Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 8186

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Equal transfer processes-based distance protection of EHV

transmission lines
Minghao Wen , Deshu Chen, Xianggen Yin
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 4 July 2011
Received in revised form 6 February 2013
Accepted 28 March 2013
Available online 23 April 2013
Keywords:
Coupling capacitor voltage transformer
Distance relay
Equal transfer process
Virtual digital transfer

a b s t r a c t
The overreach of the distance protection caused by CCVT is still a serious problem for high-speed line protections. Based on the theory of Equal Transfer Process of Transmission Lines (ETPTLs), a new high-speed
distance relay scheme is proposed in order to overcome above problem. The solution is to make the
three-phase voltages and currents at the relay location and the voltage at the fault point have the same
transfer links by virtue of a new design. Three major steps of the new method are demonstrated: restructuring of the voltage at the fault point, the virtual digital transfer method and solving the RL differential equation. A variety of ATP simulation tests show that the new method effectively reduces the
transient error caused by CCVT and improves the operating speed by a series of technical countermeasures including three major steps, iterative calculations of the fault distance and an inverse time delay
setting criterion. The distance measuring error is within 5% at approximately 15 ms after fault occurrence, which is superior to various adaptive protection algorithms based on CCVT transient error estimation or source impedance ratio (SIR).
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Distance protection is the foremost protection to protect the
transmission line without needing the channel [16]. However,
the overreach of the distance protection caused by CCVT is still a
serious problem for high-speed line protections. Presently, CCVT
is extensively applied to the power systems of 330 kV, 500 kV
and above in China. Under normal conditions, the primary power
system operates at steady-state. In this case, the transferring accuracy of CCVT is satisfactory. However, the system voltage drops
suddenly when a fault occurs on any part of the transmission network. The output of the CCVT cannot trace the input simultaneously due to the very large capacitance and inductance of the
CCVT, and the transient process may last for a long period of time.
The transient characteristics of CCVT distort the linear transfer
relationship between the secondary voltage injected to the protection device and the primary voltage of the line, which may lead to
the transient overreach of distance protections and endanger the
security and stability of power systems [711]. In China, the
zone-I setting of the distance protection is set as 0.8 time of the full
line impedance. In order to avoid the transient overreach, the protection reach only can be up to 24% of the total length of the line if
the protection is required to operate within between 5 ms and
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 2787540945.
E-mail address: swenmh@mail.hust.edu.cn (M. Wen).
0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.03.028

10 ms. 56% of the total length can be protected if the operating

time is required to be between 10 ms and 20 ms. It has been disclosed that the degree of transient overreach caused by CCVT is
in relation to SIR [11].
At present, the usual approach preventing the protection from
this type of overreach is to add additional time delay. However,
in order to improve the operating speed and the reliability of distance protections, many studies are conducted on CCVT simulation
and how to improve the transient response characteristics of CCVT.
Some methods are proposed, e.g., transient error est based method.
Different time delay strategies are adopted according to the quantity of error. In this case, the operation speed is enhanced compared with the regular distance protection [12].
The measurement error can be estimated by means of the quantity of SIR. This error is small when SIR is relatively small. In this
case, time delay to issue the trip signal can be reduced [13]. Whats
more, the combination of various digital lter algorithms can be
adopted to improve the accuracy of fault measurement by reducing
the impact of the transient component of CCVT [14]. These methods, however, only partly improve the accuracy of fault measurement. Therefore, the effect of reducing the time delay of
protection tripping is not satisfactory. The most ideal method is
the recurrence of the input voltage of CCVT.
However, it is very difcult to reconstruct the input signal
according to the output signal of a complex circuit. In [15], a simplied model of CCVT and corresponding parameters are used to

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M. Wen et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 8186

