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Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Surface Science


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apsusc

Inuence of carbon nanotube extending length on pyrocarbon


microstructure and mechanical behavior of carbon/carbon composites
Lei Feng, Kezhi Li , Jiajia Sun, Yujun Jia, Hejun Li, Leilei Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Solidication Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, PR China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 22 May 2015
Received in revised form 18 July 2015
Accepted 27 July 2015
Available online 29 July 2015
Keywords:
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon bers
Carbon/carbon composites
Mechanical properties

a b s t r a c t
We present an in-depth study of the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) extending length on microstructural
and mechanical behavior of carbon/carbon (C/C) composite. High-purity CNTs with controlled extending
length were in situ grown on the surface of carbon cloths using injection chemical vapor deposition
(ICVD) by varying the reaction time. Microstructure analysis shows that compared with the CNTs of
short extending length which only change the pyrocarbon (PyC) close to ber surface, CNTs with long
extending length can strongly affect the deposition behavior of PyC during chemical vapor inltration
and modify the whole matrix PyC. Mechanical tests reveal that CNTs with long extending length are
more benecial to enhance the interlaminar shear strength and in-plane compressive strength of the
composites, while the reactive conditions during ICVD degrade the carbon bers and lead to the decrease
of exural strength. Our work demonstrates that it is necessary to make CNTs long enough as well as
to prevent strength degradation of bers, if we want to largely increase delamination resistance and
through-thickness properties without compromising in-plane performance of C/C composites.
2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Carbon ber reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites have
been widely used in mechanical engineering, aeronautics and
astronautics [13]. Carbon bers are primarily preferred for conventional composite usage by virtue of their extraordinary intrinsic
properties (mechanical and physical). The chemical inertness of
carbon bers such as excessive smoothness, surface lipophobicity
and less adsorption characteristics always lead to poor adhesion with the matrix materials. Therefore, many researchers have
focused on modifying the carbon ber surface to execute strong
ber/matrix (F/M) interface bonding for effective stress transfer in composite materials, especially in resin matrix composites
[4,5]. Nevertheless, new study suggests that increasing cohesion
between ber and matrix is far from enough to obtain high performance C/C composite which is determined by not only the nature of
F/M interface bonding but also the microstructure of matrix pyrocarbon (PyC) [6].

Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: fengleijinan@163.com (L. Feng), likezhi@nwpu.edu.cn (K. Li),
sunjiajia55@163.com (J. Sun), jiayujun2013@mail.nwpu.edu.cn (Y. Jia),
lihejun@nwpu.edu.cn (H. Li), zhangleilei@nwpu.edu.cn (L. Zhang).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.07.198
0169-4332/ 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have aroused large interests as


reinforcements in composite materials because of their unique
one-dimensional structure, high specic surface area and extraordinary intrinsic properties (mechanical and physical properties)
[7,8]. Their location on the primary ber surface can create strong
mechanical interlocking or local stiffening at the F/M interface
[912]. Corresponding studies have shown a great potential of
using CNTs to improve the mechanical properties of C/C composites. Li et al. [13] reported that the exural strength and
interlaminar shear strength of C/C composites containing 5 wt%
CNTs were increased by 21.5% and 40.7%, respectively. In our
previous work [14], 32%, 115% and 108% enhancements of outof-plane and in-plane compressive strengths and interlaminar
shear strength were observed for the C/C composites after growing CNTs on carbon bers. Although some promising results have
been obtained, the PyC microstructure and the mechanical behavior of C/C composites controlled by the extending length of CNTs
have rarely been studied. Based on this investigation, in this work,
we produced different hybrid reinforcing structures to reinforce
C/C composites by grafting carbon cloths with CNTs of different extending lengths using injection chemical vapor deposition
(ICVD). Different to the previous report, the aim of this study is to
appraise the effect of CNT extending length on the change of the
microstructure of matrix PyC and the corresponding mechanical
behavior of C/C composites.

L. Feng et al. / Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027


Table 1
Physical property of C/C composites with and without CNTs grown in situ.

inVia micro-Raman spectrometer with an Ar ion laser of 514.5 nm


wavelength at room temperature.

