COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING PART 4

TRANSMISSION LINES

d.
8.

the carrier power

For transmission line load matching over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter which corresponds to your answer.

1.

a.
b.
c.
d.
2.

an open circuited stub

a short circuited stub
a quarterwave line
a half-wave line

To be properly matched, the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage along a transmission line
should be equal to
a.
b.
c.
d.

7.

slotted line
directional coupler
balun
quarter wavelength transformer

Impedance inversion may be obtained with

a.
b.
c.
d.

6.

twisted cable pair

waveguide
fiber optic cable
all of these

To couple a coaxial line to a parallel wire line, it is best to use a _____

a.
b.
c.
d.

5.

transfers maximum current to the load

transfers maximum voltage to the load
transfers maximum power to the load
reduces the load current

9.

balun
broadband directional coupler
double stub
single adjustable stub

A short section of a transmission line, open or shorted that is used to match the impedance of
the line to that of an antenna or transmitter.
a.
b.
c.
d.

slotted line
stub
wavetrap
lecher wire

10. The property of a material that determines how much electrostatic energy can be stored per unit
volume when voltage is applied.

Conventional transmission media include

a.
b.
c.
d.

4.

resistive load whose resistance is greater than the characteristic impedance of the line
resistive load whose resistance is less than the characteristic impedance of the line
resistive load at the resonant frequency
capacitive load

When the transmission line is matched to the load, it

a.
b.
c.
d.

3.

a.
b.
c.
d.

In practice, the transmission lines are almost connected to antennas that have a _________.

50
10
2
1

When ZL Zo, the power sent down the line toward the load is called the
a.
b.
c.

the incident power

the reflected power
the power dissipation

a.
b.
c.
d.

permeability
magnetic effect
capacitance
permittivity

11. The value of the total opposition of the transmission media to the flow of electromagnetic field
energy is called
a.
b.
c.
d.

characteristic impedance
velocity factor
standing waves
reflected waves

12. When mismatch is great, this power actually cause damage to the transmitter or the line itself.
a.
b.
c.
d.

the incident power

the reflected power
the power dissipation
the carrier power

13. What is the velocity factor for non-foam dielectric 50 or 75 ohm flexible coaxial cable such as RG
8, 11, 58 and 59?
e.
f.
g.
h.

270
0.10
0.66
0.30

14. The measure of the superiority of a material over vacuum as a path for magnetic lines of force is
a.
b.
c.

permitivity
permeability
conductivity

d.

resistivity

15. The number of standing waves on the wire is equal to the length of the wire divided by a half
wavelength. The principle which allows antennas to operate at different frequencies which are
integral multiples of the fundamental frequency is called __________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

1:4
4:1
1:2
2:1

22. Transmission lines are either balanced or unbalanced with respect to

a.
b.
c.
d.

harmonic operation
decimonic operation
electromagnetic reverberation
asynchronous operation

16. A coax line has an attenuation of 2.4 dB per 100 ft. The attenuation for 2.75 ft. is ____ dB.
a.
b.
c.
d.

2.4
4.8
3.3
6.6

17. When a quarter wave stub is used to match a 600 ohm antenna to a line of 52 ohms, the
impedance of the matching stub must be ________ ohms.
a.
b.
c.
d.

176
200
150
300

18. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is determined by

a.
b.
c.
d.

its length
its height above ground
its physical construction
the operating frequency

19. When the diameter of two conductors of a two-wire transmission line is held constant, the effect
of decreasing the distance between the conductors is to
a.
b.
c.
d.

decrease the impedance

increase the surge impedance
increase radiation resistance
decrease SWR

a.
b.
c.
d.

negative terminal
input
ground
positive terminal

23. The load is properly matched with the transmission line if the standing wave ratio is equal to
a.
b.
c.
d.

50
10
5
1

24. The radiation resistance of a quarterwave antenna is

a.
b.
c.
d.

49 ohms
288 ohms
72 ohms
144 ohms

25. A radio transmission line of 500 ohms impedance is to be connected to an antenna having an
impedance of 200 ohms. What is the impedance of a quarter wave matching line?
a.
b.
c.
d.

300
316
316.5
361

26. The VSWR for a line terminated in its Zo is

a.
b.
c.
d.

0
1
1.5
infinity

27. Which of the following is used to measure SWR?

20. Considering a coaxial transmission line, maximum voltage on the line divided by the minimum
voltage equals the
a.
b.
c.
d.

characteristic impedance
ISWR
VSWR
inductive reactance

21. In a transmission line, if the SWR or maximum current to a minimum current ratio of 2:1, the
ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage is

a.
b.
c.
d.

multimeter
reflectometer
spectrum analyzer
oscilloscope

28. A 75-j50 ohm load is connected to a coaxial transmission line of Z0 = 75 ohms at 10GHz. The best
method of matching consists in connecting
a.
b.

a short-circuited stub at the load

a capacitance at some specific distance from the load

c.
d.

an inductance at the load

a short-circuited stub at some specific distance from the load

d.