correct the measuring error of the secondary voltage, which can reduce the error to some extent. However, the transient measuring
error during the rst cycle after fault inception is still quite big.
The voltage and current signals used by distance protection device do not match the corresponding actual signals of protected
line due to the transfer of CCVT, which results in the transient
overreach of distance relays. In order to prevent the distance relay
from transient overreach, it is necessary to guarantee that the voltage difference between the relay location and the fault point with
respect to the current measured by the distance relay can comply
with the real transmission line model of taking the distribution
parameters into account.
It is pointed out by ETPTL[16,17] that the relationship between
the distributed voltage and the current of a transmission line does
not change if they are transformed by the same linear circuit and
still comply with the distribution parameter model of the original
transmission line. Generally, CCVT can be regarded as a linear
transfer circuit since the intermittent transformer of CCVT always
will not saturate. Therefore, for the purpose of allowing the voltage
difference between the relay location and the fault point with respect to the current measured by the distance relay to comply with
the distributed parameter model of the original transmission line,
both the transfer links for the voltage and the current signals at the
relay location, as well as that for the voltage at fault point should
be consistent.
To solve above problems, a fast distance protection scheme that
can prevent from the transient overreach caused by CCVT is put
forward. Three countermeasures are introduced. Firstly, the voltage at the fault point is restructured. The pre-fault voltage at the
fault point is regarded to be close to the bus voltage at the relay
location, and the post-fault voltage at this point is regarded as
the voltage drop on a fault resistance. Secondly, a virtual digital
transfer method is adopted, which can ensure that the current at
the relay location and the voltage at the fault point pass the virtual
digital transfer link whose transfer characteristic is the same as
that of the actual CCVT equipped at the relay point. Thirdly, the
RL differential equation algorithm can be used to solve the fault
distance by using the voltage at the relay position, which is transferred by the real CCVT, together with the current through the relay point, which is transferred by the virtual CCVT, and the voltage
at the fault point, which is transferred by the virtual CCVT.

neglected and the voltage at the fault point passing the CCVT linear
circuit transfer is simply regarded as zero, the transient overreach
of the distance relay will possibly occur to a great extent. It is necessary to estimate the voltage at the fault point according to the
three-phase voltages and currents at the relay location that can
be measured by the distance relays.
The process of restructuring the voltage at the fault point can be
divided into two stages, namely, the pre-fault one and the postfault one. In general, the pre-fault voltage at the fault point is a
sinusoidal steady-state signal. The compensated voltage at a certain point of the protected line is used as the estimation of this
voltage since the fault position is unpredictable.
Two scenarios should be taken into account during the stage of
post-fault. Firstly, the voltage at the fault point can be regarded as
zero in the case of bolted faults. Secondly, this voltage at the fault
point can be regarded as the voltage drop on the fault resistance in
the case of the grounding fault via a fault resistance. The voltage
drop on the fault resistance can be expressed as the product of
the current passing through the fault resistance multiplied by the
fault resistance. According to the usual realization method of distance protection, the current through the fault resistance in the
case of the grounding fault via a fault resistance is replaced with
zero sequence current measured by the distance relay. The current
through the fault resistance in the case of a phase-to-phase fault
via fault resistance is replaced with the current of the faulty phase.
In this case, the value of the fault resistance can be taken as a variable to solve. Therefore, the post-fault voltage at the fault point
can be uniformly set as the voltage drop on the fault resistance,
i.e., the product of the fault resistance and the current through
the fault resistance. If the solution of this fault resistance is nearly
equal to zero, this fault should be a bolted fault.

2.2. Virtual digital CCVT transfer method

A virtual digital CCVT transfer method is adopted, which can ensure that the currents at the relay point and the voltage at the fault
point pass the virtual digital transfer link whose transfer characteristic is the same as that of the actual CCVT equipped at the relay
point. So the problem about the difference between the transfer
feature of the voltages at the relay point and that of the currents
due to the transient characteristic of CCVT can be solved. The

2. A fast distance protection method

2.1. Restructuring of the voltage at the fault point
When the CCVT is not applied to a transmission line, the bus
voltage measured by the conventional distance relay is actually
the voltage difference between the relay location and the fault
point in the case of bolted faults. It is because that the voltage at
the fault point is zero in this scenario. Therefore, this voltage and
the line current comply with the model of the protected line. When
the CCVT is used for a distance relay to measure the voltage,
according to ETPTL, the relationship of the voltage difference between the relay location and the fault point with respect to the current measured by the relay cannot comply with the distributed
parameter model of the protected line unless the measured current
of the distance relay and the voltage at the fault point also pass the
CCVT linear transfer circuits which are the same as that for the bus
voltage measurement.
The voltage at the fault point can be regarded as zero when a
bolted fault takes place. However, this voltage does not suddenly
drop to zero at the moment of the fault inception if it passes the
CCVT linear transfer circuit. Instead, a transient process should exist and last for dozens of milliseconds. If this transient process is

Fig. 1. CCVT circuit: (a) actual circuit; (b) equivalent circuit.