Composite

Vber (%)

VCNT (%)

Apparent density  (g/cm3 )

C/C
CNT 15C/C
CNT 45C/C

44.5 0.6
43.6 0.8
42.3 1.1

0
0.6 0.2
1.9 0.6

1.60 0.2
1.61 0.1
1.62 0.1

2.4. Tensile tests of ber bundles

2. Experimental
2.1. Growing CNTs on carbon cloths
Commercially available carbon cloth (1-kilo polyacrylonitrile
based carbon ber, Jilin Carbon Corporation, China) woven in a
0 /90 satin-weave was used as the preform materials of C/C
composites. CNTs were grown onto carbon cloth using ICVD
method at ambient pressure in a horizontal quartz reactor
equipped with an electrical furnace. At room temperature, the
reactor was rst purged with 300 sccm argon (Ar). After purging, the reactor was heated to 800 C under Ar ow. At the
growth temperature, the feeding solution of ferrocene (0.01 g/ml)
in ethanol/ethylenediamine mixture (volume ratio of 4/1) was
injected continuously into the reactor at a rate of 10 ml/h using
a syringe pump. The growth time was set to be either 15 min or
45 min.
2.2. Composite preparation

VCNT (%) =

Vfiber
fiber Vpreform
MCNT
CNT Vpreform

In order to explore the inuence of ICVD process on the properties of carbon bers, tensile tests of ber bundles taken from
carbon cloths with CNT grafting at different reaction time were carried out using tensile stress testing system on a universal testing
machine (CMT5304-30 kN). A ber bundle (consist of 1000 bers)
was glued at both ends onto two aluminum sheets (thickness less
than 1 mm). The gauge length was 20 mm. A typical crosshead
speed of 0.5 mm/min was applied for the test. A minimum of 20
measurements were recorded for each ber bundle sample. The
averaged values of tensile strength were obtained.
2.5. Tests of mechanical properties
The composite specimens used for interlaminar shear test and
in-plane compression test were all machined into the size of
5 mm 4 mm 3 mm, and then polished to ensure perfect at and
parallel cross-sections. All the tests were carried out at a constant
speed of 0.5 mm/min on the universal testing machine at room temperature. Both the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and in-plane
compressive strength (ICS) were calculated by the following Eq. (3):
=

Seventeen nanotube-grown carbon cloths were stacked to form


the multilayered preforms. Afterwards, the preforms were densied by isothermal isobaric chemical vapor inltration (CVI) at
1080 C using methane as carbon source and nitrogen as dilution
gas. The inltration time was 150 h. The CNTC/C composites with
CNTs grown in situ for 15 min and 45 min were denoted as CNT
15C/C and CNT 45C/C composites, respectively. For comparison, pure C/C composites were also prepared under the identical
conditions. Detailed properties of the three composites (including
volume fractions of carbon bers, CNTs, and apparent density) were
listed in Table 1. The volume fractions of carbon bers and CNTs
were calculated by the following equations:
Vfiber (%) =

1021

(1)
(2)

where Vber (%) and VCNT (%) are the volume fractions of carbon
bers and CNTs, respectively. Mber and MCNT are the total masses
of carbon cloths (seventeen layers) and CNTs, respectively; ber
and CNT are the densities of carbon bers (1.75 g/cm3 ) and CNTs
(0.8 g/cm3 ), respectively; Vpreform is the volume of multilayered preform.
2.3. Morphology and structure characterization
The morphological features of grafted CNTs and PyC in
three kinds of composites were examined by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM, JSM-6700) operated at 15 kV. The microstructure
of CNTs was also investigated by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM, Tecnai F30G2 ) operated at 200 kV. The composite samples
were mounted in epoxy resin and ground by silicon carbide paper
with different grades (400, 600, 800 and 1200 grits) in turns, and
then polished with 0.1 m alumina powder on polishing cloth.
Finally, the polished section was observed by leica DMLP optical
microscope to identify the polarization microstructure (PLM) of
PyC. The graphitization degree and microcrystalline planar size of
PyC were obtained by Raman spectroscopy (Renishaw) using an

