Phannacyprep.

com

Human Anatomy

1
Human Anatomy
This chapter reviews essentials and definitions of systemic human anatomy terminology and provide a basic
understanding of how the human body is structured with emphasis on clinical applications. This chapter also
reviews cel lular mechanism in human physiology. A special emphasis is on drug-induced diseases and effects of
adverse drug reactions on various organs.

Questions Alerts!
Common questions in pharmacy exam is to ask!

=-t--.

Anatomy of body movements like: abduction, adductions

Anatomical Planes: Sagittal and midsagittal plane

Skeletal bones and joints: Patella (kneeca p), hip joints or bowl and socket (ilium, ischium, pubis), skull
bon es, knee joints have poplietal spaces.
Muscles: Flexor and Extensor muscles, myocin for muscle contractio n, messeter muscles are attached

to mandibles

Body movements

..z;;,p

M)"'Pa-t- il-h

(fol1/l"C/e Po ;n)_

(Fig 1.1)

Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body
j
Extensio~ngthening or straightening of a flexed limb ~ OIL/- oj hod
,
Flexion: Bending of a part ofthe body -iJ>/:-owa(tA bud"
Dorsiflexion: Backward (upward) bend ing of the foot
Plantar flexion: Bending of the sole of the foot downward toward the ground
Pronation: Act of turning the hand so that the palm faces downward
Supination: Act of turning the hand so that the palm is uppermost.
Eversion: Outward turning.
Fascia: Fibrous membrane sepa rating and enve loping muscles
Anterior (ventral): Front side of the body (Example: Abdomen is anterior to the spinal
cord)
Posterior (dorsal): Back of the body (Example: Spinal cord is posterior to the stomach)
Deep: Away from the surface
Superficial: On the surface (Example: superficial vei'f's can be viewed through skin)
Ch , . q f -('C(
Proximal: near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
(Example: The proximal end of the stomach is at the esophagus or the proximal end of the
upper bone joins with sho ulder bone)

1- 1

Pharmacyprep.com

Human Anatomy

Distal: Farfrom the point of attachment to the trunk or from the beginning of a structure
(Example: The distal end of the stomach is at the small intestine)
Inferior: Below another structure. Caudal (pertaining to the head) means inferior in
human. (Example: The urinary bladder lies inferior to the kidney)

Pronation/supination

..

Circumduction

Inversion/eversion
Abduction

Dor.;iflexionlplantarflexion

r-

Anterior

Posterior

Ankle ExtensionlFlexion
Ankle

Ankle

Extension

Aexion

Inferior

Anatomical Planes and

Directions

Fig 1.1

1-2

Human Anatomy

Pharmacyprep.com

Anatomical planes

(Fig 1.1)

. Sagittal plane: Plane created by an imaginary line that is parallel to the median plane.
Separates the body into right and left portions
Midsagitta l plane (median plane): Plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body
into right and left halves. Separates the body/body part into equal right/left portions
Parasagittal plane: Divides the body into unequal right and left portions.
Coronal plane/frontal: Divides the body/body part into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse plane/horizontal: Divides the body/body part into superior and inferior
portions.
Oblique plane: Passes through the body/body part at an angle

Postural: Positional
Orthostatic: Standing upright

Skeletal Joints (Fig 1.2)

:z:-,.,,()~
(sua",,; .. ) .

Shoulder joint consists of humerus, scapula, synovial membrane, articular cartilage,

articular capsule, articular liquid, and ligament.
Knee joint consists of: Femur (longest bone), tibia, patella, meniscus, articular cavity,
Serous bag, and articular capsule &cartilage
Patella knee cap bone is present in knee joint (pro {,c/- kflet.jo;o f. "n J ; '" not- ecl1f1!d,ng'
Hip joint (socket and ball) consists of: ileum, ischium, and pubis
COfona15uture

