H Y D R A U L I C DESIGN OFC U L V E R TS

Sli m
Dris s
B s c a ( C i v i l E n g i n e er i n g ) U n i v e r s i t y of O t t a w a

A THE SIS S U B M I T T E D IN PART IAL

F UL F I L L M E N T O F TH E

REQUIREMENT S

FO

R T H E DEGRE E O F

O F APPLIED SCIENCE

MASTE R

in
T H E FA C U LT Y O F G R A D U AT E
ST UDIES CIVIL

ENGINEERIN G

W e accept this thesis a.s

c o n f o r m i n g to the req ui red
standar d

TH E

UNIVERSITY

O F BRITISH

A p r i l 1988

Sli m D ri ss , 1988

C O LU M B I A

, 1986

In presenting
degree

this thesis

in

at the University of

partial

fulfilment

British Columbia,

of
I

the

requirements

agree that the Library

freely available for reference and study. I further agree

copying of

that

permission

an

advanced

shall make
for

publication of

by

his

this thesis

or
for

her

representatives.

financial

permission.

Department
The University of British Columbia
1956 Main Mall
Vancouver, Canada
V6T 1Y3

gain

shall

It
not

is

understood
be

allowed

that
without

it

extensive

this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head

department or

DE-6(3/81)

for

of

copying
my

my
or

written

Abstrac t

C u l v e r t s are designed to carry water fro m one side of an e m b a n k m e n t to

ano t her. T h er e are m a n y culverts
sig n ifi ca n t ly to
com pl ex

its

cost. Th e h y d r a u l i c design

an d since

importan t

that

un de r a t y p i c a l h ig hw a y an d they

it

its
has

p r i m a r y pur pose
the

ful l

i nt en ded

of
is

flow

a cul vert
to

ad d

is s u r p r i s i n g l y

convey

water,

i t is

cap acit y. Th e ob je ct iv e of

this thesis was to develop a c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m to help an engineer w i t h the

h y d r a u l i c design
des i gn in g a new
from a

cul v er t

Th e user of the p ro g r a m can choose between

or check i ng

the

a d eq u a cy

of an

ex is t i n g

cul v ert

hy dra ulic, p oin t of v iew . Th e p ro g r a m h andles the p ro b l e m of sediment

de p o s it io n
slopes.

of culverts .

that

can

Th e most

occur

an d reduce the c a p a ci t y of culverts h a v i n g gentle

wid el y used

cu lver t shapes

are i n c l u d e d in the p ro g r a m

and in this thesis. C o m m e n t s are p ro v i d e d on the c on d i t io n s

\mder whic h cer t a in shapes are best. C u l v er t inlets are g iv en , and

some

im p ro v e d inlet designs are presented since the inlet design can have a m a jo r
im p a c t on

the

cost

of

discussed an d suggestions

the c ul v er t . A l s o , erosion at the cul vert outlet

are p ro v i d e d on how to p rev en t

it.

11

is

i t or cope w it h

Ta b l e o f

Content s

Abstrac

ii

Lis t

of

Tabl e s

vi

Lis t

of

Fi g u re s

vi i

Acknowledgemen

vii i

INTRODUCTION

CULVERT

2.1

INLE T C O N T R O L :

2.2

O U T L ET CONTROL:

2.3

TYP ES

2.4

O U T L ET VELOCITY:

3 P R O B L E M
ON
4

OPERATION

OF CULVERT FLOW:

OF

11

SEDIMENT
12

DEPOSITI

C I R C U L AR CULVERTS

13

4.1

CI R C U L AR CULVERTS F REE OF SEDIMENT:

13

4.2

HYDRAUL IC E LE M E N TS

O F A P A R T I A L L Y S I LT E D R O U N D

SEC T I O N :
15

4. 3 P R O G R A M O P E R A T I O N :

16

B OX

18

CUL VERTS

ii i

5.1

B OX CULVERTS F R EE

OF SEDIMEN T:

5.2

H Y D R A U L I C E L E M E N T S O F A P A R T I A L L Y S I LT E D B O X S E C T I O N :

A R C HC U L V E R T S

20

6.1

A R CH CULVERTS F R EE OF SEDIMEN T:

21

6.2

H Y D R A U L I C E L E M E N T S O F A P A R T I A L L Y S I LT E D

10

ARCH SECTION:

E L L I P T IC C U L V E R T S

25

7.1

ELLIPTIC CULVERTS F R EE OF SEDIMEN T:

26

7.2

H Y D R A U L I C E L E M E N T S O F A P A R T I A L L Y S I LT E D
CULVER T:

18

I N L ET

29

T Y P E S

8.1

PROJE CT I NG

8.2

FLUSH

8.3

WI NGWALL S:

ELLIPTICAL

31
INLETS :

31

INLETS :

32
33

I M P R O V E D I N L ET

DESIGNS

35

9.1

B O X CULVERT :

37

9.2

CI R C U L AR CULVERT:

38

S C O UR

AT

C U L V E RT O U T L E T S

39

10.1

SCOUR

C O N T R OL AT C U L V E RT OUTLETS:

39

10.2

SCOUR

ESTIMATIO N:

41

11

O T H ER C O N S I D E R A T I O N S :

44

12

S U M M A R Y

48

A N D

C O N C L U S I O N :

i
v

19

23

Bibliograph y

Lis t of Tab l e s

2.1

Inlet, co n t ro l p e r f o rm a n c e

coeffi cients

2.2

E n t r a n c e loss coeffi cients for s ub m erg ed ci rcu l a r pipe cul verts

10.3

S u m m a r y of coeffi cients a an d b for eq u a t i o n 10.84

43

11.4

S u m m a r y of th e results o b t a i n e d fro m co m p u t e r o u tp u t - 1

47

vi

L i s t of

2.1

Factors

4.2

C i rc u l a r

4.3

C i rc u l a r cul vert wi t h sediment

5.4

Bo x

5.5

Bo x cul vert w i t h sediment

6.6

A rc h

6.7

Arc h cul vert w i t h sediment

7.8

H o r i z o n t a l e l l i p t i c a l culvert

26

7.9

E l l i p t i c a l cul vert wi t h sediment i n the s ection

29

8.10

i n fl u en c i n g culvert

Fi g u re s

cul vert

i n the

section

cul ver t

Bevel-edg e

9.14 S id e-t a pe red

15
18
19
21

C o m m o n types of

i n the section

cul vert

C o m m o n p ro j e c t i n g culvert

8.12

7
13

8.11 Ro u n d e d - l i p entrance

9.13

dis charge

i n the section

inlets

w i t h radius

31
of ro u n d i n g = 0.15 D

w i n g w a l l entr anc e

inlets

S l o p e - t a p e re d

9.16

H y d r a u l i c elements

32
34
36

inlets

9.15

23

inlets

36
at tap ered

vi i

inlets

37

36

Acknowledgement ,

I w oul d lik e to than k Dr . S.O . (D enis ) Ru s s e l l for his va lu a bl e guidan ce and

advi ce t h ro u g h o u t

this research.

Sincere thank s go

to Dr . W . C as el to n for his co m m en ts

re ga rdi n g this thesis.

I a m grat eful to D a v i d To w n s en d ( C o m p u t i n g Cen t r e at U B C ) for his ass istance

in the c o m p u t i n g aspects of this research.
Fi n a l l y , I w o u l d like to than k m y parents an d m y friends for their s upport and
encour agement.

vn i

Chapte r 1

INTRODUCTION

C u l v e r t s are c o n s t r u c t e d to carry water f ro m one side of an e m b a n k m e n

t to

the other

longer

under

a highw ay,

cana l or r a i l ro a d . H i g h w a y culverts

no

cons i dered m i no r s tructures as they are be c om in g muc h mor e expensive

wit h i n cre as i n g s t r u c t u r a l s trength an d cross s e ctional dim ens ions

use

are

of

wider

pav em ents ,

flatter

e c o n o m i c a l design

of

their

alignment ,

hydraulics ,

hi ghw ay

grades and higher

cul ver ts

requires

el eva tion,

slope,

due to the

fills. A c h i e v i n g the most

an att entiv e ex a m i n a t i o n of
locatio n

and

struc tura l

design.
If the
reduce

the

channel

crosses

the

road

at a s ignifi cant

to

In this case, the m a i n t e n a n c e cost of the chann el

should be c o m p a re d to the cost of the

Th e slope of the cul vert

cul vert.

whi c h is generally

one of the most i m p o r t a n t factors i n cul vert

equal

design.

to the chann el

slope

is

D u r i n g hig h flood and

if

is steep enou gh, d ep o s i ti on of m a t e r i a l s inside the cul vert is prevented

due to hig h flow velocity. H ow ev e r,

hence

it is ad vi s a b le

skew by al t eri ng the c h an n e l at the inlet or outlet or bot h to d i m i n i s

h the l ength of the cul vert.

the cul vert

skew,

crea ti ng m a i n t e n a n c e

be p ro v i d e d at

the

inlets

on mil d slopes, de p os it io n

can take place,

prob lems. In this case, headw ater pools should

to prod u c e

higher flow

veloci ty

th ro ug h

the

cu l ve r t, and provi s i ons against poo l s i l t a t i o n s houl d be made.

W h e n a cul vert
the

has its inlet

invert placed

at a c ertain

elevation

above,

n a t u r a l bed , a po n d u p s t re a m fro m the culvert w oul d be f orm ed. Th e pon

d can be used for recre ati on purpos es whenever the s tream is p e rm a n e n t .

t if the s trea m is dr y at times,

Bu

Ch

apter

1.

INTROD

there is a risk of
therefore

it

is

c rea t i n g a
bett er to

UCTION 2

s til l

place

pool g a t h e r i n g

the

c ul v er t inlet

debris
inv ert

an d
at

sed im en t ,

c h an n e l

bed

e le v a t io n .
H y d r a u l i c an a ly s is assists i n fi n d i n g the m i n i m u m d im e n s i o n s of the
culvert that ens ure m i n i m u m cost an d m i n i m u m fl ood dama,ge. U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,
most of the present d o c u m e n t s d ea lin g w i t h th e h y d r a u l i c design of cu lv er t s
refer the user to n u m e ro u s

charts an d m os t of the tim e the concepts b e h i n d

these charts are not s how n to the

user.

In this thes is, the h y dra u lic , design of cu lv er t s is t reat ed

a n a l y t i c a l l y for

var io us cu lv ert shapes, an d a c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m was w r i t t e n i n the Bas i c

la ng ua ge to
d im en s io n s

help
or

the

check

cu l ver t designer

the

p e r f o rm a n c e

choose
of an

the

a p p ro p r i a t e cu lv er t

ex is t i n g cu l ver t w i t h o u t the

help of the charts .

Th e c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m relies h eav i ly on m a t h e m a t i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n s needed
for the

hy d r a u l i c a na l ys is . Th e t r ia l an d error

n u m e r i c a l l y i n order

p ro ced u re

was

ca rr ied out

to fi nd the a p p ro p r i a t e cu lv er t d im e n s i o n s an d the most

li kel y typ e of flow t h ro u g h it. Var ious a pp roaches such as the use of an E x p e r
t S y s t e m were co ns i d e red but beca us e of the c o m p l ex i t y of cu lv er t d es ign, it was
d ecid ed

that

a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d p ro g r a m w r i t t e n i n B as i c wo u l d be

mor e a p p ro p r i a t e fi rst step.

the

Chapte

r 2

CULVE R T OPERATION

Fl o w enteri n g
the

a cul ver t

is generally

subject

entrance. Th e c o n t r a c t i o n is less severe

secti on.

Th e

additiona l

c on t ra c t i o n creates

head

length of the

is

lost

culvert

is

along
the

loss

wit h s m o o t h an d ro un d e d inlet

t e rm e d

the length

m ai n

to a severe c o n t r a c t i o n at

an

entrance

loss,

He.

A s

of the culvert as f r ic t io n loss, Hf, the

variable

de t e rm in in g w hether or

not

the

cul ver t wil l flow full .

If the cul vert is lon g enough to pe rm i t the increas ing dept h of flow to fill
the barrel, the cul vert is called
culvert does not ru n full and

a hydraulically

is

c a ll ed

long

hydraulically

culvert.
short

O t h e r w i s e , the
culvert

[l].

After the design discharge has been d e t e rm i n e d , the culvert designer has
to

choose the m i n i m u m cul ver t size tha t has the ca p a ci t y to carry the flow w i t h o u t

exceeding the allowable h e a d w a t e r

dep t h

and not caus ing

erosion problems

d o w n s t re a m .
U nde r inlet c o n t ro l c o n d i t i o n s , the g e o m e t r y of the inlet, cross-section of the
culvert barrel
factors

and the dept h

of water

at

the culvert

inlet are

the essential

d e t e rm i n i n g the flow t h ro u g h the cul vert .