P
S

(3)

where  means calculated mechanical strength; P means compressive force and S signies forced area.
The exural strength was tested using a three-point bending test on specimens with dimensions 40 mm 7 mm 3 mm, a
0.5 mm/min crosshead speed and a 30 mm support ban. The exural
strength was calculated according to the Eq. (4):
f =

3FL
2bh2

(4)

where  f is exural strength, F is the maximum of load, L is the


span, b and h are the width and height of samples, respectively. The
number of specimens was not less than ve for each test.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Morphology and microstructure of CNTs and the effect of
growth process on the tensile strength of carbon bers
Fig. 1 shows the carbon cloth before and after grafting CNTs
with different reaction time. From the optical photos (see left column of Fig. 1), it is clearly that the surface of carbon cloth changes
from bright to black after the growth process, and as the reaction time increases, the cloth appears darker. The yield of CNTs
is dened as weight gain of the carbon cloth after the growth process. CNTs add about 1.0% (average over 15 specimens) to the cloth
weight with 15 min growth, and up to around 3.6% (10 specimens)
with 45 min growth. From the SEM images (see right column of
Fig. 1), the carbon ber exhibits a smooth surface with a diameter
of about 7 m. After the growth process by ICVD, the outer surface of ber bundles is uniformly covered with CNTs. The CNTs
exhibit radial growth pattern and possess roughly tidy extending length in the direction vertical to the ber surface in spite of
their curved morphology (see insets). In SEM image of Fig. 1(b),
the nanotube extending length ranges from 0.75 m to 2 m (calculated from the variation of carbon ber diameter after the CNT
growth) and the corresponding time is 15 min. After the 45 min
growth, the nanotube extending length increases to 1011 m, as
shown in SEM image of Fig. 1(c). Note that the nanotube density

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L. Feng et al. / Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027

Fig. 3. Tensile strength of ber bundles before and after grafting CNTs with different
reaction time (CNT 15CF and CNT 45CF present ber bundles with CNT growth
for 15 and 45 min, respectively).

Fig. 1. Optical photos (left column) and SEM images (right column) of carbon cloth:
(a) before and after (b) 15 min, (c) 45 min growth reaction using the ICVD method.

is decreased with the CNT length extending. Fig. 2 presents typical TEM images of CNTs collected from 45 min growth of hybrid
bers. From Fig. 2(a), it can be seen that CNTs are very uniform with
the outer diameter of 2040 nm and the nanotubes appear high
purity without by-products (e.g., amorphous carbon and encapsulated catalyst particles). High-magnication TEM image (Fig. 2(b))
reveals that the CNTs are multi-walled with the clear lattice fringes
parallel to the nanotube axis, indicating a very high degree of crystallinity.
Fig. 3 shows the tensile results of ber bundles before and after
the growth of CNTs with different reaction time. After grating CNTs
for 15 min, the ber bundles lose approximately 17.6% of their pristine strength; as the reaction time increases to 45 min, the strength
loss reaches nearly 30.9%. The degradation is ascribed to the surface
damage of the bers by the iron (catalyst) etching, which is believed
to induce defects on the ber surface and leads to a decrease in
ber strength [1517]. In addition, the high temperature may be
the other contributor to the strength degradation of carbon bers,
since trace amounts of oxygen may be present in the continuous
Ar ow, which can lead to the ber oxidation. The growth of long
CNTs needs a prolonged exposure of carbon bers to the reactive
conditions, i.e., more iron etching and oxygen attack, thus leading
to a more decrease in tensile strength.

Fig. 2. Different magnication TEM images of CNTs grown for 45 min.

