i n p u t p e r p h a s e

Ia = Pin /( Va * pf ) // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
theta = acosd ( pf )
Ia = pol2rect ( Ia , - theta )
Zs =4* j
Ef = Va - Ia * Zs
[ Ef theta ]= rect2pol ( Ef )
delta = - theta
// t h e e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e i s i n c r e a s e d by 50%
Ef_dash =1.5* Ef
// a s t h e power d e v e l o p e d r e m a i n s same
delta_dash = asind ( Ef * sin ( delta * %pi /180) / Ef_dash )
mprintf ( The new power a n g l e i s %f d e g r e e s \n ,
delta_dash )
// c a l c u l a t i n g new a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t and power f a c t o r
Ef_dash = pol2rect ( Ef_dash , - delta_dash )
Ia_dash =( Va - Ef_dash ) / Zs
[ Ia_dash theta ]= rect2pol ( Ia_dash )
mprintf ( The a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t drawn from t h e s u p p l y
i s %f A and i s now l e a d i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by
%f d e g r e e s w i t h power f a c t o r =%f ( l e a d i n g ) \n ,
Ia_dash , theta , cos ( theta * %pi /180) )
error
184
Chapter 23
Three Phase Induction Motor
Scilab code Exa 23.1 Example on Slip and Rotor Frequency

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// c a l c u l a t i n g f u l l l o a d s p e e d o f i n d u c t i o n motor
P1 =8 // no . o f p o l e s o f a l t e r n a t o r
N =750 // s p e e d a t which a l t e r n a t o r r u n s
f = P1 * N /120 // f r e q u e n c y o f a l t e r n a t o r
P2 =6 // no . o f p o l e s o f i n d u c t i o n motor
Ns =120* f / P2 // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
s =.03 // f u l l l o a d s l i p
Nr = Ns *(1 - s )
mprintf ( F u l l l o a d s p e e d o f i n d u c t i o n motor=%d rpm\n
, round ( Nr ) )
12 // c a l c u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r emf
13 fr = s * f
14 mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r emf=%f Hz , fr )
185
1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g no . o f p o l e s
3 Ns =1200 // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d o f
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r o t a t i n g magnetic
field
f =60 // f r e q u e n c y o f t h e s u p p l y t o t h e s t a t o r
P =120* f / Ns
mprintf ( No . o f p o l e s=%d\n , P )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s l i p a t f u l l l o a d
Nr =1140 // f u l l l o a d s p e e d
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns
mprintf ( P e r c e n t a g e s l i p a t f u l l l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n ,
s *100)
// c a l c u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r v o l t a g e
fr = s * f
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r v o l t a g e=%d Hz\n , fr )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d o f r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . r o t o r
N1 =120* fr / P // s p e e d
mprintf ( Speed o f r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . r o t o r=%d rpm\n
, N1 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d o f r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . s t a t o r
N2 =1140 // s p e e d o f t h e r o t o r w . r . t . s t a t o r
mprintf ( Speed o f t h e r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . s t a t o r=%d
rpm\ nSpeed o f t h e r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . s t a t o r f i e l d
=%d rpm\n , N2 + N1 , N1 + N2 - Ns )
s =.1
N1 =(1 - s ) * Ns
mprintf ( Speed o f t h e r o t o r a t 10 p e r c e n t s l i p =%d
rpm\ nRotor f r e q u e n c y a t 10 p e r c e n t s l i p =%d Hz\n ,
N1 , s * f )
Eph =230 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
E1ph = Eph // i n d u c e d emf p e r p h a s e i n t h e s t a t o r
winding
E2ph = E1ph *.5 // r o t o r i n d u c e d emf a t s t a n d s t i l l
E2ph_dash = s * E2ph
mprintf ( R o t o r i n d u c e d emf a t s t a n d s t i l l =%f V\ nRotor
i n d u c e d emf a t 10 p e r c e n t s l i p =%f V , E2ph ,
E2ph_dash )
186