U nd e r outlet, co n t ro l c o n d i t i o n s , all the design

variables

must

be t aken

into

account. T h es e i ncl ud e ba rre l cros s-section , l eng t h , slope and roughness, inlet
geometry, depth of water at
For
design
HWO,

p ur po s es ,

the inlet and at the ou tlet .

h ea dw at e r

depths

for

bot h

s houl d be c a l c u l a t e d , and the higher value, HWC,

inlet,

HWI,

and

outlet

control ,

de term ines the typ e of con trol.

Chapter

2.1

2.

CULVERT

INLE

OPERATION

T C O N T R OL:

W i t h this typ e of control ,

the culver t

runs part full an d

t h ro u g h the cul vert is c on t ro l l e d by the shape of

inlet

entrance

the discharge
and

the

inlet

headwater depth . Var i a bl es such as roughnes s, slope and lengt h of the cul vert
have

p r a c t i c a l l y no

infl uence on the

they

play

role

a m aj o r

i n

the

discharge

con trol

ca paci ty of the

of outlet

velocities

culver t;

bu t

s w i t c h i n g the

culvert o p e r a t i o n fro m inlet control to outlet c on t ro l .

E x p e r i m e n t s have shown that the chara cteris ti cs of flow inside the culver t vary
fro m a s u bm erg e d

inlet to

an

u n s u b m e rg e d

one.

If the entrance is u n s u b m e rg e d , the flow wil l enter the culver t w it h a dep t h

almost equal to the cri ti ca l de p th .
W i t h some co rre ct i o n factors, the eq u at io n for inlet control flow for
u n s u b m e rg e d inlet has

been

propos ed

HWI/D

+ .5So

as [2]:

2.1)

= Hc/D + He/D

where:

HWI

inlet

So cul vert

hea dw ater
slope

He = c ri t i ca l energy
D

head

- equi val ent culvert

diameter

T h e e m p i r i c a l re l a t i o n s h i p re l a t i n g He
f ac t o r O/D / ,
is gi v e n by
2

He/D

Where ,

an d

are

a n d th e di sc h arg e
[2]:

A'(1.2730/Z> - ) '

given in table 2.1

for

If t h e in l e t is s u b m e r g e d , the fl ow e q u a t i o n b e c o m e s :

D25)2

(2.2)

various

entrance shapes.

HjD-\- .5So =

hl/D-r Kl{Q /

Chapter

2.

Empirica l
en t r a nc e
culverts

CULVERT

factors

such as hl/D

sh ap es. N . B :
u s in g

OPERATION

T h e same

an d Kl

re l a t i o n s h i p s

RH

in t ab le

are used

2.1 for var i o u s

for no n c i rc u l a r

the fact t h a t :

where:

are gi ven

4RH

(2.3)

= H y d r a u l i c r a d i u s.

Ta b l e

2.1 : In let

c o n t ro l

p e r f o rm a n c e coeffi cients

Submerged
EntrancEntrancee shapshapee

Nonsubmergcd
inlet Mow inlet flow
k

h /D
t

H./n\

Ml

With headwall
3.30.00 IS
Groove edge, .05Dx.07D 0.74
0.0468
0.74
0.04 I'J
Rounded edge, .15/) radius
2.58
0.016
0.67 0.0645 2.5S 0.0098 2.0 0.105
Square edge

0.035
2.5
2.67
0.00065

Headwall and 45" wingwalls

0.0472
3.00.0018
Groove edge, .05Dx.07D 0.73
0.0030 2.670.072
Square edge
0.70 0.0594 3.5

2.50

0.035

Headwall and parallel wingwalls

Groove edge,
.0oD\.07D
0.74

0.0528

4.0

0.0020

2.67

0.04 S

0.0750

4.0

0.0210

1.33

0.091

Projecting entrance
0.0514
Groove edge, .05Z)x.07P 0.70
2.58 0.0045
0.0145
0.0668
Square edge (thick wall) 0.04
3.5
0.0420 1.33 0.205
Thin edge
0.53 0.0924 4.0

2.0
1.75

0.049
0.116

Miter (square edge)

2:1 embankment slope

0.74

"The equation (or inlet control with submerged inlet only applies

when Q/DS/'

is larger than the listed values.

tTlie equation for inlet control with nonsubmcrged inlet only applies when II./D is
less than the listed values.

Chapter

2.

2.

CULVERT

OPERATION

2 O U T L E TC O N T R O L :
W i t h this typ e of c o n t ro l , the flow

Re f e rr i n g to Fi g
of en tr a n ce head

2.1 ,
loss,

the to ta l

f r ic t i o n head loss, Hf,

loss Hv.

is alwa ys s u b c r i t i c a l .

HOT,
He,

head loss,

is

the

an d outlet head

HOT

He

Hf

Hv

(2.4)
with :

He

Ke

* V /(2g)

D /4) 2g]
2

Ke

Ke

* 2.5204/ D

* Q /[{ir

{29N L/RH - )V /(2g)

2

Hv
Wher e

33

* (Q/10)

(2.5) Va l ue s for Ke

Hf

are

V /2g =
2

show n in tabl e 2.2 .

(466.18./V

L/ J D

2.5204/ J D 4 (O/10)

is the M a n n i n g ro ug hness of the c u l v e r t ,

v e l o c i t y inside the c u l v e r t , and L is the cu lver t

1 6 / 3

)(O/10)

(2.6)

(2.7)

V is the mean wa ter

length .

T h e re f o re ,

HOT
= (2.520 4 * (1 + Ke)/D
466ASN L/D )(O/l0)
(2.8)

Th e
by:

h ea d wa te r

16/3

d epth

HWO is c a l cu la te d

HWO

If th e t a i lw a t e r

HO

is

ta ken

for fu r th er

as

d ep th TW

[DC

deta ils , w he re :

in the c u lv er t .

HO

+HOT -

LSo

(2.9)

s ubmerges the ou tlet of the cu l ve r t , then HO = TW;

o th erw is e

+
DC

D)/2.

See

[3]

c r i t i c a l d ep t h

su m

Chapter

2.

CULVERT

OPERATION

Figure 2.1: Factors infl uencing culvert discharge

Table 2.2: Entrance loss coefficients for submerged circular pipe culverts

Type

of entrance

Entrance head
loss coefficient,
K
C

Pipe entrance with hcadwall

Grooved edge
Hounded edge (0.150 radius)
Hounded edge (0.25D radius)
Square edge (corrugated metal pipe)

0.10
0.15
0.10
0.43

Pipe entrance with hcadwall and 45 wingwall

Grooved edge
Square edge (corrugated metal pipe)

0.20
0.35

Hcadwall with parallel wingwalls spaced 1.25/3 apart

Grooved edge
Square edge (corrugated metal pipe)

0.30
0.40

Miter entrance for 2:1 embankment slope

0.

(52 Projecting entrance

Grooved edge, thick wall
Square- edge, thick wall
Sharp edge, thin wall (corrugated metal pipe)

0.25
0.41)
0.1)2

Chapter

2.3

2.

CULVERT

T Y P ES OF

Let HEIGHT
depth
Type

OPERATION

C U L V E R T FLOW:

designates the height of the culvert, and HE the uniform

of flow inside the culvert.

1:

HWC

<
l.bHEIGHT TW

<

DC
HE

<

DC

Supercritical Flow

N.B : If the tailwater T W exceeds the uniform depth, a hydraulic jump will
form and move upstream

filling the culvert from the downstream

end.

If the tailwater depth and culvert roughness are high enough; the hydraulic
jump
culvert

will move all the way up to the culvert inlet, thus making the
flowing full.

In this case, the computer program will print a warning message and
informs the user that a hydraulic jump is likely to occur.

Chapter

2.

Type
HWC

CULVERT

OPERATION

2:

<
1.5HEIGHT TW

<

DC
HE

> DC

Subcritica l

flow

Cr i ti c a l dept h

at the o utl et

Type 3:
HWC

<
l.bHEIGHT TW >

HE

> DC

DC

Chapter

2.

Type
HWC

TW

CULVERT

OPERATION

4:

>

1.5HEIGHT

>

HWC

1_.

HEIGHT

Full flow

Type

5:

HWC

>
l.bHEIGHT TW<
HEIGHT

HE

<

HEIGHT

Rapid

flow at

inlet,

HWC

culvert running partly full,

outlet

Type

HWC

unsubmerged.

6:

r f "

>
1.5HEIGHT TW

<

HEIGHT

Full
free outfall.

flow,

.
1

Chapter

2.

CULVERT

pages

OPERATION

See

[l,

J, 93-^99]

2.4

OUTLET VELOCITY:

11

for

further details.

If inlet c o n t ro l governs, it is assumed i n the c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m tha t u n i f o r

m

flow occurs near the o ut let . H o w e ve r , the cul vert designer s hou ld take

this

a s s u m p t i o n wi t h c a u t i o n since often i n h y d r a u l i c a l l y short cu lv er t s , u n i f o r m

flow doesn' t h a p p e n an d the real outlet v el o c i t y is s ig n ifi ca n t ly higher th a n
the u n i f o r m

velo ci ty.

If outlet c on t ro l governs; then if the t a i l w a t e r submerges the o u tl et,

outlet vel oci t y wil l be

equal to the discharge

section area;

i t is a ss um ed that

oth erwise

the

d i v i d e d b y the culvert cross

the outlet

v elo cit y co rres po n ds

to

an outlet d ept h equal to the average of the cr i t ic a l dept h an d the culvert

height [3].

Chapter 3

P R O B L EM OF S E D I M E NT DEPOSITION

In fi at areas, the water v el oc i t y in the

eno u gh

to p ro d u c e the re q u i red cu lv er t

ch a n n el

self clea n in g

d e p o s i t i o n can occur and culverts b ecom e

a res ult,

th e net

decrease

in

its

cross-sectional

is

area after sil ti n g can carry the design

eros ion of the em b a n k m en t , and

to

fl ow,

flooding

great

p a r t i a l l y filled wit h s ed i m en t .

cap acit y.

d i m e ns i o n s m ig h t have

not

v el o c it y , thus sediment

cross-sectional area of the cul v er t is

h y d r a u l i c flow rate

genera lly

decreased

caus ing

In this s i t u a t i o n , the

b e increased
o t herw is e

As
a

cu lv er t

i n size so that the

consequences

such

as

of the road mig h t h a p p en .

Du e to the c o m p l ex i t y of the p ro b l e m of sediment, tr a ns p or t - type of sed im en ts ,

g r a d i n g , p e rm e a b i l i t y. . . - , it was decided in the c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m to ask the
user for a value
and

the

value

of the s edim ent

entered

d ept h re s u l t i n g fro m his ow n j u d g e m en t ,

represents a u n i f o r m i m p e rm e a b l e s edim ent

all alon g the cu lv er t l en g t h.

12

d ep t h

Chapte r 4

C I R C U L AR C U L V E R TS

C i rc u l a r cul verts are w i d e l y used as they are mor e readily available an

d

cheaper than other

shapes despite the fact

that often they do not

matc h

the shape of most drai nage channels. W h e r e h y d r a u l i c effi ciency is i m p o r t a n t , as

in a lon g culvert, a c i rc u l a r section ma y be best. Th e use of a circul ar section

also

results i n m a x i m u m econom y i n m aterials since for a given perim eter a circle

has a greater cross-sectional area tha n any other

4.1

C I R C U L AR

shape.

CULVER TS F R EE OF SEDIMENT:

I>'A

Fi gur e 4.2:

C i rc u l a r culvert.

13

Chapter

4.

CIRCULAR

CULVERTS

H,

For any water d ept h

H = DIA/2 +
DIA/2)/{DIA/2)}
Th e

DIA/2 *

cos(NX) =4>

NX

a rc c o s [ ( #

s m ( 2 7 V. Y ) / 2

(4.10)
area AR

c o rre s p o n d i n g flow

AR

= (TT ) * DIA 2/A

Th e wetted

14

perimete r

w i l l be:

NX
(4.1 1 )

P :

DIA(ir -\NX\)

2(H

(4.12)

T:

Th e top w i d t h

DIA/2)tan(NX)

(4.13)
Th e c r i t i c a l
e q u a t io n :

dep t h

DC

is

ca lc ul a t ed after

Q^-T/igAR )
3

RH

s o lv in g by tria l

1 =

and erro r the f o l l o w i n g

(4.14 )

de sig na t es the h y d r a u l i c ra di u s:

RH

A g a i n , us in g tr i a l and error p ro c e d u re ,
after s o l v in g the su b s equ ent

N . B : Th e sa me tria l and

AR/P

(4.15)

the u n i f o r m d ep th

equation :

l/N(AR/P) (AR)So2/3

error p ro c e d u re

shapes,

except

i n the

calculatio n

culverts where a s im p le f o r m u l a can be

(4.16)

s hown above for

u n i f o r m d ep t h and the c r i t i c a l d ept h for c i rc u la r c u lv er t

c ulver t

HE can be fo un d

used.

calculatin g

the

is used for all o ther

of the c r i t i c a l

d ep t h

for

box

Chapter

4.2

4.