3.67

36. A measure of the mismatch between line and load impedance is called as
29. For a two-wire line, Zo is higher when
a.
b.
c.
d.

the wire size is small with respect to the spacing of the conductors
the spacing is varied in accordance with the frequency
the D:d ratio is smaller
the wire is large with respect to the spacing of the conductors.

a.
b.
c.
d.

reflection coefficient
standing wave ratio
loss
standing waves

37. Transmission lines when connected to antenna have

30. A resultant wave due to the combination of incident and reflected wave.
a.
b.
c.
d.

electromagnetic wave
sine wave
standing wave
current

a.
b.
c.
d.

capacitive load
resistive load whose resistance is less than characteristic impedance
resistive load at the resonant frequency
resistive load whose resistance is greater than the characteristic impedance of the line

38. At matched condition, SWR is equal to

31. For transmission line load matching over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a
a.
b.
c.
d.

balun
broadband directional coupler
double stub
single stub

32. If the load impedance matches the characteristic impedance of the line, there are __________
standing waves.
a.
b.
c.
d.

more
less
no
ten (10)

a.
b.
c.
d.

zero
one
100
infinite

39.An HF transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 600 ohms and is terminated by an
antenna. The SWR along the line when the antenna impedance is 500 ohms is
a.
b.
c.
d.

1.2:1
1:2.1
2:1
1:2

40.A characteristic of an infinite transmission line is that

33.VSWR stands for
a.
b.
c.
d.

Voltage sending wave ratio

Voltage Receiving Wave Ratio
Very Small Wave Radiation
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

a.
b.
c.
d.

the impedance in equals impedance out

it carries waves at the velocity of light
it can be connected to mismatched loads
the impedance varies with the length of the line

41. A quarter wave transmission line shorted at the end:

34.Reflections on a transmission line can occur when
a.
b.
c.
d.

impedance of the source and load are matched

impedance of the source and the load are mismatched
resonance conditions are obtained
power transfer between source and load is maximum

a.
b.
c.
d.

has the characteristics of parallel tuned circuit

has the characteristics of a series tuned circuit
has a minimum current at the end
reflects a low impedance to the supply

42.The outer conductor of a coaxial transmission line is usually grounded at the:

35.A transmission line with a characteristic impedance (Zo) of 300 ohms is terminated in a resistance
load (Rl). If by measurement, the minimum and maximum voltages through the load are 12 and
20 microvolts, respectively, what is the SWR?
a.
b.
c.

1.67
0.6
6.7

a.
b.
c.
d.

input and output

output only
input only
point of infinite resistance

43.A certain feedline has a high SWR. It can be caused by:

a.
b.
c.
d.

an impedance mismatch
use of non-resonant line
matching the load to the line
excessive transmitter output

a.
b.
c.
d.

1.257 x 10exp-6
1.527 x 10exp 6
7.251 x 10exp-6
5.217 x 10exp-6

51.The most commonly used transmission line is a ________.

44.If the input impedance of an antenna is 300 ohms and it is fed with a 600 ohm balanced
transmission line, the SWR on the line is
a.
b.
c.
d.

4
3
2
0.5

45.A radio transmission line of 300 ohms impedance is to be connected to an antenna having an input
impedance of 150 ohms. The impedance of a quarter wave matching line is _______ ohms.
a.
b.
c.
d.

212
450
600
150

46. The ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage on the transmission line is termed as
a.
b.
c.
d.

reflection coefficient
standing wave ratio
loss
standing waves

47.Indicate the three types of transmission line energy losses

a.
b.
c.
d.

Radiation, I(squared) R and Dielectric Heating

Conductor Heating, dielectric heating and radiation resistance
I(squared)R, RL and Temperature
Dielectric Separation, Insulation breakdown and radiation

48.Termination means
a.
b.
c.
d.

load connected to the output end of a transmission line

result of disconnecting a line from a transmitter
looking back impedance of a line with no load
result of cutting both ends of a conductor

a.
b.
c.
d.

two-wire balanced line

single line
three-wire line
coax

52.The characteristic impedance of a transmission line does not depend upon its
a.
b.
c.
d.

length
conductor diameter
conductor spacing
thickness of armor

53.What is the impedance of a balance 4-wire with a diameter of 0.25 cm and spaced 2.5 cm apart
using an insulator with a dielectric constant of 2.56?
a.
b.
c.
d.

