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4, JULY/AUGUST 2008
1259
AbstractIn this paper, a grid-connected distributed generation system, which consists of enginegenerator, dc link with
multiple energy sources, and inverter, is proposed. All six of
the stator leads of the generator, which is the surface-mount
permanent-magnet machine, are brought out to the terminal of
the generator. Three leads are connected to the inverter, and the
others are connected to the utility grid. In this proposed system,
the power from the enginegenerator and the power from dc link
can be controlled simultaneously by only one three-phase power
converter. Furthermore, the inductance of the generator functions
also as the reactor of acdc converter. A control algorithm for the
system is developed and verified by experimental results.
Index TermsDistributed generation
generator, open-winding machine.
system,
engine
I. I NTRODUCTION
Vas
rs + pLs
ia
0
0
Vbs =
ib
0
0
rs + pLs
Vcs
ic
0
0
rs + pLs
f cos r
E sin(
e t)
+ p f cos r 23 + E sin e t 2
3
2
2
E sin e t + 3
f cos r + 3
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(2)
1260
Fig. 1. Conventional generation systems with multiple power sources. (a) Engine generation system connected to a grid in cascade. (b) Engine generation system
directly connected to a grid.
Fig. 2. Proposed open-winding generator system capable of generator control and converter control.
Fig. 3. Definitions of rotor and synchronous angles of grid voltage, r and e . (a) Definition of rotor angle r . (b) Definition of voltage angle of grid e .
as follows:
s
rs + pLs
ids
0
isqs
0
rs + pLs
E sin e
r f sin r
+
+
r f cos r
E cos e
r
r
Vds
r + pLs r Ls
ids
= s
r
Vqs
r Ls
rs + pLs
irqs
sin(e r )
0
+E
+
r f
cos(e r )
s
Vds
s
Vqs
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(3)
(4)
KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM
Pt =
3
+ E(irds sin e r )+ irqs cos(e r )
2
= (copper loss)
+ (variation of inductively stored energy)
Te =
Peng +Pe
(5)
3P
f irqs .
22
(6)
Usually, the loss of an electric-machine drive system is composed of the inverter (switching and conduction losses), copper,
iron (hysteresis and eddy-current losses), windage, and friction
losses. In power equation (5), however, only the copper loss is
included, because loss is not a matter of concern in this paper.
In particular, the iron loss is negligible in this system, because
there is no rotor winding in SMPMM, and the frequency of the
current is always less than that of grid voltage, 60 Hz.
These dq voltage and power equations earlier are based
on the rotor reference (r ) frame with superscript r. The
equations on grid-voltage reference (e ) frame can also be
derived with superscript e like this
e
Vdqs
rs +pLs e Ls e
=
i
e Ls
rs +pLs dqs
0
sin(e r )
+
+r f
E
cos(e r )
(7)
3 e e
e e
Vds ids +Vqs
iqs
2
3 1
3 2
1
3
2
2
2
= rs ieds +ieqs + p
Ls ieds + Ls ieqs + Eieqs
2
2
2
2
2
3
+ r f ieds sin(e r )+ieqs cos(e r )
2
1261
= (copper loss)
+ (variation of inductively stored energy)
+ Pe Peng .
(8)
Pt =
(9)
rs + pLs
e Ls
0
e Ls
iedqs +
E
rs + pLs
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(10)
1262
Fig. 4. Control block diagram when engine stopped (conventional converter-control method).
3 e e
e e
Vds ids + Vqs
iqs
2
3 2
2
= rs ieds + ieqs
2
1
3
1
3
e2
e2
+ p
Ls ids + Ls iqs + Eieqs
2
2
2
2
Pt =
= (copper loss)
+ (variation of inductively stored energy) + Pe .
(11)
As expected, the power (Peng ) from the engine becomes zero
if the rotor speed is zero.
The voltage equation (10) and power equation (11) lead to
the widely used conventional acdc converter equations. The
inductance of the reactor in a conventional converter system
is replaced with the inductance inside of the generator. The
conventional converter-control method can be used as shown
in Fig. 4.
