An English Grammar-1 95 Halaman

T
IRMA
Contents
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 PRESENT SIMPLE
FORMS OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE
NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS
FORMS OF THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
CHAPTER
2 SIMPLE
12
PAST
FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST
12
THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
17
IRREGULAR VERBS
18
THE PAST CONTINUOUS
21
TIME CLAUSES FOR EXPRESSING PAST TIME
23
USED TO
25
PREPOSTIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, AND ON
25
CHAPTER 3 FUTURE TIME
BE GOING TO AND WILL
28
FORMS WITH WILL
30
USING PROBABLY WITH WILL
31
BE GOING TO VS WILL
31
EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSE AND "IF-CLAUSE"
33
PARALLEL VERBS
37
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
38
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28
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- - -
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THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
40
PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES:USING INTEND, PLAN, HOPE

IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BE ABOUT TO
40
41
CHAPTER 4 PLURAL FORMS
43
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
44
SUBJECT, VERBS AND OBJECTS
45
OBJECT ON PREPOSITIONS
46
USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
47
USING NOUN AS ADJECTIVES
48
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS
50
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
51
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVE
52
A FRIEND OF + POSSESSIVE
53
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
54
SINGULAR FORM OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
56
PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) V.S THE OTHER (S)
57
SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
58
CAPITALIZATION
60
CHAPTER 5 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
63
THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIRIES
63
EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
64
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
66
ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
68
ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU
70
EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
72
EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

EXPRESSING LACT OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
74
76
MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
77
GIVING INSTRUCTION: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
79
MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET'S AND WHY DON'T
81
STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE... BETTER, WOULD RATHER
83
CHAPTER 6 QUESTIONS
87
YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS
87
W-H QUESTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
89
91
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Chapter1 ThePresentTenses
1.1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

FORMS
OF THE SIMPLE
PRESENT
TENSE
The simple present has the same form as the infinitive but adds an "s" for the third person
singular.
Examples:
to talk
Infinitive:
Simple present: I work hard.
You work hard.
She works hard.
He works hard.
The negative is formed with the present tense negative of the verb "to do" + the infinitive
(without to) of the main verb:
I do not work hard.
You do not work hard.
She does not work hard.
He does not work hard.
Verbs ending in ss, sh, ch, x, and 0 add es, instead of s alone, to form the third person singular:
I kiss, he kisses,
I rush, he rushes
I box, he boxes,
I go,
he goes
I do,
he does
Verbs ending in y following a constant change the y into i and add es:
I carry, she carries
I hurry, she hurries
but verbs ending in y following a vowel obey the usual rule:
I obey, she obeys
I say, she says
~--
THE USES OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present is used to express habitual actions:
The man smokes.
Dogs bark.
Birds fly.
This tense does not tell us whether or not the actions is being performed at the moment of
speaking, and if we want to make this clear wemust add a verb in the present continuous tense:
My neighbor is practising the violin; she usually practices at about this time.
My dogs barks an awful lot, but he isn't barking at the moment.
The simple present tense is often used with adverbs or adverb phrases such as always,
continually, frequently, often, once, twice, periodically, repeatedly, usually, ever, never,
rarely, seldom, hardly ever, on Mondays, etc. which are normally placed next to verbs. The
adverbs of frequency are:
placed after the simple tenses of to be:
He is always in time for meals

but before the simple tenses of all other verbs:
They sometimes stay up all night.
.
Placed after the first auxiliary, when the tenses consists of more than one verb, and after
auxiliary + subject when the tenses consist of interrogative verbs:
Have you ever ridden a came?
He can never understand.
You.have often been told not to do that.
EXERCISE-I: Read the following sentence using the given adverbs.
1. We drink tea for breakfast. always
2. The class begins at seven o'clock. usually
3. His sister lives in Jakarta. always
4. We go to Bali. sometimes
5. It rains here. never
6. Miss Jane buys a new hat. often
7. Mr John pays his bills. never
8. That boy eats too much. often
9. He makes himself ill with ice-cream. often
10. The plane starts very early. always
11. It arrives in the afternoon. usually
12. He smokes in bed. never
13. My aunt makes a nice cake. always
14. She learns quickly. generally
15. These children lose their pencil. often
2
EXERCISE-2: Add final-s/-es to the verb if necessary. Do not change any other words.
1. A bird sing.
2. Wood float on water.
3. Rivers flow toward the sea.
4. A mother worry about her sons.
5. A red cat run on the street.
6. The cat catch a rat.
7. Pesticides destroy insects.
8. A bird fly over the house.
9. The young little boy go to the market every morning.
10. .The boy sit at the window and watch the traffic.
11. An animal find shelter when it rain.
12. My sister wash her hands and dry them on a towel.
13. A boy hit the dog with a stick when he are angry with it.
14. Do the man generally go to the theatre on Saturday evening, or do he stay at home?
15. The girl want to buy some toys, t>ecauseher friend have a birthday tomorrow.
OTHER
USES OF THE SIMPLE
PRESENT
TENSE
It is used, chiefly with the verb say, when we are asking about of quoting from books, notices
or very recently received letters:
What does that notice say? It says, "No entrance."
What does the book say? It says, "Cook very slowly."
Shakespeare says, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."
Other verbs of communication are also possible:

Shakespeare advises us not to borrow or lend.
A notice at the end of the road warns people not to go any further.
It can be used for dramatic narrative. This is particularly useful when describing the action
of a play, opera etc., and is often used by radio commentators at sportsevents, publicfunctions
etc.:
When the curtain rises, Julet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings.
She picks it up and listens quietly. Meanwhile the window opens and a masked man
enters the room.
It can be used for a planned future action or series of actions, particularly when they refer to
a journey. Travel agents use it a good deal:
We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We spend two hours
in Paris and leave again at 15.00. etc..
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It is used in conditional sentences, type 1:

If she comes, I will tell her the truth.
They will work hard, if you give them enough money.
It is used in time clauses:
I'll stay here till you get back.
We have to do the work manually till the machine works again.
EXERCISE-3: Read quickly in the singular:
1. The students know English well and can answer all my questions.
2. My friends do not understand when we speak quickly.
3. Must they leave before lunch or have they time to stay until my friends come?
4. The boys may go to London but they are not certain yet.
5. These books cost more than my friends want to pay.
6. The girls play tennis well but they cannot swim.
7. Where have they been today and where do they go next week?
8. When will these girls finish the exercises they were doing last week?
9. .Little boys sometimes push little girls and pull their hair.
10. Can the police find the.books they have lost?
EXERCISE-4: Read the following sentences in the singular:
1. They often go fishing and catch nothing.
2. My friends work in Bandung; they buy and sell cars.
3. They sit at the window and watch the traffic.
4. Their little girls thank them when they give them a present.
5. Animals find shelter when it rains.
6. They wash their hands and dry them on a towel.
7. They hit their dog with a stick when they are angry with it.
8. Do these ladies generally go to the theatre on Saturday evenings, or do they stay at
home?
9. Birds build their nests in the summer and fly to the south in the winter.
10. They never find the money they lose.
11. The children play all the morning and sleep in the afternoon.
12. These apples are very green.
13. My friends like meat, but do not like fish.
14. They live in small houses which have only three rooms.
15. His brothers work hard all day, and want to rest in the evening.
16. They get new books from the library every week.
17. They have breakfast at seven 0' clock and eat their lunch at half past one.
18. The postman bring the letters three times a day.
19. These chairs are very comfortable but they are too expensive.
20. They want to buy some toys, because their sons have a birthday tomorrow.
4
EXERCISE-5: Underline the verb in each sentence. Add fina1-s/-es to the verb if necessary.
Do not change any other words.
1. A bird sing. ->
A bird sings.
2. Birds sing. ->
(no change)
3. .Dust travel th~oughair.
4. Pesticides destroy insects.
5. Music consist of pleasing sounds.
6. Mr. Smith watch game shows on TV every evening.
7. MI. John ask me a lot of questions in class every day.
8. Mr. Lee teach Chinese at the university.
9. Airplanes fly all around the globe.
10. A student buy a lot of books at the beginning of each term.
11. My brother worry about me.
12. Rivers flow toward the sea.
13. Wood float on water.
14. The front page of a newspaper contain the most important news of the day.
15. Many parts of the world enjoy four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
Each season last three months and bring changes in the wather.
.
1.2. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

The present progressive tense is used:
For an action happening now:
It is raining (now).
I am listening to the radio.
Why are you sitting at my chair?
What is the boy doing? He is playing the toys.
For an action happening about this time but not necessarily at the moment of speaking:
I am reading a novel by Thackery.
(This may mean at the moment of speaking but may also mean "now" in a more
general sense.)
The man is teaching English C}ndlearning Arabics.
(He may not be doing either at the moment of speaking)
When two continous tenses, having the same subject, are joined by and, the auxiliary may
be dropped before the second verb, as in the above example. This applies to all pairs of
compound tenses.
For a definite arrangement in the near future (and is the most usual way of expressing one's
immediateplans):
I am meeting Jean tonight. She asking me to the theatre.

