Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Moderator :
dr. Ginova Nainggolan, SpPD-KGH
Mehta RL dan Chertow GM. Acute Renal Failure, Definitions and Classification : Time for
Change? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003.14:2178-2187.
Kriteria LFG
Risk
Injury
Kenaikan SCr 2
atau penurunan LFG > 50%
Failure
Kenaikan SCr 3
atau penurunan LFG > 75%
atau SCr 4 mg/dL
Loss
ESRD
Hipovolemia
Hemoragik, luka bakar, dehidrasi
Kehilangan cairan lewat Gl; muntah, diare, drainase
Kehilangan cairan lewat ginjal: diuretik, DM, hipoadrenalisme.
Pankreatitis, peritonitis, trauma, luka bakar, hipoalbuminemia berat
Penurunan cadiac output:
Penyakit otot jantung, katup dan perikardium; aritmia, tamponade
Lain-lain: HT pulmonal, emboli pulmonal masif, ventilasi mekanik
Perubahan rasio resistensi sistem vaskular renal:
Vasodilatasi sistemik: sepsis, antihipertensi, anestesi, anafilaksis
Vasokonstriksi renal: hiperkalemia, norepinefrin, epinefrin, siklosporin,
tacrolimus, amfoterisin
Sirosis dengan asites (sindrom hepatorenal)
Hipoperfusi renal dgn kegagalan autoregulasi renal: COX-I, ACE-I
Sindrom hiperviskositas: MM, makoglobulinemia, polisitemia
Azotemia prerenal :
Tanpa adanya kerusakan struktural
AKI Intrinsik :
Iskemia deplesi ATP
tubulus
Aktivasi protease dan fosfolipase
Pembentukan ROS : Haber Weiss Reaction
Kerusakan tubulus : Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Abuelo JG. Normotensive Ischemic Acute Renal Failure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:797-805
Sutton TA, Fischer CJ, Molitoris BA. Microvascular Endothelial Injury and Dysfunction during
Ischemic Acute Renal Failure. Kidney Int 2002;62:1539-49.
Sutton TA, Fischer CJ, Molitoris BA. Microvascular Endothelial Injury and Dysfunction during
Ischemic Acute Renal Failure. Kidney Int 2002;62:1539-49.
Pemeriksaan
Penunjang
Diagnostik
AKI Intra
Renal (ATN)
AKI Post
Renal
Rasio
> 20:1
20:1
BUN/Kreatinin
Fraksi Ekskresi Natrium = Na urine x Kreatinin serum
Fraksi Ekskresi
Na
serum x Kreatinin urine
< 1%
>3%
Natrium
Berat Jenis Urine
>1.020
1.010-1.020
Osmolalitas urine
250-300 mOsm
Natrium urine
< 20 mmol/hari
> 40 mmol/hari
Sedimen
Hyaline cast
Granular cast
USG
Normal
Normal
Komplikasi
Kelebihan cairan
Intravaskuler
Hiponatremia
Hiperkalemia
Asidosis metabolik
Hiperfosfatemia
Hipokalsemia
Hiperurisemia
Terapi
Batasi garam (1-2 gram/hari) dan air (<1 liter/hari)
Diuretik (biasanya furosemide/thiazide)
Diuretik
Loop diuretics : dosis awal bolus 40 mg IV
Bila tidak ada reaksi :
dosis digandakan
drip cepat 100-250 mg/kali dalam 1-6 jam
drip lambat l0-20 mg/kgBB/hari, max. 1000 mg/hari.
Mannitol
Albumin
Dopamin Renal dose
< 2,5 gr/kgBB/menit
Stem cell
Tingkat mortalitas :
National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002:39:S1-S246.
Derajat
Penjelasan
2
3
4
5
LFG
(ml/menit/1,73m2)
90
60 89
30 59
15 29
< 15 atau dialisis
National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002:39:S1-S246.
National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002:39:S1-S246.
No.
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Amerika Serikat
Penyebab
Diabetes mellitus
Tipe 1
Tipe 2
Hipertensi dan penyakit
pembuluh darah besar
Glomerulonefritis
Nefritis interstitial
Kista, penyakit bawaan
Penyakit sistemik (lupus,
vaskulitis)
Neoplasma
Tidak diketahui
Penyakit lain
Insiden
No.
44,9 %
3,9 %
41,0 %
27,2 %
Glomerulonefritis
46,39 %
Diabetes mellitus
18,65 %
8,2 %
3,6 %
3,1 %
2,1 %
3
4
5
12,85 %
8,46 %
13,65 %
2,1 %
5,2 %
4,6 %
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Hipertensi
Diabetes mellitus
Dislipidemia
Penyakit autoimun
Usia yang lebih tua
Keturunan Afrika
Riwayat keluarga
penyakit ginjal
Albuminuria
Proteinuria
Abnormalitas sedimen
urine
Episode AKI sebelumnya
Kelainan struktur saluran
kemih
National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002:39:S1-S246.
National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002:39:S1-S246.
National Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical Practice Guidelines for
Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002:39:S1-S246.
Kelainan Hematologik
Anemia
Hemostasis abnormal
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Kerusakan
nefron
Retensi Na
dan air
Ekspansi
ECFV
HT
Terapi
restriksi asupan garam (1-2 gr/hari)
Diuretik
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Defisiensi eritropoietin
Hiperparatiroidisme
sekunder
Defisiensi besi
ANEMIA
Inflamasi / Infeksi
Hemoglobinopati
Masa hidup
eritrosit pendek
Kelainan Kardiovaskular
Penyakit Vaskular Iskemik
Gagal Jantung
Hipertensi dan Hipertrofi Ventrikel Kiri
Penyakit Perikardial
Kelainan Neuromuskular
Gangguan memori, gangguan tidur
Iritabilitas : cegukan, kram, fasikulasi
Asterixis, mioklonus, kejang, koma
Restless legs syndrome
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Kelainan Dermatologik
Endapan metabolit pigmen urokrom
Pruritus uremikum
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Fauci A, Braunwald E, Kasper D. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
Pendekatan Awal
Anamnesis
Pemeriksaan Fisik
Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
Pemeriksaan Radiologis
Biopsi Ginjal
Restriksi Protein
0,6-0,75 g/kg/hari
Asupan energi 35 kkal/kgBB
Dialisis
Transplantasi Ginjal
Edukasi Pasien