100 ohms
65 ohms
75 ohms
50 ohms

54.It is required to match a 73-ohm antenna to a 600 ohm polyethylene coaxial feeder line, with a
velocity factor of 0.66 by means of a quarter wave matching transformer. At a frequency of 150
MHz, the impedance of the matching section is ________ ohms.
a.
b.
c.
d.

209.28
310.5
150.28
450.82

55.If the terminating impedance is exactly equal to the characteristic impedance of the transmission
line, the return loss is ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

zero
infinity
one
negative

49.When transmission line uses ground return, it is called a/n _______ line.
a.
b.
c.
d.

ungrounded
unbalanced
grounded
balanced

50.Permeability is the measure of superiority of a material over vacuum as a path of magnetic lines of
force. The permeability of free space is equal to ______ henry/meter

56.The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the impedance measured at the _____ when
its length is infinite.
a.
b.
c.
d.

shorted end of the line

midsection
input
output

57.The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is 70 ohms and has a load of 35 ohms. The SWR
and reflection coefficient are _____ and ______ respectively.
a.
b.
c.
d.

2 and 0.333
1 and 0.666
2 and 0.666
1 and 0.333

64.At very high frequencies, transmission lines are used as ________

a.
b.
c.
d.

tuned circuits
antennas
insulators
resistors

65. What is the reflection coefficient of a 100 ohm characteristic impedance line and a 300 ohm load?
58.It is required to match a 200 ohm load to a 300 ohm transmission line to reduce the SWR and attain
resonance. A quarter wave transformer used, directly connected to the load has a Zo of ______
ohms.
a.
b.
c.
d.

245
425
524
254

59.What quarter wave transformer will match a 100 ohm-line to an antenna whose value is 175 ohms?
a.
b.
c.
d.

150 ohms
137.5 ohms
132.29 ohms
16.58 ohms

60.The mismatch between antenna and transmission line impedances cannot be corrected by
a.
b.
c.
d.

using an LC network
adjusting antenna length
using a balun
adjusting the length of the transmission line

61.A pattern of voltage and current variation along a transmission line not terminated in its
characteristic impedance is called
a.
an electric field
b. radio waves
c.
standing waves
d. magnetic field
62.The most desirable value of SWR on a transmission line is
a.
b.
c.
d.

0
1
2
infinity

63.In transmission lines, the most desirable reflection coefficient is

a.
b.
c.
d.

zero
0.5
1.
Infinity

a.
b.
c.
d.

0. 25
0.3
0.5
0.75

66.The minimum voltage along a transmission line is 260 volts, while the maximum is 390 volts. The
SWR is
a.
b.
c.
d.

0.67
1.0
1.2
1.5

67. A single conductor running from the transmitter to the antenna.

a.
b.
c.
d.

RG-8/U
Single line wire
Twin-lead
Microstrip

68. What characteristic impedance is needed to match a 50-ohm line to a 300 ohm-load?
a.
221 ohms
b. 122 ohms
c.
212 ohms
d. 112 ohms
69.Indicate the false statement. The SWR on a transmission line is infinity; the line is terminated in
a.
b.
c.
d.

a short circuit
a complex impedance
an open circuit
a pure reactance

70.A (75 j50) - load is connected to a coaxial transmission line of Zo = 75 , at 10 GHz. The best
method of matching consists in connecting
a.
b.
c.
d.

a short-circuited stub at the load

an inductance at the load
a capacitance at some specific distance from the load
a short-circuited stub at some specific distance from the load

71.The velocity factor of a transmission line

a.

depends on the dielectric constant of the material used

b.
c.
d.

increases the velocity along the transmission line

is governed by the skin effect
is higher for a solid dielectric than for air

72.What is the characteristic impedance of a single wire with diameter d = 0.25 mm placed at the
center between grounded parallel planes separated by 1 mm apart. The wire is held by a
material with a velocity factor of 0.75.
a.
b.
c.
d.

85 ohms
63 ohms
50 ohms
75 ohms

b.
c.
d.

Open-wire line
Balanced line
Coaxial line

79.Which of the following is not a common transmission line impedance?

a.
b.
c.
d.

50
75
120
300

80.For maximum absorption of power at the antenna, the relationship between the characteristic
impedance of the line Zo and the load impedance Zl should be

73.Coaxial lines are used on those system operating __________.

a.
b.
c.
d.

below 2 GHz
at 300 MHz
above 10 kHz
above 10 GHz

a.
b.
c.
d.

Zo = ZL
Zo > ZL
Zo < ZL
Zo = 0

81.Which of the following determines the characteristics of a transmission line?