1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
3 f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
4 P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
5 Ns =120* f / P
6 mprintf ( S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d=%f rpm\n , Ns )
7 // c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d o f r o t a t i n g a i r gap f i e l d
8 mprintf ( R o t a t i n g f i e l d i n a i r gap r o t a t e s a t
9
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s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d , h e n c e i t s s p e e d=%f rpm\n , Ns )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d o f i n d u c t i o n motor
s =.04 // s l i p
Nr =(1 - s ) * Ns
mprintf ( Speed o f i n d u c t i o n motor=%f rpm\n , Nr )
// c a l c u l a t i n g s l i p i n rpm
mprintf ( S l i p o f t h e motor i n rpm=%f rpm\n ,s * Ns )
mprintf ( The r o t o r f i e l d r o t a t e s a t s y n c h r o n o u s
s p e e d w . r . t . s t a t o r , h e n c e r e l a t i v e s p e e d=%f rpm\
n , Ns )
mprintf ( Both r o t o r and s t a t o r f i e l d r o t a t e a t
s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d , r e l a t i v e t o t h e s t a t o r , hence ,
s p e e d o f r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . s t a t o r f i e l d =0 rpm\n
)
mprintf ( Speed o f t h e r o t o r f i e l d w . r . t . r o t o r=%f
rpm\n ,s * Ns )
// c a l c u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r i n d u c e d emf
fr = s * f
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r i n d u c e d emf=%f Hz\n , fr )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r i n d u c e d emf p e r p h a s e
k =.6 // t u r n s r a t i o
E1ph =400/ sqrt (3) // i n d u c e d emf i n s t a t o r w i n d i n g
E2ph = E1ph * k // r o t o r i n d u c e d emf p e r p h a s e a t t h e
instant of starting
187
25
26
E2ph_dash = s * E2ph
mprintf ( R o t o r i n d u c e d emf p e r p h a s e u n d e r l o a d e d
c o n d i t i o n=%f V , E2ph_dash )

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18
R2 =.5 // r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
// a t s t a n d s t i l l
E =40 // i n d u c e d emf
E2 = E / sqrt (3) // i n d u c e d emf p e r p h a s e
X2 =3 // r o t o r r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
R =4 // a d d i t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e i n t h e r o t o r
circuit
Rt = R2 + R // t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e i n t h e r o t o r
circuit
Z2 = sqrt ( Rt ^2+ X2 ^2) // r o t o r i m p e d a n c e p e r p h a s e
I2 = E2 / Z2
mprintf ( R o t o r c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e a t s t a n d s t i l l =%f A\
n , I2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e a t 5% s l i p
s =.05 // s l i p
X2 = s * X2
Z2 = sqrt ( R2 ^2+ X2 ^2)
E2 = s * E2 // i n d u c e d emf p e r p h a s e
I2 = E2 / Z2
mprintf ( R o t o r c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e a t 5 p e r c e n t s l i p =
%f A , I2 )

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188
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27
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e on
normal v o l t a g e with s l i p r i n g short c i r c u i t e d
V =400 // v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o t h e s t a t o r w i n d i n g
V1 = V / sqrt (3) // p h a s e v o l t a g e
k =2.5 // t r a n s f o r m a t i o n r a t i o
// a t s t a n d s t i l l
s =1 // s l i p
E2 = V1 / k // i n d u c e d p h a s e v o l t a g e i n t h e r o t o r w i n d i n g
X2 =2* %pi *50*.6 D -3 // r o t o r r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Z2 = sqrt ( R2 ^2+ X2 ^2)
I2 = E2 / Z2
mprintf ( R o t o r s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e on n o r m a l
v o l t a g e w i t h s l i p r i n g s h o r t c i r c u i t e d =%f A\n , I2
)
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r power f a c t o r a t s t a r t i n g
pf = R2 / Z2
mprintf ( R o t o r power f a c t o r a t s t a r t i n g =%f\n , pf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e a t 3 % s l i p
s =.03 // s l i p
E2 = s * E2
X2 = s * X2
Z2 = sqrt ( R2 ^2+ X2 ^2)
I2 = E2 / Z2
mprintf ( R o t o r c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e a t 3 p e r c e n t s l i p =
%f A\n , I2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r power f a c t o r a t 3% s l i p
pf = R2 / Z2
mprintf ( R o t o r power f a c t o r a t 3 p e r c e n t s l i p =%f , pf
)
error
189
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x = real ( A )
4
y = imag ( A )
5
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
6
7 endfunction
9
x = real ( A )
10
y = imag ( A )
11
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
12 endfunction
13 j = %i
14 R2_dash =.16
15 s =.03
16 X2 =.4
17 Z2_dash = R2_dash / s + X2 * j // e f f e c t i v e
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r o t o r impedance
r e f e r r e d to s t a t o r
R0 =200
Xm =20* j
Z =1/(1/ R0 +1/ Xm +1/ Z2_dash ) // e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e
Z1 =.15+.4* j // s t a t o r i m p e d a n c e
Zin = Z1 + Z // t o t a l i n p u t i m p e d a n c e
// c a l c u l a t i n g s t a t o r c u r r e n t
V1 = V / sqrt (3) // p e r p h a s e s t a t o r v o l t a g e
I1 = V1 / Zin
[ I1 theta1 ]= rect2pol ( I1 )
mprintf ( S t a t o r c u r r e n t=%f A a t %f power f a c t o r
l a g g i n g \n ,I1 , cos ( theta1 * %pi /180) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c u r r e n t
I1 = V1 / Zin
E1 = V1 - I1 * Z1
Iw = E1 / R0 // p e r p h a s e c o r e l o s s component o f no l o a d
current
Im = E1 / Xm // p e r p h a s e m a g n e t i s i n g c u r r e n t
I0 = Iw + Im // no l o a d c u r r e n t
I2_dash = I1 - I0
190
36 [ I2_dash theta2 ]= rect2pol ( I2_dash )

