TRANSPORT ENGINEERING LAB

CONTENTS
Expt.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Title of the Experiment

Shape Test
Aggregate Impact Test
Aggregate Crushint Test
Softening Point test on Bitumen
Flash and Fire Point test
Duetility test on Bitumen

Page
No.
1
6
9
34
37
40

PRACTICAL 1
SHAPE TEST
Aim :->
To determine the flakiness index, elongation index and angularity number of the given
sample of aggregate.

Theory :->
The particle shape of aggregate is determined by percentage of flaky and elorgated
particles contained in it. In case of gravel.
If is determined by its angularity no. for base coaste types. The Pressure of flaky and elongated
particles are considered. Undesirable as they may cause inharent weakness with possibilities of
braking down under heavy load.

1. Flakiness Index :->

The flakiness index of aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose least
dimension is less than three fifth (0.6) times of their mean dimensions. The test is not
applicable to aggregate size smaller than 6.3 mm.

Observation and Calculation

Sieru
size
(mm)

Weight of 200
pieces of agg.
(in ) gm

Weight of
flaky agg.
(w) gm.

FLAKINESS
INDEX (%)

50-40
40-25
25-20
20-16
16-12.5
12.5-10
10-6.3

30200
11800
-

2980
835
-

9.87
7.07
-

weight of
elongated
aggregated
(x) gm
8050
3370
-

elargated
index Eg
(%)
26.65
28.55
-

Apparatus :Thickness gange, weighing balance. Is sieve size : 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 31.5 mm, 25
mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, and 6.3mm

Procedure :->

The siever are arranged such that the largest size sierce (63mm) is at the top and
the smallest size sierce (6.3mm) is at the bottom.

The given aggregarte are sierved a min of 200 pieces of each fraction to be
tested are taken and weight.

In order to separate , flaky aggregate each fraction is than ganged for thickness
through the respective opening on the thickness gange for example :- if the
aggregate is form 50-40 fraction if is ganged through the opening of 27mm on
the thickness gange.

The flaky agg. Passing the respective opening are collected and accurately
weighed.

The procedure is repeated for other fractions having weighs W2,W3 ------ etc
and the flaky agg. In them having. Weights w2,w3resp.

Then flakyness index =

Result :->
The flakiness index of the given sample of agg. Is 8.47%

 Flakiness index =

Elangated index =

Average flakiness index =

AFI = 8.47 %
AKG. Elengated index =

AEI = 27.6 %
Discussion :- its per IRC specification the flakness index of an agg. Should range from 0-15% for
water bond meadom base and surfacing coaste and upto 30% is axxeptable. Hence tested agg.
is suitable for all types of construction.
2. Elangation Index :->
The elongation index of agg. is the percentage by weight of particle whose greatesr
climn is grater than one and four fifth (1.8) times their mean Dimn. The elongation test is not
applicable to size smaller than 6.3mm
Apparatus :Length of gange, weighing balance is sierv size as in the flakiness index
Procedure: The sample is sietved by the IS have specified and amin of a 200 piece of each fraction
and take and weighed.

 In order to separate elongated agg. each fraction is then ganged indivisually for length
gange.
In each fraction the agg. retained on the respective opening on the length gange is
collected and weighed.
The procedure is repeated for their fractions having weight w2,w3---- etc and the weight
of elongated agg. is then X2,x3 etc retained
Elongation index =
Result :The elongation index of the given sample aggregate = 27.6%
Discussion :There are no specifiedlimits of elongation index reduces as in case of flakiness
index for different method of construction.Hence the tested aggregate is
considered suitable for the construction.
3. Angularity Number :The angularity no. of aggregate is the amount by which the percentage voids
enceeds 33 after being compacted is a prescribed manner.
Apparatus :A matal cylinder closed at one end having 3 liter capacity diameter and height
approximately equal.
A metal tamping road 16mm in diameter and 60 mm long.
Weighing balance
Is siene 25,20,16,12.5,10,6.3 and 4.75mm
Observation and calculation :Wt.of empty cylinder (a) =42.50gm.
Wt.of cylinder + aggregate (b)= 9210 gm

Wt.of aggregate in cylinder (b-a)=w=4960gm.