M. Wen et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 8186

virtual digital CCVT circuit is identical to the actual CCVT equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 1b. The more detailed process of the
virtual transfer method can refer to literature [16].
2.3. Application of RL differential equation algorithm
During the transient course due to fault occurrence, Sub-harmonics and decaying DC components contained in the current
samplings have adverse impact on the performance of the phasor
based distance protection. The distributed capacitance of the line
is not taken into account for the RL differential equation based
distance relaying algorithm. Hence, its high-frequency characteristics are not satisfactory. The virtual transfer method is adopted in
the proposed distance protection algorithm. The voltage at the relay location is transformed by CCVT, meanwhile, both the current
through the relay location and the voltage at the fault point used
by the distance protection algorithm are also processed by the virtual digital transfer links having the same CCVT transfer characteristic. The capacitance and the inductance in CCVT circuit could lead
to series resonance at the frequency close to the power frequency,
which will restrain the high frequency components of input signals
to a great extent. In this case, the shortcomings of RL differential
equation algorithm due to the impact of high frequency components can be overcome. Therefore, the application of RL differential equation algorithm is promising to achieve relatively good
protection performance.
The implementation of RL differential equation algorithm in
the new protection scheme is demonstrated by taking the singlephase-to-earth fault as an illustration. When a single phase to
earth fault via the fault resistance Rf occurs at point F on the line,
we have.
um t uf t


dim t  im0 t
dim0 t
R1 im t  im0 tL0
R0  im0 t  l
L1
dt
dt
1

where um(t) is the faulty phase voltage at the relay point; im(t) the
faulty phase current at the relay point; uf(t) the faulty phase voltage
at the fault point F; im0(t) the zero sequence current at the relay
point; L1 and R1 the positive sequence inductance and resistance
of the line per unit length; L0 and R0 the zero sequence inductance
and resistance of the line per unit length; l the distance from the relay point to the fault point F; Rf is the fault resistance.Here, uf(t) is
the function of Rf as described in Section 2.1. One-point differential
algorithm is adopted to perform the differential calculation, as given by:

dim t  im0 t
dt

tnDt

im n 1  im0 n 1  im n  im0 n
Dt
2

where Dt is the sampling interval and n is the index of the

samplings.
If a series of samplings in a certain period are substituted into
(1), a series of differential equations are available correspondingly.
They can compose of a set of the equations. In this paper, the least
square algorithm is used to calculate the distance from the relay
point to the fault point.
2.4. Iterative calculations of the fault distance
A data window with 5 ms window length starting from the moment of fault inception is used to calculate the fault distance based
on the proposed method. The sampling rate is set as 4800 Hz in the
case of 50 Hz power frequency. A moving data window is used, that
is, the oldest one is moved out when a new sample enters this win-

83

dow and the algorithm is re-executed. The calculation procedure is

detailed as below.
Step 1: New samplings of three phase currents are obtained by
processing three phase currents with virtual CCVT transferring
link.
Step 2: Dene t0 be the moment of fault occurrence, and tjs be
the current calculation moment, we have

tjs t0 5 ms

t0 can be determined by the pick-up element, which is implemented with the over-current relay with respect to the superimposed components of phase-phase current together with the
zero-sequence over-current relay.
Step 3: Dene the iteration value to calculate the fault distance
be D0 = 0.5 Dl, Dl is the length of the protected line.
Step 4: Calculate the samplings of the voltage at the fault point
during the period between t0  T and tjs, where T is 100 ms.
Step 5: Processing the samplings of the voltage at the fault point
during the period between t0  T and tjs by means of virtual
CCVT transfer link to obtain the new samplings.
Step 6: Substitute the three-phase voltage samplings, together
with the samplings of the new three-phase currents, and the
voltage at the fault point into RL differential equation to calculate the fault distance D during this period of time.
Step 7: Turn to step 8 if tjs t0 < 50 ms, else turn to step 10.
Step 8: Dene

tjs tjs 20=96 ms

Step 9: Let D = D and turn to step 4.