L. Feng et al. / Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027

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Fig. 4. PLM images of the cross-section of composites: (a) C/C; (b) CNT 15C/C; (c) CNT 45C/C (red points are the Raman detection positions). (For interpretation of the
references to color in the text, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

3.2. Effect of CNT extending length on microstructure of matrix


PyC
Fig. 4 shows PLM images of cross-section of the three composites, in which all the composites have nearly equal interlaminar
space ranging from 30 to 40 m. It can be seen that the PyC in C/C
composite has lack of growing characters, much large grain size and
much pronounced annular crack compared with that of CNTC/C
composites. And with the extending of CNT length, this morphology difference becomes much more distinct. More interestingly,
after the growth of CNTs, a transitional state with no optical activity at F/M interface area is formed (labeled by dotted lines marked
in Fig. 4(b) and (c)), largely different from that of C/C composite in
which F/M interfaces are very tenuous and the PyC around them
exhibits similar optical activity to the outer layers (Fig. 4(a)). This
transitional area in CNTC/C is mostly composed by densely packed
CNTs. The internal pores among densely packed CNTs are too small,
the PyC around the nanotubes is too thin to discern the anisotropy
thus showing no optical activity under PLM, which can be classied as isotropic (ISO) PyC [18,19]. It can be clearly observed that the
ISO layer becomes much thicker with the increase of CNT extending
length.
SEM observations of cross-section of the three composites
before mechanical test proffer more concrete morphological information, as shown in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5(a), obvious annular cracks
and smooth surface of fractured PyC in C/C composite are all in good
correspondence with the properties of low-textured (LT) glass carbon [20]. In CNT 15C/C composite (Fig. 5(b)), LT glass carbon is
still the dominant matrix, whereas the matrix has fewer annular

cracks and shows better adhesion with carbon bers. Enlarged SEM
image (inset of Fig. 5(b)) of the F/M interface illustrates that the PyC
closed to bers are porous and disordered in orientation, which are
the typical characteristic morphology of ISO PyC [21]. By contrast,
in CNT 45C/C composite, the microstructure of whole matrix PyC
is not homogeneous at all (Fig. 5(c)). It is observable that next to
the ISO area, PyC layers of rolled akes have been found. These
regular lamella structures arise from the orderliness deposition of
PyC around single CNT (see inset of Fig. 5(c)), which can be considered as medium-textured (MT) PyC [18]. It should be noted that
the interface between MT PyC is not straight (two examples are
labeled by red dotted lines marked in Fig. 5(c)), which is related
to the various nanotube orientation. In addition, the zone of ISO
PyC is obvious wider than those in CNT 15C/C composites (as presented in Fig. 5(c), the width of the isotropic area is over 5 m), in
agreement with PLM observation. The change of microstructure in
CNTC/C composites should be ascribed to the existence of CNTs,
i.e., CNTs have affected the deposition behavior of PyC during CVI.
Raman spectroscopy is used to evaluate the degree of orderliness or randomness within the carbon materials, because
quantitative analysis can be achieved by the intensity ratio of the
D peak and G peak in Raman spectra. All the spectra taken from the
three composites at different positions (red points marked in Fig. 4)
exhibit two prominent peaks, which are the disorder-induced D
mode (1360 cm1 ) and the tangential G mode (1580 cm1 ), as
shown in Fig. 6. It is widely accepted that the lower intensity ratio
of the D peak and G peak, R (ID /IG ), corresponds to the higher quality of graphitization within carbon materials [22,23]. Furthermore,
it has been found empirically that the value of R is related to the

Fig. 5. SEM images of the cross-section of composites: (a) C/C; (b) CNT 15C/C; (c) CNT 45C/C (insets are enlarged views of the square areas marked in (b) and (c)). (For
interpretation of the references to color in the text, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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L. Feng et al. / Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027

Fig. 6. Raman spectra of composites at different positions: (a) C/C; (b) CNT 15C/C; (c) CNT 45C/C.

Table 2
R and La values of corresponding PyC obtained from Raman spectra.
Composite

C/C

Position

R
La

1.04
4.23

1.02
4.31

1.05
4.19

1.47
2.99

1.11
3.96

1.02
4.31

1.54
2.86

1.25
3.52

0.97
4.54

CNT 15C/C

microcrystalline planar size La calculated by the following formula


[24,25]:
La = 4.4

1
ID /IG

(5)

