FxPro Education

Introduction to FX markets

FxPro Education

Introduction to FX markets

Introduction to FX markets
Within any economy, consumers and businesses use currency as a medium of exchange. In the UK, pound sterling is the
national currency, while in the United States it is the US dollar. Modern economies now use paper money as a medium of
exchange. However, in the past, physical commodities such as gold and silver were commonly used when payments needed to
be made.

FX markets
Most currencies can be exchanged for others in the global currency market, also referred to as the foreign exchange market,
forex or FX market. This market is open 24 hours a day, five days a week, and involves all of the major trading centres
(London, New York, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo).
An exchange rate refers to the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another. For example, if the rate of
exchange between the pound and the dollar is 1.55, then one pound can be exchanged for 1.55 dollars.
The major international currencies are the US dollar, (USD), the euro (EUR), the Japanese yen, (JPY), pound sterling (GBP),
the Swiss franc (CHF) and the Australian dollar (AUD). The FX market developed in the 1970s and is dominated by the large
banks.

Many different types of transactions are undertaken in the foreign exchange market. For example, it facilitates currency exchange
for those who are travelling to another country.
Currencies also play a critical role in international trade for instance, if a UK importer takes delivery of some shiny new BMWs, it
can purchase the euros required to pay BMW in the FX market even though its revenues are in pound sterling.
Currencies in international investment. If an American company decides to buy a British firm, the former will usually need to
purchase pounds and sell dollars in the FX market to pay the UK company.
Currency speculation. Speculators and traders can attempt to profit from changes in the value of currencies relative to one
another.
The FX market is the largest market in the world. According to the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), global currency
transactions amount to around USD 4 trillion per day. This dwarfs other major asset classes such as stocks and bonds. As such,
one of the appealing attributes of FX as an asset class is that it is highly liquid.

FX Turnover
(in US dollar billions)

4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

FxPro UK
13-14 Basinghall Str
City of London, EC2V 5BQ

1998

2001

FxPro Financial Services

1 Karyatidon, Ypsonas
4180, Cyprus

2004

FxPro Australia
15 Lime St, S306,
Sydney, NSW

2007

2010

Source: BIS/FxPro

www.FxPro.com
www.FxPro.co.uk
www.FxPro.com.au

FxPro Education

Introduction to FX markets
Low transaction costs. Because of the huge trading volumes in FX markets, transaction costs are relatively low compared with
other asset classes.
A truly global asset class. One reason that FX markets are so liquid is because of the diversity and geographical dispersion of the
users. The UK is the biggest market for foreign exchange, followed by America and Japan.
Currencies are traded over-the-counter rather than on an exchange, usually with a large bank such as Deutsche Bank, Citigroup,
Barclays, HSBC or JPMorgan, or with one of their agents.
The most commonly traded currency pair in the world is the EUR/USD (which constitutes more than 25% of all FX trades),
followed by USD/JPY (14%) and GBP/USD (9%).
The USD is used in 85% of all FX transactions, with the euro involved in almost 40% of currency trades.

Currency distribution
(% of average turnover)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

USD

EUR

JPY

GBP

AUD

CHF

CAD

NZD

Source: BIS/FxPro
Currency markets are very diverse in terms of the main players. They include the major commercial banks, pension funds,
insurance companies, asset managers, sovereign wealth funds, central banks, multi-national companies, hedge funds, high net
worth investors, retail FX traders, currency exchange and money transfer companies.
The bigger the player, the lower the spreads. The interbank market constitutes over one-half of the total volume of the FX market,
and is made up of large commercial banks and investment banks. This segment of the currency market has the tightest spreads.
Retail traders make up a growing market segment for three main reasons:
The low level of returns from the other major assets classes over recent years (stocks, bonds, property);
More advanced technology, and with it, lower transaction costs;
The ability to use leverage to increase returns.

FxPro UK
13-14 Basinghall Str
City of London, EC2V 5BQ

FxPro Financial Services

1 Karyatidon, Ypsonas
4180, Cyprus

FxPro Australia
15 Lime St, S306,
Sydney, NSW

www.FxPro.com
www.FxPro.co.uk
www.FxPro.com.au

FxPro Education

Introduction to FX markets

Implications for trading

The main points to remember about FX markets:
Global FX is the largest, most liquid and most diverse market in the world.
The US dollar is used in 85% of all currency transactions. The euro features in 39% of transactions, the Japanese yen in 19%
and the pound in 13%.
The most commonly traded currency pair in the world is the EUR/USD.
London is the biggest market for foreign exchange, followed by New York.
Retail trading is a growing market segment.

FxPro UK
13-14 Basinghall Str
City of London, EC2V 5BQ

FxPro Financial Services

1 Karyatidon, Ypsonas
4180, Cyprus

FxPro Australia
15 Lime St, S306,
Sydney, NSW

www.FxPro.com
www.FxPro.co.uk
www.FxPro.com.au

FxPro Education

Introduction to FX markets

Disclaimer & Risk Warning

Disclaimer: This material is considered as a marketing communication and does not contain and should not be construed as containing
investment advice or an investment recommendation, or, an offer of or solicitation for any transactions in financial instruments. Past performance
does not guarantee or predict future performance. FxPro does not take into account your personal investment objectives or financial situation and
makes no representation, and assumes no liability to the accuracy or completeness of the information provided, nor for any loss arising from any
investment based on a recommendation, forecast or other information supplied from any employee of FxPro, third party, or otherwise. This
material has not been prepared in accordance with legal requirements promoting the independence of investment research, and it is not subject
to any prohibition on dealing ahead of the dissemination of investment research. All expressions of opinion are subject to change without notice.
This communication must not be reproduced or further distributed without prior permission of FxPro.
Risk Warning: CFDs, which are leveraged products, incur a high level of risk and can result in the loss of all your invested capital. Therefore,
CFDs may not be suitable for all investors. You should not risk more than you are prepared to lose. Before deciding to trade, please ensure you
tunderstand the risks involved and take into account your level of experience. Seek independent advice if necessary.

FxPro UK
13-14 Basinghall Str
City of London, EC2V 5BQ
FxPro Financial Services
1 Karyatidon, Ypsonas
4180, Cyprus
FxPro Australia
15 Lime St, S306,
Sydney, NSW
www.FxPro.com
www.FxPro.co.uk
www.FxPro.com.au

FxPro Financial Services Ltd is regulated and authorised by the CySEC (license no. 078/07)
FxPro UK Ltd is regulated and authorised by the FSA (registration no. 509956)
FxPro (Australia) Pty Ltd (ABN 68 143 740 603) is regulated and authorised by the ASIC (AFSL no. 405750)