Wt.of cylinder + water (d)= 7200 gm
Wt. of water in the cylinder (d-a) c = 2950gm

Angularity no.=
Where G=2.7

A.N = 67AN = 4.73%

Procedure : The siere for each fraction are arranged as25-20mm etc
The given sample of agg, is fieved so that sufficient pieces are obtained in each fraction.
The empty cylinder is accurently weighed.
Each agg;- fraction is separately filled in the cylinder in three layer tampling each layer
100 times with the rounded end of tampling rod.
The excess agg are removed
The cylinder along agg. is weight
The agg.are removed from the cylinder is completely filled with water and after wiping
its outer sides it is weighed with water.
The angularity no. may be calculated from the expression angularity no.
A.N = 67-100xw
_________
C.G
Result:The angularity no. of the given sample of aggregate =4.73%
Discussion:-

As per IRC specification angularity index should sample from 0-11% on

comparing with specified values. The results obtained on the agg. is satisfactory.

Practical -2
AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST
Aim:To determine the impact value of the given aggregate.
Apparatus:a) Aggregate impact apparatus
b) Cylindrical measure and cylindrical cup
c) Tampling rod
d) Is sierce
e) Weighing balance
Theory:Toughness is the property of material to resict impact due tp traffic loads the
road stones are subjected to the pounding action or impact and there is
possibilities of stone breaking into smaller pieces. The road stones should
therefore to tough enough to resist the toughness of stones i.e the resistance of
the stones to fracture under repeated impacts may be an impact test for road
aggregate.
Specifications:a) Cylindrical measure of dia 750mm and wt.50mm
b) Test cylinder of dia of 102mm and height 50mm
c) Tampling road of dia of 10mm and length 230mm
d) Is sienne 12.5mm, 10.00mm and 2.36mm
Observation and calculation
1. Wt. of empty cylindrical measure (a)=533gm
2. Wt. of measure with aggregate (b)= 874 gm

3. Wt. of aggregate (b-a) = w.gm =341gm

4. Wt. of aggregate pasing 2.36mm
Sierce after the test

w2=96gm

5. Aggregate impact value =

AIV =26%
Procedure:Take clean and dry agg. and sieve an is 12.5mm and 10.00mm sieve. Collect the
agg. passing.IS 12.5mm sieve and retained an IS 10.00mm
Find the weight of the empty cylindrical measure let the weight be agm
Fill the agg. in the cylindrical measure in 3 layers tampting each layer 25 times with
rounded end of tampling rod.
Roll the tampling rod over a aggregate surface and remove excess aggregate if any.
Find the weight of cylindrical measure with aggregate. Let the wt be bgm . thus the wt.
of aggregate =w1=(b-a)
Transfer all the aggregate from the cylindrical measurre to the test cylinder in one layer
and tamp the layer 25 times with the rounded end of the tampling rod.
Fix the test cylinder firmly to the base of the impact tester.
Adjust the height of face of the plunger to 38015mm and set the below counter to zero.
Lift the piunger gently and allow it to drop. This is one below. Give 15 such belows.
Take out the test cylinder and sieve the crushed material as Is 2.33mm siere. Find the
weight of material passing the sierve . net wt be w2gm.
Find the wt. of agg retained on this sierve let the wt.be w3mm then agg. impact value =
(w2/w1)x100% and % of dust = (W3/ W1)x100%
Ressult:- The impact value of given aggregate sample is 26%

 Discussion : The IRC recommended the difference values for aggregate impact test as
given below.

Agg.Impact Value

Classification

<10%

Excellent

10-25%

Good

25-35%

Satisfactory

>35%

Weak for road.

Therfore the value of agg. from our results shows that it strong for road surface.
Precautions:
1) Weighing should be very accurate
2) Sierving should be accurate
3) Height of fall should be exactly 380+5mm
4) Tampting should be uniformity distributed over the surface of aggregate.

Practical -3
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE
Aim: To determine the crushing value of the given sample of aggregate.
Apparatus :
a) Steel cylinder with open ends and a square plate
b) Plunger with piston
c) Cylindrical measure
d) Compression testing machine
e) Steel tampling rod
f) Is sieve
g) Weighing balance
Theory : The principal mechanical properties requ.in road stones are
i.

Satisfactory resistance to crushing under rolling during construction and

ii.

Adequate resistance to surface a brashion under traffic. Also stress under rigid tyres
rims of heavily loaded annual drawn vehicles are high enough to consider the
crushing strength of road aggregate as essential requirement in india.
Crushing strength of road agg. may be determined either an agg or an cylindrical
specimen out of rocks. These 2 tests are quite difference is not only the approach
but also is the expression of the results.