37 mprintf ( Per p h a s e r o t o r c u r r e n t=%f A l a g g i n g by %f
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d e g r e e s \n , I2_dash , - theta2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l o u t p u t power
P = I2_dash ^2* R2_dash *(1 - s ) / s // m e c h a n i c a l power o u t p u t
per phase
Pout =3* P
mprintf ( T o t a l m e c h a n i c a l power o u t p u t=%f kW\n , Pout
/1000)
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t power drawn by t h e motor
Pin =3* V1 * mag ( I1 ) * cos ( theta1 * %pi /180)
mprintf ( T o t a l i n p u t power drawn by t h e motor=%f kW\
n , Pin /1000)
error

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x = real ( A )
5
y = imag ( A )
6
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
7
8 endfunction
10
x = real ( A )
11
y = imag ( A )
12
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
13 endfunction
14 j = %i
15 R2_dash =.16
16 s =3/100 // s l i p
17 Rl = R2_dash *(1 - s ) / s // l o a d r e s i s t a n c e
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Z1 =.15+.4* j // s t a t o r i m p e d a n c e
Z2_dash =.16+.4* j // e q u i v a l e n t r o t o r i m p e d a n c e
Z = Rl + Z1 + Z2_dash // t o t a l i m p e d a n c e p e r p h a s e
Vph =400/ sqrt (3) // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
I2_dash = Vph / Z
R0 =200
Xm =20
Iw = Vph / R0
Im = Vph / Xm
I0 = Iw - Im * j
I1 = I0 + I2_dash
pf = cos ( theta * %pi /180)
p = mag ( I2_dash ) ^2* Rl // o u t p u t power p e r p h a s e
Pout =3* p
Pin =3* Vph * I1 * pf
mprintf ( By u s i n g a p p r o x i m a t e e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t ,
the v a l u e s o f d i f f e r e n t parameters are as under \
nPer p h a s e s t a t o r c u r r e n t=%f A\ nPer p h a s e r o t o r
c u r r e n t=%f A\ n O p e r a t i n g power f a c t o r =%f\ n I n p u t
power=%f kW\ n M e c h a n i c a l o u t p u t power=%f kW\n ,I1 ,
I2_dash , pf , Pin /10^3 , Pout /10^3)
// r e f e r F i g . 2 3 . 1 6 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Z2_dash =5.3+ j *0.4
Z =( j * Xm ) * Z2_dash /( j * Xm + Z2_dash ) // e q u i v a l e n t
impedance
Zin = Z1 + Z // t o t a l i n p u t i m p e d a n c e
I1 = Vph / Zin
I2_dash = I1 * j * Xm /( j * Xm + Z2_dash )
pf = cos ( theta * %pi /180)
Pout =3*( mag ( I2_dash ) ) ^2* R2_dash *(1 - s ) / s
Pin =3* Vph * I1 * pf
mprintf ( By s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m u s i n g t h e c i r c u i t i n
F i g . 2 3 . 1 6 i n t h e book , t h e v a l u e s o f d i f f e r e n t
p a r a m e t e r s a r e a s u n d e r \ nPer p h a s e s t a t o r c u r r e n t
=%f A\ nPer p h a s e r o t o r c u r r e n t=%f A\ n O p e r a t i n g
power f a c t o r =%f\ n I n p u t power=%f kW\ n M e c h a n i c a l
192
o u t p u t power=%f kW\n , mag ( I1 ) , I2_dash , pf , Pin

/10^3 , Pout /10^3)
Scilab code Exa 23.8 Example on Losses in Induction Motor

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7
8
Pin =60 D +3 // power i n p u t

p =1 D +3 // s t a t o r l o s s e s
Pg = Pin - p // a i r gap power
s =3/100 // s l i p
Pm = Pg *(1 - s )
Prcu = s * Pg
mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor=%f
kW w i t h r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s o f %f kW , Pm /1000 ,
Prcu /1000)