The major skull bones include: frontal,

parietal, sp henoid, temporal, nasa l, maxilla,
OCCipital, zygomatic, and mandible Skull have
bones, of which
Cranial bones (8)
Facial bones (14)
Ossicles (ear bones) 3

~~~

25

L,-<'''''''''''umbcloid $l,I tu.l'

Muscles

Trapezius~ neck

Hyoid
ligament
Triceps bronchi~ shoulder (anterior)
Biceps bronchi~ upper arm (biceps
femorus is present in back of thigh and leg)
Quadriceps --> thighs
Gluteus medium~hip
Psoas muscle~ hip
Largest muscle~gluteus maximusr (which forms part of the buttock)

Fastest muscle is~ eyelid elevator

1-3

fo ""'~

Pharmacyprep.com

Human Anatomy

Longest single muscle-7 sartorius muscle (which stretches from the pelvis to below the
knee. (more than 15 inches or 40 cm long)
Smallest muscle -7 stapedius (found inside the middle ear (less than 0.04 inch (lmm)
long).
Strongest muscle-7 masseter muscle (which elevates during mastication. It can exert a
force equivalent in 100 kg (220 Ibs).
Muscles account for 40% of total body weight.
Triceps are in arms and thighs

Facial hn"p<----

__- --

Clavicle

Costal r>r';(,.,p-Vertebral rnl"~,n -"\\1

Ilium 'nf~I,,,;O\ __
Metacarpals

Human Skeleton
Knee Side View

Sf novial tissue

Ii>lp.r/-an} 1-. k rp sm""H,

f'loV""t" ~ aHJ Pfe{",1- pad-;"" .

Femur

Patella

Bursa

1O/-

- -fill-t- - - - llbl.

a/.(-(~J.. /....

' n~ hCfLfl>

Fig 1.2

1-4

Pharmacvorep.com

Human Anatomy

Cardiac muscle cell

~ =~
Skeletal muscle cell

- -~
tnlWIt S-;b(rj

~ "

.... .... ---

Smooth muscle cell

ac/-in an). Inl)oo;" I'J wed " t1

rn u{(~ cO/?f.ract~OY' .

Fig 1.3

Types of tissues and functions: Four basic types of tissues: Epithelial (covering), Connective
(support), Muscle (movement), nervous (control/int egration)
Epithelium ~ It's functions include: Covering, Secretion, absorption, and sensitivity.
Connective ~ Support (cartilage, bone, blood, fibrous tissue of ligament (chondrocytes)
Muscle~ (Movement) Muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue,
smooth muscle tissues.
Nervous~ control and integration
. Tissue functions: Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception
Epithelial tissue: Covering/lining or glandular. Glandular: 2 basic types: Endocrine
"ductless" produce hormones, exocrine have ducts; sweat, oil, saliva, bile enzymes, mucin
(mucus).
Connective Tissue: support protection, insulation, transportation. Characteristics: large
extra cellular matrix
Four basic classes of connective tissue:

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: adipose, areolar storage, support organs or vessels,
Dense: regular, elastic (tendons and ligaments)
Cartilage : Cushion, structure, support, and laid down before bone

Osseous (bone): Bring in beef bone, compact - rigid, spongy - marrow

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, and plasma matrix

"'(!)

Tips
1

Sup ina tio n

"- Extension

"

Sagitta l plane

2. \

flexion

5.'
8. '

addu ction
Midsagittal plane

3. \
6. \
9.

Abduction
Para sagitta l plan e
Kneecap

1-5

Human Anatomy

Pharmacyprep.com

10
13
16
19 ,

Biceps bronchi
Joints
Extensor muscles

22 '
2S '
28 '

Endocrine glands
Moving away from body
slicing vertically from

31 ,

dysurea

Ilium

11.\

Triceps bronchi

14.

Hormone glands

17.

Flexor muscles

20.\
23 .
26.\
29.\

Ischium
Arteries
Moving closer to body

Slicin g vertically from

side lines
Dyspnea

middle line

32.\

Adduction ~ ( ) 2
Abduction ~ ( ) 2.5
Sagital planes ~ ( ) 2.-;2.

Para sagital plane ~( ) 20"

Mid sagita l plane ~ ( ) 2.~
Transverse plane -7 ( ) ? 0
Hipjaintshave~
1:20 ) l i el '1
)

dysphagea
Blood vessels
Pubis
transverse plane

Skull bones
slicing vertically
3D., Slicing horizon tal

JO inls

Flexor muscles are present in-? (

Extensor muscles are present in-7 (

) To
Epithelial tissue is present in ~ (22. ) 1.5

Skull bones are -7???

Endothelialtissuesispresentin~(

;"1-1

li r< pl J.. V'U {' (f~ a.(i-,(:u

Movement away from the midline of the body ( ] )

Act ofturning the hand so that the palm is uppermost

bending part of the body ( 2 )

( I )

($T

movement toward the midline of the body

lengthenin g or straightening of the flexed limb

found in arms and thighs \ O'( I , )
Found in arms only( ) lb ' 1\

(4- )

Separates the body into unequa l right and left portions

(6 )

Separates the body into equal right and left portions

()5 )

Separates the body into right and left portions

It protects the front afthejaint (

Difficulty in breathing ( ) "52
Difficulty in swallowing ( ) ' 2
Difficulty in urination ( ) 31

12.\
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.\

0~

)'\

Found in limbs, foot, arms (\o)

Ii?

Hipjoints have ( ) \"\., '2 0 )

Which one is a part afthe shoulder?( )
Popliteal space is present knee (

Rbln /-u r

) O~c.

'-' (-

('U j-f-

/<:VVCe.

1-6