Observation and Calculation

Sierv used =12.5mm , 10.0mm and 2.36 mm.
1. Wt.of empty cylindrical measure =a=1615gm
2. Wt.of cylindrical measure + Aggregate =b =4473 gm
3. Wt. of aggregate = (b-a) = W1=2858gm
4. Weight of aggregate (sieve after test) passing 2.36 mm (W2) = 710gm

5. Aggregate crushing value =

ACV =24.84%
Specifications:
a) Steel cylinder has a dia.152mm and height 130 -140mm, thickness of its side is
16mm thickness of base plateis 6.3mm
b) Pisttan has a dia of 150mm and a height of 100-115mm
c) Cylindrical measure has a dia.115mm and ht 180mm
d) Steel temping rod has a dia.16mm and height 450-60mm
e) Is sieve used are 12.5 mm,10.0mm and 2.36mm
f) Compression testing machine should have a capacity of applying load of 40 times
at a uniform rate of loading of 4 tones per min.

Procedure
Select clean and dry agg. passing through IS 1.5mm and retained am IS10.0mm sierve.
Weight the empty cylindrical measure. Let the wt be a gm
Fill the aggregate in the cylindrical measure in 3 layers temping each layer 25 times with
the rounded end of the tampling rod. Weight the cylindrical measure with agg. let the
weight be bgm. Thus wt of aggregate =w1gm.
Transfer the aggregate into the steel cylindrical again in 3 layer. Tampling in each layer
25 times.
Place plunger in the steel cylinder such that the piston rests Hw over the aggregate
surface.
Keep the assembly of steel cylinder with plungs in the compression testing machine.
Set the pointer to read zero and apply the compr load of the tonner
Stop the machine take out the assembly.
Sieve the crushed material an IS-2.36mm sieve and find the weight of material passing
this sieve. Let the wt. be (w1) gm.

 Then aggregate crushing value =

Result:

The agg. crushing value of the given aggregate sample =24.84%

Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Weighing and sierving should be accurate.

Tampling should be uniform over the surface of agg.
The piston should not rest Hu over the agg. surface.
Load should be applied at a uniform rate of 4 tons per min.

Discussion:
In general large size of agg. used in the test results in higher aggregate crushing value.
The relationship b/w the aggregate sizes and crushing values will however vary with the type of
specimen used. When now steel size of aggregate are used for the crushing test. The size of
cylinder quantity of material for preparation of specimen size of IS sieve for scporting fines.

Practical -4
Softening Point Test
Aim:- To determine the softening of the given sample of bitesmen..
Apparatus:- A water bath, brass support, brassing steel balls, thermometer (0-60oC)
Theory :- Bitumen does not change from solid to liquid state, but as the temp. increases,
it gradually becomes softer until it flows readily. The softening point is the temp. at
which the substances attains particular degree of softening under specified cond of test
for bitumen it is determined by ring and ball apparatus test.
Specification :
1. A head resistance glass container of 85mm dia and 120 mm depth is used.
2. The brass support is 100 mm high having a base plate ring plate and bottom
plate is 25mm.
3. There are 2 brass rings of following dimensions depth 6.4mm, inside diameter at
top 17.5 mminside diameter at bottom 15.9 mm, outside diameter 10.6mm,
Observation and Calcuation:
Grade of Bitumen=
Temperature of Bitumen = 110oC
Initial temp of water = 27oC
Starting time = 3.00pm
Final Temperature = 48oC
Final Time = 3.20pm
4. Each steel ball has diameter of 9.5mm and weight 2.5-0.05gm
Procedure : Preparation of Smaple
1. Place a ring on a metal plate, grease, the inside of the ring and the plate.
2. Heat the sample to a pouring consistency and pour it into the ring upto the
specified mark.

3. Allow the sample to cool in air for about 30min cut off ensuss sample with ice
water.
4. Fill the water bath with ice water
5. Keep the balls centrally over the sample in the rings by adjusting the slots.
Experimental procedure:
1. Keep the ring on the ring plate of the metallic support and immense the
assembly in ice water contemid in the water bath
2. Insert the thermometer in the space provided and note the intial temp of water.
3. Heat the water gradually and note the arg. Rise of temperature.
4. At a certain temp. the sample becomes soft. The ball sink down and touch the
bottom plate is recorded as the softening point of the sample. The two balls may
touch the bottom plate at 2 different temp. then the mean temp is the softening
point.
Result: The softening point of the given sample of bitumen= 48C
Precautions:
1. The bitumen should be poured upto the top of the rings.
2. The initial temperature of water before heating should be less than.
Discussions : Its in the other physical tests on bitumen it is essential that the
specifications discussed above are strictly observed . particularly , any variations in the
following point would effect the result considerably.
1. Quality and type of liquid
2. Weight of balls
3. Distance b/w bottom of ring anf bottom base plate.
4. Rate of heating.