74.Referred to the dielectric constant of a transmission line material
a.
b.
c.
d.

Inductance and capacitance

Velocity factor
Characteristic impedance
Propagation velocity

75.The main disadvantage of the two-hole directional coupler is

a.
b.
c.
d.

low directional coupling

poor directivity
high SWR
narrow bandwidth

76. To couple a coaxial line to a parallel-wire line, it is best to use a

a.
b.
c.
d.

slotted line
balun
directional coupler
quarter-wave transformer

77.What is the meaning of the term velocity factor of a transmission line?

a.
b.
c.
d.

The index of shielding for coaxial cable

The velocity of the wave on the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of light in
vacuum
The ratio of the characteristic impedance of the line to the terminating impedance
The velocity of the wave on the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a
vacuum

78. A transmission line consisting of two conductors that have equal resistance per unit length.
a.

Unbalanced line

a.
b.
c.
d.

Inductance
Capacitance
Physical dimensions
Length

82.In the study of transmission cable, twin lead is also referred to as a __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Twisted pair
Double cable
Ribbon cable
Open pair

83.A 50- coax is connected to a 73- antenna. The SWR is

a.
b.
c.
d.

0.685
1
1.46
2.92

84.A ratio expressing the percentage of incident voltage reflected on a transmission line is known as
the
a.
b.
c.
d.

Velocity factor
Standing-wave ratio
Reflection coefficient
Line efficiency

85.Three feet is one wavelength at a frequency of

a.

100 MHz

b.
c.
d.

164 MHz
300 MHz
328 MHz

86.An open quarter-wave line at the operating frequency acts like a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.

Series resonant circuit

Parallel resonant circuit
Capacitor
Inductor

87.A shorted half-wave line at the operating frequency acts like a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.

Capacitor
Inductor
Series resonant circuit
Parallel resonant circuit

88. At UHF and microwave frequencies, transmission lines are commonly used as
a.
b.
c.
d.

antenna
coupler
resonant circuit
transformer

d.

Waveguides

93.The term balance line means that

a.
b.
c.
d.

Both conductors carry currents that flow in opposite directions

Conductors present equal capacitance to ground
One conductor is connected to ground
Both A and B

94.The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is determined by:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Its operating frequency

Its length
Its physical size and arrangement
The signal applied at the input terminal

95.The distributed parameters of the transmission line are: the series resistance; the series
inductance; the shunt capacitance and the shunt conductance. What parameter was determined
due to dielectric losses?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Series resistance
Series inductance
Shunt capacitance
Shunt conductance

89.The transmission medium subjects the transmitted signal to be

96.Shunt capacitance was determined due to:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Modulated
Amplified
Attenuated
Boosted

90.Transmission line is a two-wire cable that connects the transmitter to the antenna or the antenna
to the receiver. The purpose of the transmission line is to
a.
Amplify the RF signal
b. Modulate the signal
c.
Carry the RF energy for the desired distance
d. All of the above
91.These conductors are uniformly spaced by insulators. They have low losses at low and medium
frequencies and are economical to construct and maintained.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Coaxial cables
Open-wire transmission lines
Optical cables
Waveguides

92.To prevent radiation losses and interference from external sources, the inner conductor of this
transmission line is completely enclosed with a metal sheath or braid.
a.
b.
c.

Coaxial cable
Open-wire transmission lines
Optical cables

a.
b.
c.
d.

Conductors were closed to each other

The length and diameter of the conductors
Dielectric losses
Flux linkages

97.Series resistances was determined due to:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Conductors were closed to each other

The length and diameter of the conductors
Dielectric losses
Flux linkages

98.At radio frequencies, a line is considered lossless because:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Characteristic impedance is determined by its physical structure

Inductive reactance is much more than the resistance
Capacitive reactance is much larger than the shunt conductance
Both B and C

99.Determine the characteristic impedance of a transmission line which has a capacitance of 30 pF/m
and an inductance of 75 nH/m.
a.
b.
c.

5
50
500

d.

5 K

c.
d.

VLF
VHF and above

100.If a change in the dielectric material decreases the capacitance, the characteristic impedance is
a.
b.
c.
d.

Kept constant
Decreased
Increased
halved

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING PART 5

WAVE PROPAGATION

7. This mode of electromagnetic wave propagation uses the earths surface or curvature as a guide to
transmit vertically polarized waves.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Sky Wave
Tropospheric Wave
Transionospheric Wave
Ground Wave

8. Frequencies in the UHF range propagate by means of

1. Whether or not polarization of an antenna is linear depends on changes in direction in which:
a.
b.
c.
d.

The direction in which the electric plane is radiated

The horizontal or vertical plane of the electric wave
The direction in which magnetic wave is radiated
None of these

a.
b.
c.
d.

