Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
On
Submitted to,
Mr. V. K. Grover
Submitted by,
Harshal R.Deshmukh
Sunil L.Bhalerao
Ambadas M.Chalge
Bipin N.Jadhao
Suraj V.Satao
College Of Agril. Engg. And Tech, Jalgaon Jamod,
Dist:-Buldana
(Maharashtra)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I wish to express my deep gratitude to all the concerned
persons without whose generous cooperation and coordination, it would
have been very difficult for me to have a successful training experience in
the organization.
It would like to thank Mr. V. K. Grover for giving me a golden
opportunity of industrial training, which would help me to enhance my
technical skill and helps me a lot besides some technical skills.
I am extremely grateful to the management of HMT, Pinjore for
giving me an opportunity to pursue four months training in their reputed
organization. This provides me a wonderful and learning experience for
me to go through this training.
Finally, I would like to thanks all those colleagues who help me out
of intensifying my technical knowledge and provide satisfactory solutions
to my all queries.
Index
Sr. no.
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
II.
I.
Particulars
Section A
Introduction
Company profile
Training centre
Foundry Mechanism
Heavy Machine Shop
Light Machine Shop
Heat Treatment
Engine Assembly and Testing
Tractor Assembly
Section B
Project Work
Page no.
4
5-8
9-10
11-14
15-17
18-20
21-22
23-35
36-38
39-51
INTRODUCTION
implements. So there was need felt to invent such machine which speeds
up the agricultural production. Due to this reason the tractor was
invented.
Before we start, it is necessary to know how the word tractor is
derived. Prior to 1900, the machine i. e. tractor is known as traction
machine (pulling machine). After 1900, both the words joined by taking
tract from traction and tor from motor calling tractor. The tractor is
the machine which is used for applying high traction.
In our country, tractors were started manufacturing in real sense
after independence and at present, we are self sufficient in meeting
demand of countrys requirements for tractors. At present in India, there
are different tractor producing factories present like Hindustan machine
tools, Punjab tractors, Kirloskar tractors, etc is directly or indirectly
connected to agriculture. Moreover for increasing
.
Machine tools,
Watches,
Tractors,
Bearings,
Printing Machinery,
Die Casting Machinery.
The divisions of HMT are described below
2.2.1
Bangalore
It produces lathes (both CNC and Non CNC), milling/ machining centers,
2.2.2
Hyderabad
It produces the machining centers, CNC, Boring machines, milling machines,
die and mould machining centers, presses and brakes. It also produces special purpose
machines like CNC tube chamfering machines, cam shaft milling machines, filament
winding machines, horizontal and vertical coil winding machines, multi spindle
machining centers.
2.2.3 Kalamessary
It produces CNC lathes and printing machineries.
2.2.4
Ajmer
It produces grinders and lathes. It also manufactures some application
components like hydraulic lift mechanism for tractors, valve devices and oil priming
pump.
The retrofitting includes center less grinders and double disc grinders.
After establishing two machine factories and a watch factory in Bangalore, the
Pinjore unit was established as the third machine tool factory. Breaking the ground on
2nd may, 1962, this factory
3. Milling section,
4. Tractor training section.
knocked out of moulding box on a vibratory shakeout box that the used sand is
returned to the fixed amount of new sand, binders, catalysts and hardeners to get to
the required composition of the sand. Green sand, dry sand and oil sand are being
prepared in the sand plant. These constitutes are added in Muller in which all contents
are mixed thoroughly and then supplied via belt conveyor system to working stations.
Green sand composition:
Muller batch capacity
New sand
Bentonite
Water
Return sand
Dry sand composition:
700 kg
35 kg (5%)
660 kg (94.4%)
3.6 kg (0.4 %)
1.4 kg (0.2%)
Return sand
80%
New sand
10%
Bentonite
1.2%
Dextrin
1.8%
Moisture
7%
Composition of oil sand (100 kg of sand):
Bentonite
Dextrin
Linseed oil
Moisture
12 kg
25 kg
15 kg
20 G
As patterns are made to get to outer shape of the casting, the inner shapes are
used to for whole generation core placed in the moulds. As the core comes in contact
of molten metal that must possess following characteristics:
1. Core sand must have high strength to bear the pressure of metal when poured.
2. The sand must have high refractory characteristics so that it may not fuse due
to high temperature being in contact with molten metal.