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Po =50 D +3 // power o u t p u t
e =90/100 // e f f i c i e n c y
Pin = Po / e // power i n p u t
P = Pin - Po // t o t a l l o s s e s
//P=Pscu+P s i+Prcu+Pfw
// Pscu=Prcu=P s i , Pfw=P s i /3
Psi = P /(1+1+1+1/3)
Pscu = Psi // s t a t o r c o p p e r l o s s
Prcu = Psi
mprintf ( R o t o r c o p p e r l o s s =%d W\n , round ( Prcu ) )
Pg = Pin -2* Pscu
mprintf ( A i r gap power=%d W\n , round ( Pg ) )
s = Prcu / Pg
mprintf ( S l i p=%f p . u . , s )
193
16

error

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f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
Ns =120* f / P // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n rpm
Nr =950 // s p e e d a t which t h e motor i s r u n n i n g i n rpm
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns // s l i p
Pm =3.73 D +3 // m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor
// i r o n l o s s e s i n t h e r o t o r a r e n e g l e c t e d
Prcu = s * Pm /(1 - s ) // r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s
P1 = Pm + Prcu // r o t o r i n p u t
P =.25 D +3 // s t a t o r l o s s e s
P2 = P1 + P
mprintf ( S t a t o r i n p u t t o t h e 3 p h a s e i n d u c t i o n motor
=%f kW\n , P2 /1000)

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s
s =.04 // s l i p o f t h e motor
Pout =14.92 D +3 // o u t p u t o f t h e motor
Pfw =200 // f r i c t i o n and w i n d a g e l o s s e s
Prcu = s *( Pout + Pfw ) /(1 - s )
mprintf ( R o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s =%d W\n , round ( Prcu ) )
P = Pout + Pfw + Prcu +1620 // s t a t o r i n p u t
e = Pout / P *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n ,e )
194
12 // c a l c u l a t i n g l i n e c u r r e n t
13 pf =.86 // power f a c t o r o f l o a d
14 Vl =500 // l i n e v o l t a g e
15 Il = P /( sqrt (3) * Vl * pf )
16 mprintf ( L i n e c u r r e n t=%f A\n , Il )
17 // c a l c u l a t i n g no o f c o m p l e t e c y c l e s
of the r o t o r
e l e c t r o m o t i v e f o r c e per minute
18 f =50 // s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y
19 f_r = s * f // f r e q u e n c y o f r o t o r emf
20 n = f_r *60
21 mprintf ( No o f c o m p l e t e c y c l e s o f t h e r o t o r
22
e l e c t r o m o t i v e f o r c e p e r m i n u t e=%d\n ,n )
e r r o r , a l s o t h e r e i s an e r r o r i n v a l u e o f s t a t o r
input given in textbook

1
2 // c a l c u l a t i n g s l i p
3 n =100 // no . o f c o m p l e t e
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a l t e r n a t i o n s per minute o f
r o t o r emf
f_r = n /60 // r o t o r f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
f =50 // s u p p l y f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
s = f_r / f
mprintf ( S l i p o f t h e motor=%f p e r c e n t \n ,s *100)
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r s p e e d
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
Ns =120* f / P // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
Nr =(1 - s ) * Ns
mprintf ( R o t o r s p e e d=%d rpm\n , round ( Nr ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s p e r p h a s e
P1 =75 D +3 // r o t o r i n p u t
Prcu = P1 * s
mprintf ( R o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s p e r p h a s e=%f W\n , Prcu
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/3)
// c a l c u l a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
Pm = P1 - Prcu
mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d=%f kW\n , Pm
/1000)
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Ir =60 // r o t o r c u r r e n t
Rr = Prcu /(3* Ir ^2)
mprintf ( R o t o r r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e=%f ohm , Rr )
error
Scilab code Exa 23.13 Example on Torque

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// c a l c u l a t i n g r a t i o o f maximum t o f u l l l o a d t o r q u e
Nr =970 // s p e e d a t f u l l l o a d t o r q u e i n rpm
Ns =50*120/6 // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d i n rpm
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns // s l i p a t f u l l l o a d
X2 =.3 // r o t o r r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e a t s t a n d s t i l l
alpha = R2 / X2
// F u l l l o a d t o r q u e Tf=k1 Kt
k1 = s * alpha /( s ^2+ alpha ^2)
//maximum t o r q u e Tmax=Kt /2
x =1/(2* k1 )
mprintf ( R a t i o o f maximum t o f u l l l o a d t o r q u e=%f\n ,
x)
// c a l c u l a t i n g s p e e d a t maximum t o r q u e
s_m = R2 / X2 // s l i p a t maximum t o r q u e
Nm =(1 - s_m ) * Ns
mprintf ( Speed a t maximum t o r q u e=%d rpm\n , round ( Nm )
)
// c a l c u l a t i n g r a t i o o f s t a r t i n g t o r q u e t o f u l l l o a d
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torque
s =1 // s l i p a t s t a r t i n g
// s t a r t i n g t o r q u e Tst=k2 Kt
k2 = s * alpha /( s ^2+ alpha ^2)
y = k2 / k1
mprintf ( R a t i o o f s t a r t i n g t o r q u e t o f u l l l o a d
t o r q u e=%f\n ,y )