CIRCULAR

CULVERTS

15

H Y D R A U L I C E L E M E N T S O F A P A R T I A L L Y S ILTE D R O U N D

SEC

TION :

st>
_1_

Figure 4.3: Circu lar culvert with sediment in the section

Denoting by SD the sediment depth, the following relations can be
written:

SD

DIA/2

H = DIA/2
arccos[(# -

+
+

DI A/2cosV

V = arccos(l 2SD/DIA)
(4.17)

DIA/2cosNX

SD = >
SD)/.(DIA/2)]

iV X =

(4.18)
Area of sediment plus water (bcdefb):

A = [ir-NX

SIN{2NX)/2]DIA /4
2

(4.19)

Area of sediment (cdec):

SA

= DIA /4\V - .5sin(2V)]

2

(4.20)

Chapter

=='

4.

CIRCULAR

CULVERTS

16

Flo w area (bcefb) :

AR=

A -

SA

DIA {n -

NX

- V +

+ sm(2NX)/2

.5 s i n ( 2 V ) )

(4.21 )

Th e p o r t i o ns i n c on t a ct w it h water are arc lengths be, fe an d chor d len g t h

=t>

ce.

We t t e d Pe r i m e t e r :
P

DIA(ir -

NX -

V +

sin V)

(4.22)

It is clear that eq u a ti o ns 4.10, 4.11 and 4.12 are res pect iv el y eq u iv a len t to 4.18, 4.21
an d
4.22 i n the case where sed iment depth is zero.

4.3

P R O G R AM O P E R A T I O N:

In the case of c i rc u l a r culvert-as i n all other

the user w h e t h e r he wants to design a new cu lv er t

shap es -th e

p ro g r a m asks

or to st u d y

the h y dr a u lic,

p ro p ert ies of an ex i s t i n g ci rcu la r c u l v er t .

If the

choice

t en t a ti v e

is to design

value of

hea dwater

a new

c ul v er t

cu lv er t, the n the

d i am e t e r

DIA

equal

zero,

then

p ro g r a m starts
to

half the

wi t h a

allow ab le

HW.

If the sed iment d ep t h SD was entered

as

d iam et er

. O t h er w i s e , D is c a l c u l a t t e d

D is s i m p l y equal

fo rmu las 4.17, 4.18, 4.21,

to

DIA

the

equ ival en t

cu lv er t
using

4.22,

4.15 an d 2.3.
Th e culvert d ia m et e r wil l be
hea dwater

for bo t h inlet

a llowa ble hea d wat er

chances

increased

con t ro l

and

or

decreased
outlet

u n t i l the

con t ro l is

less

compute d
tha n the

but greater t h a n 3/ 4 of its value. T hi s is to m i n i m i z e the

of flooding the

road

withou t

the ex pen s e

of

o v e rd es i g n in g

the

cu lv ert .
For the a p p ro p r i a t e cu lv er t an d using the basic equations of section 4-1 and 4-2;
cri t ica l d e p t h , u n i f o r m d ep t h an d ot her relevant h y d r a u l i c p ro p ert ies , such as
ou tlet velo city, full flow
r output-2 .

v elo cit y an d discharge

are c o m p u t e d .

See c o m p u t e

('hauler

4.

CIRCULAR

CULVERTS

Ho w ev er , if the user d ecisi on

c ul v er t ;

is

to

17

check

the n after as k in g the user

c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m checks

for

the

h y d r a u l i c p ro p er t ies

ex i s t in g

of

the

cu lv er t d im e n s i o n s , the

that the al low a bl e h e ad w a t er is not exceeded an d

also gives all the details of the h y d r a u l i c pro p ert ies of the
inside the cu lv er t . See c o m p u t e r

output-1 .

flow an d its typ e

Chapte r 5

B O XCULVERTS

Severe flow contraction occurs at the entrance in such type of culverts where
generally

inlet control governs. The resulting high head losses the flow

suffers during

expansion

makes such culverts

useful to control

outlet

velocities in case where downstream erosion has to be avoided.

5.1

B OX C U L V E R TS F R EE OF S E D I M E N T:

HEIGHT

Figure 5.4:

Box culvert

The .flow area A R for any given depth H is given

AR =

18

B*H

by:

(5.23)

Chapter 5.

BOX

CULVERTS

Th e w ett e d p e r i m e t e r

19

P is c a l c u l a t e d as:

P
Th e c r i t i c a l dep t h

DC

B + 2H

(5.24)

is d i re c t l y f oun d from the f o l l o w i n g re l a t i o n :

DC

5.

\(Q/B)2/g}^

(5 .25)

2 H Y D R A U L I C E L E M E N TS OF A PAR T I AL LY

S ILTE D

B O X SEC

TION :

Th e same h y d r a u l i c re l a t i o ns h i p s shown for a bo x cu lv er t free of

sediment are used here w it h the to p of the sed iment layer ta ke n
reference.

_L

I// / //

1
SD

T
^

Fi g u r e 5.5: Bo x culv ert wit h s edim ent i n th e s ection

as

Chapte r 6

A R C HC U L V E R TS

A rc h cul verts are re c o m m e n d e d where m i n i m u m cover is needed or where

ve r ti c a l cl earance prob l em s p re v a i l . The y carr y greater flow tha n most other
cul verts of equi valent w a te rw a y area for the same depth of
Th e use of
resources

open

are present.

e c o n o m i c a l to
other

botto m

s upport

arch

B es i des ,

culverts
arch

is

s t ro ng l y

culverts

are

advised

used

the weight of the e m b a n k m e n t

shapes.

20

flow.
where

whe n

i t

fi shery
is

more

on an arch tha n on

Chapter

6.1

6.

ARCH

21

CULVERTS

A R CH CULVER TS F R EE OF SEDIMENT:

Hi'GHT

Figure 6.6: Arc h culvert

Havi ng,
'

R(l
2/2

and as: cos 0 + cos 9/2

+
sin

cos69/2) =
5/2

HEIGHT

SPAN

2 cos 2 9/4
(6.26)

2.RCOS2 9/4
4R

= HEIGHT

(6.27)

sin 9/4 cos 9/4

= S PA / V

Div id ing 6.26 by 6.25, get:

2 tan 5/4 =

SPAN/HEIGHT

5 =

s,rct<m(SP

AN/(2H

EIGHT))

(6.28)
=>

The full flow area

i2 =

HEIGHT/{I

cos 0/2) (6.29)

Chapter

6.

ARCH

CULVERTS

2 2

AF
'

Area(nwk)

Area(cnwk)

TTR- -

Area(cnk)

Area(nwk)

= irR

* 6/(2w)

(6.30)

SPAN(HEIGHT

R)/2
(6.31)

AF

= TTR

Th e ful l we tt ed

R 6/2

+ SPAN(HEIGHT

perimeter

PF

R)/2

(6.32)

is g iven by:

PF

2Ra

SPAN

(6.33)

w here,

a
Th e

flow

area A T

(2*-6)12

(6.34)

for any given d ep t h

:
H

AT

AF

[Area(clvu) -

= HEIGHT

Area(clu)}

=^> AT
whe re
flow:

(R

= AF

AF

- i?

i?cos

(6.35)

TTR 2(2^/2TT) + . 5 T i ? c o s 7

(6.3 6)

7 + T i ? c o s 7/ 2

(6.37)

d e s ign a t es the top w i d t h of

cos 7 = (H -

2 i ? sm

Rcos(theta/2))/R. => 7 =

a rc c o s [ ( i J

(6.39) Th e w ett ed

(6.38)

- R cos{6/2))/R]
p e r i me t e r

P for any

give n d e p t h H:

PF

-2Rry

(6,40)

Chapte r

6.2

6.

ARCH

CULVERTS

H Y D R A U L IC E L E M E N T S
A R CH

OF A

PARTIALLY

23

S I LT E D

SEC T ION :

Denoting by SD the sediment depth inside the cul vert,w ith SD

<

(HEIGHT
- R),

we have:

Figure 6.7: Arc h culvert with sediment in. the

section

R[l

+ cos(0 /2)] + SD
s

HEIGHT

(6.41)

= > cos(0,/2) = HEIGHT

IR

=> 9

2 a.rccos[{HEIGHT

SD/R

SD)/R

(6.42)

1]

(6.43)

where:

R = HEIGHT
0
Calculating the full flow

l\\

4 arctan[5 PAN/(2HEIGHT)]

area

AF

cos(c?/2)] (6.44)
(6.45)

AF:

irR 2

Area(xnwky)

(6.46)

Chapter

G.

ARCH

24

CULVERTS

Area(xnwky)
= R2

* 6 /2
(6.47)

==- AF

TTR

Area(cxnwky)

Area(cxy)

- (2Rsm(8 /2))(HEIGHT

- R - SD)/2

2 - R2

* 6J2

(6.48)

+ (HEIGHT

- R - SD)Rsm(0 /2)
s

Th e ful l w etted p e r i m e t e r PF :

PF

= 2Ra

(6.49)

+ 2R sm(O /2)

with :
a
Th e fl ow

area

= AF

(2TT -e )/2

(6.50 )

for any given dept h

AR
H

AR

- [Area(clvu)

= HEIGHT

- Area(clu))
=4-

Th e wetted p e r i m e t e r

AR

= AF

(R

= AF
-

i?

7 2c os 7 +

TTR

P for any given dep t h

= PF

-2RJ

SD)

22 /(27T)
1

+ TRcos-y/2

+ .5TRcos-y

(6.51)
(6.52)
(6.53)

H :

(6.54)

H:

Chapte r 7

ELLIPTI

Ellipti c
l

cul verts

-horizontal elliptical

are

C C U L V E RTS

i ns ta l l e d wit h
culvert

the

- or

majo r

axis

either h o r i z o n t a

v e r t i c a l -vertical

elliptical

culvert .
W h e r e m i n i m u m cover co n di ti o ns are required or where v e r t i c a l clearance

is

l i m i t e d by ex i s t i n g s tructures , a h o r i z o n t a l e ll ip t i ca l culvert is re c o m m e n d e d as
it achieves
of equival ent

a greater c a pa c i t y for the same dept h of flow tha n most other culverts
w at er w a y area. H ow ev e r , where

m i n i m u m h o r i z o n t a l clearances

are des ired, a v er t i ca l e l l i p t i c a l culvert is

pref erred.

flushing

c on d it io n s bu t carries less flow at the

veloci ti es

under

minimu m

flow

It

also achieves

same depth than an equi val ent h o r i z o n t a l e l l i p t i c a l or ci rcu l a r c ul v er t .

25

higher

C h a p t e r 7.

7.1

ELLIPTIC

E L L I P T IC

Ellipse

26

CULVERTS

C U L V E R T S F R E E

OF

S E D I M E N T :

equation:

x /a
2

+ y /b = 1

(7.55)

= SPAN/2

(7.56)

HEIGHT/2

(7.57)

a
b

T
H

Fi gu r e 7.8: H o r i z o n t a l e l l i p t i c a l culver t

F lo w

area A R for any given flow

AR

d ep t h H :

= y

+ b

= 2

= 2a/b[y/2(b

(7.58)

xd y = 2a/ 6 ^ ( i

- y)

y )' <fy
2

+ b /2

arcsm(y/b)}%

(7. 59)

AR

= 2a/b[y /2(b
0

- y )
2

(7.60)
0

+ b /2arcsin(y /6) +
2

TT 6 /4 ]
2

Chapter

7. ELLIPTIC

Re p l a c i n g y

CULVERTS

27

by b, t h e f u l l fl o w a rea AF c a n be

AF
Th e w etted p e r i m e t e r

obtained :

ir*a*b

(7.61)

for any given fl ow depth H :

let:
x

a cost => dx/dt

y =

2 * length f r o m t =

bsint

dyjdt

TT/ 2 t o =

asin t
=

(7.62)
(7.63)

bcost

w here:
y

P
P

=
=

2 jl^Sdx/dtf
2 /!;

/ 2

[a

+
sin

= bsmt

=>

= a rcs i n( j/ c , /6 )

(7-64)

(dy/dty-}*dt
2

< + fe2 c o s 2 21
t\ dt =
b

W h e r e / is an e l l i p t i c i nt e gr a l that can be foun d to any a c c ura c y w i t h n u m e r i c a

l inte g r a t i o n .
U s in g S i m p s o n ' s
rule: Let :

gso(t) =

Cho os e

large even

numbe r

(a

sin 2 1

-f 6 2 c o s

/.)' 5

(7.65)

ND,say
ND

10

(7.66)

(t

*/2)/ND

(7.67 )

Let :

h =

Chapter 7.