Ground Waves
Surface Waves
Sky Waves
Space Waves

9. The ground wave eventually disappear as it moves farther away from the transmitter, because of
2. The D, E and F layers of the ionosphere are called
a.
b.
c.
d.

Mark-Space Layers
Davidson-Miller Layers
Kenelly Heaviside Layers
Maxwell Layers

a.
b.
c.
d.

Tilting
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction

10.As electromagnetic waves travel in free space, only one of the following can happen
3. __________ refers to the ratio of an electric field component to a magnetic field component at the
same point of the wave.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Characteristic impedance
Load impedance
Intrinsic impedance
Wave impedance

4. The field strength of a radio signal varies according to the output or transmitted power and the
distance of the receiver from the transmitter. This wave behavior is described by
a.
b.
c.
d.

The Field Strength

Huygens Principle
Faradays Law
Inverse Square Law

5. The antenna theory which states that reception and transmission functions are interchangeable is
a.
Poynting Theorem
b. Snells Law
c.
Huygens Principle
d. Law of Reciprocity
6. The frequency band where electromagnetic waves travel in straight path or in a direct line of sight
between the transmitter and receiver antenna is
a.
b.

ELF
HF

a.
b.
c.
d.

Absorption
Attenuation
Refraction
Reflection

11. In polarization diversity, two signals are

a.
b.
c.
d.

Both polarized at one specific location.

Vertically and horizontally polarized separately.
Polarized in the same manner
Vertically and horizontally polarized using a common antenna.

12.If the direction of the electric field of a radio wave is horizontal, that wave is known to be
__________ polarized.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Negatively
Vertically
Positively
Horizontally

13.The property of a material that determines how much electrostatic energy can be stored per unit
volume when voltage is applied.
a.
b.
c.

Miller Effect
Permeability
Capacitance

d.

Permitivity

14.According to this law or principle, a wavefront may be considered to consist of an infinite number
of isotropic radiators, each one sending out wavelets, always away from the source.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Snells Law
Maxwells Law
Huygens Principle
Archimedes Principle

15.A number, which when multiplied by the speed of light in free space gives the speed of light in the
medium in question is
a.
b.
c.
d.

Fibonacci Number
Fermats number
Velocity Factor
K-factor

16.The ability of a radio wave to be bent slightly over the edge of a sharp obstacle such as a steep hill
or mountain top is
a.
b.
c.
d.

Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
Attenuation

17. A space wave is a

a.
b.
c.
d.

Sky wave
Radio wave
Surface wave
Line-of-sight propagation wave

18.It is a diagram indicating the intensity in volts/meter, in all directions, of the radiated filed of an
antenna as it would occur under actual operating conditions.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Constellation diagram
Argand Diagram
Funicular Diagram
Radiation Pattern

19. Equivalent to capacitance in electrical circuits

a.
b.
c.
d.

Inductance
Permitivity
Permeability
Power density

20. All of these cause attenuation except

a.
b.
c.

Tilting
Ground absorption
Atmospheric absorption

d.

Surface wave propagation

21.The transmission of radio waves far beyond line of sight distances by using high power and large
transmitting antennas to beam the signal upward into the atmosphere and a similar large
receiving antenna to pick up a small portion of the signal scattered by the atmosphere is called
a.
b.
c.
d.

Forward Scatter Propagation

Beyond the Horizon Propagation
Either a or b
Meteoric Scatter Propagation

22.The apparent height of an ionized layer of the atmosphere; as determined from the time interval
between the transmitted signal and the ionospheric echo at vertical incidence. This height is the
maximum height reached if the actual paths are projected forming straight lines from the ascent
to the descent of waves.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Optimum height
Virtual height
Complex height
Critical height

23. The highest frequency whereby a wave will be returned back to earth by an ionospheric layer after
having been beamed up at it and ranges from 5 to 12 MHz. For F2 Layers. This frequency is
directly proportional to the secant function of the smallest angle, which allows reflection of sky
waves.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Apex frequency
Critical frequency
Carrier frequency
Baseband frequency

24.The distance at which sky-wave signals are reflected back to earth depends on
a.
b.
c.
d.

height of the reflecting layer.

The takeoff angle of the waves
Both a and b
Conductivity of the soil

25.Perfect reflection of waves occur when

a.
b.
c.
d.