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
Vph = Vl / sqrt (3) // s t a t o r p h a s e v o l t a g e
n =.65 // r a t i o o f no . o f r o t o r w i n d i n g t u r n s t o no . o f
s t a t o r winding turns
E2 = n * Vph // p h a s e v o l t a g e i n d u c e d i n t h e r o t o r w i n d i n g
at s t a n d s t i l l
X2 =.8 // s t a n d s t i l l r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
// a t 5 % s l i p
s =5/100
X = s * X2 // r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
Z2 = R2 + X * j // r o t o r i m p e d a n c e
e2 = s * E2 // r o t o r p h a s e v o l t a g e
I2 = e2 / mag ( Z2 )
mprintf ( R o t o r c u r r e n t a t 5 p e r c e n t s l i p =%f A\n , I2 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r i n p u t
Prcu =3* I2 ^2* R2 // t o t a l r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s
Pg = Prcu / s
197
24 mprintf ( R o t o r i n p u t=%f W\n , Pg )

25 // c a l c u l a t i n g t o t a l t o r q u e a t 5% s l i p
26 Pm = Pg -3* I2 ^2* R2 // m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d by t h e
rotor
27 Ns =120*50/4 // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
28 Nr = Ns *(1 - s ) // s p e e d o f t h e r o t o r
29 T =60* Pm /(2* %pi * round ( Nr ) )
30 mprintf ( T o t a l t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by t h e r o t o r a t 5
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p e r c e n t s l i p =%f Nm\ n T o t a l m e c h a n i c a l power a t 5

p e r c e n t s l i p =%f kW\n ,T , Pm /1000)
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c u r r e n t a t maximum t o r q u e
s_m = R2 / X2 // s l i p f o r maximum t o r q u e
I2m = s_m * E2 / sqrt ( R2 ^2+( s_m * X2 ) ^2)
mprintf ( R o t o r c u r r e n t a t maximum t o r q u e=%d A\n ,
round ( I2m ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r i n p u t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o maximum
torque
Sm =3* round ( I2m ) ^2* R2 // t o t a l r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s
Pg = Sm / s_m
mprintf ( R o t o r i n p u t c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o maximum t o r q u e
=%f W\n , Pg )
// c a l c u l a t i n g maximum t o r q u e
Pm = Pg - Sm
Nm = Ns *(1 - s_m )
T =60* Pm /(2* %pi * round ( Nm ) )
mprintf ( Maximum t o r q u e=%f Nm\ nSpeed a t maximum
t o r q u e=%d rpm\nMaximum m e c h a n i c a l power=%f kW ,T ,
Nm , Pm /1000)
error

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2 Ns =120*50/4 // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
198
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R2 =.03 // r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e
X2 =.15 // r o t o r r e a c t a n c e
alpha = R2 / X2
s_m = alpha // s l i p a t maximum t o r q u e
Nr =(1 - s_m ) * Ns // s p e e d a t maximum t o r q u e
// a l p h a =(.03+ r ) / . 1 5
// Tst=Kt a l p h a /(1+ a l p h a 2 )
//Tmax=Kt /2
// Tst /Tmax=3/4>3 a l p h a 28 a l p h a +3=0
// s o l v i n g f o r a l p h a
alpha =(8 - sqrt (8^2 -4*3*3) ) /(2*3)
r =.15* alpha -.03
mprintf ( I f a r e s i s t a n c e o f %f ohm i s added i n t h e
c i r c u i t , t h e r e q u i r e d s t a r t i n g t o r q u e w i l l be
a c h i e v e d ,r )

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R2 =1.1 // r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e p e r p h a s e
// a t 60 Hz s u p p l y
P =6 // no . o f p o l e s
Ns1 =120* f / P // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
Nr =1000 // s p e e d o f r o t o r
s_m1 =( Ns1 - Nr ) / Ns1 // s l i p a t maximum t o r q u e
X2 = R2 / s_m1
L2 = X2 /(2* %pi *60)
// a t 50 Hz s u p p l y
X2 =2* %pi *50* L2
s_m2 = R2 / X2 // s l i p a t maximum t o r q u e
Ns2 =120*50/6 // s y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d
Nr2 =(1 - s_m2 ) * Ns2
mprintf ( R o t o r s p e e d a t maximum t o r q u e=%d rpm , round
( Nr2 ) )
199
Scilab code Exa 23.17 No load and Block Rotor Test