ELLIPTIC

= 7r / 2 , SI = s

CULVERTS

28

, s

+ /i ,

= 7r/2 + / J i ,

, s

= s_
n

+ h
(7.68 )

= - P = 2(h/3)[gsp(s ) + 4 ^ 5 o ( 5 i ) + 2gso(s )
0

+ 4c?so(5 ) + ... + 4gso(s -i)

gso(s )}
n

(7.69)
Th e top w i d t h

is given by:
T

2acosi

(7.70)

Chapter 7.

7.2

ELLIPTIC

CULVERTS

29

H Y D R A U L IC E L E M E N T S OF
C A L

Denoting

P A R T I A L L Y S ILTE

D ELLIPTI

CULVERT:

by

SD

the sediment depth in the elliptical section which

is represented by the same equation in the plane xy .

For

point

S:

4.*

x.

Figure 7.9:

El liptic al culvert with sediment in the section

xl a cos
t yl

= b

sin t
with,
y i

The wetted perimeter P

P

= 2 * length

= SD

- HEIGHT/2

for any flow

depth H:

from t = a rcs i n ( y / 6 ) to t =
a

SD

-b

(7.71)

Chapter 7. ELLIPTIC

CULVERTS

30

where:

bs'mt

==>
H

t , a rc s i n ( y / 6 )
c

= y

(7.72)

+ b-

SD

2 F[(dx/dt)2 + (dy/dtffdt

(7.73)

(7.74)

Re f e rr i n g to eq ua ti ons 7.62 an d 7.63, an d using S im p s o n' s rule as i n the

p rev io u s sect io n, see eq ua ti ons 7.65 to 7.68, the wetted p er im e t e r P is
e v en t u a l l y:

P
+

2{H/3)[gso(s )

gso(s )]

2a|cost | ]

Agso(si)

(7.75) Th e fl ow area

2gso(s )

AR

..

for

any given flow d ept h H:

AR

2 jV

==y)
2

xdy

AR

2a/b

F'\b -y2)*dy
(7.76)
2

2a/b[y ./2(b
- y;)
- b /2 a r c s i n ^ / i ) ]
c

2a / b[y/2(b -y ) + b / 2 a,rcsm{y/b)]
2

+ b /2
2

arcsin(t/ /6) 0

yi

/2(b

Chapte r 8

I N LE T T Y PES

W h e t h e r the cu lv ert operates wit h inlet con t ro l or wit h outlet c o n t ro l , the

hy dra ulic, p ro per t ies of flow are i n bot h cases very dependen t
of

the entrance.

upo n the shape

Th e ideal design has an inlet such that no flow c o n t r a c t i o n

o ccu rs , w it h the ba rre l d o w n s t re a m fro m the entrance fl owing just full .

A special s tu d y s hou ld be made on whic h inlet to use for lon g cos tly
cu lv erts as use of th e p roper inlet shape can result in con s id er ab le
savings.

8.1

P R O J E C T I N G INLETS :

P ro j e c t i n g inlets represent
however their

use

the simplest

typ e

of culvert ent ra nc e;

is res tricted to culverts tha t are in line wit h the a p p ro a ch

fl o w - o t h er w is e, serious s cour p ro b lems

m ig ht occur wh ic h

could affect

em b a n k m en t - .
At

the entra nce, the fl ow is co n tr a ct ed to almost

.6DIA.

Fi g u r e 8.10: C o m m o n p ro j e c t i n g cu lv er t inlets

31

the

Chapter 8.

8.2

INLET

F L U SH

TYPES

32

INLETS :

W i t h fl ush inlets, the cul vert entrance is levelled w it h a he a dw al l whic h

provides a guide to the fl ow an d enhances the h y d r a u l i c effi ciency of the
cul vert .
Th e fl ow c o n t r a c t i o n at the entrance of the culvert ca n be kept to a m i n i m u
m using

a well rounded inlet, the most effi cient

H eadw al l s
p ro t e c t i n g
aligned
above

also

i t fro m

wit h
the

whichever

retain

the

crow n
is

the

fill and

erosion,

provid e

of

greater.

the

cul ver t

should

Th e h ea d w a l l

pred i c t ed m a x i m u m scour

s t a b i l i t y to the

however their use

di re cti on of the appro ach

s tand ar d

is

flow.
be

foundatio n

type of inlet.
embankmen t

also res tri cte d

Th e

culverts

height of the he a dw al l

minimu m
must

to

by

of

lft

be placed

or

.2D

I A,

below

the

depth .

"?LJ. :

rounded-lip entrance with

radius of rounding
=0.150

Fi g u r e 8.11:

Ro u n d e d - l i p entrance w it h radius of ro u n d i n g =

0.15 D

Chapter

8. 3

S.

33

INLET TYPES

W I NG W A L L S:

W i n g w a l l s are

m a i n l y used to

i m p o r t a n t i n s ecuri ng
develop

at

the

prot ect

the e m b a n k m e n t

entrance,

as a

cul ver t w i t h the approa c h

fl ow.

In the case of a skewed

drai na ge

the

fro m

embankment .

s couring

cons equence

of

the

c h an n el , the

walls

eddies

Th e y
whic h

nonalignement

ca n be quite

b ou ld e rs ,

branch es ,

an d

often
of

the

useful

guide the fl ow and co n tro l the water fro m a t t a c k i n g the e m b a n k m e n t

A l s o , i n areas where s tream s carry

are

other

to

fi ll .
fl o a ti ng

debris d u r i n g severe fl oods, w i n g w a l l s help align the flow of this m a t e r i a l t h ro u g h

the cul ver t and hence avoid cl o ggi ng of the
Pr a c t i c e i n the selection
engineer's j ud g em en t
Th e

orientation

and

general

indi cates
wingwalls .

that

of headwalls

an d the special

entr anc e.

an d w i n g w a l l s depends largely

45

H ow e v e r ,

features are factors

w i n g w a l l are

the

requirem ents of the p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n .

and size of the ap pro a c h c h an n el ,

topographi c

on

to

its
be

res is tance
c on s i d ere d.

to erosion,
Table

2.2

h y d r a u l i c a l l y mor e effi cient tha n parall e l

p ar al l el w i ng w a ll s

are

desirable

when the required l en g t

h of the w i n gw al l s has to be reduc ed and drainage is not a n i m p o r t a n t factor.

Chapte r

S,

INLET

Fi gur e 8.12:

TYPES 34

Commo n

types of w i n g w a l l entrance

Chapte r

I M P R O V E D I N LE T DESIGN S

It has been show n that whe n a cul vert

inlet

be haves

infl uence o n
the

as an

the fl ow.

cross s ecti on al

of m oney

since

expens i ve

orifi ce,

the

ba rre l resistance

In this case, the culvert

area

the

as

operates w i t h inlet c o n t ro l , th e

is fi lled

ba rrel

practicall y

wit h air. O b v i o u s l y , this represents

of the

cul vert

no

doesn' t ru n full and most of

represents

the

majo r

a waste

and

most

c om po n en t .

In order to increase the h y d r a u l i c effi ciency of

have

has

been mad e to i m prove thei r inlets.

culver ts , man y studies

Thre e m ai n designs of i m p ro v e d

inlets are {17]:

-)bevel

edge inlets

[Fig

9.13]

-)side t a p ere d inlets [Fig

-)slope t ap e red

inlets [Fig

9.14]
9.15]

Th e above inlets m i n i m i z e the flow c o n t r a c t i o n at

hydrauli c, c a pa c i ty of the cul ver t.

For

exis ti ng

inlets

the

capacity,

can

be used

to increase

c o n s t r u c t i n g a larger

the

inlet

and increase

und ers ized

hence

cul verts ,

saving

c o n t ro l

degra da ti o n of

erosion,

and

the

sm al l

chann el up s t rea m

of

the

low eri ng of the inlet cross

as

culvert

applied

of

they
and

help
ban k

due to the

section.

Th e h y d r a u l i c design of cul verts using s loping t ap e re d inlets

for

cost

ponds for re c re a ti o n purpos es . Th e use of slope

tap ered inlets further increases the am oun t of w a t e rh e a d

co m p u te r p ro g r a m

tap ered

cu l ve r t.

A d d i t i o n a l benefi ts can be ob ta i ne d wit h raised-inlet culverts ,

provi d e

the

the

bot h

box

and

p ro g r a m , the savings i n cross secti on is

35

c irc ul a r

culverts .

also shown to

the

is in cl u de d in th e
In

the

user.

c om pu t e r

Chapter

9.

IMPROVED

INLET

DESIGNS

Fi g u r e 9.13:

Bevel-edge

36

inlets

ELEVATION VIEW

Fi g u r e 9.14:

Si de - t a pe red

inlets

C U L V IH
T
SAflRCL

Fi g u r e

C U VAT t O N

VltW

9.15:

Sl op e - t ap ere d

inlets

Chapter 9.

9.1

B O

IMPROVED

INLET

DESIGNS

37

XC U L V E R T :

TrcLrtSihon

/ess

0--0

_
r

o
4*

in

Bo.rrd

Fi gu r e 9.16: H y d r a u l i c elements
tapered inlets

at

Referri ng to Fi g 9.16 and ass um ing that c ri t i ca l fl ow occurs at the entran ce

of the i nl et, the foll owi ng equ ati o n can be
s e ction 2

as:

Z + DC
where
and V
Hi

Hi
2

w r i t t e n between section 1 an d

represents

+
the

Vc /2g

total

head

loss

V /2g

+ H (9 .78)

between

section

represent res pecti vel y the dept h and fl ow velo city at

1 an d 2; d
section

2.

is due to the f ri c ti o n loss plus a t r a n s i t i o n c o n t r a c t i o n loss.

Ta k i n g Kc

.1 where A'c represents a c o n t r a c t i o n loss coeffi cient,

H

Wher e

Sji

.5L(S + S ) +
n

and 5/ ; represent

f2

A(V /2g 2

Hi

is

res pectively the fric tion slope at

d 2 -B o t h can be easily cal cul at ed using M a n n i n g

For p r a c t i c a l purpos e,
n loss

Vc /2g)

assumed to be

.5ft;

get:
(9.79)

s e ction 1 an

equation -.
this is due to the fact

that fric tio

Chapte r

u s u al l y
3ft.

9.

IMPROVED INLET

varies f ro m

.1 .2ft.

DESIGNS

and

Theref ore, the req ui red dro p Z

transition' s

can be

Z = [d + V /2g +
2

contractio n

ca l c ul at e d
.5] -

[DC

loss varies f ro m

as:
+

Vc /2g]

(9.80 )

A l s o , do is as s um ed to be between .8 .9 the height of the bo x

c ul v er t . [6] Fro m the M a n n i n g e q u a t i o n , the barre l slope ca n
be c a l c u l a t e d :
S

[QN/(1A9AR ) }
2/3

(9.81 )

N . B : Fro m equ ati ons 9.80 an d 9.81, i t is ded uce d

the

ba rre l slope

s lopi ng tapere d

decreases.
inlets

redu ced barrel cross

9.2

Th e

s houl d be

increased
c o m p a re d

that as the fall Z is increas ed,

exc ava tion

cost

using

to the savings achieved fro m a

s ecti on.

C I R C U L AR C U L V E R T:

Th e same pro ce d ure o u t l i n e d in box culvert, is used.

th e

fro m

increase i n f r i c t i o n loss;

Th e dept h of water at
f urther

details. See

Hi

section

is

as s um ed

2 is taken as

c om pu t e r o u t p u t - 3 .

to
.ID.

H ow ev e r , due to

be.6ft.
See

[6] for

38

.1 .

C h a p t e r 10

S C O UR AT C U L V ERT

OUTLETS

A t the cu lv ert inlet , the p o t e n t i a l energy of fl ow is t r a n s f o rm e d

k i n e t i c energy

as

the

b arre l cross

section

is muc h sm al ler

int o

t ha n the

non

c o n s t r i c t e d st ream section.
Th e re s u l t i n g h ig h fl ow
the outlet an d as

v el oci t i es can

p ro d u c e large

a result a s u b s t a n t i a l a m o un t

scour

holes

ben eat h

of sedim en ts is t r a n s p o r t e

d d o w n s t re a m .
If this scour p ro b l e m is left u n ch ec ked , the flow at the outlet m ig h t u n d e rm i n e
the culvert s t r uc t u re an d cause fa i lu re of the ba rrel and the e m b a n k m e n t ;
besides a g gr a da t i o n of the c h a n ne l, lan d areas an d p ro p er t ies d o w n s t r e a m of
the outlet cou l d result i n severe and cos tly

10.1

d a ma g es .

S C O UR C O N T R OL AT C U L V E RT OUTLETS:
O ft e n , scour p ro b lem s are not due to excessively hig h o ut let v e lo ci ti es ,

but

inst ead

they result fro m c ha n ne l d e g r a d a t i o n d o w n s t r e a m fro m the

cu lv er t . T h erefo re, i t is wise i n outlet des ig n, to expect chan n el eros ion

select a lower elev ati on for the culvert outl et

and

s tr u c t u re.