The magnitude of the incident is equal to the reflected waves

The magnitude of the incident is less than the reflected waves
The magnitude of incident is greater than reflected waves
Both a and b

26.The process by which a radio wave is bent and returned to earth from one medium to another after
striking them is
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Absorption

27.An incident, traveling obliquely from one medium to another, will undergo a change in direction if
the velocity of the wave in one medium is different from that in the other and the ratio of the
sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is the same ratio of
respectively wave velocities in these media. This law is called
a.
b.
c.
d.

Snells law
Fishers Law
Hookes law
Newtons Law

28.The lowest layer of the ionosphere which exists between 50 to 90 km from the earths surface and
reflects VLF and LF waves while absorbing MF and HF waves during daytime is the
a.
b.
c.
d.

D layer
E layer
F layer
Vantress layer

29.This phenomenon occurs when the thicker air is on top instead of being at the bottom when the
temperature or water vapor gradient is lesser or greater than the standard rate.
a.
Thermal Inversion
b. Horizontal Ducting
c.
Elevated Ducting
d. Sporadic E
30.An ionospheric layer, which exists between 90 to 120 km above the earths surface and is about 25
km thick. It aids MF surface propagation while reflecting some HF during daytime.
a.
b.
c.
d.

D-layer
E-layer
F layer
Vantress layer

31. Atmospheric condition is controlled by

a.
b.
c.
d.

Pressure
Temperature
Humidity
All of these

32.This ionospheric layer forms at night at about 300 kms from the earths surface and is responsible
for long distance HF wave propagation due to reflection and refraction. It splits during daytime
due to the ionizing energy from ultraviolet rays of the sun.
a.
b.
c.
d.

D layer
E layer
F layer
Vantress layer

33. When the transmitting and receiving antennas are line-of-sight of each other, the mode of
propagation is __________ wave.
a.

Space or direct

b.
c.
d.

Sky
Surface
ground

34.Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source or transmitter
to the destination or receiver. This law is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Coulombs Law
Law of Universal Gravitation
Inverse Square Law
Lenzs Law

35. A one-hop, full duplex, microwave system is in a space diversity arrangement. Determine how
many receivers in all are used?
a.
b.
c.
d.

6
2
8
4

36.__________ is the extra ionization of the E-layer resulting to irregular and intermittent reflection of
frequencies of up to 80 MHz in temperate and lower latitudes. It is variable in time of
occurrence, height, geographical distribution, penetration frequency and ionization density.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Sporadic E
Dillinger Effect
Faraday Rotation
Scintillations

37.The derease in signal strength as a result of absorption or scattering of energy along a transmission
path is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

attenuation
microbending
dispersion
multipath fading

38.The transfer of electromagnetic waves or acoustical energy from one place to another through a
suitable transmission medium is
a.
b.
c.
d.

Wave propagation
RF Induction
Radio Frequency Interference
Forward Scatter

39.The upper limit of frequencies that can be used at a specified time for radio transmissions between
two points and involving propagation by reflection from regular ionized layers of the ionosphere
is
a. maximum usable frequency
b. optimum traffic frequency
c. minimum usable frequency

d. carrier frequency
40.Waves whose oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of propagation are called
a.
b.
c.
d.

Huygens waves
Transverse waves
Longitudinal Waves
Fraunhoffer Waves

41.Indicate which one of the following terms applies to troposcatter propagation:

a.
b.
c.
d.

SIDs
Fading
Atmospheric storms
Faraday rotation

42.VLF waves are used for some types of services because

a.
b.
c.
d.

Of the low powers required

The transmitting antennas are of convenient size
They are very reliable
They penetrate the ionosphere easily

43.High-frequency waves are

a.
b.
c.
d.

Absorbed by the F2 layer

Reflected by the D layer
Capable of use for long-distance communications on the moon
Affected by the solar cycle

44.Distances near the skip distance should be used for sky-wave propagation
a.
b.
c.
d.

To avoid tilting
To prevent sky-wave and upper ray interference
To avoid the Faraday effect
So as not to exceed the critical frequency

45.The ground wave eventually disappears, as one moves away from the transmitter, because of
a.
b.
c.
d.

Interference from the sky wave

Loss of line-of-sight conditions
Maximum single-hop distance limitation
Tilting

46.In electromagnetic waves, polarization

a.
b.
c.
d.

Is caused by reflection
Is due to the transverse nature of the waves
Results from the longitudinal nature of the waves
Is always vertical in an isotropic medium

47. Radio fading resulting from obstruction losses.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Log normal fading

Rayleigh fading
Multi-path fading
None of these

48.The absorption of radio waves by the atmosphere depends on

a.
b.
c.
d.

Their frequency
Their distance from the transmitter
The polarization of the waves
The polarization of the atmosphere

49.Electromagnetic waves are refracted when they

a.
b.
c.
d.