3. It must have high cohesive property so as to get good finish castings.
Zircon paint (alcohol base) dried just by lightning it up. Large and heavy cores
are baked along with the dry sand moulds in oven.
Core drying cycles for oven:
3000 C 1
2000 C - 2
hrs.
hrs.
4.5 Fettling
After they are knocked out on vibrator shake, the casting head to be finished
by the removal of projections whether they are gets riser or runner that where there as
12
a part of design aspect or the projection which has appeared as a defect like fins or
blow holes. The process that involves all these procedure of casting finish is termed as
fettling.
Fettling operation is divided into following stages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
13
Operation
Marking the gear box housing
With help of crane, we put the housing on the surface plate and after this
with the help of vernier height gigue we mark the gear box housing.
Marking is done of the gearbox is done for remove the all allowances
2.
material.
Bottom Milling
With help of crane we put the work piece on the milling machine (SPM).
Bottom milling is done for removing the extra material on the gear box
3.
housing.
Drill the location hole on the gear box housing. Location holes are made
4.
5.
6.
14
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Slot milling
In this milling we made the slots for gear forks which used for change the
gears. Dimension of slot is 16mm.
Boring
Boring is done for removing extra material from bores to make the bore
according to their dimensions.
Pre Boring of Steering Bore
Pre boring is done for removing the allowance from steering bore.
Heavy Duty Drilling
It is done for making the drilling in to the housing for joining purpose.
Bottom Milling Housing
20 drills simultaneous.
Tapping
Tapping is for making the internal thread in to the drilled holes and for
joining purpose.
Drill for Clutch and Pedal
For joining the clutch and pedal drilling is done on both faces right and
14.
15.
16.
Operations
Marking M.T Housing
With help of crane we put the housing on the surface plate and after this
with the help of vernier height gauge we mark the M.T. Housing according
2.
3.
4.
these locations are used for seat the job on the different type of machine.
Milling of M.T. Housing
In this operation milling of four faces is done front, rear, left and right. In
5.
6.
7.
operation we fix the job on their location and holes and after we do milling
Boring
In this boring operation we do rough boring of front, left & right bores.
Dimensions of bores:
Left hand bore: 290mm.
Right hand bore: 288& front hand bore: 90mm
Horizontal milling on front:
15
machine.
Boring finish
After horizontal milling we put the housing on the boring machine on their
9.
10
operation.
Inspection
Inspection of work piece according to their drawing.
8. Fitting.
9. Washing.
10. Inspection.
11. Gear shaving.
12. Bench drilling.
After these process spline shaft send to heat treatment plant for hardening
process.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3. Drilling.
4. Radial drilling.
5. Gear hobbing.
6. Inspection according to drawing.
7. Induction hardening.
8. Tempering.
9. Cylindrical grinding.
10. Threading.
11. Fitting.
12. Horizontal milling.
13. Fitting
14. Inspection according to drawing.
18
7.1 Hardening
For medium carbon steel and high carbon steel 8400C- 8500C
For other 770 8200C
Hardening is performed on the various metals and its alloys to provide them
with strength and wear resistance. It is accomplished by heating the component above
its hardening temperature and quenching it in water.
7.2 Quenching
Emercing hot metal in desired water or oil does quenching. Here transfer of
heat is ensured at slow rate so as to remove internal stresses to permissible limit.
7.3 Normalizing
In this process, iron alloy casting is heated to 50 60 0C above critical
temperature range. The casting is held for definite time and then allowed to cool in
still air. Normalization eliminates casting or cooling strains and resultant casting is
easy to machine.
7.4 Carburizing
Process of adding carbon to surface layer of the component is called
carburizing. It is the process of casehardening, which is addition of some elements
like carbon, nitrogen to the surface by diffusion for surrounding medium at high
19
temperature the purpose of carburizing is to obtain high surface wear resistance and
obtain a hard surface.
7.5 Tempering
For medium carbon steel and high carbon steel 6700 - 6800 C
for fasteners tempering to be done at 3500 4000 C for 1 2 hrs.
In tempering long grains formed during quenching are broken into smaller
grains so as to improve elasticity of the material. Here heating is done at around 180 0 2000 C for around 2 hrs. and then cool in air. It reduces internal stress and stabilizes
the structure of metal.