In the case of hig h fl ow velo cities , i t is w o r t h w i l e to rem em b e r that scour at

culvert out lets result m a i n l y fro m c o n c en t r at ed flow em ergi n g from the ba rrel
caus ing eddies an d waves

w hi c h

a t t ack

the

ch ann el banks

at the

sides

of

the c ul ve r t .
Ban

k scour is a c c e n t u a t e d

where

the ch a n nel

widt

h is re la t iv e ly

n arrow

co mp a red to the cu lv ert o ut let-. So, the idea is to tr y to d is t r i b u t e the flow and
eit her t r a n s fo r m
d iss ipate

the hig h k i n e t i c

energy

it.
39

int o p o t e n t i a l

energy

or jus t

Chapter

10.

SCOUR

AT

CULVERT

OUTLETS

40

F lo w d i s t r i b u t i o n can be reali zed w i t h the use of a n apro n and a w i n g w a l l .

W i n g w a l l s protect the banks fro m eddies prod u c e d i n the
however,

aprons must be

tailwater ;

p ro vi d e d to secure the w in gw al ls fro m

undercutting .
D e n o t i n g by x the h o r i z o n t a l d i re c t i o n , by y the v er t i ca l d i re c t i o n , by t the tim e ,
an d c on s i de rin g

the fl ow f ro m the

outlet

as a free jet

wi t h v e l oc i t i y V , we
0

have:

Th e di s t an c e L req ui red for the jet

to fall a distance equal to the

d ia m e t e r

HEIGHT
of the cul vert pipe is

the n :
(10.82)

Fro m w h i c h , and a l l o w in g a safety factor, the a p prox i m a t e l ength

L was
a

pro posed

as:
L

On e of the means
t ai l w at e r d ep t h . H i g h
t

part

this

in

case,

(10.83)

37V s/HEIGHT
0

of di s s i p at i n g

k i n e t i c energy

roughness and fl atter

is by e s t a b l i s h i n g

chann el slope play an

i ncreas i ng the water depth d o w n s t re a m fro m the

i f the

of apro n

fl ow

was super c ri t i ca l

d o w n s t re a m , a h y d r a u l i c j u m p occurs

inside

the

cul vert

cul vert

causing a s u b s t a n t i a l

and

a high

importan
outlet.

subcritica l

energy loss.

A n e c o n o m i c a l energy dis si pator can often be realized b y pl a ci n g l o c a l l y

availabl e large rocks or boul d ers

at

the culvert outlet

[12].

In

Chapter

10.

10. 2

SCOUR

S C O U R

AT

CULVERT OUTLETS

E S T I M A T I O N :

Var i o u s ex p e r i m e n t s have been done

p ro d u c e d by using
diff erent,

cul vert

41

diff erent discharges

i n this

field [10].

Scour

holes

were

an d

using

on diff erent be d m a te ri al s ,

shapes and ta i l w a t er c o n d i t i o n s . A n a l y s i s of the ex p e r i m e n t a l

results led to the f o l l o w i n g con clusions:

- ) A p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 % of the m a x i m u m d e p t h , w i d t h an d
a t t a i n e d i n the

first

half hou r of scour.

-)Th e m a x i m u m scour
le ng t h .

dept h was locat ed

-)Th e use of h e a d w a l l has

of

scour

an d on

constructed ,

length of scour is

the

no noti c eable

rate

prevent

of

scour.

betw een
infl uence

.3 an d

.4 of the m a x i m u m scour

on the m a x i m u m

H ow ev er ,

headwalls

i f

prop e rl y

u n d e r m i n i n g of the culvert b a rre l and protect the

e m b a n k m e n t fro m u n d e r c u t t i n g on bot h sides of the culvert

outlet.

-)Th e m a x i m u m di m ens i ons

whe n the

discharges on
tend

to

dept h

of

the

scour

hole

increase

culver t

a bed of u n i f o r m m a t e r i a l . O n the other h a n d , graded m a te ri al s

arm o u r

the

scour hole, hence re d u c i n g the u l t i m a t e scour hole

dim ens i ons fro m those of more u n i f o r m ma terials.

-)Scour hole d i m en s i on s

are larger whe n the ta il w a t er

invert an d the cul vert centre

eleva tion is betw een the

line.

-)A t the e q u i l i b r i u m stage, scour

hole acts as

an

excellent energy

Scour hole d i m en s i on s are given by the c om pu t e r p ro g r a m , using the

e m p i r i c a l f orm ul as

dsni

kV

s r n

s m

WHERE:
M a x i m u m d e p t h of

sm

sm

f o ll ow i ng

[10]:

R l i ^ - m i 0
4 )

d =

dis s ipator.

sco ur

M a x i m u m w i d t h of sc o u r

sm

m =

/-in o A\

Ayi'RH ( 1 0 " 8

Chapter

10.

SCOUR

AT

CULVERT

L =

M a x i m u m l e ng t h of

V ~

M a x i m u m v ol u m e of

sm

sm

Coeffi cients
tabl e 10.3 .

a and

b are

sco u r
scour

given i n

OUTLETS

Chapter 10. SCOUR

AT

Table 10.3: S u m m a r y

S o i l

tu j j ^ C -

CULVERT

OUTLETS

of coeffi cients a an d b for eq u a t i o n 10.84

De.jtencjcnl'

ex.

/afv'aij]c

cls^v / R H

0.^3

.63

/ ^

GGGG roAzAroAzAroAzAroAzA

o.?>

0-27

\\\\ 3333 rrrr\i9\i9\i9\i9oooo TTTT mmmm

Ws>*/KV\

6 .

0.53

/-hi

/ r\V\3

o-Z7

Wsv.

/ R

V4

0.

o-53
)

o 2*5

4
Ls>- / R H

(3 - \ \

C h a p t e r 11

O T H E R CONSIDERATIONS :

G e n e r a l l y , cu lver ts are costly. H o w e ve r , m a jo r savings can

ac hi ev ed

be

by carefu l h y d r a u l i c design i n order to choose o p t i m a l ba rre l

di m en s i on s . In most cases, the engineer kn ow s the

al low a bl e

often

head at the inlet.

design

discharge

H ow e v e r , he the n faces the qu es t io n

culv ert shape is most e c o n o m i c a l and mor e con veni en t to

an d the
of wh ic h

use.

C o m p u t e r o u tp u t - 1 i l l u s t ra t es various culverts that diff er i n shape but have the

same eq ui val e n t di am e te r of 10ft. Th e design discha rg e is 1000ft /s
3

a llo wabl e
e latter

head
shows

an d the

water level is 14ft. Th e results are s u m m a r i z e d in table 11-4. Th

that

c i rc u l a r culverts .

the m a x i m u m dept h of scour at the outlet is greater wit h

Ho w ev er ,

the m a x i m u m w i d t h and

len g t h of scour

are

greater whe n box cu lv ert s are used.

A n ex p e r i en c e d design engineer coul d a n t ic ip a t e the above result since jets
dis charged fro m square ou tlets tr y to dis perse an d im p a c t over

a wider area

tha n the mor e concen t r at e d jets fro m c i rc u l a r c ul v er t s .

Th e use of arch cu lv erts or v e r t i c a l e l l i p t i c a l culvets leads to m i l d e r erosion
values, m a in l y because of the a p p re ci a b l e fl ow d i s t r i b u t i o n that takes effect i n
t h em . Th e refo re, i f ero sion at the ou t l et . rep res en t s

a severe p ro b l e m for

the designer, ci rcu la r culverts shou ld be a v o id ed an d the best choice is either

to use an arch or a v e r t i c a l e l l i p t i c a l cu lver t. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , as table 11-4 shows,
the ci rcu la r culverts are able to carry a higher full dis ch arg e
o ther

cu lv er ts.

Als o ,

capacit y

tha n

where sediment, dep os it i on occurs

inside the c ul v er t , the al low ab le h eadw a t er can more rea d il y be exceeded

wit h arch or v e rt ic a l

44

Chapter 11.

OTHER

CONSIDERATIONS:

45

el l i p t i c a l cu lv er ts , wh ic h m i gh t result in fl oo d in g the road an d d a m a g e to the

em ba n k ment .
E v e n t h o u g h the co m p u t e r p ro g r a m carries out most of the h y d r a u l i c
c a l c u l a t i o n s rel evant
aware

of

the

to

the

adverse

design,
effects

the

culvert

on cu lv er t

designer

ca p a cit y

should

re s u l t i n g

also
fro

be

m air

e n t r a i n m e n t tha t ha p p en s m a i n l y w it h low inlet s u b m erg e n c e. A ls o , the

engineer s ho u l d use his ow n j u d g e m e n t ' o n wh et her to

use

a con crete or a

c o rr u ga t e d steel c u l v e r t . C on cre t e pipes are sm o o t h e r and h y d r a u l i c a l l y mor e

effi cient, however they p ro d u c e hig h outlet v el ocit ies that mig h t result i n scour
p ro b l em s d o w n s t re a m .
Th e service life of the c ul ver t can

be g rea t ly

ex t en d ed

when the

ba rre l

is p ro t e c t e d fro m e ros io n . Serious c orro s io n u s ua l l y starts fro m the o u t s id e of

a cu lv er t
culvert
the

an d the n moves t o wa r d the i ns ide, so i t ma y not be n o t i c e d i f the

is not ex pos ed

cu lv er t in

an

or if s am pl es are not cut fro m the ins id e.

i n o r g a n i c fi l l zone

Enclosin g

of low p e r m e a b i l i t y is preferred since

o rg an ic e n v i ro n m e n t s support, the g row t h of b a c t e r i a wh ic h can g rea t ly

enh an ce the co rros io n process. G a l v a n i z i n g and inc reased
l en gt hens the life of

steel

culv erts

against

th ic kness

c o rro s i o n , however

i t has

checked that p ro t e c t i v e oxides whic h are exp ect ed to for m i n cont act
air do

ind eed

of m e t a l
to

be

w it h the

de velop. G e n e r a l l y , precast c oncret e pip e of good q u a l i t y is

h ig h l y resistant

to

erosion

but care

mus t

be

that

the

taken

agains t

the

a bras iv e

a ct io n of s t rea m bed lo ad .
Th e c om pu t e r p ro g r a m assumes

that

l oo ke d

the design

at the

the w aters he d

that

carry is al ready k n o w n . Th er e is no p a r t i c u l a r p h i l o s o p h

to

and

has

s tream hy drol ogy an d

the cul vert has

area,

designer

discharge

y i n wha t type of fl ood to choose i n d e t e rm i n i n g the design dis charge, however the
f o l l ow i n g
secondary

two

road pos i n g

migh t s up po rt
h

fill

extrem e

are

no threat

generally agreed
to

p ro p e r t y

upon :

dam age

low

fill

on

up s t re a m or dow n

a design for 5 year or 10 year s torm . In the other ha nd , a hig

on a m aj o r

fl ood w i t h

cases

hi ghw ay w i t h

developed

prop e rt y

m igh t require

a design

C-ha.pt.er

11.

OTHER

a 100 year re t u r n p e r i o d or longer.

runoff

CONSIDERATIONS: 46

Uncertaintie s

i n d e t e rm i n i n g

the exact

tha t the cul ver t mus t carry m ust not pre clude the designer fro m c a rr y i n g

out the necessary h y d r a u l i c analysi s. O t h e r w i s e a large

used and the cul vert w i l l p ro b a b l y be

ove rdes ig ned.

safety factor

has to be

Chapter 11.

OTHER

CONSIDERATIONS:

Ta b l e 11.4: S u m m a r y of (he res ults o b t a i n e d from c o m p u t e r

CUL

Hwc

VfiT

(FtV.)
\sj >

(*=)

= |f t

PV)

\ S D - . I ft \ S D ,

SD = 0 \

Ci V c ul cx .r-

output- ]

SD=

X Mf3

J Ft

iC - . l Vt

5b =o \

25.\ \

sis

1 ^

151554

\ v l 3 . \

M -

* 6 3.

X AkX

j\cc\\
X

^3.

425 .