Practical -5
Flash and Fire Point Test on Bitumen
Aim : To determine the flash and fire point of the sample of bitumen.
Apparatus: Pensty materials closed up tester, thermometer, electric heater,
arrangement of test flame.
Theory: Flash Point the flash point of a material is a lowest temp at which the vapour of
substance momentarity takes fire in the form of a flash under specified card of test.
Fire point : The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the material gets ignited
and burns under specified test conditions.
Specifications:
1. A thermometer of range 0-400c is used
2. The rate of heating is 50to 6degree for min
3. The rate of stirring is about 60revolution permin
Observation and Calcuation: Flash point of the given sample =360Degree c
Fire point of the given sample =375degree c
Procedure:
1. Clean all parts of cup
2. Heat the given bitumen to a pouring consistency and fill in the cup to the
specified marks.
3. Place the lid to close the cup in a closed 8gm.

4. Place the thermometer in a space provided.

5. Heat the sample gradually at the rate of 5 to 6 degree C per min and
simultaneously stir with the stirring arrange
6. Mean while open the cup operating the spindle and apply a test flame. The first
application of flame should be made at least 17 degree C before the expected
flash point and there after every 1 to 3 degree C . the string is discontinued
during application of flame.
7. At a certain temperature , the sample will try to catch fire everything a flash, the
corresponding temp is noted as the flash point.
8. At a still higher temp the sample will catch fire and burn continuously , the
corresponding temp is noted as fire point.
Result: Flash point of the given sample = 360degree C
Fire point of the given sample = 375 degree C
Discussion : It is specified that in closed up systemthe test result should not differ from
the mean by more than 3 degree C for materials flashing above 104 degree C and note
more than 1degree C from the mean for material flashing below 104 degree
Precautions
1. The heating aand dtirring should be done simultaneously
2. The fire application of flame should be made at least 17 degree before the
expected flash point.
3. The flame should not have a bead of more than 4mm diameter.

Practical 6
Ductility Test on Bitumen
Aim : To determine the ductility value of the given sample of bitumen.
Apparatus : Duethility machine, briquette mould , knife, electric heater, glass plate.
Theory : In the femible placement construction where bitumen binders anr used, it is of
significant imp that the binders from ductility film around the aggregate. This serves as
satisfactory binder in improving the physical interlocking of the agg. the binder material
which does not posses sufficient ductility would crock and thus provide pervious
payment surface. This inturn results in damaging effect to the pavement structure.
Procedure:
a) Preparation of Sample
1. Apply grease on the glass plate.
2. Arrange the end pieces and side pieces of the briquetle modules on a glass plate.
Apply grease on the sides pieces
3. Heat the given bitumen sample to a pouring consistencyand carefully pour into the
pould.
4. Allow it to cool in air for about 30-40min
5. Immerse the mould with plate in a water bath maintained at 27 degree C for 30 min.
6. Take out the mould and cut off excess bitumen if any with a sharp not knif.
7. Replace the mould back in water for 85 to 90 min at 27 degree C
b) Experimental Procedure:

1. With the help of hot knif, remove the side pieces of the mould and separate the sample
from plate
2. Carefully place the sample in the duetility machine on the plate provided . fix the ends
of the mould to the plate.
3. Note the temp of wter in the duetility machine it should be 27 degree c
4. Note the intial reading on the scale provided on the machine . it should be zero.
5. Start the machine the sample stretches and a thread is uniform in the middle the
sample stretches at a uniform rate of 50= 2.5mm per min.
Observation and calculation
Pouring temperature = 110 dgree C
Test temperature = 27 degree C
Period of cooling
In air = 30 min
In water = 60-90 min

Test Property
Ductility

Brigutee no.

Mean Value

II

III

74

91.5

94

(Gm)

(Gm)

( Gm )

86.5 Cm

6. The thread formed at a middle breaks at a certain distance. The distance upto which the
sample stretches before the thread breaks on the disutility value.
Precaution:
1. The sample should not poured above the mould level
2. While fining the sample in the machine , the length of the mould should not be altered.
3. The test tempr of 27 degree C should be maintained throughout

 Results: The dustility of bitumen varies from 5 to over 100 for different grade. A min
dustility value of 50 is specified for the bitumen construction . hence the tested bitumen
is having sufficiently ductility.