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Mohd Azfar Ismail, Mohd Ridzuwan Rosli, Muhamad Ridzuan Md Ramli, Muhammad Syafiee
Mohd Yusoff.
ABSTRACT
Palm oil contributes around 19% of overall vegetable oil creation with Malaysia
representing more than 50% of aggregate generation. Because of the worldwide ascent
in unrefined petroleum costs, researchers have been compelled to search for less
expensive choices and palm oil has given the right stage. This prompted an increment
in the oil estates and creation in nations, for example, Malaysia, Indonesia and
Thailand. in Palm oil contains a number of vitamins, carotenes, fatty acids, sterols,
pigments, and some other components enabling its wide application in the chemical,
food and pharmaceutical industries. Palm oil generation is an incorporated procedure
with a few stages beginning from great development hones for products of high oil
substance took after by various coordinated procedures for maximal partition and usage
of every oil portion. The different handling stages produce a few by-items which if not
managed in an investigative way could prompt crumbling in the biological system. In this
paper we should talk about the different on- going research regarding to the utilization of
Palm plant waste and sugestion on employments of this profitable product and its byitems as a future to farming and a supportable situation in Malaysia.
Keyword: Oil palm mill waste, palm oil mill effluent, empty fruit bunches, palm kernel
cake, palm process fiber.
ABSTRAK
Minyak sawit menyumbang kira-kira 19% daripada pengeluaran minyak sayur-sayuran
di seluruh dunia dengan Malaysia menyumbang lebih 50% daripada jumlah
pengeluaran. Disebabkan oleh kenaikan global harga minyak mentah, ahli-ahli sains
telah dipaksa untuk mencari alternatif yang lebih murah dan minyak sawit telah
menyediakan platform yang betul. Ini seterusnya membawa kepada peningkatan di
ladang-ladang dan pengeluaran minyak di negara-negara seperti Malaysia, Indonesia
dan Thailand. Minyak kelapa mengandungi beberapa vitamin, karotin, asid lemak,
sterol, pigmen, dan beberapa komponen lain yang membolehkan permohonan yang
luas dalam industri kimia, makanan dan farmaseutikal. Pengeluaran minyak sawit
adalah satu proses yang bersepadu dengan beberapa peringkat bermula dari amalan
penanaman buah-buahan baik untuk kandungan minyak yang tinggi diikuti dengan
beberapa proses bersepadu untuk pemisahan maksimum dan penggunaan setiap
pecahan minyak. Pelbagai fasa pemprosesan menghasilkan beberapa produk
sampingan yang jika tidak ditangani dengan cara yang saintifik boleh membawa kepada
kemerosotan dalam ekosistem. Dalam kertas kerja ini kita akan membincangkan
pelbagai kajian akan pada- mengenai penggunaan bahan buangan kilang sawit dan
cadangan mengenai penggunaan tanaman yang bernilai ini dan produk-oleh sebagai
masa depan untuk pertanian dan alam sekitar yang mampan di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: bahan sisa buangan kilang, efluen kilang minyak sawit, tandan buah
kosong, kek isirong sawit, serat sawit proses.
INTRODUCTION
12% of the Malaysian GDP is contributed by Agriculture and has also provided
employment opportunities for 16% of the people. The Colonialists acquired extensive
land areas and introduced commercial crops such as rubber, palm oil and cocoa. Since
then, these crops have been leading agricultural exports in Malaysia. Local farmers
cultivate a variety of fruits and vegetables for the domestic market, such as bananas,
coconuts, durian, pineapples, rice, rambutan and a few others. In 1998, the production
of rice was about 1.94 million metric tons. In 1999, Malaysia produced 10.55 million
metric tons of palm oil out of which 8.8 million metric tons was exported and since then
has remained one of the world's largest producers. They are also one of the world's
leading suppliers of rubber (767,000 metric tons in 1999). Logging in the tropical
rainforest is an important export revenue earner in East Malaysia and in the northern
states of Peninsular Malaysia. In 2000, 21.94 million cubic meters of sawed logs was
produced earning US$450 million from exports. In spite of efforts at regulating felling
and reforestation in the early 1990s, logging companies destroyed the ecosystem.
Condemnation from various nature activists and environmentalist groups led to the ban
on the direct export of timber.
Oil palm
Oil palm was introduced to Malaysia from Nigeria by the British colonialists in 1917 and
has fast become a major contributor to the nations GDP with around $7million per
annum. Latest figures indicate that over 89 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) is
produced per year in Malaysia. Eleais guineesis Jacq is the most commercially efficient
oil producer among the other species in the palmae family. Oil palm plantation has
increased from 2.03 million hectares to 4.49 million hectares from 1990 to 2009, an
increase of 121.2%, in Malaysia (Embrandiri et al., 2011)[3]. It is a very versatile crop
which can produce effectively for over 20 years if maintained properly.