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x = r * cos ( theta )
y = r * sin ( theta )
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
j = %i
R1 =.15 // p e r p h a s e s t a t o r w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
// b l o c k r o t o r t e s t
Vb =133/ sqrt (3) // p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
Ib =100 // p e r p h a s e c u r r e n t
Wb =8085/3 // p e r p h a s e power
Zb = Vb / Ib // p e r p h a s e i m p e d a n c e
Rb = Wb / Ib ^2 // p e r p h a s e r e s i s t a n c e
Xb = sqrt ( Zb ^2 - Rb ^2) // p e r p h a s e r e a c t a n c e
R2_dash = Rb - R1 // p e r p h a s e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d
to s t a t o r
X2_dash = Xb /2 // p e r p h a s e r o t o r r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o
stator
X1 = X2_dash // p e r p h a s e s t a t o r l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
// no l o a d t e s t
Vo =400/ sqrt (3) // p e r p h a s e v o l t a g e
Io =20 // p e r p h a s e c u r r e n t
Wo =2080/3 // p e r p h a s e power
pf = Wo /( Vo * Io ) // power f a c t o r
phi0 = acos ( pf )
200
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37
Iw = Io * cos ( phi0 )
Im = - Io * sin ( phi0 ) * j
Io = pol2rect ( Io , - phi0 )
Z1 = R1 + X1 * j
Ro =( Vo - Io * Z1 ) / Iw
Xm =( Vo - Io * Z1 ) / Im
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s a r e \nR1=%f
ohm ; \ nX1=%f ohm ; \ nR2 dash=%f ohm ; \ nX2 dash=%f ohm
; \ nRo=%f ohm ; \nXm=%f ohm ,R1 , X1 , R2_dash , X2_dash ,
mag ( Ro ) , mag ( Xm ) )
Scilab code Exa 23.18 Example on Circle Diagram

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// r e f e r F i g . 2 3 . 2 5 i n t h e t e x t b o o k
k1 =40 // c u r r e n t s c a l e
Vph =400/ sqrt (3) // v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
P = k1 * Vph // power p e r p h a s e
k2 =3* P // power s c a l e
// c a l c u l a t i n g f u l l l o a d s t a t o r c u r r e n t
P =33.6 D +3 // o u t p u t o f motor
P1 = P / k2 // ouput o f motor t o s c a l e
//P i s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g o p e r a t i n g p o i n t
OP =1.55
I1 = OP * k1
phi1 =28.5
mprintf ( F u l l l o a d s t a t o r c u r r e n t=%f A w i t h %f power
f a c t o r l a g g i n g \n ,I1 , cos ( phi1 * %pi /180) )
PL =2.35
PX =2.75
e = PL / PX *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d=%f p e r c e n t \n ,e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g max power o u t p u t
NPm =2.6
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22 mprintf ( Maximum o u t p u t power=%f kW\n , NPm * k2 *10^ -3)

23 // c a l c u l t i n g max t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
24 MTm =3.12
25 mprintf ( Maximum t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d by t h e motor=%f kW
, MTm * k2 *10^ -3)

error
Scilab code Exa 23.19 Example on starting

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// a t s h o r t c i r c u i t
Vsc =100 // a p p l i e d v o l t a g e
Isc =15 // l i n e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
Iph = Isc / sqrt (3) // p h a s e v a l u e o f c u r r e n t
// c a l c u l a t i n g s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor
V =400 // l i n e v o l t a g e
Vph = V / sqrt (3) // p h a s e v o l t a g e
I = Iph * Vph / Vsc // p h a s e v a l u e o f s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t
Il = I
mprintf ( S t a r t i n g c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor=%d A\n
, Il )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r a t i o o f s t a r t i n g t o f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t
Pout =5 D +3 // o u t p u t
e =.84 // f u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y
I = Pout /( sqrt (3) * V * pf * e ) // f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t
r = Il / I
mprintf ( R a t i o o f s t a r t i n g t o f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t=%f ,
r)
Scilab code Exa 23.20 Example on starting

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2 V =400 // p h a s e v o l t a g e a p p l i e d t o motor
3 // when s t a r t e d d i r e c t l y on l i n e
4 Iph =25 // p h a s e c u r r e n t
5 Il = sqrt (3) * Iph
6 mprintf ( L i n e c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor when
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s t a r t e d d i r e c t l y on l i n e =%f A\n , Il )
// when s t a r t e d w i t h auto t r a n s f o r m e r s t a r t e r w i t h a
t a p p i n g p e r c e n t o f 60 p e r c e n t
Vl =.6* V // l i n e v o l t a g e
Vph = Vl // p h a s e v o l t a g e
Iph =25 // p h a s e c u r r e n t
Ist = Iph * Vph / V
Il = sqrt (3) * Ist
mprintf ( When s t a r t e d w i t h auto t r a n s f o r m e r s t a r t e r
w i t h a t a p p i n g o f 60 p e r c e n t \ nPhase s t a r t i n g
c u r r e n t =%f A\ n L i n e s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t=%f A\n ,Ist ,
Il )
// when s t a r t e d w i t h s t a r d e l t a s t a r t e r
Vph = V / sqrt (3) // p h a s e v o l t a g e
I = Iph * Vph / V
Il = I
mprintf ( When s t a r t e d w i t h s t a r d e l t a s t a r t e r \ nPhase
s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t =%f A\ n L i n e s t a r t i n g c u r r e n t=%f
A ,I , Il )
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Chapter 24
Single Phase Induction Motor