Tom: Are you doing anything tomorrow morning?
John: Yes, I'm playing tennis with Ann.
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Note that the time of the action must always be mentioned, as otherwise there might be
confusion between present and future meanings. go and come, however, can be used in this
way without a time expression.
Other possible uses of the present progressive:
With a point time to indicate an action which begins before this point and probably continues
after it:
At six I am bathing the baby. (Le. I start bathing him before six).
It can be used similarly with a verb in the simple present:
They are flying over the sea when one of the engines fails.
The present progressive is rarely used in this way except in description of daily routine and
in dramatic narrative, but with the past continuous such sombinations are very useful.
With always for a frequently repeared action, often one which annoys the speaker or seems
unreasonable to him:
Tom always goes away at weekends (simple present tense)
Tom goes away every weekend (a literal statement).
Similarly, compare:
He is always doing homework (implying that he spends too much time on it in the
speaker's opinion) and
He always does his homework (simple present tense), which merely means that he does
it regularly.
Sometimes, especially when used with the first person, always with the continuous tense
implies that the action is accidental, while always with a simple tense would imply a
deliberate action:
I always do that would imply a deliberate routine action but
I am always doing that would usually imply an accidental action.
Verbs not normally used in the continuous tenses
The continuous tenses are normally used only for deliberate actions. The following groups
of verbs are, therefore, not normalJy used in continuous tenses:
1. Verbs of the tenses (involuntary actions):feel, hear, see, smell; also notice and observe
(=notice).
Exception: feel in some uses and enjoy.
For verbs implying deliberate use of the tenses, listen, look, smell, watch.
2.
Verbs expressing feelings and emotions, e.g. adore, appreciate (value), care (like),
desire, detest, fear, hate, like, loathe, love, mind, value, want wish.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exception:
1. long for, which follows the normal rules for continuous tenses.
2. feel, when followed by an adjective indicating the subject's emotions or physical or
mental condition, e.g. well/ill, hotlcold, rense/relaxed, happy/sad, nervouslconfident, anxious/relieved, angry/pleased, is normally used in the simple tenses, but can
be used in the continuous also:
How do you feel/are you feeling?
I feel/am feeling better/quite well.
He feels/is feeling much happier now.
Verbs of mental activity, e.g. agree, appreciate (=understand), believe, expect (=think),
feel (=think),feel surelcertain,forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize,
recollect, remember, see (=understand), see through someone (penetrate his attempt to
deceive), think (=have an opinion), trust (=believe/have confidence in), understand.
Verbs of possession: belong, owe, own, possess.
The auxiliaries, except be and have in certain uses.
appear (=seem), concern, consist, hold (=contain), keep (=continue), matter,
seem, signify.
Verbs which cannot be used in the continuous tenses have therefore only onepresenttense,
the simple present:
Don't you feel the house shaking?
Do you see the rainbow? I value your support.
I appreciate what you've done for me. I remember him very well.
I don't mind waiting. I think I understand what he wants.
I suppose you know what this means.
I smell something burning.
Note on involuntary and deliberate verbs of the tenses.
The verbs see, hear, and smell are involuntary actions. If our eyes are open, we see -both
pleasant and unpleasant soun<;l.But the verbs listen, look, and watch are deliberate actions,
entirely under our control. We listen, look or watch because we choose to. These verbs
therefore follow the normal rule for continuous tenses:
It's a nuisance if the phone rings when you are watching an interesting prograamme
on TV.
smell an mean 'sniff at' and is then, of course, a deliberate actions:
Why are you smelling thefish? Has it gone bad? but
I smell gas. There must be a leak somewhere.
see, hear, smell, feel can also be used in some senses as delibarate actions. They can then be
put into continuous tenses:
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see can
mean 'meet by appointment' (usually for business), 'interview':
The director is seeing the applicants this morning.

I am seeing my solicitor tomorrow (definite future arrangement).
see can mean 'visit' (usually as a tourist):

Tom is seeing the town/the sights.
see about
= make
arrangements or enquiries:
We are seeing about a work permit for you (trying to arrange this).
see to
= arrange,
put right, deal with:
The plumber is here. He is seeing to the leak in our rank.

see somebody out = escort him/her to their door
see somebody home =escort him/her home
see somebody to + place
see somebody
off
= say
= escort
goodbye
him/her to + place
to a departing
traveller
at the starting point of his journey
(usually the station, airport.):

We're leaving tomorrow. Bill is seeing us off at the airport.
hear meaning 'receive news of letter' is used in the continuous form only in the present
perfect and future:
.
I've been hearing all about your accident.

You'll be hearing about the news scheme at our next meeting.
feel can mean 'touch'

feel for can mean 'try to find by touching':
Jane was feeling for the keyhole in the dark.
be as part of a passive tense:
The house opposite our college is being pulled down.
be used to imply that the subject is temporarily exhibiting some quality:

You'rebeing very clever today would indicate that this was unusual.
have can be use in continuous except when it implies possession or obligation:
I can't open the door: I'm having a bath.
We are having a wonderful time (enjoying ourselves).
I'm having a tooth (taken) out tomorrow.
~~~~~~;~:.....
like meaning enjoy:

How are you liking this hot weather?
But How do you like this hot weather? is equally usual.
It is just possible to use love, hate and loathe in the affirmative and in the same way:
Are you liking your new job?
No, I'm hating it or Yes, I'm loving it.
But it would be safer for the student to use the simple present tenses:
Do you like your new job?
No, I hate it or Yes, I love it.
expect when it means 'await':
I am expectinga lettertoday.
She is expecting a baby in January.

FORMS OF THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
STATEMENT:
am eating lunch.
You
We
are eating lunch.
They }
He
It
She
Pattern:
}
I
is running
Subject + (is, am, are) + Verb-ing
NEGATIVE:
am not eating lunch.
You
We
are not eating lunch.
They }
He
She
is not running.
}
It
m"i....
Pattern:
Subject + (is, am, are) + not + Verb-ing
OUESTION:
Am {I
eating lunch?
eating lunch?
we eating lunch?
COU
they eating lunch?
Are
running?
he
CeIt
Is
Pattern:
running?
running?
(Is, Am, Are) + Subject + Verb-ing
EXERCISE-6: Complete the following sentences by using the word in parentheses. Use the
Simple Present or the Present Progressive.
for
. She (sleep)
1. Keep quiet! my younger sister (sleep)
seven hours every night.
a shower. I usually (take)
2. Right now, I'm in the bath room. I (take)
a shower twice a day.
3. Joko (speak)
Javanese. Javanese is his native language, but right now he
(speak)
English.
lunch in the cafetaria right now. He (eat)
4. The manager (eat not)
in the big restaurant.
dinner. She always (have)
5. It's 6:30 P.M. Tina is at home. She (have)
dinner with her family araound seven o'clock.
, and the sky (be)
6. It (rain not)
right now. The sun (shine)
_blue.
7. (Rain, it)
a lot in Bogor.
a magazme.
8. My sister (read)
a novel right. She usually (read)
bus to school.
9. Yenny usually (take not)
10. The young man (work)
month he (work)
seven hours a day with his manager, but this

alone.
EXERCISE-7: Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative forms!
1. The boy is reading anovel.
(-)
(?)
10
2.
My younger sister usually studies at night.

(-)
(7)
3.
It rains alot in western Java.

(-)
(7)
4.
The students always come on time.

(-)
(7)
5.
The boy often hears the sound of sea gulls and the sound of the waves.
(-)
(7)
EXERCISE-8: Supply a suitable present tense of the given verb:

1. She (go) to school every day.
2. We now (learn) English.
3. The sun always (shine) in Egypt.
4. I (sit) on a cahir and (eat) a banana.
5. Bad students never (work) hard.
6. It (rain) in winter. It (rain) now.
7. I (wake up) at seven and (have) breakfast at half past seven.
8. He generally (sing) in English but now he (sing) in French.
9. The sun (rise) in the east; now it (set) and night (fall).
10. The man in the white hat who (walk) past the window (live) next door.
11
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Chapter2 PastTense
2.1. THE SIMPLE PAST

The simple past is used to talk about activities or situations that began and ended in the past
such as: yesterday, last night, two days ago, in 1990 etc.
Temmy walked downtown last night.
I slept for five hours yesterday.
Most simple past verbs are formed by adding -ed to a verb as in the above examples. However,
some ve~bs have irregular past forms as in the following example:
We ate breakfast this morning.
Tom took a taxi to the airport.
The boy gave me a pencil.
THE FORM OF SIMPLE PAST
Statement:
The simple past tense in regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive:
Infinitive: to talk
Simple past: talked
to walk
walked
to work
worked
Verbs ending in e add d only:
Infinitive: to love
Simple past: loved
to move
moved
to code
coded
The same form is used for all persons, no inflexions:

I moved
He moved
You moved
We walked You walked
He walked
She worked I worked
They worked
12
The pattern of the statement I positive sentence is:
Subject + Past Tense Verb .........
Examples:
YOlLworked hard last year.
I went to Bandung last week.
They ate lunch in the cafetaria.
Negative:
The negative form of regular and irregularis formed with did not and the infinitive without to.
I did not work.
He did not work. You did not work.
The pattern of simple past negative sentence is:
Subject + did not (didn't) + infinitive (verb 1) ....
Examples:
I did not (didn't) come there yesterday.
We did not (didn't) eat lunch.
He did not (didn't) drink the vyater.
Interrogative:
Did she come here last night?
Did you read the notice yesterday?
Did 'they collect the money last week?
What did she read yesterday?
Where did you go two days ago?
Why did he come late?
The pattern of interrogative sentence is:

Did + Subject + infinitive ....
Question words + did + Subject + infinitive
...
Notes: Questions with a question-word demand a complete answer.

YeslNo questions should be answer in short form
Short Answer of Yes/No questions:
Yes + Subject + did
No + Subject + didn't
13
EXERCISE-I: Put the verbs int the following sentences into the simpe past tense.
1. I go to work by car.
2. I meet her on Sundays.
3. My friend always wears black.
4. He makes cakes every week.
5. She gets up at 5.30.
6. Father understands me.
7. The man shuts the shop at 5.30.
8. Jane speaks quickly.
9. The boy leaves the house at 7.30.
10. I read newspaper every morning.
11. Tom eats too much.
12. The boy sees her every day.
13. Tom sings in the bathroom.
14. She cries when she is hurt.
15. Who knows the solution?
16. The curtain rises at 8.30.
17. The man takes the dog out once a day.
18. We buy the food here.
19. The fat boy often feels ill.
20. She knows what I want.
21. The cake smells good.
22. The girls lie down after dinner.
23. The young boy rides every morning.
24. These cats fight whenever they meet.
25. She puts up his prices every year.
THE CONTRACTION
did not is normally contracted in the negative dan negative interrogative:
I didn't work.
Didn't I work?
You didn't study.
Didn't you study?
We didn't work.
Didn't we work?
EXERCISE-2: Put the verbs in the following sentences into (a) the negative and (b)
interrogative.
1. He saw your sister.
2. We heard a nice song.
3. The boy slept in the morning.
4. The girl looked at the mirror.
5. The boys ate all the food.
6. The men set out early.
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
He thought about it.

The police caught the thief.
My sister hid her letter.
The boy found his book.
My uncle lent me enough money.
He broke his arm.
She lost her wallet.
My sister wrote a novel.
We flew to Oregon.
The men broadcast an appeal of money.
I forgave her.
The young man shook the bottle.
The boys ran home.
The sun rose at 5.30.
Jane rang the bell.
She sold her house.
The lady spent all of her money here.
Joy kept the money.
We sent it to the laundry.
EXERCISE- 3: Answer the questions.

Use the Simple Present or the Simple Past.
1. What are some things you usually do every morning?

What are some things you did last Sunday?
2.
What do you usually do in the evening?

What did you do last night?
3.
What do you usually do at home?

What did you do at home yesterday?
4.
What do you usually do after class?

What did you do after class last Tuesday?
5.
What did you do three days ago?

What did you do last month?
EXERCISE- 4: Read the following in the past simple tense and the negative past simple.
I. He breaks a cup.
2. It begins to rain again.
3. They like apples.
4. You cut the apple quickly.
15
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The girl comes early.

Birds fly high.
I lie on the bed.
The man teaches English.
The rivers flow to the sea.
I know your name.
You lie to me.
12. Theprisonersrun away.
13. The boy tears his coat.
14. They have a car.
15. We wake up at seven.
16. Your cat bites him.
17. It costs a lot of money.
18. You hide the key.
19. The servant sweeps the room.
20. The man drink tea every day.
21. I choose a book.
22. You find your bag.
23. Someone steals the money.
24. We ring the bell.
25. You wear a beautiful dress.
26. The boy throws the ball.
27. I put the book on the table.
28. Mother makes a cup of tea.
29. You spend too much money.
30. The little boy falls down.
EXERCISE. 5: Answer the following questions:
1. Where did you buy that book?
2. How much did it cost?
3. Did you learn English at school?
4. When did you leave school?
5. What time did you get up this morning?
6. What did you have for breakfast?
7. Did you find the last exercise difficult?
8. Did you go to the seaside last summer?
9. How long did you spend there?
10. Did your friends go to Bali bay air or by sea?
11. Which of thoose books did you like best?
12. How many cups of coffee did you drink yesterday?
13. Did you come here on a bicycle or by bus?
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14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
When did you visit Bali?

When did you last write a letter?
When did you last see a tiger?
When did you last hear some music?
Did you understand the last questions?
What did you take home to read last week?
When did you last drink some coffee?
THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

REGULAR
VERBS:
Infinitive!
simple form
Simple past
Past Participle
Present Participle
borrow
dance
finish
follow
gam
guess
hope
look
loop
mate
matter
move
nest
offer
open
play
rain
rush
stop
try
vote
wait
etc.
borrowed
danced
finished
followed
gained
guessed
hoped
looked
looped
mated
mattered
moved
nested
offered
opened
played
rain
rushed
stopped
tried
voted
waited
borrowed
danced
finished
followed
gained
guessed
hoped
looked
looped
mated
mattered
moved
nested
offered
opened
played
rain
rushed
stopped
tried
voted
waited
borrowing
dancing
finishing
following
gammg
guessmg
hoping
looking
looping
mating
mattering
movmg
nesting
offering
opemng
playing
rammg
rushing
stopping
trying
voting
waiting
17
IRREGULAR VERBS:
Infinitive/
simple form
Simple past
Past Participle
be
become
begin
bend
bite
blow
break