7.6 Annealing
For medium carbon steel and high carbon steel 6800 6900 C.
decomposition.
Wash it with warm water.
De-rust the job in the rust solution.
Wash it with water.
Shift it to blackening furnace at 1200 C for 10 20 min. according to sectional
area
gear with the teeth is mounted on the top part of control sleeve the teeth engaging into
gearing of common control rack. The sleeve is tightened to the control sleeve by a
screw. When the shifting the control rack plunger are turned their barrel and helix
formed on the plunger opens sooner or later the transverse (intake) orifice in the
barrel. In the plunger has been turned in such way that the transfer groove connection
the face of the plunger with the helix edge flushes with transverse orifice in the barrel.
The pump does not deliver any fuel and control rack is in its stop position. If the
control rack is in its opposite position he pump deliver the maximum amount of fuel.
At the side fuel gallery into intake parts a relief valve is mounted which maintains a
constant pressure of 1 kg/cm2 on the intake port and the excessive amount of fuel is
returned by this valve back to the tank. When starting the engine, by making the use
of excess fuel, starting spring is fitted in governor which returns the control rack is
obtained for the purpose of maximum delivery of fuel at maximum injection delay. At
the opposite side of drive, the output governor is mounted which serves for regulating
the engine output at higher performance revolutions. The range of governing is given
by variable speed of engine.
The governor controls the amount of injected fuel into the engine, with set up
revolutions, in accordance with the taken of power. Decrease or increase of
revolutions at a higher or lower load of engine is called unevenness of output
governor. If the governing spring is set up from operator place to certain revolutions,
the governor shift the link member of pump into such position which at a certain
instantaneous load of engine corresponds to these selected revolutions.
3.
22
4.
5.
length of stroke.
Compression ratio: it is the ratio of the volume of the charge at beginning of
the compression stroke to that at the end of compression stroke
6.
7.
8.
9.
of the crankshaft.
Belt power: It is the power of the engine measured at the end of a suitable belt
10.
11.
the drawbar.
Power take off power: it is the power delivered by a tractor through its PTO
12.
shaft.
Frictional power: It is the power required to the engine at a given speed
without producing any useful power. It represents the friction
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
engine.
Brake mean effective pressure: It is the average pressure acting throughout the
entire power strokes, which are necessary to produce brake
18.
19.
Engine components
23
Internal combustion engine consists of number of parts which are given as below
1.
Cylinder: It is part of the engine which confines of the expanding gases and
forms the combustion space. It provides space in which piston operates to suck
2.
the air or air fuel mixture. Cylinders are usually made of high grade cast iron.
Cylinder block: It is the solid casting which includes the cylinder and water
3.
jackets.
Cylinder head: It is detachable portion of an engine which covers the cylinder
4.
D) It transmits the heat away from the piston to the cylinder wall.
Piston rings are of two types;
A) Compression ring and
B) Oil ring
7.
Piston pin: it is also called wrist pin or gudgeon pin . it is used to join the
connecting rods to the piston.. it provides a flexible or hinge like connection
between the piston and the connecting rod. It is usually made of case hardened
8.
alloy steel.
Connecting rod: it is special type of rod. One end of which is connected to
piston and the other to the crankshaft. It transmits the power of combustion to
the crankshaft and makes it rotate continuously. It is usually made of drop
9.
forged steel.
Crankshaft:
counter weights throughout its length to have counter balance of the unit.
Flywheel: Fly wheel is made of cast iron. It stores energy during power stroke
and returns back the same energy during the idle strokes .engine timing marks
are usually stamped on the flywheel which helps in the adjusting the timing of
11.
engine.
Crankcase: the crankcase is that part of the engine supports and encloses the
crankshaft and camshaft: it provides the reservoir for the lubricating oil of the
engine. It also serves as a mounting unit for such accessories as the oil pump ,
12.
25
It is shaft that raises and lowers the inlet and exhaust valves at proper
time. The speed of the camshaft is exactly half the speed of crankshaft in four
stroke engine. It is mounted in the crankcase parallel to the crankshaft.
Timing gear: timing is a combination of gears one gear of which mounted at
13.
one end of camshaft and other gear on the end of crankshaft. Timing gear
controls the timing of ignition, timing of opening and closing of valves as well
14.