Pass into a medium of different dielectric constant

Are polarized at right angles to the direction of propagation
Encounter a perfectly conducting surface
Pass through a small slot in a conducting plane

50.Diffraction of electromagnetic waves

a.
b.
c.
b.

Is caused by reflection from the ground

Arises only with spherical wavefronts
Will occur when the waves pass through a large slot
May occur around the edge of a sharp obstacle

51.What do you call of the travel of electromagnetic waves through a medium at the speed of light?
a.
RF propagation
b. Radio propagation
c.
Wave propagation
d. All of these
52.Electromagnetic waves are
a.
b.
c.
d.

Consist of electric and magnetic component that are parallel to each other
Oscillations that propagate through free space
Irregular oscillations
Oscillations that are produced by an oscillating circuit

53.The region around an electrically charged body in which other charged bodies are acted on by an
attracting or repelling force.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Electric field
Radiation field
Magnetic field
Electromagnetic field

54.What are the two components of electromagnetic field?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Ray and wavefront

Magnet and electricity
Polar electrons and magnetic field
Electric field (E-field) and magnetic field

d.
55.Shows a surface of constant phase of a wave and is formed when points of equal phase on rays
propagated from the same source are joined together.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Ray
Wavefront
Point source
Isotropic source

56.It is a line drawn along the direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave used to show the
relative direction of electromagnetic wave propagation.

62.Which of the following are optical effects of radio waves?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Ray
Wavefront
Point source
Isotropic source

57.Refers to the rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Field instensity
Power density
Refractive index
Absorption coefficient

58.It is the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating in free
space.

Refraction and reflection

Diffraction and interference
Induction and diffraction
A and B

63.What is diffraction?
a.

a.
b.
c.
d.

B or C is correct

b.
c.
d.

Is the change in direction of a ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another with
different velocities or propagation.
Refers to the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when it passes near
the edge of an opaque object.
Is the phenomenon that allows light or radio waves to travel (peek) around corners of an
obstacle.
A or C is right

64.A rare refracting medium has

a.
b.
c.
d.

Smaller value of dielectric constant

Higher value for dielectric constant
Variable value for dielectric constant
A dielectric constant dependent on the medium

65.Refractive index refers to

a.
b.
c.
d.

Field intensity
Power density
Refractive index
Absorption coefficient

a.
b.
c.
d.

59.In a lossless transmission medium, __________ of free space is equal to the square root of the ratio
of its magnetic permeability to its electric permitivity.

The ratio of velocity of light in free space to the velocity of light in a given material
The ratio of the light in free space towards the light in a given medium
The ratio of the angle of refraction
The amount of bending or refraction that occurs at the interface of two materials of
different densities

66.Whay is it that rays traveling near the top of the medium travel faster than those at the bottom?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Resistance
Field intensity
Characteristic impedance
A or C is correct

a.
b.
c.
d.

The medium is more dense near the bottom

The medium is less dense at the top
A and B are incorporated
The medium is less dense near the bottom and more dense at the top

60.Electromagnetic wave measures all of these except

67.When does reflection of wave occur?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Inductance
Power density
Magnetic field intensity
Permitivity of the medium

61.A reduction in power density due to the inverse-square law presumes free-space propagation is
called

a.
b.
c.
d.

a.
b.
c.

Absorption
Wave attenuation
Space attenuation of the wave

When an incident wave strikes a boundary of two media, and some of the incident power
does not enter the second material.
When the reflective surface is irregular or rough
When two or more electromagnetic waves combine in such a way that the system
performance is degraded.
A and B

68.What is meant by specular reflection?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Is a reflection from a perfectly smooth surface

Is an incident wavefront striking an irregular surface, randomly scattered in many directions
Reflection of surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular
Is a combination of diffused and semirough surfaces

b.
c.
d.

Measures power density, voltage, and inductance

Measures power density, magnetic field intensity, and electric field intensity
All of the above

76.Reflection of waves
69.__________ states that a semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth surface whenever the
cosine of the angle of incidence is greater than /8d, where d is the depth of the surface
irregularity and is the wavelength of the incident wave.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Rayleigh criterion
Huygens principle
Linear superposition
Reflection coefficient

70. Energy that has neither been radiated into space nor completely transmitted.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Modulated waves
Captured waves
Standing waves
Incident waves

71.What property of radio waves occurs whenever two or more waves simultaneously occupy the
same point in space?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference

72.Pertains to a source which radiates equally in all directions.

a.
b.
c.
d.

Isobaric source
Isotropic source
Isentropic source
Isothermal source

73. Electromagnetic waves travel at __________ in free space.

a.
b.
c.
d.