1 \

i\

JU5.j \

>

El

-?U.t>

X 3X - I

i>j*s^-

^ lion 'Zon to. I)

3 3 . M \
x

\ 15553!

iSTtfX
\

lu. C

155531 \

C h a p t e r 12

S UM M A RY AND CONCLUSION:

C u l v e r t s can be ex p ens i v e an d man y c o ns i d er a t i o ns

have to be t a ke n

into a cco u n t i n th eir des ig n. T h i s thesis has c o n c e n t r a t e d on h y d r a u l i c analysis

since i t represents a m a jo r elem ent i n cul v ert design where the ai m is to o b t a i
n the smalles t an d hence most e c o no m i c a l s t r u c t u re tha t wil l carry the design
dis charge for a fi xed head on the i nl et. A c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m for the h y d r a u l i c
design of cu lv er ts was
an

ex i s t i n g culv ert is

regions
to

w r i t t e n i n the Ba s i c language. Th e

where

changes

design

include d i n
fl ows

have

the p ro g r a m ,

increas ed

in

as

it

recent

ab il i t y to
could be

years,

check

useful i n

perh aps

due

i n w eat h er p a t te rn s , a d d i t i o n a l h y d ro l o g i c da t a , or to the increase

of u r b a n i z a t i o n an d i n d u s t r i a l d ev el o p m en ts .
Th e h y d r a u l i c design of cu lv er ts is

quite c om pl e x

since man y

factors

have a n impact, on the final design. G e n e r a l l y , the most effi cient, designs are the
ones based o n the cul v er t
d esign , the slope and the

fl ow in g full wh ic h requires careful s tu d y of the inlet

rou ghness.

short cu lv er t s or i n long cu lv er ts
e in long culverts wi t h

Inlet design is p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t i n

w it h steep slopes, bu t of lesser i m p o r t a n c

fl at slopes.

Slope is not i m p o r t a n t whe n the cont ro l section is at the inlet.

H ow e v e r , w it h

outlet, c o n t rol , i n c re a s i n g the cul v er t slope results in a h ig her discharge.

Th e l engt h wil l d e te rm i ne w h et h er a culvert, on a fl at slope wil l fl ow
p o o r l y designed

i nl et.

Le n g t h is also a factor

in culverts

full

fl ow ing

wit h a

full as the

head loss due to f r i c t i o n increases wit h l e n g t h .

W i t h the c o m p u t e r p ro g r a m an d the a n a l y t i c a l a pp ro ac h
thesis

48

i l l u s t r a t e d i n this

Chapter

12.

SUMMARY AND

CONCLUSION:

49

for the h y d r a u l i c a na ly s is of cu lv erts , the engineer has an o p p o r t u n i t y to use

a

new

way

nomograms

of c o m p u t i n g cul v ert ca p a c it y i ns tea d of using the s t an d a r d

and charts.

l i m i t a t i o n s on
not

Th i s wil l help the engineer save t ime , and avoid

use of c ul vert

i n c l u d e curves

for

all

ca p a c it y ch arts . For ex a m pl e , these charts

cu lv er t

d im ens i ons

h eadw a t er curves for onl y s i ng le-b a rrel

var ious

cu lv ert

to mak e

st u d y

of the cost

show

d is ch arg e-

i m p ro v e d inlet designs as

increase the dis charge ca p a c it y of the cu lv er t .

advis ab le

as

an d they

do

cul v ert .

T hi s thesis gave sp ecia l a t t en t i o n to

they

the

an d

Ho w ev er , i t

benefi ts

at

each

site to see whet h er or not m o d i fi c a t i o n to the inlet

wo u l d

be

particula r

g eo m etr y

such

bevel edge, side tapers or slope tapers are w a rr a n t e d .

Serious c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be g iv en to the size and

q u a n t i t y of debris

whe n

selecting cu lv ert sizes. Als o , the debris s i t u a t i o n can change very q u ick l y if the
watersh ed is i n a lo g g in g

area.

Be d scour at the ou tlet of a culv ert ma y not be as serious as l a ter a l erosion

whi c h u n d e rm i n e s the e m b a n k m e n t , but i f allowed to progress u n checked , it ma
y u n d e rm i n e the end of the cu lv er t pipe . Va r i o u s scour c on t rol p ro cedu res an d
es t i m a t i o n of scour hole d im en s io n s were
most

of the

studies

ma d e on

ap proaches an d therefo re,

the

the

p res ented

i n this thesis.

Ho w ev er ,

scour at cu lv er t o ut lets rely on e m p i r i c a l

engineer

has

to

use

his own j u d g e m e n t and

ex p e r i e nc e. Th e engineer s ho u l d also try to adjust cer ta i n em p i r i c a l coeffi cients

when ever he feels tha t such m o d i fi c a t i o ns w oul d suit better his specifi c culvert
des ign or after l o o k i n g at a lready co n s t r uct ed

culverts .

Bibliograph y

[1]
[2]

Vent Te C h o w (1959)
Po r t l a n d
Pipe

[3]

Cemen t

Open-Channel

Associatio n

Hydraulics, pages

(1964).

Handbook

of

493-501.

Concrete

Culvert

Hy draulics

A m e r i c a n C o n c re t e

[4] James F .
ASCE ,

Ruf f

and

Octobe r

A s s o c i a t i o n (1980)
Steven

1985,

R. A b t

pages

Concrete

Culvert

1363-1367,

Slope

Pipe
Effects

J o u rn a l

on

of

Handbook .
Outlet

the

Scour,

Hydrauli c

Division .
[5]

James F. Ru f f an d

Steven

R. A b t

Estimating
Culvert Scour
Material,

A S C E , J a n u a r y 1982, pages 25-33,

[6] Ro n a l d L . Ro s s m i l l e r , and

[7]

Cohesive

J o u rn a l of the H y d r a u l i c D i v i s i o n .

M e r w i n D . D o u g a l Tapered Inlet Design

Specific Energy Curves, A S C E , J a n u a r y 1982,

the

in

pages

127-135,

Using

J o u rn a l

of

Hydrauli c Division .

Fre d W. B l a i s d e l l Flow

in culverts

and

related

design

philosophies,

ASCE

, M a rc h 1966, pages 19-31, J o u rn a l of the H y d r a u l i c D i v i s i o n .

[8] Lo ren z G . S t r a u b an d H e n r y M . M o r r i s Hydraulic Data Comparison of Concrete
and Cor.rigat.ed

Metal

Culvert

Pipes.

Jul y

1950,

Minneapolis ,

Minnesota .
[9]

M O E
for

[10]

Te c h n i c a l

Re p o r t 6

Water Crossings,
Jam es F. Ru ff ,

EnvironmentalObjectives

J a n u a r y 1984,

S . R. A b t

an d

F. K . D o e h r i n g

Influence
on

M a rc h 1987,

Procedures

Vic tori a B. C .

Shape
ASCE,

and

of

Culvert

Outlet Scour,

pages 393-399, J o u rn a l of H y d r a u l i c

Engineering .
50

Bibliography

(11]

51

D a v i d L . Ya r n e l l

and F l o y d A . N a g l e r Flow

of

Water

through

Culverts,

Iowa studies i n engi ne eri ng, Jun e 1926.

[12]
B o h a n J.P .
Storm-Drain
U. S . A rm y

Erosion
Outlets,

Wa t e r w a y s

and.

Riprap Requirements

Experimen t

[13] M e n d o z a C . Headwall Influence

at

S ta t io n , V i c k s b u r g , M i s s . ,

on Scour

at Culvert

Outlets,

Culvert and

1970.

M . S . Th es is ,

C o l o r a d o State U n i v e r s i t y , C o l o. , 1980
[14]

Ruf f

J . F. ,

Outlets

Ab t

S.R.,

in Mixed

Kloberdan z

Bed

Materials,

R. ,

and S h a i k h

Fed er a l

C.

Scour

at

Culvert

Highwa y Ad m i n i s tr a t i o n ,

Wa s h i n g t o n D . C . , 1981.
[15]

George
For

K . Yo u n g , M i t c h e l l

R . C h i l d r e y , an d

Ro y E . Tre n t

Optimal

Design

High way Drainage Culverts, A S C E , J u l y 1974, pages 971-993, J o u rn a l of

the H y d r a u l i c D i v i s i o n .
[16]

Malcol m
for

H. Kar r

Pipe Culverts

and

Leslie A . C l a y t o n

on Steep

Grades,

Model

Studies

of

Inlet

Designs

B u l l e t i n No. 35 , J un e 1954,

Orego

n State C ol l eg e.
[17] J e rom e M . N o r m a n n Improved Design of Highway Culverts,
, pages 70-73, A S C E , M a rc h
[18]

Wa y n e Ta l b o r t an d
Silted

Round Section,

Civi l Engineering

1975.

H a rr y J . B rm i d Hydraulics

A S A E Tr a n s a c t i o n s ,

Elements

of

pages 288-292, J ul y

a Partially
1977.

[19] L i n s l e y R . K . and J. B . Fr a n z i n i (1972) Water Resources Engineering, pages

542, M c G r a w - H i l l .
[20]
Henderso n
1966.

F . M . Open

Channel Flow,

pages

258-264,

531-

52

- I

HYDRAULI C

LIS

DESIG N

OF

CULVERT S

T D E S I G N D A TA :

D I S C H A R S E C c f s ) = 1OOO
SLO P E i = . 0 0 5
TH E A C C E L E R A T I O N DU E TO G R A V I T Y q ( f t / s A
3 2 . 2 A L L O W A B L E WATE R HEA D (. f t ) =
M A N N I N G R O U G H N E S S OF TH E C U L V E R T - . 0 1 2

T A I LW AT E R D E P T H C f t ) = 4
L E N G T H OF TH E C U L V E R T C f t ) = 3 0 0
S E D I M E N T D E P T H I N TH E C U L V E R T C f t ) =

2 ) =
14

CHEC K E X I S T I N G C I R C U L A R C ULVER T

D I A M E T E R OF

E X I S T I N G C U L V E R T (. ft' ) -- 1 0

E N T R A N C E S H A P E S E L E C T E D : 2 - - P R O J E C T I N GE N T R A N C E GROOV E E DG E

I NLE T CONTRO L GOVERN S

A C T U A L I NL.ET HEA D WATER ( f t.1 = 1 2 . 1 1 5

E Q U I VAL E N T D I A M E T E R O F C U LVE R T C f t ) -

10

C R I T I C A L D E P T H I N TH E C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 7 5 8 1 4 8 5
CRITICA L
S L O P E OF TH E C U L V E R T ^ 8 . 1 6 6 4 4 2 E - 0 3

C R I T I C A L V E L O C I T Y I N TH E C U L V E R T ( f t / s J =

15.7347 6

F U L L FLOW C A P A C I T Y OF TH E C U L V E R T C f t ' 3 / s ) = 1 2 7 0 . . 2 0 4
F U L L . FLOW V E L O C I T Y I N TH E C U L V E R T C f t / s ) = 16. 17273

OUTLE T V E L O C I T Y V(ft/s)
TYP E

= 13.6722 2

2 F L OW : C R I T I C A L D E P T H AT O U T L E T , O U T L E T
DSUBCRITICA L

UNSUBMERGE

FL OW .
S O I L T Y P E S E L E C T E D A T TH E C U LVE R T O U T L E T : 2 - U N I F O R M SAN D

E S T I M A T E D M A X I M U M D E P T H OF S C O U R < f t ) - 2 5 . 8 5 9 1 2
E S T I M A T E D M A X I M U M W I D T H OF S C O U R ( f t ) -- 9 8 . 3 5 8 9 8

E S T I M A T E D MA X I MU M L E N G T H OF S C O U R C f t ) = 2 4 7 . 9 7 2 9
E S T I M A T E D M A X I M U M V O L UM E OF SCOU R ( ft"'" 3 ) =" 1 5 1 5 5 4 . 2

H Y D R A U L I C

L I S T

D E S I G N

D E S I G N

O F

C U L V E R TS

2 ) =

D AT A:

D I S C H A R G E (c : f s )

1 00 0

SLOPE = . 0 0 5
T H E

A C C E L E R A T I ON D U E

ALLOWABLE
MANNING

WAT E R

T O G R A V I T Y

H E A D ( f t ) =

ROUGHNESS

OF "

THE C UL V ERT=

2T A I L W A T E R D E P T H ( f t ) = =
L EN GT H

O F T H E

SEDIMENT

I N

.,01

T H E

3 00

C U L V E R T C f t ) =

C H EC K E X I S T I N G

DIAMETER

O F E X I S T I N G

C U L V E R T (. f t ) =

ENTRANCE S H AP E S E L E C T E D :

I N L E T

CONTROL

A C T UA L

C I R C U LA R

DIAMETER

10

2 --PROJECT ING ENT RANCE G R O OVE

i f t ) =

D E PT H

I N

T H E

C R I T I C A L

S L O P E OF

T H E

C R I T I C A L

V E L O C I T Y

I N

9 . 6 1 2 6 6 4

C U L V E R T C f t > =
CULVER T
T H E

6 . 9 9 6 0 1 6

8 . 5 7 8 4 3 6 E - 0 3

C U L V E R T C f t / s > =

1 5 . 7 5 1 6

F U L L

FL OW C A P A C I T Y

O F T H E C U L V E R T C f t '"-3/s > =

F U L L

FL OW

I N

V E L O C I T Y

7 O U T L E TV E L O C I T Y
2

F LOW:

E DGE

1 2 . 7 2 4 7 1

OFC U L V E R T < f t > =

C R I T I C A L

T Y P E

C U L V E RT

G O V E R NS

I N L E T H E A D W AT ER

EQ UI VA L ENT

3 2 .2

C U L V E R T ( f t ) =

D E PT H

q ( f t / s

14

T H E C U L V E R T C f t / s ) =

V < f t / s ) =

C R I T I C A L

1 1 7 2 . 8

1 5 . 7 5 2 3

14,,21407

D E P T H AT

OUTLET,OUTLE T

UNSUBMERGE

DS U B C R I T I C AL F LOW.
S O I L

T Y P E S E L E C T ED AT

T H E

C U L V E R T O U T L E T :

2-LJNIFORM

EST IMATED

MAXIMUM

D E P T H O F S C O U R ( ft' )

25.013179

EST IMATED

MAX IMUM

W I D T H O F S C O U R C f t ') "

9 7 . 5 2 7 1 7

ESTIMAT ED

MAXIMUM

L E N G T H

E ST I MA T ED

MAX IMUM

V O L UM E O F S C O U Rt

O F S C O U R C f t ) =
f t

SAND

2 4 4 . 3 3 3 1
3 ) =

1 4 3 5 2 5 . 6

55

HYDRAULIC

LI S T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 1000
SLOPE= .005
THE
AC C E LE RA TI O N DUE
TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s ~ 2 ) = 32
ALLOWABLE WATER
H E A D ( f t ) = 14
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE CULVERT^ .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 300
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 0

CHECK

EXISTIN G

BOX CULVERT

HEIGHT OF E X I S T I N G BOX C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 8.899999

Wl'DTH OF E X I S T I N G BOX C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 8.899999

ENTRANCE

SHAPE

SE L EC T E D :

2 - PR O J EC T I NG

ENTRANCE GROOVE

INLET CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL INLET
HEAD WATER(f t) =12.07 431
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 1 0
DEPTH IN
THE
CULVERT(ft)
. 03 C R I T I C A L
= 7 .3190 C R I T I CA L SLOPE
OF THE CULVERT=
8.7 345 78ECR IT IC A L
VE LO CI TY IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t/ s )=
f t " 3/s)
ft / s ) =
f t ) = 6.
t/ s )= 1
OUTLET V EL OC IT Y V ( f t / s ) = 16.88421
TYPE
1 FLOW: C R I T I C A L DEPTH AT I N L E T , O U T L E
UNSUBMERGED SU P E RC R I TI C A L
SOIL
TYPE S E LE C TE D AT THE CULVERT u U T L E T :

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
9

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

EDGE

1
14.96385

T
FLOW.
2-UNIFORM SAND

DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 24.7 3178

WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 10 3 . 44 0 6
LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) =
253.8 046
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t ~ 3 ) = 155597.

HYDRAULIC

LIS T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

DISCHARGE( c f s ) = 1000
SLOPE= .005
THE A CCE L E RA TI ON
DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s ^ 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 14
MANNING ROUGHNESS
OF THE CULVERT= .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 30 0
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 1

CHECK

HEIGHT
G

E XI S TI N G BOX

CULVERT

OF

E X I S T I N G BOX C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
8.89 9999 WIDTH OF E X I S T I N
BOX C U L V E R T * f t ) = 8.899999

ENTRANCE

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2-PROJECTING

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

INLET CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL INLET
HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 13.07 07 7
EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
9.433257 C R I T I C A L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
7.31905 C R I TI C A L
SLOPE OF
THE CULVERT^ 8 . 7 3 4 5 7 8 E - 0 3
C R I T IC A L VE L O CI T Y
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
15 . 3 5 1 6 6
FULL FLOW CAPA CITY OF THE
C U L V E R T ( f t ~ 3 / s ) = 10 0 9 . 9 3 2
FULL FLOW V E LO C I TY IN THE
C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =1 4 . 3 63 9 9
UNIFORM
FLOW
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 6.654754
UNIFORM V E L O C I T Y
THROUGH C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
16 . 8 8 4 1
OUTLET V E L O C I T Y V ( f t / s ) = 16.8841
TYPE
1 FLOW: C R I T I C A L DEPTH AT I N L E T , O U T L E T UNSUBMERGED
S U PE R C R I T I C A L FLOW.
SOIL
TYPE S E L E C T ED AT THE CULVERT
OUTL ET:
2-UNIFORM SAND

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
4

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 2 4.7 31 79
WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 1 0 3 . 4 4 03
LENGTH OF S C O U R * f t ) =
25 3.8 04 2
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t " 3 ) = 15 559 7.

HYDRAULIC

LI S T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 1000
SLOPE= .005
THE A C C E L E RA T I O N
DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s ~ 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 14
MANNING ROUGHNESS
OF THE CULVERT= .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 300
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 0

CHECK

E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L CU LVER T

SPAN OF THE E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 14
HEIGHT OF THE E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 6.8

ENTRANCE

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2 - PR O J E C TI N G

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

INLET CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL IN L E T HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 1 2 . 0 9 4 8 3
E Q UI V A LEN T DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
1 0 . 0 14 9 3 C R I T I C A L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
5.77586 C R I T I C A L SLOPE
OF THE
CULVERT=
7.650096E-0 3
CR I T I C A L V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 4 . 8 3 0 07
FULL
FLOW C A P A C I T Y OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ~ 3 / s ) = 1 1 17 . 7 0 3
FULL FLOW V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
14.9 4856
OUTLET V E L O C I T Y V ( f t / s ) = 1 3.8 4 9 08
TYPE

6 FLOW: FUL L

SOIL

TYPE S E LE C T E D AT THE CULVERT O U TL E T :

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
9

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

FLOW,FREE O U T F A L L , O U T L E T

UNSUBMERGED.
2-UNIFORM

DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 2 4 . 08 9 3 9
WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 9 3 . 44 6 4 4
LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) =
2 3 4. 2 6 8 5
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t ~ 3 ) = 12 664 6.

SAND

58

HYDRAULIC

LIS T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

DISCHARGE( c f s ) = 1000
SLOPE= .005
THE ACCELERATION
DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s ~ 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 14
MANNING ROUGHNESS
OF THE CULVERT= .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 300
SEDIMENT DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 1

CHECK

E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L CULV ERT

SPAN OF THE E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 14
HEIGHT OF THE E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 6

ENTRANCE

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2 -PR OJ EC TIN G

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

INLET CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL INLET
HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 13 . 6 51 28
EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
9. 1756 69 CR IT IC A L
DEPTH
IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
6.077344 C R ITI C A L
SLOPE OF
THE CULVERT=
9.920006E-03
CRI T IC A L V E LO C I T Y
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 15 . 6 09 5 8
FULL FLOW CA P ACI T Y
OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t " 3 / s ) = 95 7. 98 8 6
FULL FLOW V E L O C I T Y
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
14.1 013
OUTLET V E LO C I TY V ( f t / s ) = 16.01626
TYPE

6 FLOW:

SOIL

TYPE S EL E CT E D AT THE CULVERT

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED

FULL

FLOW,FREE O U TF A L L , OU T L E T
OU TLE T:

UNSUBMERGED.
2-UNIFORM

MAXIMUM DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 2 3.989 78

MAXIMUM WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 9 8 .8 1 5 69
MAXIMUM LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) =
243.5177 ESTIMATED
MAXIMUM
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t ~ 3 ) = 13839 8.

SAND

HYDRAULIC

LIST DESIGN

DESIGM

OF

CULVERTS

DATA:

DISCHARGE(cf s) =
1OOO
SLOPE= .005
THE ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s A 2 ) =
32.2 ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 15
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE CULVERT^ .012
TAILWATER DEPTH <! ft ):= 4
LENGTH OF THE CU LV ER TC ft )= 300
SEDIMENT DEPTH IN THE CU LV ER TC ft ) =
0
CHECK

EXISTING E L L I P T I C A LCULVERT

SPAN OF THE EXISTING E L L I P T I C A L C UL VE RT Cf t) = 6.8

HEIGHT OF THE EXISTING E L L I P T I C A L C UL VE RT Cf t) =14
ENTRANCE SHAPE SELECTED: 2--PROJECTIMG ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

OUTLET CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL INLET HEAD WATER(ft)= 14.59034
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER OF C U L V E R T C f t ) = 10.01326
CRITICAL DEPTH IN THE CULVERTCft>= 10.0566
CRITICAL SLOPE OF THE CULVERT^
1.275839E-02
CRITICAL VELOCITY IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 17.34443
FULL FLOW CAPACITY OF THE CULVERT (. f t-""3/&')= 1117.578
FULL FLOW VELOCITY IN THE C U L V E R T C f t / s ) = 14.94689
OUTLET VELOCITY V <f t / s ) = 14.63013
TYPE 2 FLOW: CRITICAL DEPTH AT
OUTLET, OUTLET UN SUE* ME EG
ED SUBCRITICAL FLOW.
SOIL TYPE SELECTED AT THE
CULVERT OUTLET: 2-UNIFORM SAND
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

DEPTH OF SCOUR(f t ) = 22.58717

WIDTH OF SCOUR ( f t ) = 90., 77916
LENGTH OF SCOUR ( ft ) = 225.2894
VOLUME OF SCOUR ( f t"'"3):- 110825.9

HYDRAULIC

L I S T DESIGN

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DATA:

DISCHARGE(cfs)

XOOO

S L O P E - .. 005
THE

A C C E L E R ATI O N DUE

TO

GR AVI T Y

a(tt/s-"-2) ^

32..

ALLOWABLE WATER HEAD ( ft ) == 15

MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE
TAILWATER
DEPTH(ft)
- 4

LENGTH

OF THE

SEDIMENT

C U L V E R T - 012

C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 300

DEPTH IN

CHECK

Tl-l!

CUl._VERT ( f t )

E X I ST ING EU... I P T I C A L CU LVE R T

SPAN OF THE E X I ST I NG EL L I PT I CAL C U LVE R T ( f t ) = ., S HEIGHT

OF THE E X I S T I N G E L L I P T I C A L
C U LVE RT ( f t ) - 14

ENTRANCE

OUTLET

SHAPE

SELECTED :

2-PROJECTIN G

ENTRANCE

GROOVE

EDGE

CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL INLET HEAD WATER ( f t ) ~ 14.. 47224

EQUI VALIENT DIA METER: OF CU LVER T ( f t ) == 9 . S 9 2 9 S 9
C R I T I C A L DEPTH IN THE CU LVER T ( f t ) -10.3864
5 C R I T I C A L SLOPE OF TI-IE CULVERT'
1,. 3211 1 8 E - 0 2
C R I T I C A L VE L Q C I T Y IN THE
C U LVER T( f t / s ) = 175565
3
FUL L FLOW C APAC I T Y OF THE

CULVERT ( f f ' 3 / s ) = 1 0 7 3 . 4 6 3

FUL L FLOW VE L O C I T Y IN THE

C U LVE R T ( ft / s) =
OUTLET VELOCI TY V ( f t /s ) = 15,. 54 182
TYPE

FLOW:: C R I T I C A L

SO IL TYPE

DEPTH

AT

14.8269 7

O U T L E T , OUTLET

UNSUBMERGED

S U B C R I T I C A L FLOW.
S E L E C T E D AT THE CULVERT O U TL E T : 2-UNIFORM

EST I MATED MAX I MUM DEPTH OF" SCOUR ( f I; ) - 22. S3 1 0 9 EST I

MATED MAX I MUM WIDTH 0!r' SCUJl.lf? ( f t ) ^ 93 . 8 39 6 8 ESTI M ATE D

MAXIMUM

LENGTH

OF

IESTI MATED MAX I MUM

SCOUR(ft) ^

VOLUME OF

231.39 8

SCOUR ( f t

""S) = 118863..