15.
enters into the engine cylinder. It is fitted by the side of the cylinder head.
Exhaust manifold: it is that part of engine through which exhaust gases go out
from engine cylinder. It is fitted by the side of the cylinder head.
Note starting time of engine and also bed no. which it is being tested.
Check oil level of engine and FIP.
Check clearance of valve tappets for inlet and exhaust.
Check oil pressure at idle and rated rpm.
Check any unusual sound.
Check idle and fly up rpm.
Check leakage of water, fuel and oil at rated rpm.
Check load and torque at rated rpm, fuel timing in seconds for 100cc and
Corr. Power =
Where, C. F. =
P= atm. Press. (mm of Hg )
T= ambient temp. (0c)
Corr. SFC. =
Volume of fuel is 100cc or 200cc and fuel time is in sec.
8.2.2 Engine testing cycle time
Running time (min)
10
20
30
30
10
5
5
RPM
700
1000
1400
1700
1600
1800
Rated 2100/2200
27
Load, l
Nil
20
50
75
75
100
100
Sr. no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Particulars
Bore Stroke (mm)
Engine rated speed (rpm)
Engine fly up rpm
Static injection timing (0 BTDC)
Tappet clearance Inlet valve (mm)
Exhaust valve (mm)
Height of cylinder liner above
7.
8.
0.75 + 0.4
2.2 2.5
9.
190 + 8
10.
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.25 - 0.5
5 0.2 150
6 1.8 500
Utility green
11.
12.
13.
Specifications
95 110
2100
2300 + 60
14
0.3
0.4
0.06 - 0.12
Sr. no.
1.
Particulars
Bore Stroke (mm)
Specifications
102 110
28
2.
3.
4.
5.
2100
2300 + 60
22
6.
7.
8.
9.
220 + 8
10.
0.35 0.55
0.35 0.5
0.35 - 0.5
4 0.3 160
6 1.5 400
Golden yellow
11.
12.
13.
0.25
0.25
0.02 - 0.06
0.7 - 0.966
3.18
Specifications
95 110
2100
2270 + 60
22
6.
7.
8.
Particulars
Bore Stroke (mm)
Engine rated speed (rpm)
Engine fly up rpm
Static injection timing (0 BTDC)
Tappet clearance Inlet valve (mm)
Exhaust valve (mm)
Height of cylinder liner above cylinder block (mm)
Bumping clearance (mm)
Injection tip (mm)
9.
190 + 8
10.
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.25 - 0.5
4 0.21 150
6 1.5 500
Utility green
11.
12.
13.
29
0.3
0.4
0.06 - 0.12
0.75 + 0.4
2.2 2.5
Sr. no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Specifications
95 110
2100
2270 + 60
14
6.
7.
8.
Particulars
Bore Stroke (mm)
Engine rated speed (rpm)
Engine fly up rpm
Static injection timing (0 BTDC)
Tappet clearance Inlet valve (mm)
Exhaust valve (mm)
Height of cylinder liner above cylinder block (mm)
Bumping clearance (mm)
Injection tip (mm)
9.
190 + 8
10.
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.25 - 0.5
4 0.21 150
6 1.5 500
Utility green
11.
12.
13.
30
0.3
0.4
0.06 - 0.12
0.75 + 0.4
2.2 2.5
Sr. no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Specifications
102 110
2200
2400 + 60
14
6.
7.
8.
Particulars
Bore Stroke (mm)
Engine rated speed (rpm)
Engine fly up rpm
Static injection timing (0 BTDC)
Tappet clearance Inlet valve (mm)
Exhaust valve (mm)
Height of cylinder liner above cylinder block (mm)
Bumping clearance (mm)
Injection tip (mm)
9.
190 + 3
10.
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.25 - 0.5
4 0.21 150
6 1.5 450
Golden yellow
11.
12.
13.
0.3
0.4
0.06 - 0.12
0.75 + 0.4
2.2 2.5
Sr. no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Specifications
102 110
2220
2400 + 60
14
6.
7.
8.
Particulars
Bore Stroke (mm)
Engine rated speed (rpm)
Engine fly up rpm
Static injection timing (0 BTDC)
Tappet clearance Inlet valve (mm)
Exhaust valve (mm)
Height of cylinder liner above cylinder block (mm)
Bumping clearance (mm)
Injection tip (mm)
9.