Step 10: End.
In this way, we have every fault distance calculation result for
each sampling instance during the post-fault period of 50 ms time
length.
2.5. An inverse time delay setting criterion
The inverse time delay setting criterion can be used for the proposed new scheme, as described below:
For the small SIR system(SIR < 10), as long as the pick-up element operates, we set Zset = 0.5ZL in the case of tpost-fault = 8 ms,
set Zset = 0.8ZL in the case of tpost-fault = 10 ms, and set Zset = 0.95ZL
in the case of tpost-fault = 15 ms. ZL is the impedance of the protected
line.
For the big SIR system(10 < SIR < 20), as long as the pick-up element operates, we set Zset = 0.5ZL in the case of tpost-fault = 12 ms,
set Zset = 0.8ZL in the case of tpost-fault = 15 ms, and set Zset = 0.95ZL
in the case of tpost-fault = 25 ms.
3. Simulation analysis
A variety of simulation tests show that the new method effectively reduces the transient error caused by CCVT. The new method
is compared with several existing distance protection schemes to
highlight its advantages. The existing distance protections include
the conventional differential equation based distance relaying
algorithm, half-cycle Fourier Algorithm and full-cycle Fourier Algorithm [1821]. The impedance measurement calculation methods
of various adaptive algorithms in [12,13] are also based on these
algorithms.
The tests have been done based on Alternative Transients Program version of EMTP (ATP). The schematic diagram of the

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M. Wen et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 8186

Fig. 2. The schematic diagram of simulation system.

Table 1
Parameter list of CCVT equivalent circuit.
Circuit
parameter

Value

Parameter of
damper

Value

Parameter
of load

Value

L1 H
R1 k X
Ce lF

142.1274
1.95055
0.078567

Cf lF
Lf H
rf k X
Rf k X

0.015858
639.576
6.0
131.8

Rb k X
Lb H

1352.0
3229.3

500 kV power system is shown in Fig. 2. Here u(t) and i(t) are voltages and currents sampled by the protection, and D is the line
length. The line parameters are D = 100 km, r = 0.027 X/km,
x = 0.28 X/km, r0 = 0.195 X/km and x0 = 0.649 X/km. Data for network A are: RA = 0.42 X, LA = 0.106 H, RA0 = 0.188 X, and LA0 =
0.036 H. Data for network B are: RB = 0.63 X, LB = 0.16 H,
RB0 = 0.28 X, and LB0 = 0.054 H. The equivalent electromotive forces
of networks A and B are EA = 525 kV and EB = 500 kV respectively.
The phase angle between them is 30. The parameters of CCVT
are shown in Table 1. The sampling rate is set as 4800 Hz in the
case of 50 Hz power frequency.
A data window with 5 ms window length starting from the moment of fault inception is used to calculate the fault distance based

on the proposed method (as described in Section 2.4). The timeimpedance curve can be obtained. The horizontal axis in the gure
represents the moment at which the data window end is. Here, the
fault occurrence is taken as the initial moment. The longitudinal
axis stands for the measuring impedance. The measured impedance is expressed in per unit with respect to the actual line impedance between the fault point and the relay location.
Similarly, the time-impedance curves can be obtained for other
existing distance protections. The least square method with a 5 ms
data window is adopted to obtain the fault distance when executing the differential equation based algorithm. For the half-cycle
and full-cycle Fourier Algorithms, the phasors of three-phase voltages and currents at the relay location are calculated prior to
obtaining the measuring impedance from the fault point to the relay location. For the convenience of comparison and analysis,
4800 Hz sampling rate is adopted for all these four algorithms.
Fig. 3 shows the time-impedance curves in the case of SIR = 6,
l = 20 km and RF = 0.1 X. The curve begins at 5 ms since the minimum data window of the new method is 5 ms. Similarly, the curve
formed by the solving-differential-equation algorithm begins at
5 ms. Besides, the curve formed by the half-cycle Fourier algorithm
begins from 10 ms, and the curve formed by the full-cycle Fourier
algorithm begins from 20 ms.
There are some uctuations at the initial moment for these four
time-impedance curves, and then the measuring impedances all
gradually approach 1. Here two time indexes are used to analyze
and compare the four distance protection algorithms, namely, the
moment t0.91.1 corresponding to the measuring impedance with
the convergence of 0.91.1, and t0.951.05 corresponding to the measuring impedance with the convergence of 0.951.05.
Here we have t0.91.1 = 14 ms and t0.951.01 = 15 ms for the new
method. In comparison, we have t0.91.1 = 28 ms and t0.951.05 = 58
ms for the solving-differential-equation algorithm, t0.91.1 = 31 ms
and t0.951.05 = 42 ms for the half-cycle Fourier Algorithm,
t0.91.1 = 32 ms and t0.91.05 = 34 ms for the full-cycle Fourier Algorithm. If the setting impedance is 1, in accordance with the relay

Fig. 3. Timeimpedance curves when SIR = 6: (a) the curve of the new method, (b) the curve of the differential equation algorithm, (c) the curve of the half-cycle Fourier
algorithm, (d) the curve of the full-cycle Fourier algorithm.