The reference frame is the grid-voltage reference frame using
e as shown in Fig. 4, not the rotor reference frame. This voltage
angle is estimated by using a conventional phase-locked-loop
(PLL) block while the phase voltage of the grid is measured,
and then, this angle is used to transform the three-phase variable
rs + pLs e Ls
ie
e Ls
rs + pLs dqs
0
sin(e r )
+
+ r f
(12)
E
cos(e r )
3 1
3 e2
1
3
e2
e2
e2
Ls ids + Ls iqs + Eieqs
Pt = rs ids + iqs + p
2
2
2
2
2
3
+ r f ieds sin(e r ) + ieqs cos(e r )
(13)
2
3
3 e e
eds ids + eeqs ieqs = Eieqs
Pe =
(14)
2
2
e
Vdqs
=
where eeds and eeqs are the dq value of the three-phase voltage
at grid. In voltage equation (12), additional voltage is added
as compared to the voltage equation (10), which is valid when
the engine is stopped. This last term in (12) is proportional
to the engine speed, and it is a sinusoidally pulsating value
with respect to the angle difference (e r ). This pulsating
term is caused by the rotation of generator. The power (Pt )
from the dc link to the generator terminal contains also additional oscillating term as compared to the power equation (11).
The angle difference (e r ) is a time-varying value when
the engine is accelerating, and the frequency of this value is the
difference of e and r . The third term in (13) is the power
to the grid or load as indicated in (14). The last pulsating
term in (13) is also caused by the rotation of the generator,
which is the function of engine speed, dq current, and angle
difference.
The dc-link voltage can be regulated by controlling the
inverter power (Pt ) as stated earlier. If the first and second
terms in (13) are neglected, it can be known that the inverter
power (Pt ) can be directly controlled by control of the q-axis
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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM
1263
Fig. 5.
current (ieqs ), because the average value of the last term in (13)
is zero. If the generator speed and dq axis current are assumed
to be constant during one cycle of angle difference (e r ),
the average value of the last term in (13) becomes zero. This
control method stated earlier is the same as when the engine
is stopped. This, however, gives rise to a practical problem.
The dq voltage required to control the current is higher as
compared to the engine-stop mode.
The magnitude of dq voltage when dq current is zero can
be expressed in this manner
Vmag = (r f sin(di ))2 + (E + r f cos(di ))2
where
di = e r . (15)
engine Tm
.
To keep the speed of the generator to the synchronous speed,
the torque of the generator should be controlled. The rotor
reference frame is of great advantage in controlling the torque
of the generator. The voltage, power, and torque equations on
the rotor reference frame are
r
r
Vds
rs + pLs r Ls
ids
=
r
Vqs
r Ls
rs + pLs
irqs
sin(e r )
0
+E
+
(18)
r f
cos(e r )
3 r r
r r
Vds ids + Vqs
iqs
2
3 1
3 2
1
2
2
2
= rs irds + irqs + p
Ls irds + Ls irqs
2
2
2
2
Pt =
3
3
+ r f irqs + E
2
2
irds sin(e r ) + irqs cos(e r )
= (copper loss)
e
Vqs
= (rs + pLs )ieqs + e Ls ieds + E + r f cos(e r ).
(16)
ieds
= Is max cos(di ),
ieds = 0,
when
di
2
2
otherwise.
(17)
Te =
Peng + Pe
(19)
3P
f irqs .
22
(20)
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(21)
1264
Pt =
3
3 r2
2
rs ids + irqs + p
2
2
1
1
2
2
Ls irds + Ls irqs
2
2
3
+ (r f + E)irqs .
2
(22)
Pt =
3
3
2
rs irds + irqs + p
2
2
3
+ (r f E)irqs .
2
1
1
2
2
Ls irds + Ls irqs
2
2
(23)
(24)
If di = e r =
2
r + pLs r Ls
E
r
Vdqs
= s
irdqs +
(25)
r f
r Ls
rs + pLs
3 1
3 r2
1
r2
r2
r2
Ls ids + Ls iqs
Pt = rs ids + iqs + p
2
2
2
2
3
3
+ r f irqs + Eirds .
2
2
(26)
rs + pLs r Ls
E
irdqs +
(28)
r f
r Ls
rs + pLs
3 1
3 r2
1
r2
r2
r2
Ls ids + Ls iqs
Pt = rs ids + iqs + p
2
2
2
2
r
=
Vdqs
(27)
3
3
+ r f irqs Eirds .
2
2
(29)
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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
1265
TABLE I
SPECIFICATION OF TESTED OPEN-WINDING MACHINE
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1266
Fig. 10. DC-link voltage when engine accelerates without the control of
inverter (rectifier mode).
Fig. 12.
voltage.
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KWAK AND SUL: CONTROL OF OPEN-WINDING MACHINE IN GRID-CONNECTED DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM
1267
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