was,were
became
began
bent
bit
blew
break
been
become
begun
bent
bitten
blown
broken
bring
broadcast
build
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dig
draw
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
fee
fight
find
fit
fly
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
braught
broadcast
buil
caugh
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
drew
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
braught
broadcast
built
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
drew
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
gotten (got)
given
gone
grown
hung
had
18
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
keep
know
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
lay
lit (lighted)
lost
made
meant
met
pay
put
quit
read
ride
paid
put
quit
read
rode
paid
put
quit
read
ridden
nng
nse
run
rang
rose
run
said
saw
sold
sent
set
shooke
shot
shut
san
sa
rung
nsen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
shaken
shot
shut
slep
slid
slept
slid
spoke
spent
spread
spoken
spent
spread
say
see
sell
send
set
shake
shoot
shut
SlOg
sit
sleep
slide
speak
spen
sprea
lit (lighted)
lost
made
meant
met
sung
sat
19
---
stand
steal
stick
strike
swear
stood
stole
stuck
struck
swore
stood
stolen
stuck
struck
sworn
sweep
sWim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
swept
swam
took
taught
tore
told
swept
swum
taker)
taught
tom
told
thought
threw
understood
thought
thrown
understood
upset
wake
wear
Win
withdraw
write
upset
woke
wore
won
withdrew
wrote
upset
waked (woken)
worn
won
withdrawn
written
EXER<:ISE- 6: Answer the following questions:

1. When did you last see me?
2. Where did you write your last homework?
3. What have you done for the paper?
4. When did the lesson begin?
5. Have you learnt all the English strong verbs by heart?
6. What did you eat for breakfast today?
7. How much did that pencil cost?
8. When did you close the door?
9. How did you come to your class yesterday?
10. When did you begin to learn Arabics.
11. .Have you been to the beach this week?
12. Where did you spend your holiday last month?
13. Where did you go last week?
14. What did you eat last night?
15. Did you learn English here last week?
20
2.2. THE PAST CONTINUOUS

THE FORM
OF PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous tense is formed by the past tense of the verb to be + the present participle
(verb-ing form).
Affirmative form:
I
Subject + was/were + Verb-ing
I was working.
She was working.
He was working.
You were working.

They were working.
We were working.
Negative form:
Subject + was/were + not + Verb-ing
You were not working.
They were not working.
We were not working.
I was not working.

She was not working.
He was not working.
Notes: was/were not is usually contracted in the negative.

You weren't working.
They weren't working.
I wasn't working.
She wasn't working.
Remember some some verbs which are not normally used in continuous tenses (1-2-1).
SPELLING NOTES
When a verb ends in a single e, this e is dropped before ing:
love- loving
argue - arguing
move - moving
hate - hating
make - making
solve
- solving
This does not happen when the verb ends in ee:

agree - agreemg
see - seemg
When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single consonant, this consonant is
doubled before ing:
hit - hitting run - running

stop - stopping
drop - dropping
21
THE USE OF PAST CONTINUOUS

Past continuous tense is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but
whose exact limits are not known and are not important.
When it is used without a time expression it can indicate gradual development:
It was getting darker.
The wind was rising.
When it is used with a point in time, it expresses an action which began before that time and
probably continued after it. At six he was having breakfast implies that he was in the middle
of breakfast at six. He started it before six. He had breakfast at six would imply that he started
it at six.
If we replace the time expression with a verb in the simple past tense:
When I arrived John was reading the novel.
We convey the idea that the action in the past continuous started before the action in the simple
past and probably continued after it. Compare this combination with a combination of two
simple past tenses, which normally indicates successive actions:
When he saw me he put the receiver down.
The past continuous with always:

He was always ringing me up.
This expresses a frequently repeated past action, which probably annoyed the speaker.
The past continuous can be used as an alternative to the simple past to indicate a more casual,
less deliberate action:
I was talking to Tom the other day.
The past continuous here gives the impression that the action was in no way unusual or
remarkable. It also tends to remove responsibility from the subject. In the above example it
is not clear who started the conversation, and it does not matter. Note the contrast with the
simple past tense, I talked to Tom, which indicates that I took the initiative.
Note that continuous tenses are used only for apparently continuous uninterrupted actions.
If we devide the action up, or say how many times it happened, we must use the simple past.
I talked to Tom several times.
22
But we may, of course, use the continuous for apparently parallel actions:
Between one and two I was doing the shopping and walking the dog.
This tense is normally used in this way with a time expression such as today, last night, in the
afternoon, which could either be regarded as points in time or as periods. Periods can also be
indicated by exact times as shown above.
In questions about how a period was spent, the continuous often, appears more polite than the
simple past: What were you doing before you came here? sounds more polite than What did
you do before you came here?
On the other hand What were you doing in my room? could indicate a feeling that I think you
had no right to be there, but What did you do in my room? could never give this impression.
EXERCISE - 7: Put the verbs in brackets into past continuous if necessary.

I. When I arrived Tom (talked) on the telephone.
2. From five to six Roy (washed) the car.
3. What were you (did) in the room when I came?
4. Mother came while I (slept).
5. When the phone (rang), I (had) dinner.
6. While I (did) my homework, my roommate (watched) TV.
7. When someone (knocked) the door, the boy (played) cards.
8. 'When Tina (saw) the girls. They (stood) under the tree.
9. Last Sunday I (went) to visit Tina. When I (get) there around seven o'dock, she (be)
in the yard. She (plant) flowers in her garden.
10. Last night I (visit) one of my friends. When I (arrive) in his house, he (read) a
newspaper.
USING TIME CLAUSES FOR EXPRESSING PAST TIME
A dause is a structure that has a subject and a verb. Time dause is a dause that is used as an
adverb of time, indicating the time when an event occured.
When I went to Surabava. I visited my younger brother.
I visited my younger brother when I went to Surabaya.
when I went to Surabaya is a time dause. I visited my younger brother is a main dause.
The above sentences have the same meaning. And a time dause can be:
I) In front of a main dause
2) follow a main dause
23
-- --
The words when, after, before and while introduce time clauses. These introducing words are
foIled by a subject and a predicate.
When he came in, I was eating an apple.
I was eating an apple when he came in.
After Jane ate the food, she went to the library.
Jane went to the library after she ate the food.
Before I went to bed, I read the novel.
I read the novel before I went to bed.
While I was reading a newspaper, the phone rang.
The phone rang while I was reading a newspaper.
When a time clause comes in front of the main clause, put a comma at the end of the ti~e
clause.
In a sentence with a time clause introduced by when, both the time clause verb and the main
clause verb can be simple past. In this case, the action in the "when clause" happened first.
When the man knocked the door, I opened it.
EXERCISE- 8: Combine the two sentences into one sentence by using time clauses.
1. First: I got home.
Then: I ate lunch.
a). After
..............................
b).
after
...........
2.
3.
4.
24
First: I washed the car.

Then: I went to the office.
a). After
b).
after
..............................
...........
First: I was having breakfast.

Then: Roy came.
a). After
b).
after
..............................
...........
First: It began to rain.

Then: I used my umbrella.
a). After
b).
after
..............................
...........
5.
First: Tina read the letter.

Then: She cried.
a). After
b). ..... .... :
after
.............................
........... ...............
EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO

Used to expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists at present. "Used to" is
followed by the simple form of a verb.
I used to live with my parents. Now I live in my own house.
Ann used to be afraid of dogs, but now she likes dogs.
Tom used to get drunk, but he doesn't anymore.
The questions form of used to is:
I
Did + subject + use to
Did you use to live in Bali?

Did you use to smoke?
The negative form is: didn't use to or
never used to
EXERCISE-9: Complete the following sntences using words in brackets. Each sentence
should have a form of used to.
1. I
2. What time
3. My brother
.very late.
4. Tina
5. Rony
(ride) my bicycle to go to campus, but now I take the bus.

(eat) dinner when you were a boy.
(not stay up) past midnight, but now he often go to bed
(be) reckless when she was young, but now she is not.
(play) chess at night, but now he doesn't.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, and ON

The following are time expressions containing in, at, and on.
In:
in the past
in the future
in the afternoon
in the present
in the morning
in the evening
25
in January
in 1990
in the second century in + a week! a month! a year/ a century/ a season
in (the) summer
in this week
At:
at noon
at midnight
at the moment
at + "clock time"
at night
at present
at the present time
On:
on Thursday
on Wednesday morning
on January 20, 1997
on Sunday afternoon
on Friday evening