190 + 8
10.
0.3
0.4
0.06 - 0.12
0.75 + 0.4
2.2 2.5
11.
12.
13.
First ring
Second ring
Third ring
Nozzle spray holes
H. P. pipe size (mm)
Ring colour on injector
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.25 - 0.5
4 0.25 150
6 1.5 450
Golden yellow
Tractor Assembly Procedure:9.1 Gear Box Sub Assembly:First gear box housing is put on the trolley and different type of the shaft and the gear
assemble in the gear box.
9.2 Clutch Assembly:Clutch is device used to connect and disconnect the tractor engine from the
transmission gears and the drive wheels. Clutch transmits power by mean of friction
between driving members and driven members. Generally dual clutch is used in the
HMT Tractors.
9.3 MT Housing Assembly:In this housing the differential unit and the hydraulic pump is fitted also it provide the
special arrangement of gears.
9.4 Rear Axle Mounting:Mount brake shoes, brake shoes holder, expander unit, retractor spring wheel shaft
along with flange, tapered roller bearing, a bull gear along with spring and locked
device to prevent axial movement off bull gear, on the porter housing.
Assemble rear axle housing on the portal and then assemble the crown on the
differential shaft around the brake shoes.
9.5 Lift Mounting:After mounting of axle on the differential lift is mounted on the main transmission
housing which is used for the load up to 1200 kg and 1400 kg.
9.6 Engine Mounting:32
After then engine is mounted on gear box and MT housing and portal assembly with
the help of bolts.
9.7 Front Axle Mounting:Assembly front axle wheel hub, pivot, king pin, track record on the extension along
with locking devices, bush and bearings.
Connect these two extensions with each other by the extension tube.
9.8 Steering Assembly:Steering:- the system governing the angular movement of front wheel of tractor is
called steering system. This system minimizes the efforts of the operator in turning
the front wheel with the application of leverages.
9.9 Brake System Assembly:Brake is used to stop or slow down the motion of tractor. It is mounted on the driving
axle and operated by two independent pedals. Each pedal can be operated
independently to assist the turning of tractor during the field work or locked together
by means of a lock.
9.10 Washing Zone, Drying Oven and Painting:After mounting all the parts on the body it sends to washing zone for remove the
unwanted material like dust and machining material.
After washing of the body, it sends to oven for drying the body where we dry
it. After drying the body painting is done on the body. Grey paint is used for painting
the body and the chassis.
9.11 Greasing Zone
Greasing is done all the greasing points with the help of pneumatic gun.
The following are the grease points:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
This is of oil bath type cleaner. It consists of a filter element saturated with oil.
At the bottom there is separate oil pun. The air from atmosphere enter in to the gap
and when air takes turn it leaves the impurities there and after it impinging on the
surface of oil and leaves the impurities there and at last air pass through the filter and
cleaning of air is done.
9.13 Air Cleaner
After fitting the air cleaner radiator is attached with engine. The main purpose
of radiator is providing the cooling to the engine i.e. the remove the heat from engine.
Water and alcohol is used as coolant in the radiator.
9.14 Tyre Mounting
After attached all parts tyre is attached with tractors. After assembly the tyre
alignment of wheel is done.
9.15 Following electrical items are mounted,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Horn
Head Light
Brake Light
Parking Light
Plough Lamp
Direction Indicators
Dashboard pilot lamp.
SECTION B
PROJECT WORK
Objectives:
1.Study and documentation of stage wise assembly procedures in assembling
tractors of different models
.
34
2.Time and work force requirement study for assembling 1800 units of 2522, 3600
unit of 3522, 1800 unit of 4022, 900 unit of 5022, 900 unit of 6522 totaling 9000
unit per annually.
.
3.Action required to be taken for increasing productivity and reduce in rework /
rejection at final / different stages.
TRACTOR ASSEMBLY
Introduction
. All the tractors 2522, 3522, 4022, 4522, 5022 and 6522 are assembled here.
Lay shaft.
Reverse gear.
Reduction shaft.
Clutch.
Bended gear.
Front cover.
PTO Spline.
In HMT tractors sliding mesh type gear box is used. It contains
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Splined shaft.
Lay shaft.
Speed gears.
Reduction gears.
