Hand-out (CBSE)

Work power and energy

`

CLASS - XI
1.

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep Singh
DATE: 18/07/2015

Work
In Physics, work is said to be done whenever a force acts on a body
and it displaces body parallel to its direction.

Let F = Constant force on the body

S = Displacement of body in the direction of force
Then mathematically
W=FS
When displacement of body is not in the direction of force, then
W = Component of force in the direction of displacement x
displacement

b)

When a spring is stretched, work done by the external (stretching)

force is positive.

c)

While free fall, work done by gravity is +ive

When > 90 . It means force (or its component) is anti-parallel to

displacement
Cos is -ive
Work = negative
So when external force opposes
the motion of body, then work
done by that external force is
ive
Example:
a) While weightlifting work done by gravity is negative

W = (F cos) S = .
W = .
So work is a Scalar quantity

When force acting on body is not constant i.e. work done by variable
force
Consider variable force displaces a body through small displacement

b)

When a spring is stretched, work done by the spring force is

negative

c)

While pushing box on the floor, work done by friction is

negative

ds (for small displacement ds , force can be assumed constant).

Small work done, dW = .

Total amount of work done will be obtained by integrating above
equation from initial to final limit

dW = .
0

W = 2 .

W = Area under F S curve

2.

When = 90 . It means force is perpendicular to the displacement of

body

Nature of work done

W = . = F S cos
When < 90. It means force (or its component) is parallel to
displacement

Cos 90 = 0
Work = 0
Example:
a) When a coolie travels on a horizontal platform with a load on
his head, work done by the coolie is zero. (When he walks on
stairs, then W 0)
b) When a body moves in a circle the work done by the
centripetal force is always zero because it acts perpendicular
to the motion of body

Cos is +ive
Work = +ive
So when external force favours
the motion of body, then work
done by that external force is
positive
Example:
a) While weightlifting work done by mans lifting force is +ive

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PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep Singh

Hand-out (CBSE)
Work power and energy
3.

Units of force
Absolute units

Gravitational units

[SI ] = 1 Nm or joule (J)

1 J = 1Nm

[SI] : kg-F m
1 kg - m = (9.8 N)(1m) = 9.8 Nm =
9.8J

[C.G.S ] = dyn cm or erg (J)

1 erg = 1 dyn cm

[C.G.S] : gF cm
1 g - cm = (980 dyn) (1cm)
= 980 dyn cm = 980 erg

A.

Bullet fired from gun can pierce through the target due to its
kinetic energy

Moving air can run wind mills due to their K.E

Expression for kinetic energy
Consider a body of mass is at rest. Let a constant force F acts on it
and increases its speed from 0 to while displacing it by s
2 2 = 2as
2 = 2as
because u = 0
a=

Relationship between J and erg

-----

Work done on by constant force F on particle W = F.S = (ma) s

1 J = 1Nm = (105 dyn) (100cm) =

107 dyn cm = 107 erg

W=(

) = 2
2

This work done is measure of kinetic energy

1

K.E = 2

Ques: Does work depend on frame of reference?

4.

CONSERVATIVE AND NON- CONSERVATIVE FORCES

Expression for kinetic energy when force is variable (Calculus method)

Consider a body of mass is at rest. Let a variable force F acts on it
and increases its speed from 0 to while displacing it by s

Conservative force
Force said to be conservative if work done by or against the force in
moving a body depends only on the initial and final positions of the
body and not on the path followed

Small amount of work done by variable force, dW = F ds

dW = ds =

dt

To find total work done, integrate within limits

W = 0

2
|
2 0

W=|
1

W = 2
2

This work is a measure of K.E of the system

Let a force F moves a body from A to B via 3 paths. Force F is said to
conservative when work done by force is independent of path taken to
move body from A to B
1 = 2 = 3

K.E = 2
2

B. Work energy principle

It states that net work done by all the forces (internal +external) acting
on the body = Change in K.E of the body.

Example of conservative forces are : Gravitational forces, Electrostatic

forces, Elastic forces etc
Ques: Prove that work done by or against conservative force in
moving a body in closed path is zero.
Ques: Prove that gravitational force is conservative in nature

(It is applicable only when whole of the work done has been used to
increase K.E of the system only)
W = K.E
W =

Non- Conservative forces

A force is said to be non-conservative if amount of work done by or
against the force in moving a body from one position to another,
depends on the path followed

Proof
Consider a body of mass is moving with initial velocity u . Let a
constant force F acts on it and increases its speed from 0 to while
displacing it by s
2 2 = 2as

Work done by or against Non-conservative forces in moving a body in

any closed path is 0. Because there is some net loss of Energy.

a=

2 2
2

-----

Work done on by constant force F on particle W = F.S = (ma) s

All dissipative forces (i.e. which involve loss of energy in form of heat
or sound) are non-conservative. Example: Force of friction, viscous
Forces etc

2 2

W=(
1

2
2

W= -
2

5.