The results of different positions of PyC calculated on the basis of


Raman spectra are shown in Table 2. As seen, after grafting carbon
bers with CNTs, the R values of PyC at point 1 become much higher,
which indicate that, despite a decreased microcrystal order, the
microcrystal size of PyC deposited near carbon bers in CNTC/C
composites has a distinct decrease compared with that of C/C composite. With Raman point aloof from bers, the R values in CNT
15C/C composite show nearly similar to that of C/C composite,
indicating that the short CNTs have little effect on the microstructure of PyC except those near ber surface. While, in CNT 45C/C
composite, the PyC exhibits a wider range of microcrystal size distribution, evidenced by largely different R and La values, which
veries a clearer anisotropic characters for matrix. Especially, PyC
at point 3 in CNT 45C/C composite has the lowest R value, which
indicates a better graphitization corresponding to the MT PyC.
Judging by the microstructure and Raman spectra of different
composites, it can be concluded that besides the CVI deposition
parameters, CNT length and density also affect the microstructure
of PyC. Although some studies have proposed that CNTs can act
as nuclei of small hydrocarbon molecules and induce the similarstructured small polyaromatic molecules to align along certain
direction around the CNTs forming ordered PyC [26,27]. The effect
of CNTs inducing the formation of higher-textured PyC is strongly
depended on the CNT morphology. Namely, sparse CNTs with large
space between them induce the formation of high-textured PyC,
while the dense CNTs with small pores among them conduce to the
formation of ISO PyC [28]. For the C/C composite without CNTs, the
interlaminar region provides adequate space for single PyC to grow
up during CVI. The matrix with large PyC both in size and thickness
is rather susceptible to cracking due to the thermal stress during
fabrication, leading to the formation of matrix annular cracks. After
growing CNTs on carbon bers, the template for PyC deposition
changes from carbon bers to CNTs, and the deposition process can
be divided into two stages. The rst stage starts with the deposition
of PyC in nanoporous CNT networks until the CNTs are completely
covered by PyC. The second step starts with the further deposition
of PyC on the top surface of CNT/PyC. For the CNT 15C/C composite
with short CNTs, the second stage is dominant. Due to the densely

CNT 45C/C

packed CNTs on ber surface, a thin ISO transition layer is formed


at F/M interface area. When the rst step is completed, there are
still plenty of growing cores on the surface of ISO PyC. With the
proceeding of CVI, these growing cores gradually lose their growing
character and form PyC with the microstructure and size similar to
those in C/C composite, along with the annular cracks in the matrix
aloof from bers. But comparatively, the strongly developed 3D
CNT-network in CNT 45C/C composite greatly reduces the growing space for single PyC. Furthermore, aloof from bers, the CNTs
with large intervals between them (as stated in Fig. 1(c)) conduce
to the formation of MT PyC. The MT PyC around single CNT just
looks like the wall of nanotube (inset of Fig. 5(c)). According to the
above analysis, schematics of the PyC microstructure in C/C composites with CNTs of different extending lengths are established, as
depicted in Fig. 7. It is clearly that the template effect of long CNTs
for the PyC deposition is much more obvious than that of short
CNTs.

3.3. Effect of CNT extending length on mechanical behavior of C/C


composites
Fig. 8 displays the shear and in-plane compression test results of
the three composites. From Fig. 8(a), the measured ILSS of the CNT
15C/C and CNT 45C/C composites have about 44.7% and 124.8%
increases compared with that of C/C composite, respectively. From
Fig. 8(b), the percentage improvements in ICS of the CNT 15C/C and
CNT 45C/C composites compared with those for the C/C composite
are around 51.1% and 200%, respectively. It should be noted that
the strength increases of ILSS and ICS in CNT 45C/C composite are
more pronounced, which are nearly 2.8 and 4 times than that of
CNT 15C/C composite, respectively.
The failure specimens after the mechanical tests are inspected
by SEM. Fig. 9 presents the SEM images of shearing fracture surface of the three composites. As seen in Fig. 9(a), the smooth PyC
shearing surface indicates a serious matrix delaminating in C/C
composite. During shear test, the matrix annular cracks supply
main paths for destructive crack growth and long-distance extending [6,14]. From Fig. 9(b), the cratered morphology observed in the
shearing fracture surface of CNT 15C/C composite can be ascribed
to the enhancement of matrix integrity (decreased annular cracks).
Under shear stress, the delamination just occurs along the boundary between LT glass carbon and ISO PyC. Surprisingly, CNT 45C/C

L. Feng et al. / Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027

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Fig. 7. Schematics of C/C composites with CNTs of different extending lengths: (a) C/C; (b) CNT 15C/C; (c) CNT 45C/C.