300,000 km/sec
200 km/sec
400,000 km/sec
100,000 km/sec

74.Any space or region wherein a magnetic force is exerted on moving electric charges.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Electric field
Radiation field
Magnetic field
Electromagnetic field

75.Which of the following is a characteristic of electromagnetic wave?

a.

Measures power, voltage, capacitance and impedance of a system

a.
b.
c.
d.

Should take place at one medium

Does not necessarily take place at one medium
Occurs at any other medium at the same time
Is not possible

77. Way(s) of propagating electromagnetic waves:

a.
Ground-wave propagation
b. Space-wave propagation
c.
Sky-wave propagation
d. All of these
78.At frequencies below 1.5 MHz, what propagation provides the best coverage?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Ground wave
Space wave
Sky wave
All of these

79.Which of these causes the wavefront to tilt progressively forward?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Gradient density
Electric field intensity
Absorption coefficient
Magnetic field intensity

80.Which of the following must be taken into consideration to ensure proper ground-wave
propagation?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Power
Terrain
Frequency
B and C

81.What are the applications of ground-wave propagation?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications

Maritime mobile communications
Radio navigation
All of these

82.The curvature of the earth presents a horizon to space wave propagation which is approximately
4/3 that of the optical horizon.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Standard atmosphere
Optical horizon
Radio horizon
All of these

83.Refraction is caused by what factors?

a.
Changes in tropospheres density and temperature
b. Water vapor content
c.
Relative conductivity
d. All of the above
84.Any of the following can be used to lengthen radio horizon:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Elevating the transmit or receive antennas above Earths surface

Elevating both antennas
Installing the transmit and/or receive antennas on top of mountains or high buildings
All of these

85.A special condition which occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such that
electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and Earths surface.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Duct propagation
Sky-wave propagation
Space-wave propagation
Ground-wave propagation

86.The vibrating electrons at the ionosphere decrease current which is equivalent to reducing the
dielectric constant, which in turn, will also cause the velocity of propagation to __________.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Increase
Decrease
Remain constant
Decrease by a factor of 2

87.Increasing the velocity of propagation causes a/an __________ of the electromagnetic waves.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Increasing refraction
Decreasing reflection
Increasing diffraction
Decreasing interference

88.What layer has its maximum density at approximately 70 mi at noon, when the sun is at its highest
point?
a.
b.
c.
d.

D layer
E layer
Kennelly-Heaviside layer
B or C

89.The sporadic E layer is a thin layer with a very high ionization density. It is considered separately
from the other layers and when it appears, gives an unexpected improvement in long-distance
radio transmissions. What cause(s) its unpredictable appearance?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Sunspot activity
Sunspot cycle
Solar flares
A and C

90.The region in the ionosphere with a very high ionization density at roughly 55 to 90 miles and is
used for frequencies up to about 20 MHz. It is gone completely by midnight.
a.
b.
c.
d.

D layer
E layer
F layer
G layer

91.A layer in the ionosphere which is the most important reflecting medium for HF radio waves. It has
2 sublayers, at 90 to 250 mi height.
a.
b.
c.
d.

A layer
D layer
E layer
F layer

92.The apparent height of the ionized layer and is always greater than the actual height.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Critical height
Virtual height
Maximum height
Imaginary height

93.Refers to the shortest distance in which a sky-wave signal will be returned to the earth. It includes
the maximum ground-wave range and the width of the skip zone.
a.
Hop
b. Skip distance
c.
Actual distance
d. Critical distance
94.Concerns to the highest frequency that is able to return to earth when beamed at a certain angle of
incidence.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Relative frequency
Optimum frequency
Resonant frequency
Maximum usable frequency, muf

95.In __________, the distance of each succeeding hop from earth to ionosphere and back is also the
skip distance.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Hop transmission
Single transmission
Unihop transmission
Multihop transmission

96.Concerns to the single reflection of a radio wave from the ionosphere back to earth.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Jog
Hop
Skip
Fading

97.The fluctuation of signal strength at the receiver that are caused by changes in the transmission
medium.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Fading
Hopping
Skipping
Diversity

98.Gradual variation in the field strength of a radio signal is compensated by

a.
b.
c.
d.

Fading techniques
Diversity techniques
Transverse techniques
Transmission techniques

99. A modulation of two different RF carrier frequencies with the same IF intelligence, then
transmitting both RF signals to a given destination.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Diversity
Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Polarization diversity

100.To increase the availability of the system, a method in which the output of a transmitter is fed to
two or more antennas that are physically separated by an appreciable number of wavelengths.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Polarization diversity
Space wave propagation