PTO shaft.
Clutch shaft.
Clutch.
Bended gear.
i. Main drive gear
ii. Counter shaft
iii.
Main shaft
iv. I gear
v. II gear
vi. III gear
vii. Top speed engaging dogs
and fourth gear. These gears are provided with grooves on one side to attached gear
shifter fork.
Clutch
In HMT, all the tractors have spring loaded dry friction type dual clutch
various parts of clutch are: pressure plate, clutch plate and spring. Release bearings
mounted on PTO shaft are always in contact with shaft when the clutch is pressed the
release bearing depress with release level with further produce tension in compression
37
springs and as a result of this the gap is produce between pressure plate and flywheel
and disc become free on pressing the clutch up to 7cm, the drive to clutch shaft is
stopped and when full clutch is pressed drive to PTO as well as clutch shaft is also
stopped. But in first position PTO rotates and wheels are in standstill position.
The main function of clutch is to engage or disengage the power coming from the
engine.
On the basis of working there are two type of clutches.
Single clutch
Double clutch
MT Housing Assembly
It is the rear part of the tractor cheesy. The main function of the differential in
tractor to reduce final speed and also turn the drive around at 90 degree. The reduction
of the speed is done two stages. The first stage is reduction in tail pinion and crown
wheel meshing and second stage is reduction in bull gear meshing with left and right
B.P. shaft. Its also consisting the P.T.O. shaft, which is used to the threshers, pumps,
rotavator and other accessories components with the help of pully attached on it.
Following are main parts of differential housing:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Crown wheel.
Bevel pinion.
Differential assembly. ( with sun and star gear)
P.T.O. shaft.
Bull gear.
Bevel gear.
38
7. Bearing.
8. Half shaft.
9. Brakes housing.
Differential: it is the a special arrangement of gears to permite one of the rear wheel
of the tractor to rotate slower or faster than the other. While turning the tractor on
curved path, the inner wheel has to travel lesser distance than the outer wheel.
The bevel pinion is in mesh with large bevel wheel known as crown wheel.
The main function of crown wheel is to transmit power through right angle drive to
suit the tractor wheel.
Assembling of different component in M.T. Housing.
1. Clean MT housing with dry air and cloth.
2. Mount hydraulic pump and link brackets on MT housing.
3. Assemble the differential kit on the MT housing. It consist of crown wheel, two sun
gears, four planet gears, two planet pins, left and right cages, taper bearing and tail
pinion with two roller bearing and flanges. Shims are used for maintaining proper
backlash between pinion and crown wheel.
4. Assemble hydraulic pump lift gear.
5. Assemble hand brakes in the MT housing and gear shifting rods with forks on the
gear box.
6. Assemble pump shaft and PTO shaft in MT housing and gear shifting rods with
fork for pump shaft.
7. Assemble top cover on gear box with reduction gear change lever, pump shaft
change lever hand brake, pin and plug etc.
Shim is provided to increase or decrease the distance of the bevel pinion shaft.
Shim Thickness and Backlash
Shim and thickness = P+Q+R+S
P= Reading of bevel pinion in sub assembly or the fixture it is always negative
with respect to the setting gauge block its nominal position valve must
always be taken account.
Q= Reading as given on MT housing, it gives the variation of the bevel pinion
mounting face from the two coaxial flange bores with respect to the
theoretical valves.
39
40
Anti slip circuit is provided so that when the oil reaches the gallery having
differential bush, different quantity of oil is supplied for outer and inner circuit fort
lifting the arms of the lift. When the lift is lowered, the inner circuit valve changes its
position and allows the oil to go through lower circuit hole.
Engine Mounting
The tested ok engine after trial is send to the assembly shop, where it is
mounted on the gear box, and MT housing and portal assembly with the help of bolts.
Front Axle Mounting
1. Assembly front axle wheel hub, pivot, king pin, track record on the extension
along with locking devices, bush and bearings.
2. Connects these two connections with each other by the extension tube.
3. Assemble front axle bracket on the above arrangement with help of center pin.
4. Assemble all the parts with the tractor body.
Steering Assembly
Steering:- the system governing the angular movement of front wheel of tractor is
called steering system. This system minimizes the efforts of the operator in turning
the front wheel with the application of leverages.
Component of steering system:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Steering wheel.