Fig. 8. ILSS and ICS of C/C composites with CNTs of different extending lengths.

composite shows a step-like shearing fracture surface (Fig. 9(c)),


which suggests that the crack propagation between adjacent plies
is prevented. That is to say, after introducing composites with CNTs
of long extending length, opening the plies becomes more difcult
during shear test. The different PyC microstructures also give rise
to the different failure modes when the composites are subjected
to in-plane stress, as shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen that typical delamination failure occurs in C/C composite evidenced by the
straight crack extending paths (labeled by red dotted lines marked
in Fig. 10(a)) in the direction parallel to the compressive force. For

the typical failure of CNT 15C/C composite, the cracks are initiated from the top of specimen, which then link up and propagate
as a stable interply delamination. The cracks will traverse 5060% of
the specimen length before they are eventually arrested (Fig. 10(b)).
However, CNT 45C/C composite has much fewer cracks than those
in C/C and CNT 15C/C composites when subjected to the in-plane
compressive stress, and the cracks mainly develop roughly along
the diagonal of test specimen (Fig. 10(c)). Crack deection act as
energy absorbing mechanisms can endow high fracture strength
of composites [29,30]. The signicant change of crack propagation

Fig. 9. SEM images of the shearing fracture surface of composites: (a) C/C; (b) CNT 15C/C; (c) CNT 45C/C.

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L. Feng et al. / Applied Surface Science 355 (2015) 10201027

Fig. 10. SEM images of failure composites after in-plane compression test: (a) C/C; (b) CNT 15C/C; (c) CNT 45C/C (dotted lines represent extending path of cracks). (For
interpretation of the references to color in the text, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

strongly inuenced by the extending length of CNTs. PLM, SEM


and Raman spectra show that CNTs with long extending length
can modify the whole PyC matrix by strongly affecting the deposition behavior of PyC during CVI, while CNTs with short extending
length only change the PyC at F/M interface area. Mechanical tests
verify that CNTs of long extending length are more benecial to
obtain great higher ILSS and ICS in composite than that of CNTs
with short extending length. However, the reinforced composites
exhibit decreased exural strength due to the degradation of carbon bers by the iron etching and the high-temperature oxidation
of trace oxygen, and the prolonged reaction time required for the
growth of long CNTs leads to a lower exural strength. Study of this
work suggests that in order to fully improve the mechanical properties of C/C composites, long CNT grafting without sacricing the
reinforcing ber strength is urgently needed.
Fig. 11. Flexural strength of C/C composites with CNTs of different extending
lengths.

process results from the fully modied PyC matrix that is due
to the greatly-developed CNT extending length, which efciently
impedes the crack extending thus resulting in the more remarkable
increases in ILSS and ICS.
Fig. 11 shows the bending test results of three C/C composites. It
can be seen that the exural strength of C/C composites decreases
with the increase of CNT growth time. The exural strengths of
CNT 15C/C and CNT 45C/C composites have nearly 9.1% and
23.8% reduction compared with that of C/C composite, respectively.
Excessive loss of ber strength described before offsets the positive
effect created by CNTs and leads to the decrease of exural strength
of CNTC/C composites [31]. The results of this study show that
grafting carbon bers with CNTs of long extending length can well
modify the matrix PyC and create great higher matrix-dominated
performance of C/C composite, but at the expense of sacricing
more in-plane property.
4. Conclusions
High-purity CNTs with different extending lengths have been
uniformly grown on the surface of carbon cloths using ICVD
method by varying the reaction time. It demonstrates that the PyC
microstructure and the mechanical behavior of C/C composites are

Acknowledgements
This work has been supported by the Key Grant Project of the
Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 313047), the Research
Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant
No. 20126102110013) and the Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant Nos. 51432008, 51202194, 51272212 and 51272213).
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