Palm oil has a wide range of uses from deep frying to margarine and shortening for
cakes, snacks, instant noodles etc. It is also being used in cosmetics, soaps and
synthetic detergents. Due to the rises in crude oil globally, palm oil has become a much
sought after fuel alternative. It could be regarded as the Crop for the future considering
its numerous uses. With this increase in demand, environmental management in the
palm oil industry is an issue of major concern today. The mills are most often located in
the plantations and the prevailing practice is collecting the waste and dumping in the
most unscientific manner as excess nutrients may be harmful to both the growing plants
and the ecology on the whole. In addition, inefficient equipment, defective machinery,
leakage (by break down or overflow of tanks) may often be the reason for extra oil
losses.
about 26.7 million tonnes (Heriansyah) (N Ravi Menon, 2003)of solid biomass and an
average of 30 million tonnes of POME were generated from 381 palm oil mills in
Malaysia in 2004 (Seng, 2013). However, the ranch business particularly palm oil plant
industry still consider POME treatment is a weight as opposed to as a feature of the
creation for clear reason if exorbitant amounts of untreated POME drain a water
collection of its oxygen and choke out aquatic life. 66.8 million tonnes of POME were
generated in 2005. So, its has been estimated that one tonne of crude palm oil
production requires 5-7.5 tonnes of water in which about 50% ends up as POME (Seng,
2013). The chemical composition of POME (Table 1) indicates that it can be used as a
source of fertilizer. Indeed, experiments conducted during the last 20 years have shown
that proper utilization of POME can improve crop yields, reduce production costs, and
can be used without causing environmental pollution (Zaharah)
Table 2: Estimated fertilizer values from POME, which is based on 15 million tonnes of
POME in 2002
In the Figure below, the composition of biogas from POME has been determined as
62.5 % methane, 37 % Carbon dioxide and 1,500-3,000 vppm hydrogen sulphide. The
calorific value for the generated biogas is 22,000 kJ/m3. The heating value (average
caloric value) of methane was 36.3 MJ m3 at standard conditions. This corresponds to
10.888 kWh of energy per 1 m3 of methane.
Value
9,288,000
6,037,200
25
0.625
0.94E+08
3.6+0.8 or (41)
Unit
Ton/year
m3/ton of FFB
m3 biogas/m3 POME
m3 CH4/m3 biogas
m3
kWh or (MW)
eff)
Table show parameters for estimating CH4 from POME (palm oil mill effluent, 2013)
-EFB is applying as fertilizer at the palm field since it content a lot of nutrient (as shown
at table 1). The EFB have two techniques to apply at the field which are directly to field
or using bunch residue. The burn residue are recycle for fertilizer purpose in agricultural
sector (Abdullah and Sulaiman , 2013). To reduce the percentage of pollution in our
country from agricultural sector, mostly EFB are apply directly to the field. Mostly
plantation at the Malaysia create the own method to return back the EFB at the field
because the researcher shown it has potential to increasing the oil palm yield. The EFB
also will support with other fertilizer acts as supplementary such urea or crystal island
rock phosphate to increasing the oil palm yield. Totally the oil palm plantation which
apply this method will reduce the cost compare than apply chemical fertilizer. The
utilization of EFB also will minimized nitrogen losses, improved the soil pH, increased
the nutrient content in the soil, and it also help to control the unwanted plant growth.
The table 1 showed the EFB rich in term of nutrient content:
Source : Sharifuddin et al
Mulching
- The EFB as the mulching at the oil palm field very beneficial to crop yield. Mulching is
the method to put some beneficial material on the surface or circle palm to maintaining
soil temperature and to altering soil moisture for increasing the growth performance and
productivity of crop with supplying many types of nutrient by decompose. Using the EFB
as a mulch has a several benefit in term of nutritional supply because it will release
liberate nutrient slowly using microorganism (Abdullah and Sulaiman,2013). At the same
time, the microorganism also will reprocess the nutrient in the soil and will maintain the
soil structure. Reprocess of the plant nutrient in mulch is the absolutely beneficial in
term of to improve the productivity of soil. There are some advantages of EFB apply as
mulch such improve soil pH, create the better aeration in the soil structure, improved
water holding capacity. Besides that, it also will avoid from rain splash and soil wash
and also to maintain soil temperature, to minimize the amount nutritional losses. The
EFB proved that there was an increment in yield after this method is applying as shown
at table 2.