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P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Nr =1420
// c a l c u l a t i n g f o r w a r d s l i p
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns
mprintf ( Forward s l i p =%f p . u . \ n ,s )
// c a l c u l a t i n g backward s l i p
s1 =2 - s
mprintf ( Backward s l i p s b=%f p . u . \ n , s1 )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n f o r w a r d
branch
R2_dash =4.5
Rf = R2_dash /(2* s )
mprintf ( E f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n f o r w a r d
b r a n c h=%f ohm\n , Rf )
// c a l c u l a t i n g e f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n backward
branch
Rb = R2_dash /(2*(2 - s ) )
mprintf ( E f f e c t i v e r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e i n backward
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b r a n c h=%f ohm , Rb )
error

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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Nr =1420
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns
Xm =70
R2_dash =3.75
X2_dash =1.75
Zf =( Xm * %i /2) *( R2_dash /(2* s ) + %i * X2_dash /2) /( R2_dash
/(2* s ) + %i *( Xm + X2_dash ) /2) // f o r w a r d i m p e d a n c e
27 Zb =( %i * Xm /2) *( R2_dash /(2*(2 - s ) ) + %i * X2_dash /2) /(
R2_dash /(2*(2 - s ) ) + %i *( Xm + X2_dash ) /2) // backward
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impedance
Z1 =2.5+ %i *1.5
Zin = Z1 + Zf + Zb // i n p u t i m p e d a n c e
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t c u r r e n t
V1 = pol2rect (230 ,0)
I1 = V1 / Zin
mprintf ( I n p u t c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor i s %f A,
l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by %f d e g r e e s \n , I1
, - theta )
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t power
Pin = mag ( V1 ) * I1 * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
mprintf ( Power i n p u t=%f W\n , Pin )
// c a l c u l a t i n g m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
Pgf = I1 ^2* real ( Zf )
Pgb = I1 ^2* real ( Zb )
Pm =( Pgf - Pgb ) *(1 - s )
mprintf ( M e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d=%f W\n , Pm )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r e s u l t a n t t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
omega_s =2* %pi * Ns /60
T =( Pgf - Pgb ) / omega_s
mprintf ( R e s u l t a n t t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d=%f Nm\n ,T )
Prot =35+60
Pout = Pm - Prot
e = Pout / Pin *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t , e )
error