M. Wen et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 52 (2013) 8186

85

Table 2
Some typical simulation results (ms).

SGF
PPF
TPF

t0.91.1
t0.951.05
t0.91.1
t0.951.05
t0.91.1
t0.951.05

l = 20 km SSIR = 6

l = 40 km SSIR = 3

l = 60 km SSIR = 2

l = 80 km SSIR = 1.5

9
14
13
14
14
16

8
9
12
13
14
16

8
8
12
13
13
15

8
13
6
13
8
12

protection test specication which allows 5% transient overreach,

the relay based on the new method can operate at 15 ms. In contrast, the other three distance protections operate with longer time
delay. Among which, the full-cycle Fourier Algorithm based method, the fastest one of these three algorithms, needs 34 ms to
operate.
Actually, for various adaptive protection algorithms based on
CCVT transient error estimation or SIR, the degree of the transient
error resulting from CCVT, that is, the impedance calculation precision, is estimated according to some indexes. Then, this degree is
used to adjust the time delay of the protection adaptively. In this
case, the minimum operation time under some fault conditions
will inevitably exceed 34 ms. In contrast, the new method is based
on ETPTL, which effectively reduces the transient error caused by
CCVT and improve the operating speed by a series of technical
countermeasures including restructuring the voltage at the fault
point, virtual transfer method and RL differential equation based
distance relaying algorithm.
Table 2 provides part of typical simulations results. Where, SGF
means single phase ground fault, PPF means phase-phase shortcircuit fault, and TPF means three-phase short-circuit fault. Further
simulation tests prove that the new method effectively reduces the
transient error caused by CCVT, within a 5% distance measuring error at about 15 ms after fault occurrence, which is obviously superior to various adaptive protection algorithms based on CCVT
transient error estimation or SIR.
Fault distance measuring error can be given by

error jD  lj=l

D is the actual fault distance measuring value and l is the real

value of fault distance.
In addition, compared with the regular distance protection
algorithm, which guarantees the distance measurement precision
by means of a long time delay, the operation speed of the new
method is much faster.
In order to compare the simulation results between the proposed method and the method in [14], which is called as FPAAbased mho distance relay considering CCVT transient supervision,
average operating times for different fault types, SIRs {5, 15}, and
different fault locations {0, 75, 90, 100}% have been shown in Table
3. Where, new means the proposed method, and fpaa means
FPAA-based mho distance relay considering CCVT transient super-

Table 3
Average operating times (ms) of the proposed method and the FPAA-based relay.
PhG

PhPh

SIR = 5

0
75
90
100

SIR = 15

SIR = 5

SIR = 15

New

fpaa

New

fpaa

New

fpaa

New

fpaa

8
10
15
NO

10
17
NO
NO

12
15
25
NO

27
28
NO
NO

8
10
15
NO

11
19
NO
NO

12
15
25
NO

26
38
NO
NO

NO: no operation.

vision. As seen, the proposed method is able to achieve fast operating speed and higher accuracy.
4. Conclusions
Based on ETPTL, the reason of CCVT leading to the transient
overreach of distance relays is analyzed in this paper. It is pointed
out that the transfer link of the voltage and current involved in the
distance protection calculation are not consistent. Therefore, the
voltage difference between the relay location and the fault point
as well as the current measured by the distance relay cannot comply with the model of the protected transmission line. To overcome
above problem, a fast distance protection scheme that can be utilized to prevent the transient overreach caused by CCVT is put forward. The results of the simulation tests show that the new
method can effectively reduce the transient error caused by CCVT
less than 5% at about 15 ms after fault occurrence, which is obviously superior to various adaptive protection algorithms based on
CCVT transient error estimation or SIR. Furthermore, compared
with the conventional distance protection algorithms, the operation speed of the new method is much faster.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51077061 and 50837002).
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