on + a datela weekday
on + weekday morning(s), aternoon(s), evening(s)
EXERCISE -10 : Complete the sentences wit in, at or on.

1. My sister is a student
the present time.
2. The man talked to me what happend
the past.
3. My younger brother sleep
night.
4. Father always wathes TV
the evening.
5. 'The boy was born
the summer.
6. I see a flm
Sunday.
7. The youn lady takes a nap
the afternoon.
8. I am busy
present. You may call again.
9. I always take a walk
the morning before I go to campus.
10.
October 1980, My uncle came from London.
USING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
Sometimes the present continuous is used to express future time:
Tom is going to come to the party tomorrow night.
Tom is coming to the party tomorrow night.
The two sentences above have the same meaning.
The present continuous is used to express future time when the sentence concerns a definite
plan, a definite intention, a definite future activity.
26
Verbs such as come, go, stay, arrive, leave are frequently used in the present continuous to
express future time. Such verbs express definite plans.
I'm going to stay home tonight.
I'm staying home tonight.
Verb expressing planned means of transportation in the future are also frequently used in the
present progressive; for example, fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi, etc.).
Sometimes a speaker will use the present continuous when he or she wants to make a very
strong statement about a future activity.
A: You shouldn't buy that car. It's in terrible condition. It costs too much.
B: I am buying that car tomorrow morning! My mind is made up.Nobody can stop me.
I am buying that car, and that's it!
27
-
- -- --
---
Chapter3 FutureTime
3.1. EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME: BE GOING TO AND WILL

F U T U R.E
(a) lam going to leave at nine Be going to and will are used to
tomorrow morning.
express future time.
I will leave at nine tomorrow nine tomorrow morn- (a) and (b) have the same meaning. (c) and (d) have the same
ing.
(c) Marie is going to be at the meaning.
meetin_
(d) Marie will
ing tonight
I shall leave st nine tomorrow morning.

We shall leave
*
The use of shall (with I and we) to express

future time is infrequent and formal.
Will, and be going to, usuallygive the same meaning, but sometimes they express
different meanings. (Betty S.Azar, 1992)
EXERCISE 1 - ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Practice using, be going to.

STUDENT A : Make a sentence with be going to, about your future activities.
STUDENT B : Ask a question about STUDENT A's sentence.
Example: go/tomorrow morning

STUDENT A : I'm going to go to class tomorrow morning.
STUDENT B : What is (STUDENT A) going to do tomorrow morning?
STUDENT C : S/he's going to go to class.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
28
go/tomorrow afternoon
write/tomorrow night
study/tonight
take/next week
see/later today
eat/in a couple of hours
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
buy/this weekend
go/next year
walk/pretty soon
have/after a while
wash/the day after tomorrow
travel to/sometime
EXERCISE.2 - ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Make sentences about your activities. Use
present, past, or future verbs.
1. I ate lunch with Alan today, and I'm going to eat 1unchwith him tomorrow
too.**
2. Jason wasn't in class today, and
he isn't going to be in class tomorrow
either.**
3. The students took a quiz yesterday, and
another quiz today.
4. Margaret walked to school this morning, and
to school tomorrow
morning too.
5. It isn't raining today, and according to the weather report,
tomorrow
either.
6. We're in class today, and
in class tomorrow too.
7. You didn't hitchhike to school today, and
to school tomorrow either.
8. I didn't get married last year, and
married this year either.
9. Peter didn't wear a clean shirt today, and
a clean one tomorrow either.
*
Time expressions such as today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening, tonight,
this week, this month, this year, this semester can be used with past, present, or future
verbs.
EXERCISE 4 - ORAL: Complete the sentences with a pronuon + aform of be going to.
Use a future time expression. Use too (with affirmative sentences) or either (with negative
sentences).
Example : I didn't: study last night, and ..........

Response: I didn't study last night, and i"m not going to study tonight either.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I did my home work yesterday, and .........

I wasn't at home last night, and .........
We didn't have a grammar quiz today, and .........
Our teacher is in class today, and .........
It's (cold/hot/nice) today, and .........
I didn't go bowling todaay, and .........
I brought my umbrella with me today, and ........
I didn't get hit by truck on my way to school today, and .........
The sun rose before six today, and .........
We didn't have pizza for breakfast this morning, and ..........
(takenfrom Betty S.Azar, 1992)
29
3.2. FORM WITH WILL

'NEGATIVE
QUESTION
not (won't) come tomorrow.
Will { I-you-she-he-it-we-they
} come tomorrow?
SHORTANSWER
will.
won't.
I'll, you'll, she'll, he'll, it'll,
we'll, they'll
will is usually contracted with pronouns

both speech and informal writing.
CONTRACTIONS
Bob + will
= "Bob'II'
the teacher will = "the teacher' II"
Will is usually cntracted with nouns in
speech, but usually not in writing.
(taken from Betty S.Azar, 1992)
EXERCISE 5 : Practice using contractions with will. Write the correct contraction for the
words in parentheses. Practice pronounciation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(I will)
['11
be home at eight tonight.
(We will)
see you tomorrow.
(You will)
probably get a letter today.
probably go to bed early.
(She will) Karen is tired tonight.
(He will) Dennis has a cold.
probably stay at home in bed today.
(It will)
probably be too cold to go swimming tomorrow.
(They will) I invited some guests for dinner.
probably get here around
seven.
EXERCISE 6: Read the following sentences aloud. Practice contacting will with nouns in
speech.
1. Rob willprobablycall tonight.
2. Dinner will be at seven.
3. Upiet will be here at six tomorrow.
4. The weather will probably ba a little colder tomorrow.
5. The party will start at eight.
6. Sam will help us move into our new apartment.
7. My friends will be here soon.
8. The sun will rise at 6:08 tomorrow morning.
30
3.3. USING PROBABLY WITH WILL

(a) Ann willprobably go
(b) Bob probably
(c) FORMAL: Bob will probably not go to the
park tomorrow.
People often use probably with will.

Probably comes between will and the main
verb, as in (a). In a negative sentence,
probably comes in front of won't, as in (b),
or more formally, between will and not,
as in (c).
EXERCISE 7 : Complete the sentences. Use prounoun + will/won't. Use probably.

1. I went to the library last night, and 1'11probably go
there tonight too.
2. Ann didn't come to class today, and
she probably won't come
tomorrow
either.
3. I watched TV last night, and
TV tonight too.
4. I wasn't at home last night, and
at home tonight either.
5. Greg went to bed early last night, and
to bed early tonight too.
6. Jack didn't hand his homework in today, and
it in tomorrow either.
7. It's hot today, and
hot tomorrow too.
8. My friends didn't come over last nigh, and
over tonigh either.
9. The students had a quiz today, and
one tomorrow too.
10. Alice didn't ride her bike to school today, and
it to school tomorrow either.
3.4. BE GOING TO VS. WILL
(a) She isg()ing t()succed because she work Begoingt()a.ndWill areth~same when they are
hard.
used to make predictionsabdutfllttire. (a) and (b)
(b) She will succed becauseshe workshard. have the ~amemeaning,
(c) I bOllghtsome wood because I am going Be going to (but not will) iSliSed to express a
to build a bookcaseJor my apartI11ent. preconceived plan.Jh (c): The Speakerispianning
to build a bookcase.
I
(d) This chair.is too heavy for yoti tbbarry

alone. I'll help you.
Wilt (btitndtbe gOing to) is used to volunteer Or

.
express willingness. In(d):
The speaker is happy to
help.
EXERCISE 8 : Complete the sentences with be going to or will.

1. A: Why did you buy this flour?
B :I
'm going to make some bread.
2.
A: Could someone get me a glass of water/

B : Certainly. 1 '11 get you one. Would you like some ice in it?
31
3. I arranged to borrow some money because I
buy a motorcycle tomorrow.
4. A: Could someone please open the window?

B :I
do it.
5. A: Can I borrow this book?
B : Sure. But I need it back soon.
A: I
return it to you tomorrow. Okay?
6. A: I
wear a dark suit to the wedding reception. How about you?
B : I'm not sure.
7. A: What are you vacation plans?
'B : I
spend two weeks on a Greek island.
8. A: Gee, I'd really like an ice cream cone, but I didn't bring any money with me.
B : That's okay. I
get one for you.
A : Thanks!
9. A: Hi, Josh. I hear that you
move into a new apatment.
B : That right. Upiet and I found a great apartment on 45th Street.
A :I
help you on moving day if you like.
B : Hey, great! We'd really appreciate that.
10. A: So you
get married.
B : That's right. On September 22nd.
A: My congratulations.
11. A: If you can wait just a few minute, I
walk to the meeting with you.
B : Okay. I
meet you by the elevator. Okay?
A : Okay. I
wait for you there.
12. A: Excuse me, but .........
B :I
be with you in a moment.
A: Thanks.
32
3.5. EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND "IF-CLAUSES"

(a)
Befor~ I go to class tomorro

to eat breakfast.
The simple present used in a future time clause.

Be going to and will are NOT used in a future
time clause.
(b) I'm going to eat dinner at 6:
before
After I eat dinner, I'm going to study in my after
+ subject and verb + a time
room.
when
clause *
as soon as
(c) I'll give Mary your message when I se
e $peaker is talking about two events:
her tomorrow.
ass and eating breakfast. Both events
are in future. Bowever, the speaker uses the
(d) It's raining right now. As soon
simple present (not be going to or will) to talk
stops, I'm going to walk downtown.
about going to.class because the verb occurs in
time clause:
Before I go to class tomorrow........