Steering shaft.
Steering gear.
Pitman arm ( drop arm).
Drag link.
Steering arm.
Tie rod.
King pin.
Steering is used in tractor is screw and nut type steering. After mounting all
the accessories, steering is assembled on gear box.
There are two types of steering system are used in HMT Tractors.
1. Mechanical steering system.
2. Power steering system.
Steering geometry:
Various angles in steering geometry are
1. Caster angle: it is the angle between the centre line of the king pin of the
vertical line
2. Camber angle: it is the angle between the center line of the tyre and vertical
line.
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3. King pin inclination angle: it is the angle between the vehicle line and the
king pin centre line is known as king pin inclination angle.
4. Toe in: it is the difference in the distance of the centre lines of the back end
and front end of front wheels of tractor.
5. Toe-out: toe-out is the spreading apart of the front wheels on turns. The
purpose of toe-out is to give correct turning alignment and to prevent
excessive tyre wear.
Brake assembly:This tractor having heavy duty self-energizing, water sealed disc with
spherical roller and ventilation pipe which gives better cooling. The ventilated results
in reduction of about 30% pad temperature. Brake housing cover containing two disc
made of asbestos base non-metallic. The max. temp. resistance about 300 degree C
between this two disc plate a cast iron plate is fixed which contain steel spherical
roller and hold by spring. Whenever brake is applied the spherical roller move are left
from there place in the plate and try to expanded the plate. During expanding of plate
the disc are strongly mounted on B.P left and B.P right shaft stop the speed of
differential. The also having actuators and link with rubber seal.
There are two types of brake system used in HMT Tractor.
1. Mechanical brake
2. Hydraulic brake
Hydraulic Brake and Floor Assembly
Hydraulic brake system is based on the principal of pascals law The brake
fluid which is usually a mixture of gylcerine and alchol is filled in the master
cylinder .when in the master cylinder is forced into the cylinder and the entire
system turns to a pressure system.Immediatly the piston of the wheel cylinder slides
outward which move the break shoes to stop the rotating drum. When the pedal is
released,the return spring of the a sudden pressure drop in the the line. The retracting
spring of the break shoe bring them back to their original position.Thus the piston of
the wheel cylinder returns back.
After assemble various accessories on the body Master cylinder and floor is
attached with body. Master cylinder is used for apply the force in the brake pads.
The basis component of hydraulic system.
Wheel cylinder
Maser cylinder
Piston rod
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Retraction spring
Brake drum
: 7:1
Viscosity
: 20-24 sec.
: 20-30%
Greasing zone
Greasing is done all the greasing points with the help of pneumatic gun.
The following are the grease points:
8. Front wheel hub
9. Front axle extension
10. Front axle pin
11. Clutch shaft
12. Right hand stud
13. Three point linkage
14. Tie rod end
Three free play of foot brake is maintained 2mm.
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After fitting the air cleaner radiator is attached with engine. The main purpose
of radiator is providing the cooling to the engine i.e. the remove the heat from engine.
Water and alcohol is used as coolant in the radiator.
Tyre Mounting
After attached all parts tyre is attached with tractors. After assembly the tyre
alignment of wheel is done.
Alignment parameter
Toe in of wheel 4 mm i. e. from front distance is constant and from the back
side the distance is increased 4 mm. 2 to 3 deg. camber is given to wheel.
Purpose of alignment
1. It provides good balancing to the tractor.
2. It prevent from wear and tear of tyres.
3. It helps in steering system.
After this, bonnet and electrical items are attached to the tractors.
Following electrical items are mounted,
8. Horn
9. Head Light
10. Brake Light
11. Parking Light
12. Plough Lamp
13. Direction Indicators
14. Dashboard pilot lamp.
After this, tractor is completed up to bridge out stage.
TRACTOR TESTING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sinking
Jerking
Drafting
Hand brake setting up to forth teeth.
Foot break to be checked combined and individually.
Different locks to be checked for its normal function at500-700RPM.
Tractor to be checked for any unusual sound from.
Road testing.
Roller testing.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Total
Model
2522
3522
4022
5022
6522
required
requirement
(hr.)
7
11
11
11
15
(hr.)
12600
39600
19800
9900
13500
95400
1680
5280
2640
1320
1800
12720
1800
3600
1800
900
900
9000
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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