6.

W =

MECHANICAL ENERGY
It is energy associated with motion, position or configuration of an
object
It is of two types: Kinetic energy and potential energy
Kinetic Energy
It is energy possessed by the body due to its motion.
Kinetic energy is measured in terms of work required to produce the
motion or destroy the motion of body.
Examples

) = ( 2 2 )

C.

If work done on system by a force is +ive, then >

i.e. Positive work increases K.E of system
If work done on system by a force is -ive, then <
i.e. negative work decreases K.E of system

Relationship between Kinetic energy and momentum

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Hand-out (CBSE)
Work power and energy
1

K = 2 =

2 2 =

PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep Singh

2
2

p = 2
It's clear that a single particle cannot have K.E without having
momentum and vice-versa Graphs
NOTE: For system of particles
Momentum is a vector quantity whereas kinetic energy is a scalar
quantity. If the kinetic energy of a system is zero then linear
momentum definitely will be zero but if net momentum of a system is
zero then kinetic energy may or may not be zero. AIEEE 2003

7.

Restoring force, -
= k where K is called spring constant or FORCE constant
Within elastic limit restoring force = Applied external force
To find elastic potential energy is stretched of compressed spring
Consider a massless spring having force constant K. Let this spring is
displaced by by applying external force F.
Potential energy stored in spring will equal to work done by external
force F in stretching spring from x = 0 to x = against the restoring
force

POTENTIAL ENERGY (U)

P.E is the energy possessed by a body or a system by virtue of its
position or configuration in a field of conservative force.
Potential energy of a body at any point is defined as amount of work
done in bringing the body from zero level to that point against the field
without acceleration.
Types of potential energies
Gravitational P.E
P.E associated with system due
to separation between two
bodies that attract each other
via gravitational force
P.E due gravity of earth
U =

Elastic P.E
P.E associated with the system
due to compression or extension
of an elastic object

Since restoring force is variable (because it depends on displacement)

Small amount of work required to displace spring by small
displacement d
dW = F d --------

We know within elastic limit magnitude of restoring force = magnitude

of external force F
So F = k
Put in equation --------
dW = k d

U = K 2 or
2
1

U = K ( 2 - 1 )
2

A.

Gravitational potential energy (due to earth gravity)

To find total work done, integrate above equation within limits

W = k 0 =

1
2

K 2

This work done in displacing spring from x = 0 to x = gives measure

of P.E stored in spring.
1

U = K 2
2

Consider a body of mass at height above the earths surface.

To find gravitational P.E associated with the body, we have to find
work required to bring the body from zero level to that height
Let ground is taken as zero level. At any point weight mg of body acts
downwards, so equal amount of force is required in upward direction
to take the body from ground to height against the field without
accelerating.
W = F S = mgh
This work done is a measure of gravitational potential energy of the
earth-body system
U = mgh

B.

Ques: Show that potential energy stored in spring is given by area

under F- curve

8.

CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY

For a body in presence of conservative forces, the sum of kinetic and
potential energies at any point remains constant throughout the
motion. This is known as the law of conservation of mechanical energy.
K + U = constant
Note: It is not valid if non-conservative forces (e.g. friction) are also
acting.
Show that law of conservation of mechanical energy is valid in case of
freely falling body

Elastic Potential energy

Whenever spring is stretched or compressed, a restoring force comes
into picture to bring it to the normal position. This restoring force obey
Hooks law
According to Hookes law

this restoring force is proportional to the displacement and

Its direction is always opposite to the displacement.

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PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep Singh

Hand-out (CBSE)
Work power and energy

11. COLLISIONS
A collision is said to occur between two bodies, either if they physically
collide against each other or if path of one is affected by the force
exerted by other

At Point A

At Point B

At Point C

= 0 K.E = 0
U =
T.E =

2 - 2 = 2 g
u=0
2 = 2 g
1
1
= m 2 = m(2g) =

2 - 2 = 2 g
u = 0 and s =
2 = 2 g

P.E = (H-)
T.E = + mg (H-) = H

K.E =
P.E = 0
T.E =

b)

NOTE:
a) For collision to occur, actual physical contact is not necessary.
e.g. In Rutherford's experiment, - particles get scattered due
to electrostatic repulsion between - particles and nucleus
from the distance
During collisions we ignore external forces like friction and gravity
(because during collision impulsive forces are much larger than
external forces). So momentum remains conserved
Perfectly Elastic
collision
If during collision
there is no loss of K.E
it is called Perfectly
elastic collision

So clearly total mechanical energy of body is always constant during free

fall. During free fall potential energy is continuously being converted into
kinetic energy of the body.
Ques: Draw variation of P.E and K.E of body during free fall
Ques: Is mechanical energy also conserved when spring is stretched
and released, assuming no friction present. Also find K.E and P.E of
spring at different positions.