(e)
EXERCISE 9 - ORAL: Combine the ideas of the two sentences into one sentence by using
a time clause. Use the word in parentheses to introduce the time clause. Punctuate carefully. *
1. (after) First: I'm going to finish my homework.

Then: I'm going to go to bed.
-> After I finish my homework, I'm going to go to bed. OR :
I'm going to bed after I finish my homework.
2.
(after) First: I'm going to write a letter.

Then : I'm going to go to bed.
3.
(when) First: I'm going to go to Chicago next week.

Then: I'm going to visit the art museum.
4.
(after) First: I'll go to the drug store.

Then : I'll go to the post office.
5. (before) First: Ann will finish her homework.

Then: She will watch TV tonight.**
6. .(after) First: Jim will get home this morriing.
Then: He's going to read the newspaper.
33
7.
(when) First: I'll call John tomorrow.

Then : I'll ask him to my party.
8.
(as soon as) First: The rain will stop.

Then: The children are going to go outside and play.
9.
(as soon as) First: The teacher will get here.

Then: Class will begin.
10. (before) First: The Robertsons will get some travelers' checks.
Then: They will leave on vacation.
II. (as soon as) First: I will get home tonight.
Then: I'm going to take a hot bath.
12. (when) First: I'm going to go shopping tomorrow.
Then : I'm going to buy a new pair of shoes.
* Notice the punctuation in the sample answer in number one. A comma is used when
the time clause comes before the main clause. No comma is used when the time
clause follows the main clause.
** A noun usually comes before a pronoun:
After Ann eats dinner, she is going to study.
Ann is going to study after she eats dinner.
EXERCISE 10 : Complete the following sentences with your own words.

1. I'm going to eat dinner before I.....
2. As soon as I get home tonight, I .....
3. I'm going to call my friend after I .....
4.
My life will be easy after I
.....
5. Before I go to bed tonight, I .....

6. When I'm in Florida next month, I .....
7. I'll call you as soon as I.....
8. I'm going to visit my aunt and uncle when .....
EXERCISE
clause. "
11 : Combine the ideas of the two sentences into one sentence by using an "if-
POSSIBLE CONDITION
1.
34
->RESULT
Maybe it will rain tomorrow.

> I'm going to stay home.
->
If it rains tomorrow, I'm going to stay home. or:
I'm going to stay home if it rains tomorrow. *
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maybe it will be hot tomorrow.

> I'm going to go swimming.
Maybe it will snow tomorrow.
> Betty isn't going to ride her bike to
school.
Maybe Adam will have enough time. -> He'll finish this composision tonight.
Maybe I won't get a letter tomorrow. ->
I'll call my parents.
To make sentences with" if-clause" in thefollowing, you need to decide which sentence is the
"possible condition" and which is the "result."
6. We're going to go on a picnic. Perhaps the weather will be nice tomorrow.
7. Maybe Greg won't study for his test. He'll get a bad grade.
8. I'm probably going to go to Hawaii for my vacation. Maybe I will have enough
money.
9. 'Maybe I won't study tonight. I probably won't pass the chemistry exam.
10. I'll probably get a good grade. Maybe I ewill study for the test.
Notice the punctuation in the example. A comma is used when the "if-clause" comes
before the main clause. No comma is used when the "if-clause" follows the main
clause.
EXERCISE 12 - ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Make sentences from the given possibities.
Use if and add your own ideas.
Example: Maybe you'll go downtown tomorrow.

Response: If I go downtown tomorrow, (I'm going to buy some new clothes/I'm going
to go to a department store/! can go to the post office, etc.).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Maybe it'll be nice tomorrow.

Maybe it'll be hot/cold tomorrow.
Maybe it won't be nice/hot/cold tomorrow.
Maybe it'll rain tomorrow.
Maybe it won't rain tomorrow.
Maybe you'll be tired tonight.
Maybe you won't be tired tonight.
Maybe you'll have enough time tomorrow.
Example: Maybe you'll go downtown tomorrow.

STUDENT A : If I go downtown tomorrow, I'm going to buy some new boots.
STUDENT B : If (...) buys some new boots, his/her feet will be warm this winter.
9. Maybe you'll have some free time tomorrow.
10. Maybe you eon't be in class tomorrow.
11. Maybe you'll be hungry after class.
35
----
--
12. Maybe you'll go to (name of a local place) tomorrow.
13. Maybe you won't have enough money to buy (something) whenyou go shopping
tomorrow.
14. Maybe (...) will call (...) on the phone tonight.
EXERCISE 13 : Following ia a review of time clauses and "if-clauses". Complete the

sentences by using a form of the words in parentheses. Read carefully for time expressions.
1. a. Before Tom (go) goes to bed, he always (brush) brushes
his teeth.
b. Before Tom (go)
to bed later tonight, he (write)
a letter to his
girlfriend.
c. Before Tom (go)
to bed last night, he (take)
a shower.
d. While Tom (take)
a shower last night, the phone (ring) ..........
e. As soon as the phone (ring)
last night, Tom (jump)
out of
theshower to answer it.
f. As soon as Tom (get)
up tomorrow morning, he (brush)
his teeth.
g. Tom always (brush)
his teeth as soon as he (get)
up.
2. a.
b.
'c.
d.
e.
After I (get)
home from schoolevery afternoon, I (drink)
a cup of tea.
After I (get)
home from school tomorrow afternoon, I (drink)
a
cup of tea.
After I (get)
home from school yesterday, I (drink)
a cup of tea.
While I (drink)
acup ofteayesterdayafternoon,my neighbor (come)..........
over, so I (offer)
her a cup of tea, too.
My neighbor (drop)
over again tomorrow. When she (come)
,I
(make)
a cup of tea for her.
3. Jane (meet)
me at airport when my plan (arrive)
tomorrow.
4. If I (see)
Mike tomorrow, I (tell)
him about the party.
5. I go to New York often. When I (be)
in New York, I usually (see)
a
Broadway play..
6. When I (be)
in New York next week, I (stay)
at the Park Plaza Hotel.
7. Cindy and I (go)
to the beach tomorrow if the weather (be)
warm and
sunny.
8. As soon as the test (be)
over in class yesterday, the students (leave)
the
room.
9. Jack (watch)
a football game on TV right now. As soon as the game (be) .........
over, he (mow)
the grass in the back yard.
10. As soon as I (get)
home every day, my children always (run) ..........
EXERCISE 14 - WRITTEN: Write two paragraphs. Show the time relationships by using
words as before, after, when, while, as soon as, next, then,later, after that.
Paragraph 1 : a detailed description of your day yesterday.
Paragraph 2 : a detailed description of your day tomorrow.
36
3.6. PARALLEL VERBS

V and V
Jim makes his bed andcleans up his room
every morning.
(a)
verbs that are connected

two verbs are parallel: V
parallel verbs
(b)
Ann is cooking dinner and (is) talking on It is not necessary to repeat a helping verb (an
the phone at the same time.
auxiliary verb) when two verbs are connected by
(c) I will stay home and (will) study tonight. and.
(d) Iam going to stay home and (am going
to) study tonight.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
15 : Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in parentheses.
When I (walk)
into the living room yesterday evening, Grandpa (read) ..........
a newspaper and (smoke)
his pipe.
Helen will graduate next semester. She (move)
to New Yorkand (look) ..........
for a job after she (graduate) ..........
Every day my neighbor (call)
me on the phone and (complain)
about
the weather.
Look at Erin! She (cry)
and (laugh)
at the same time. I wonder if she
is happy or sad.
I'm beat! I can't wait to get home. After I (get)
home, I (take)
a hot
shower and (go)
to bed.
Yesterday my dog (dig)
a hole in the back yard and (bury)
a bone.
I'm tired of this cold weather. As soon as spring (come)
I (play)
tennis
and (jog)
in the park as often as possible.
EXERCISE 16 : Complete the sentences by using a form of the words in parentheses.

1. It's getting late, but before I (go)
to bed, I (finish)
my homework and
(write)
a couple of letters.
2. While I (make)
dinner last night, some grease (spill)
out of the frying
pan and (catch)
on fire. When the smoke detector on the ceiling (start) ..........
to buzz, my roomate (run)
into the kitchen to find out what was wrong. He
(think)
that the house was on fire!
3. Mark is obsessed with video games. He (play)
video games morning, noon,
and night. Sometimes he (cut)
class to play the games. Right now he (do, not)
very well in school. Ifhe (study, not)
harder and (go)
to class
every day, he (flunk)
out of school.
4. Sometimes my daughter, Susie, has temper tantrums. She (cry)
and (stamp)
angry,
her feet when she (get)
angry . Yesterday when she (get)
she (pick)
up a toy car and (throw)
it at her little brother. Luckily, the
car (hit, not)
him. Susie (feel)
very bad. She (apologize)
to her
little brother and (kiss)
him.
37
5.
I's October now. The weather (begin)

to get colder. It (begin)
to get
cold every October. I (like, not)
wintwr, but I (think)
autumn is
beautiful. In a couple of weeks, my friend and I (take)
a weekend trip to the
country if the weather (be)
nice. We (drive)
through the river valley
and (enjoy)
the colors of fall.
3.7. USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

(a) Don is going to come to the party tomorrow
night.
(b) Don is coming to the party tomorrow night.
(c) We're going to go to a movie tonight.
(d) We're going to a movie tonight.
(e) I'm going to stay home tonight.
(f) I'm staying home tonight.
(g) Ami is going to fly to Chicago next week.
(h) Ann isflying to Chicago next week.
(k) A : You shouldn't buy that used car. It's
in terrible condition.Itcosts too much.
You don't have enoughmoney.You'll
have to get insurance, and you can't
afford the insurance. Buying that used
car is a crazy idea.
B : I am buying that used car tomorrow
morning!Mymind ismadeup.Nobady
- not you, not my mother, not father
Sometimes the present progressive in used to

express future time. (a) and (b) have the same
meaning. The present progressive is used to
express future time when the sentence concerns
a definite plan, a definitw intention, a definite
future activity. *
Verps.slIth as come, g(), stay, arrive, leave are