SAND

HYDRAULIC

L I S T DESIGN

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 1000
SLOPE= .005
THE
A C C E L E R A T I O N DUE
TO GRAVITY g ( t / s ~ 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE WATER H E A D ( t) = 14
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE CULVERT= .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 300
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 0

CHECK

EXISTIN G

ARCH CULVERT

SPAN OF THE E X I S T I N G ARCH C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 12. 5

HEIGHT OF THE E X I S T I N G ARCH C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 7.42

ENTRANCE

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2 - PR O J E C TI N G

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

IN LE T CONTROL GOVERNS
ACTUAL INLE T HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 1 2 . 1 0 5 02
EQ UI V A LEN T DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
10.0073 7 CRITICA L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
5.56234 C R I T I C A L SLOPE
OF THE
CULVERT= 9 . 1 9 8 4 9 3 E - 0 3
C R I T I C A L V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 5 .3 12 04
FUL L FLOW C A P A CI T Y OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ~ 3 / s ) = 7 6 9 . 9 9 98
FULL FLOW V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
1 0 . 0 2 7 54
OUTLET V E L O C I T Y V ( f t / s ) = 13 . 7 6 7 9 9
TYPE

6 FLOW: FUL L

FLOW,FREE O U T F A L L , O U T L E T

SOIL TYP E S E L E C TE D AT THE

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
1 1 23 8 7 . 3

CULVERT O U T LE T :

UNSUBMERGED.
2-UNIFORM SAND

MAXIMUM DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 2 3 . 06 5 32
MAXIMUM WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 9 0 .0 5 2 8 6
MAXIMUM LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 22 5 . 34 5 2
MAXIMUM VOLUME OF SCOUR.( f t ~ 3 ) =

62

HYDRAULIC

LIS T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

DI SCHA RGE( cfS) = 100 0

SLOPE=
.00 5
THE A C CEL E RA T I ON
DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s ~ 2 ) = 3 2 . 2
ALLOWABLE WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 15
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF
THE CULVERT= . 0 1 2
TAILWATER
DEPTH( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 30 0
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 1

CHECK

E X IS T IN G

ARCH CULVERT

SPAN OF THE E X I S T I N G ARCH C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 12.5

HEIGHT OF THE E X I S T I N G ARCH C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 7.42

ENTRANCE

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2-PROJECTING

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

INLET CONTROL GOVERNS

ACTUAL IN LET
HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 14 . 61651
EQUIVALENT DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
8.829216 C R I T IC A L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
6.427599 C R I TI C A L
SLOPE
OF
THE CULVERT^
1. 3 1 2 8 1 7 E - 0 2
C R I T IC A L V E LO C I T Y IN THE
C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 16 .782 14
FULL
FLOW CA PACITY OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t " 3 / s ) = 5 9 1 . 9 1 83
FULL
FLOW V E L O C I T Y
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
9.224212
OUTLET V E L O C I T Y V ( f t / s ) = 16.78943
TYPE

6 FLOW:

FULL

FLOW,FREE O U T F A L L , O U T L E T

SOIL TYPE S E L E CT E D AT
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

THE

CULVERT

UNSUBMERGED.

OU TLE T: 2-UNIFORM

DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 2 1 .9 9 0 0 1
WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 9 3 . 98 3 16
LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) =
229. 1797
VOLUME OF SCOUR ( f t ~ 3 ) = .113433.5

SAND

63

HYDRAULIC

LIS T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 225
SLOPE= .001
THE A C C E L E R A TI O N DUE TO GRAVITY g ( t / s " 2 ) = 3 2.2
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) =10
MANNING ROUGHNESS
OF THE CULVERT= .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 200
SEDIMENT DEPTH IN THE CULVERT* f t ) = 0

DESIGN

ENTRANCE

OF A CIRCULAR

CULVERT

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2 - PR O J E C T IN G

ENTRANCE

GROOVE EDGE

I N L E T CONTROL GOVERNS
ACTUAL INLET HEAD WATE R * ft) =9. 49 3 42 8
EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF C U L VE R T * ft ) = 5
CRITIC AL DEPTH IN THE C U LVE R T ( f t ) = 4 . 2 1 6 7 1 9
CRITIC AL SLOPE OF THE CULVERT= 1 . 3 2 0 0 8 8 E - 0 2
CRITIC AL
VELOCITY
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 2 .6 3 5 4 6
FULL FLOW CAPACITY OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t " 3 / s ) = 8 9 . 4 6 2 6 3
FULL FLOW VELOCITY IN THE C U L VE R T ( f t / s ) =
4 .5 56 2 94
OUTLET VELOCITY V ( f t / s ) = 11. 8 9 114
TYPE 6 FLOW: FULL FLOW,FREE O U T FAL L , O U T L E T UNSUBMERGED.
SOIL

TYPE SELECTED AT THE CULVERT OU TLET:

ESTIMATED MAXIMUM
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM

2-UNIFORM

DEPTH OF S C O U R * ft) = 1 3. 4 3 3 4 2
WIDTH OF S C O U R * f t) = 5 5. 1 5 6 3 2
LENGTH OF S C O U R * ft ) =
136.0496
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t " 3 ) = 2 4 1 6 9 . 4 3

SAND

HYDRAULIC

L I S T DESIGN

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 225
SLOPE = .001
THE A C C E L E R A T I O N
DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s " 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE
WATER HEAD( f t ) = 10
MANNING ROUGHNESS
OF THE CULVERT= .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 4
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 200
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = .8

DESIGN

ENTRANCE

SHAPE

OF A

CIRCULAR CULVERT

S E L E C T E D : 2 - P R OJ E C T I N G

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

I N L E T CONTROL GOVERNS
ACTUAL INLE T HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 9.973086
DIAMETER
OF
THE CIRCULAR C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 5.3
+
EQ UI VA L E NT DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
4 . 9 2 5 5 71 C R I T I C A L DEPTH
IN THE
CULVERT*ft) =
3 . 739 0 62 C R I T I C A L
SLOPE
OF
THE CULVERT=
.0133382
C R I T I C A L V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 2 . 5 6 0 1
FULL
FLOW C A P A C I T Y OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ~ 3 / s ) = 9 0 . 0 7 3 7 8
FUL L FLOW V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
4.510964
OUTLET V E L O C I T Y V ( f t / s ) = 11 .680 37
TYPE

6 FLOW: FUL L

FLOW,FREE O U T F A L L , O U T L E T
UNSUBMERGED. SOIL

S E L E C T E D AT THE CULVERT
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTI MATE D
ESTIMATED

IV.

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

8: NoC.

c trie.

O U T LE T :

TYPE

2-UNIFORM

SAND

DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 1 3 . 1 6 2 0 5
WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 5 3 .8 7 34 6
LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) =
133.0 04
VOLUME OF S C O U R * f t ~ 3 ) = 22 6 1 4 . 6 1

incrcoJi

c r o s s- section

cl^e -

c in

si'-e

o P

t se-c|.Vn. n

kWe.
d e r ^ o s . ' h-'o

coW e

HYDRAULIC

LIS T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

DISCHARGE( c f s ) =
400
SLOPE= . 0 0 7
THE ACCELERATION
DUE TO GRAVITY q ( f t / s ~ 2 ) = 3 2 . 2
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 9
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE CULVERT= . 0 1 2
TAILWATER
DEPTH(ft) =
3
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 35 0
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 0

DESIGN

ENTRANCE

OF

SHAPE

HORIZONTAL E L L I P T I C A L CULVERT

S E L E C T E D : 2-PR OJEC TING

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE-

I N LE T CONTROL GOVERNS
ACTUAL INLET
HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 8.973181
EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
6.578434 C R I T I C A L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
4.068438 CR I TIC A L
SLOPE OF
THE CULVERT=
1.109698E-02
CR I T IC A L V E LOC I TY
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 3 .1 4 392
FULL
FLOW CAPA CITY OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ~ 3 / s ) = 425.133
FULL FLOW VELOCITY
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
1 3 . 36 5 3 3 OUTLET VE L O CI T Y V ( f t / s ) =
12.80007
SPAN OF THE E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 9
HEIGHT OF THE E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 4.5
TYPE

6 FLOW:

SOIL

TYPE SE LE CT E D AT THE CULVERT

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED

FULL

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

FLOW,FREE OUTFALL, OUTLET UNSUBMERGED.

O UT L E T:

2-UNIFORM

DEPTH OF .S CO UR ( f t) = 1 5.882 58
WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 6 4.945 34
LENGTH O F S C O U R ( f t ) =
160. 3833
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t ~ 3 ) = 39670.38

SAND

HYDRAULIC

LI S T

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DESIGN DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 400
SLOPE- .007
THE ACCEL ERATI ON
DUE TO GRAVITY g ( f t / s " 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 9
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE CULVERT^ .012
TAILWATER D E P T H ( f t ) = 3
LENGTH OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 3 50
SEDIMENT
DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 1.5

DESIGN

ENTRANCE

OF

SHAPE

HORIZONTAL E L L I P T I C A L CU LVER T

S E L E C T E D : 2-PROJECTING

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

IN LE T CONTROL GOVERNS
ACTUAL INLET
HEAD W A T E R ( f t ) = 8.97398
EQUIVALENT
DIAMETER OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
6.578029 CR I T IC A L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) =
5.2057 82 CR I T I C A L
SLOPE
OF
THE CULVERT=
1 . 0 9 8 0 43 E - 0 2
C R IT I CA L V E LO C I T Y
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 2 . 9 8 8 7 1
FULL FLOW C A P A CI T Y OF THE C U L V E R T ( f t ~ 3 / s ) = 4 4 5. 7 95
FULL FLOW V E L O C I T Y
IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
1 3 .36 4 78 OUTLET V E LO C I T Y V ( t / s ) =
14.28222
SPAN OF THE E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 9
HEIGHT OF THE E L L I P T I C A L C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 5. 9 0 0 0 01
TYPE
6 FLOW: FUL L FLOW,FREE OU T FA L L , O U TL E T UNSUBMERGED.
SOIL

TYPE S EL E C T E D AT THE

ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED
ESTIMATED

MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM

CULVERT

O UTL ET : 2-UNIFORM

DEPTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 1 6 .99 5 49
WIDTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) = 7 1 .6 7 0 5 5
LENGTH OF S C O U R ( f t ) =
1 7 5. 4 40 1
VOLUME OF S C O U R ( f t ~ 3 ) = 51 198 .7 3

SAND

HYDRAULIC

DESIGN

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DATA:

DISCHARGE( c f s ) =
350 SLOPE= .02
THE
A C CE L E R A TI O N DUE TO
GRAVITY g ( f t / s ~ 2 ) = 32.2
ALLOWABLE WATER HEAD( t ) = 15
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF THE CULVERT= .012

DESIGN

ENTRANCE

OF

CIRCULAR CULVERT

SHAPE S E L E C T E D : 2- P R O J E CT I NG

ENTRANCE GROOVE

EDGE

ACTUAL INLET
HEAD W A T E R ( I t ) = 1 2 . 8 2 6 18
EQU I VA L E NT
DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) =
5.100003 CRITICA L
DEPTH IN THE
CULVERT(ft) 4.85 3127 C R I T I C A L
SLOPE
OF
THE CULVERT=
2 . 6 4 3534E--02
C R I T I C A L V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) = 1 7 . 5 2 1 9 7

K ATI O

OF

BARREL
BARREL
INLET

BARREL AREA TO INLE T

.6 REQUIRED D R O P ( f t ) =
16 . 39 3 8 5
SLOP.E= 7.671 553E -0 2
DIAMETER^ 3.95 04 45
^
DIAMETER= 5.100003
M

RATIO OF BARREL AREA

TO INLET
REQUIRED D R O P ( f t ) = 2 6. 1 18 5 +
BARREL SLOPE= .124748
BARREL DIAMETER^ 3.606246
INLET
DIAMETER= 5.100003

K.Q:

AREA-

AREA= .5

Trie.
slops'

K 'on c o s h P A

toLj^.reJ

the Sa-v.Vi^s

/'n L e t s .s>he>olol

a-C-A.'evex/ Pfovn

a.

rl^JoceA

fce.

com^fexl

ba.rre-1

cross-sech '

70

HYDRAULIC

DESIGN

DESIGN

OF

CULVERTS

DATA:

D I S C H A R G E ( c f s ) = 35 0
SLOPE=
.0 2
THE
A C C E L E R A TI O N DUE TO
GRAVITY g ( f t / s " 2 ) =
ALLOWABLE
WATER H E A D ( f t ) = 15
MANNING ROUGHNESS OF
THE CULVERT= . 0 1 2

DESIGN

ENTRANCE

SHAPE

OF

BOX CULVERT

SELECTED :

2 -PROJECTIN G

GROOVE EDGE ACTUAL

ENTRANCE

INLE T

WATER(ft) =
13.83495
EQ U I VA LE NT DIAMETER
OF C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 4 . 9 5 8 8 0 4
C R I T I C A L DEPTH IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t ) = 5 . 8 1 3 7 7 3
C R I T I C A L SLOPE
OF THE
CUI.VERT= 1 . 4 4 5 2 7 7 E - 0 2
C R I T I C A L V E L O C I T Y IN THE C U L V E R T ( f t / s ) =
13.6
8 22 3

R*TIO

OF

RATIO

OF

BARREL AREA TO INLE T

.6 REQUIRED D R O P ( f t ) =
12.25082
BARREL SLOP E^ 6 . 4 3 7 3 8 1 E - 0 2
BARREL W I D T H ( f t ) = 3.408228
INLET
W I D T H ( f t ) = 4.400003

BARREL AREA
.5 REQUIRED

32. 2

AREA=

TO INLET AREA-DROP(ft) =

1 9 .6 4 1 3 5
BARREL SLOPE= .1046789
BARREL W I D T H ( f t ) = 3.111272
INLET
W I D T H ( f t ) = 4.400003

HEAD