9.

Power
Power of a body is defined as the rate at which the body can do the
work or work is done on the body.
Average power ( ) =

P=

F . S
t

dt

.
= F

[SI units]: J/s or Watt

[Practical unit]: horse power (hp) = 746 W

e=1

10. Einsteins mass-energy equivalence

Einstein discovered that mass can be converted into energy and viceversa.
E = m 2 where c = speed of light
If mass 'm' disappears, energy E = m 2 appears
If Energy E disappears , mass m =

If during collision
there is some loss of
K.E , it is called
Perfectly inelastic
collision
Some energy is lost
as heat etc.
Total momentum of
system is conserved
Total energy is
conserved
K.E is not conserved
Part of K.E is
converted into heat,
sound energies etc.
Non-conservative
forces are also
involved along with
conservative forces
e.g.
Collision between car
and bus
Collisions taking place
in daily lives

0<e<1

Perfectly inelastic
collision
When two bodies
stick together after
collision and move as
a single body with
common velocity,
this type of collision
is called Perfectly
inelastic collision
Total momentum of
system is conserved
Total energy is
conserved
Loss of K.E is
maximum

e.g.
Bullet fired into
wooden block and
bullet remain
embedded in it and
both moves together
e=0

There is one more type of collision called super-elastic collision or explosive

collisions: During the collision there is increase in K.E. This occurs if there is
release of P.E on an impact.

[P] = [1 2 3 ]

Only conservative
forces are involved
during collision
E.g.
Collisions between
sub atomic particles

dW

Instantaneous power, P =

Total momentum of
system is conserved
Total energy is
conserved
K.E is conserved

Inelastic collision

12. 1-D Elastic collision

1-D collision means before and after collision particles moves in a
straight line

appears

Examples
a) Annihilation of matter
Electron and Positron comes close to each other, they annihilate
(destroy) each other producing energy (2 gamma ray photons)
(-e) + (+e) -----> 2 rays
b)

Energy generation in stars and sun is due to the conversion of

mass into energy

Principle of conservation of energy

It states that total energy + total mass of the universe remains
constant. If one part of universe loses energy or mass, other part must
gain equal amount of energy or mass

Consider two elastic bodies having masses 1 , 2 moving in straight

line with initial velocities 1 , 2 collide head on elastically . Let after
collision their velocities become 1 and 2 .
Linear Momentum is conserved

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PHYSICS
By Prof. Amandeep Singh

Hand-out (CBSE)
Work power and energy
1 1 + 2 2 = 1 1 + 2 2 ----------
1 (1 - 1 ) = 2 (2 - 2 ) -----------

2 = 0

Kinetic Energy is conserved

1
2

1 1 2 + 2 2 2 = 1 1 2 +

2 2 2

1 (1 - 1 ) (1 + 1 ) = 2 (2 - 2 ) (2 + 2 ) ----------
Dividing equation by
1 + 1 = 2 + 2
1 - 2 = 2 - 1 ------
1 - 2 = 2 - 1
Relative velocity of approach = Relative velocity of separation
Coefficient of restitution (e)
It is defined as ratio of relative velocity of approach to relative velocity
of separation

A.

e=

2 1

Loss in K.E =

1 2

2 m1 +m2

% age loss in K.E of 1 =

% age loss in K.E of 1 =

(This K.E is lost by 1 only)

. 1
. 1

% age loss in K.E of 1 =

2 1

For 1-D elastic collision, e = 1

For perfectly elastic collisions, e = 0
Because bodies stick to each other after collision. i.e. relative
velocity of separation is zero in that case.

(1 )2

x 100

1 1 2
(1 )2
2 m1 +m2
1
1 (1 )2
2

2
m1 +m2

x 100

x 100

To find expression of final velocity 1

B.

From equation
2 = 1 - 2 + 1
Put in equation
1 = (

m1 m2
m1 +m2

) 1 +

22
m1 +m2

2 --------

To find expression of final velocity 2

C.

From equation
1 = 1 - 2 + 2
Put in equation
2 = (

m2 m1
m1 +m2

) 2 +

21
m1 +m2

1 ----------

Special cases
13. 1-D perfectly inelastic collision
Consider two elastic bodies having masses 1 , 2 moving in straight
line with initial velocities 1 , 2 collide head on . Let after collision two
bodies stick to each other and move with common velocity
Linear Momentum is conserved
1 1 + 2 2 = ( 1 +2 )
K.E before collision
1
2

1 1 2 + 2 2 2
2

K.E after collision

1
2

( 1 + 2 ) 2
1

2
2
1 1 2

Loss in K.E = ( 1 1 2 + 2 2 2 ) - ( 1 + 2 ) 2
Loss in K.E =

2 m1 +m2

(1 2 )2

Special case
When target (2 ) is at rest and body of mass 1 collide and stick to it

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