frequently lIsed iJ1the present progressive to
express future time.SlIch verbs express definite
plans.Verbs expressing planned means of transpbrtatibninthefllture are also frequently used in
the present progres~ive; for example, fly, walk,
ride, drive, take (Clbus, a taxi, etc.).
Sometimesa.speaker wilI use the. present progressive when he brshe wants. to.make a very
strong statement abo.uta.future activity, as in (k).
can stop me. I'm buying that car, and

that's it! I don't want to talk about it
anymore.
A : Oh welI, it's your money.
*
A future meaning for the present progressive is indicated either by future time words in the
sentence or by the context. (taken from Betty S.Azar, 1992)
EXERCISE 17 : Complete the sentences with appropriate pronouns + the PRESENT

PROGRESSIVE.
1. .I met Jane after class yesterday, and
I'm meeting
her after class again later
today.
2. My friends came over last night, and
over this evening, too.
3. Upiet didn't come to class today, and
to class tomorrow either.
4. We had a meetng this morning, and
another metting tomorrow morning.
5. I didn't eat lunch at the cafetaria this noon, and
lunch there tomorrow either.
6. I took a bus to work this morning, and
the same bus to work tomorrow
morn mg.
38
7.
8.
Harry didn't go to work today, and

work tomorrow either.
The children went to the beach today, and
to the beach again tomorrow.
EXERCISE 18 : Practice using the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE to express future time by

completing the dialogues. Use the words in the list or your own words. Are there any
sentences in this exercise in whichthe present progressive expresses present, not future, time?
call
come
drive
fly
go
make
meet
stay
1. A: What are you doing tomorrow afternoon?

B : I am going downtown. I am going shopping. How about you?
What are you doing tomorrow afternoon?
A :I
to a movie with Tom. After the movie, we
out to dinner.
Would you like to come with us?
B : No, thanks. I can't, I
Heidi at 6:30 at the new seafood restaurant on
Fifth Street.
2.
A: What courses
you
next year?
B :I
English, biology. math. and psychology.
A : What courses
you
next year?
.B : I
English literature. chemistry, calculus, and history.
A : That should keep you busy!
3. A: I
on vacation tomorrow.
B : Where
you
?
A : To San Francisco.
B : How are you getting there?
you
or
your car?
A :I
I have to be at the airport by seven tomorrow morning.
B : Do you need a ride to the airport?
A : No, thanks. I
a taxi. Are you planning to go somewhere over vacation?
B : No. I
here.
4.
A: My sister and her husband

over to my house for dinner tomorrow night.
It's my sister's birthday, so I
a special birthday dinner for her. I
her
favorite food: roast beef and mashed potatoes.
B:
anyone else
over for the birthday dinner?
A: Yes. Rick and Olga Walker.
5.
A: I'm going to call the doctor. You have a fever, chills, and a stomach ache.
B : No, don't call a doctor. I'll be okay.
A: I'm worried. I
the doctor! And that's it!
39
3.8. USING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
My plane arrive.at 7:35 tomorrow evening. The simple presentdthexpressfuture

time when
events are on a definite schedule or timetable.
Tom's now jOQstars next week.
Thesemesterendsiri tw()more weeks.
Only a few verbs are usedin thesimplepresentto
There is a meeting at tent()l11orrowf1JQrl1"eXpress future time. The most cqmmon arc aring.
rive, leave, start, begin, end,jinish, open, elm.e,
be.
(takentrom Betty S.Azar, 1992)
EXERCISE 19 :Use the SIMPLE PRESENT of the verb in parentheses if possible.

Otherwise, use be going to / the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE.
1. (start)
The game
starts
tomorrow afternoon.
2. (have)
We
are having / are going to have
chicken and pasta for dinner
tonight.
I
to school tomorrow morning. I need the exercise.
The bus ."
at 8:15 tomorrow morning.
The exam
at 9:00 tomorrow morning and
at 11 :00. end)
Tomorrow the museum
at 10:00 and
at 5:00. Let's go close)
around 2:30, okay?
Have you heard the news? Laura and Jonson
married in August.
I
the championship game on TV at Jim's house tomorrow.
Alex's plane
at 10:14 tomorrow morning. I can't pick him up,
so he
the airport bus into the city center.
There
a flight to Dallas at 7:02 tomorrow morning.
3. (walk)
4. (leave)
5. (begin,
6. (open,
7. (get)
8. (watch)
9. (arrive,
take)
10. (be)
(also possible: is staring / is going to start) at one
3.9. PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES : USING INTEND, PLAN, HOPE
(a)
(b)
I'm intending/I intend to go t<)Paris.

I'm planning / I plan to take. a trip next
month.
(c) I'm hoping / I hope to fly to Paris next
month. To + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A
VERB
(d) .1 intendlo + go
Iplan to + take
40
Intend, plllll, andhope are used in present tenses

to express present ideas about future activities,
INCORRECT: Twill intend to go to Paris next
month. Intend, plan, and hope arefollowed by an
infinitive (to + the simple form ofa verbs).*
EXERCISE 20 ORAL: Make sentences that communicate the same or a similar

meaning.Use the verbs in parentheses.
1. I think that I will graduate next June. (hope)
->
I am hoping / hope to graduate next June.
2. I think that I will be at the meeting on time tomorrow. (intend)
3. Tom thinks that he will buy a new red bicycle tomorrow. (plan)
4. Jane thinks that she is going to get a good job after she graduates. (hope)
5. I think I will stay in London for two weeks after I leave Paris. (plan)
6. I think I will finish my education, get a goodjob, start a famoly, and live happily ever
after. (intend)
3.10. IMMEDIATE FUTURE:
USING BE ABOUT TO
(a)
Ann's bags are packed, and she is wearing The idiom be about to do something expresses an
her coat. She is about to leave for the air- activity that will happen in theimmediatefuture,
port.
usually within five minutes. In (a) : Ann is going
the next few minutes.
(b) Shhh. The movie is about to begin.
EXERCISE 21 ORAL: What are the following people probably about to do?
1. Jack is holding his camera to his eye. He has his finger on the button.
->
He's about to take a picture.
2. Sally has her hand on the door knob.
3. Ben is putting on his coat and heading for the door.
4. Nancy has dirty hands from working in the garden. She is holding a bar of soap. She
is standing at the bathroom sink.
5. Eric is on the last question of the examination.
6. Rita is holding a fly swatter and staring at a fly on the kitchen table.
EXERCISE 22 - WRITTEN: Write a short paragraph on each of the following topics.
1. Write about an interesting experience you had when you were a child (six to twelve
years old).
2. Write about your plans for the future.
EXERCISE 23 - PREPOSITIONS: Complete the sentences with prepositions.
1. I borrrowed this dictionary
Pedro.
2. Could you please help me
these heavy suitcases?
3. Sue, I'd like to introduce you
Ed Jones.
4. You shouldn't stare
other people. It's not polite.
5. Marco Polo traveled
China in the thirteenth century.
41
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Do you believe
ghosts?
Are you laughing
my mistake?
I admire my father
his honesty and intelligence.
I argued
Jack
politics.
I discussed my educational plans
my parents.
I applied
the University of Massachusetts. I applied
University of Massachusetts.
12. Joanna applied
ajob at the automobile factory.
42
admission to the
Chapter4 NounsandPronouns
EXERCISE 1 PRETEST: Identify each italicized word in the sentences as a :

NOUN
ADJECTIVE
PREPOSITION or
PRONOUN.
1. Eric is wearing a new shirt today.

2. Algaria is in North Africa
3. Steve is in Asia. He is traveling.
4. I'm thirsty.
5. We have class in this room every day.
6. I know my way to Janna's house.
7. The happy children squealed with joy. .
8. I walked to class with Maria.
9. Hawaii has eight principal island.
10. The hungry man stffed his mouth with rice.
11. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
12. Athens is a beautiful city.
13. .My history book is under my desk.
14. Do you like classical music.
15. I don't eat sour oranges. I don't like them.
shirt
nonn. .....................
in
preposition. ...................
he
prononn. .....................
thirsty
.......................
room..
...............................
way
.
happy... .....................................
with ..
island..
hungry
.....
.......................
......... ........
......................................
Japan
beautiful
under
music
theln
.
....
.
.
...............................
...
EXERCISE 2 - PRETEST (BOOKS CLOSED) : Number a piece of paper from 1 to 22.

This is a spelling test. Write the plural forms of the given nouns.
Example: one chair, two .....
Written: chairs
1.
2.
3.
4.
glass
problem
match
bush
12.
13.
14.
15.
roof
hero
radio
zero
43
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
animal
sex
library
monkey
wife
wifw
shelf
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
foot
mouse
sheep
woman
child
phenomenon
offspring
4.1. PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
(9)
SINGULAR
one bird
one street
onerose
PLURAL
twobifds
two streets
two roses
To mtlkemqs t I@.InSPhiraI, add-s.
one dish
one match
one class
onebbJ(
two dishes
tWomatches
two classes
two boxes
Add.estbnouns
two babies
two cities
If a noun ends in acqnsonanf-y, change the "y"

to "I" and add -es.(NOTE: If -y is preceded by
a \lowel,addQnly.s : boys, days, keys.)
(c) one baby

one city
eridirigji'l-sh, -ch, -ss, and -x.
(d)
one knife
one shelf
two kllives
two sheves
Ql1espelftwQhevesIfa nounerids in -fe or of,

change theeriding tQ.ves. (Exceptions :beliefs,
chiefs, roofs, cuffs;)
(e)
(t)
one tomato
one zoo
one zero
two tomatoes
two zoos
tWozeroes lzeros
The pluralJorm of nouns that end in -0 is some-
one child
one foot
two children
t'NOfeet
two geese
two men
two inice
two teeth
two women
Some nouns haveirregular pluraIJorms. (NOTE:

ThesinguJarform ofpeople canbeperson,woman,
l1ian,child. For example, one man and one child
=two people.)
(t)
one- goose
one man
one mouse
one tooth
one woman
44
two peqple
times
-des
and
so m e ti
mes
-os;-oes
: tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, echoes,

mosquitoes
.os
: z,o(}:),radiOs,studiOs,pianos, solos,