Table 2 showed the effect of EFB mulch to the oil palm productivity
Source : Heriansyah
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)
Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is the buildup got after the extraction of palm bit oil from the
seed. Due to the modern uses and fare possibilities of palm bit oil, PKC is effectively
accessible in expansive amounts. Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is a by-result of palm part
oil extraction and gives moderate sustenance roughly 16-18% of rough protein (CP) and
13-20% unrefined fiber (CF). PKC is generally utilized as the fundamental fixing as a
part of proportions for feedlot steers and bison. In Malaysia, feedlot steers are typically
nourished up to 80% PKC with live weight pick up (LWG) of 0.6-0.8 kg day-1 and 1- 1.2
kg day-1 for localPKC at very nearly 100% been encouraged to feedlot cows with
negative impact gave that the supply of Ca and vitamins is adequate to meet their
necessities. Utilization of PKC is basic in ruminant eating methodologies, however
constrained in the non-ruminant weight control plans particularly in poultry slims down
because of the high fiber substance of PKC. Various works have been led to expand the
healthful substance of PKC as one of the measures to decrease and/or kill the
imperatives of using PKC in poultry diets. The technique used to accomplish this
objective is either through physical, concoction, organic or blend of these medicines. On
the other hand, just concoction and natural medicines of PKC appear to enhance the
supplement estimations of PKC.
By and large, PKC is acquired from two phases of oil extraction from the palm organic
product; the first stage is the essential extraction of palm oil from the pericarp part of the
natural product, which likewise delivers the piece and by-results of palm oil slime (POS)
and palm press fiber (PPF), then the extraction of oil from squashed parts that
additionally brings about the creation of PKC and palm portion shell as by-items (Chin,
2008).
pernicious impacts on their execution (Mustafa et al., 2002). Aside from PKC, the
generally accessible crude materials regularly utilized as a part of blending food for
poultry are rice grain, wheat pollard, sago, tapioca and broken rice. Samples of poultry
definitions are as per the following:
(i)
for broilers (finisher diet): PKC: 20%, palm oil: 6%, maize: 39.8%, soyabean
meal: 25%, fish meal: 5%, lucerne leaf meal: 2%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.5%,
(ii)
(iii)
3%,oyster shell: 4.0%, vitamin-mineral premix: 0.3% and salt: 0.3% and
for meat ducks: PKC: 25%, palm oil: 5.3%, maize: 45.1%,soyabean meal:
17.3%, fish meal: 3%, salt: 0.25%, dicalcium phosphate: 1.56%, limestone:0.12,
DL-methionine: 0.06% andlysine: 0.06%.
palm oil factory. Currently, a percentage of the PPF are utilized for the generation of
board, rooftop tiles, mash and paper, creature nourish, and activated carbon (Chan,
1999; Wan et al., 2007).
The substance arrangement of the untreated palm-press filaments was assessed
to be 39.9% cellulose, 28.9% hemicellulose, 20.3 % lignin and 3.6% ash content (Tong ;
Hamzah 1989).Physical and chemical oil quality checks outlined that PPF oil contains
15-20% of diacylglycerol (DAG) and 47-70% of triacylglycerol (TAG). Simultaneous with
the worldwide vision of 'waste to wealth' reusing of PPF would use green technology
while producing more income for the organization. Residual oil (56% on dry basis)
separated from palm press fibers contains critical amounts of carotenoids (40006000
ppm), vitamin E (24003500 ppm), and sterols (45008500 ppm) (Choo et al.1996).
CONCLUSION
In the Palm Oil generation transform there is a general excess of by-items and the use
rate of these by-items is low particularly for POME, EFB and Decanter cake. As the biobased economy creates and markets for carbon nonpartisan items develop those byitems ought to be seen as assets. The expanded supplement reusing will enhance soil
ripeness and manageability of palm oil generation. Frameworks that minimize the
expulsion of supplements and carbon from the framework ought to be favored. Still not
all carbon and supplements must be re-cycled. What the ideal is between biomass use
and reusing differs as per soil and atmosphere. Treating the soil, Co-fertilizing the soil
and Vermi fertilizing the soil strategies in spite of the fact that are by and by have not
been used in full as a lot of palm waste can be deteriorated in shorter time allotments.
The deciding items can be connected to palm manors as well as to different yields too.
This will thusly destroy the utilization of substance manures and forestall substantial
metal filtering issues. However unscientific area utilization of this fertilizer can likewise
be hurtful to plant development and soil properties. Subsequently more finances ought
to be given to Research and Development of the palm and its deposits. Investigative
bodies and Universities ought to devote more to eco- amicable administration of these
assets more than advancement of new items. As in the nearing years, Malaysia could
turn into a self reasonable country
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to the supervisor of the Agriculture Biological and Engineering
Technology under University Tecnology Mara (UiTM) Dr. Alawi bin Sulaiman for his
generous assistance, review and advice.
REFERENCES
References
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