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x = real ( A )
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y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
theta = atan ( y / x )
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta )
y = r * sin ( theta )
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Nr =1425
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns // s l i p
R2_dash =7.5
X2_dash =4.5
Xm =150
Zb =( %i * Xm /2) *( R2_dash /(2*(2 - s ) ) + %i * X2_dash /2) /(
impedance
Z1 =2.5+4.5* %i
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t c u r r e n t
V1 = pol2rect (230 ,0)
I1 = V1 / Zin
mprintf ( I n p u t c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor i s %f A a t
%f p f l a g g i n g \n , I1 , cos ( theta ) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a i r gap power
Pgf = I1 ^2* real ( Zf ) // a i r gap power due t o f o r w a r d
field
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37 Pgb = I1 ^2* real ( Zb ) // a i r gap power due t o backward
field
38 Pg = Pgf + Pgb
39 mprintf ( A i r gap power=%f W\n , Pg )
40 // c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s
41 Prc = s * Pgf +(2 - s ) * Pgb
42 mprintf ( R o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s =%f W , Prc )
error
Scilab code Exa 24.4 Example on No Load and Block Rotor Test
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// u n d e r b l o c k r o t o r c o n d i t i o n
Vb =82.5
Ib =9.3
Zb = Vb / Ib
P =500 // power consumed
Rb = P / Ib ^2
Xb = sqrt ( Zb ^2 - Rb ^2)
R1 =2.5 // main r e s i s t a n c e w i n d i n g
R2_dash = Rb - R1 // r o t o r r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o s t a t o r
X1 = Xb /2
X2_dash = X1 // r o t o r r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o s t a t o r
// u n d e r no l o a d
I0 =6.4
V0 =230
Z0 = V0 / I0
P0 =220 // power consumed
R0 = P0 / I0 ^2
X0 = sqrt ( Z0 ^2 - R0 ^2)
Xm =2* X0 -3/2* Xb
mprintf ( E q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e motor
a r e : \ nR1=%f ohm , \ nX1=%f ohm , \nXm=%f ohm , \ nR2 dash
=%f ohm , \ nX2 dash=%f ohm\n , R1 , X1 , Xm , R2_dash ,
208
X2_dash )
Scilab code Exa 24.5 Example on No Load and Block Rotor Test
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x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
x = r * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
y = r * sin ( theta * %pi /180)
z = x + y * %i
endfunction
x = real ( A )
y = imag ( A )
r = sqrt ( x ^2+ y ^2)
endfunction
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
P =4 // no . o f p o l e s
Nr =1420 // motor s p e e d
s =( Ns - Nr ) / Ns
R1 =2.5
X1 =3.365
Xm =60.945
R2_dash =3.28
X2_dash =3.365
29 Zb =( %i * Xm /2) *( R2_dash /(2*(2 - s ) ) + %i * X2_dash /2) /(
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impedance
Z1 = R1 + %i * X1
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t c u r r e n t and power f a c t o r
V1 = pol2rect (230 ,0)
I1 = V1 / Zin
mprintf ( I n p u t c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor i s %f A
l a g g i n g t h e a p p l i e d v o l t a g e by an a n g l e o f %f
d e g r e e s , t h a t i s a t %f p f l a g g i n g \n , I1 , - theta ,
cos ( theta * %pi /180) )
// c a l c u l a t i n g i n p u t power
Pin = mag ( V1 ) * I1 * cos ( theta * %pi /180)
mprintf ( Power i n p u t=%f W\n , Pin )
// c a l c u l a t i n g t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d
Pgf = I1 ^2* real ( Zf )
Pgb = I1 ^2* real ( Zb )
omega_s =2* %pi * Ns /60
T =( Pgf - Pgb ) / omega_s
mprintf ( R e s u l t a n t t o r q u e d e v e l o p e d=%f Nm\n ,T )
// c a l c u l a t i n g o u t p u t power
Pm =( Pgf - Pgb ) *(1 - s ) // m e c h a n i c a l power d e v e l o p e d
W0 =220 // power consumed u n d e r no l o a d
I0 =6.4 // no l o a d c u r r e n t
Prot = W0 - I0 ^2*( R1 + R2_dash /4) // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s e s
Pout = Pm - Prot
mprintf ( Output power d e v e l o p e d=%f W\n , Pout )
e = Pout / Pin *100
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y =%f p e r c e n t \n , e )
// c a l c u l a t i n g a i r gap power
Pg = Pgf + Pgb
mprintf ( A i r gap power=%f W\n , Pg )
// c a l c u l a t i n g r o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s
Prc = s * Pgf +(2 - s ) * Pgb
mprintf ( R o t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s =%f W , Prc )
error
210
211

Basic Electrical Engineering - A. Mittle and v. N. Mittle

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Basic Electrical Engineering - A. Mittle and v. N. Mittle

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

6 Fundamentals of Alternating Current

9 Three Phase Systems

13 Temperature Rise and Ventilation in Electrical Machines

14 Single Phase Transformers

15 Three Phase Transformers

16 Electromechanical Energy Conversion

21 Three Phase Alternators

23 Three Phase Induction Motor

24 Single Phase Induction Motor

List of Scilab Codes

Example on Ohms Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example on Series Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . .

Three Phase Circuits . . . . . .

Example on three phase transformer . . . . . . . . . .

Speed Control of DC Motors . . . . . . .

Example on Slip and Rotor Frequency . . .

Example on Series Magnetic Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Example on Ohms Law

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Example on Ohms Law

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Example on Ohms Law

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Example on Kirchhoffs Law

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Example on Kirchhoffs Law

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Example on Kirchhoffs Law

a =[ -23 20 0 3;20 -43 20 3;0 20 -43 3;3 3 3 -9]

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Example on Kirchhoffs Law

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Example on Superposition Theorem

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Example on Superposition Theorem

Scilab code Exa 1.10 Example on Thevenin Theorem

Scilab code Exa 1.11 Example on Norton Theorem

Scilab code Exa 1.12 Example on Nodal Analysis

Scilab code Exa 1.13 Example on Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

when l o a d r e s i s t a n c e i s %f ohm , Pmax , R )

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Example on Coulombs Law

epsilon =8.854 D -12

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Example on Electric Intensity

2 epsilon =8.854 D -12

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Example on Electric Potential

epsilon =8.854 D -12

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Example on charging and discharging of capacitor

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Example on charging and discharging of capacitor

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Example on charging and discharging of capacitor

mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

mprintf ( Flux d e n s i t y a t c e n t r e o f c o i l =%f10 6 Wb/

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Example of Force on on Current Carrying Conductor

mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Example of Force on on Current Carrying Conductor

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.4 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.6 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

=%f 1 0 3 AT/Wb\n , Si /10^3)

Scilab code Exa 4.7 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Figure 4.1: Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 4.8 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

Scilab code Exa 4.9 Example on Series Magnetic Circuit

mu_not =4 D -7* %pi

18 Z2 = sqrt (10^2+(2* %pi 50.1 -1/(2* %pi 50100 D -6) ) ^2)