:)(}pranos,photos, autos.
-oes or..os:zerOes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos,
tornadoes / tornados
(g)
(h)
one deer
olle. fish
one sheep
one offspring
one species
two deer
one bacterium
one cactUs
one CflSIS
two bacteria
two cacti
two crises
one phenomenon
tWQPhenomena
The plural form of sQme nouns is the sarneas the

singular form.
two fish
two sheep
two offspring
tWQpecies
SQnW.nQuh$tha(Engli$h
has. .borrqw{:d from
other languages have foreignplural$.
EXERCISE 3 : Write the plural forms Ofthe nouns.

1. one potato, two ...potatoes.
16.
2. a dormitory, many
17.
3. one child, two
18.
4. a leaf, a lot of
19.
5. A wish, many
20.
6. one fish, two
21.
7. an opinion, many
22.
8. a mouse, several
23.
9. .a sandwich, some
24.
10. a man. many
25.
11. one woman, two
26.
12. a flash, three
27.
13. one tomato, a few
28.
14. one tooth, two
29.
15. one half, two
30.
a tax, a lot of
a possiblility, several
a thief, many
a volcano, many
a goose, a lot of
an attorney, a few
a butterfly, several
one category, two
a mosquito, a lot of
one sheep, two
a wolf, some
one stitch, two
one foot, three
one piano, two
a belief, many
4.2. SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
V
shines
(verb)
An English sentence has a SUBJECT (s) and a

VERB (Y).
S
(b) Plants
(noun)
V
grow
(verb)
The SUBJECT is noun. In (a) : sun is a noun; it

is the subject of the verb shines.
S
(c) Plants
(noun)
V
need
(verb)
(a)
The sun
(noun)
o
water
Sometimes a VERB is followed by anOBJECT

(0).
45
s
(d) Bob
(noun)
is a noun. In (c) : water

need.
(taken from Betty S. Azar, 1992)
EXERCISE 4 : Find the SUBJECT (S) and VERB (V) of each sentence. Also find the
OBJECT (0) of the verb if the sentence has an object.
S
V
0
1. .The cm:penterbuilt a table.
S
V
2. Birds fu..
3. Cows eat grass.
4. My dog barked.
5. The dog chased the cat.
6. Accidents happen.
7. My roommate opened the window.
8. Most birds build nests.
9. Our guests arrived.
10. Teachers assign homework.
11. Steam rises.
12. Jack raised his hand.
13. Irene is watching her sister's children.
4.3. OBJECTS ON PREPOSITIONS
S
V
0 PREP OPREP
(a) Ann put her books on
thedesk.
(noun)
S V PREP
(b) A leaf fell
to
0 of PREP
the ground.
(NOUN)
REFERENCE LIST OF PREPOSITIONS

about
before
despite
above
behind
down
dcross
below
during
after
beneath
for
against
beside
from
along
besides
in
among
between
into
around
beyond
like
at
by
near
46
Many English sentences have prepositional

phrases. In (a): "on the desk" is a prepositional
phrase. A prpositional phrase consists of a
PREPOSITION
(PREP) and OBJECT OF A
PREPOSITION (0 OF PREP). The object of a
preposition is noun.
of
off
on
out
over
since
through
throughout
till
to
t6ward(s)
Ullder
until
up
upon
with
within
without
EXERCISE 5 : Find the SUBJECTS, VERBS, and OBJECTS in the following. Identify the
PREPOSITION (PREP) and the noun that is used as the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
(0 of PREP).
S
V
0
PREP
o of PREP
1. Sara saw some pictures on
the wall.
2. Sara looked ar the pictures.
3. Emily waited for her friend at a restaurant.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. Sue lost her ring in the sand at the beach.
6. The moon usually disappears from view during the day.
7. Eric talked to his friend on the phone for thirty minutes.
8. Children throughout the world play with dolls.
9. Astronauts walked on the moon in 1969.*
10. A woman in a blue suit sat beside me until the end of the meeting.
*
Note: In a typical English sentence, "place" (e.g., on the moon) is mentioned before
"time" (e.g., in 1969). INCORRECT: Astronauts walked in 1969 on the moon.
EXERCISE 6-0RAL: Review prepositions of place by using the following phrases in

sentence. Demonstrate the meaning of the preposition by some action.
Example :above my head
Oral response: I'm holding my hand above my head. (The student demonstrates this
action.)
].
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
across the room 11. below the window

against the wall 12. beside my book
among my books and papers 13. near-the door
between two pages of my book ]4. far from the door
around my wrist 15. off my desk
at my desk 16. out the window
on my desk 17. under my desk
in the room 18. through the door
into the room 19. throughout the room
behind me 20. toward(s) the door
4.4. USINGADJECTIVESTO DESCRIBENOUNS

book.
good
(adjective + noun)
(a)
Bob is reading a
(b)
(c)
(d)
The tall woman wore anew dress.

The short woman wore an old dress.
The young woman wore a short dress.
Words that describe. nouns are cslled adjectives.

In (a): good is an adjective; itdescribe the book.
We say that adjective "Il1odify"nouns. "Modify"
means "cha.nge a little". An adjective changes the
meaning of a noun by giving more information
about it.
47
Roses are beautiful flowers.

INCORRECT: Roses are beautifuls flowers..
(f) He wore a white shirt.
INCORRECT: He wore a shirt white.
(g) Roses are beautiful.
(h) His shirt was white.
plural. They
Adjectives can come immediately before nouns,

as in (f). Adjectives can also follow main verb be,
as in (g) and (h).
EXERCISE
objects.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
7: Find the Adjective (ADJ) in the sentences. Also discuss subjects, verbs, and
Adj.
The student wrote ~compositions.
Desert are dry.
The audience laughed at the funny joke.
Sensible people wear comfortable shoes.
Knives are sharp.
Crocodiles have big teeth.
Dark places frighten small children.
Steve cleaned the shelves of the refrigerator with soapy water.
The local police searched the stolen car for illegal dmgs.
Before the development of agriculture, primitive people gathered wild plants for
food.
4.5. USING NOUNS AS ADJECTIVES

(a) Ihave aJlower garden.
(b) The shoe store also sells socks.
(c) INCORRECT: a flower ,garden.
INCORRECT: the shoesslbre.
Sometimes words that are usually used as nouns

are used as adjectives. For example, flower is
usually a noun, but in (a) it is used as an adjective
to modify garden. When a noun is used an adjective, it is singular in form, NOT plural.
EXERCISE 8 : Identify thenouns. Use a noun in the first sentence as an adjective in the
second sentence.
NOUN
NOUN
1. My garden has vegetables. It is a
vegetable
garden.*
2. The program is on television. It's a
program.
3. He climbs mountains. He is a
climber.
4. The lesson concerned history. It was a
lesson.
5. Tom works for the government. He is a
worker.
48
6.
7.
8.
9.
to.
The soup has beans. It is

soup.
The factory makes automobiles. It's an
factory.
Janet forecasts the weather. She's a
forecaster.
This book is about gammar. It's a
book.
An album that contains photographs is called a
album.
When one noun modifies anothernoun,the spoken stress is usually on the first noun:
a vegetable garden.
EXERCISE 9 : Thefollowing sentences have many mistakes in the use of nouns.

Find each noun.
Decide if the noun should be plural.
Write the correct plural form as necessary.
Do not change any of the words in the sentences.
1. The mountain in Chile are beautiful.

-> The mountains in Chile are beautiful.
2. Cat hunt mouse.
3. Mosquito are small insect.
4. Everyone has eyelash.
5. Goose are larger that duck.
6. What are your favorite radio program?
7. Forest sometimes have fire. Forest fire endanger wild animal.
8. Sharp kichen knife can be dangerous weapon.
9. There are many different kind of people in the world.
to. I applied to several foreign university because I want to study abroad next year.
11. Ted lives with there other university student.
12. The offspring of animal like horse, zebra, and dear can run soon after they are born.
13. I Iike read book and magazine article about true personal experience.
14. Many modern device require battery to work. Flashlight, pocket calculator, portable
radio, tape recorder, and many kind of toy often need battery.
EXERCISE 10: Find the nouns. Make them plural if necessary.
Whales
(1)
Wl.ak look like fish, but they aren't. They are mammal. Mouse, tiger,
(2) and human being are other examples of mammal. Whale are intelligent
(3) animal like dog and chimpanzee. Even though they live in sea, ocean, and
(4) river, Whale are not fish. Fish lay egg and do not feed their offspring.
(5) Mammal give birth to live offspring and feed them.
(6)
There are many kind of whale. Most whale are huge creature. The
49
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
largest whale are caIIed blue whale. They can grow to 100 foot (30 meter) in
length and can weigh 150 ton (135,000 kilogram). Blue whale are much
larger than elephant and large than any of the now extinct dinosaur. The
heart of an adult blue whale is about the size of a compact car. Its main
blood vessel, the aorta, is large enough for a person to crawl through.
Human being have hunted and killed whale since ancient times. Aside
from people, whale have no natural enemy. Today meny people are trying to
stop the hunting of whale.
4.6. PERSONAL PRONOUNS : SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
OBJECTERONOUNS
(a)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
we Yolt she, he, it
they
.
: me
us you her, him, it them
: I
S
Kate is married. She has two children.
o
(b) Kate is my friend.I knowher well.
(d)
(d)
Mike has a new blue bicyCle,

Hebougl1t it yesterday.
S
[ Eric and I] are good friends.
A.pronounTefers toa noun. IUs used in place

of a .noun.In (a):"she" is a pronoun. It refers
to "Kate."Itis usedin place of the noun "Kate."
In (b):"her"isa pronoun. It refers to "Kate. " She
isasubjecfpronoun;her
is an object pronoun. A
pronoun is used in the same ways as a noun: as
aSllbjectocasanobjectof
a verb or preposition.
Apronoun can refer to a single noun, as in (a)
and (b). A pronoun tan also refer to anoun
phrase. In (c):"it" referS to the whole noun
phrase "a new blue bicyCle."
Sometimes nouns and pronouns are connected
by and. The choice of a pronoun after and can
be troublesome. * If the pronoun is used as part
(e) Annmet[Ericandme] atthemuseul11. of the subject, use aSobject pronoun (e.g.,!),

o ofPREP
as in (d). If it is part ofthe subject, use an
(t) Ann walked I:>et\veen[Eric and me].
SINGULAR PRONOUNS
PLURAL PRONOUNS
(g)
(h)
(I)
: I
: we
me
ItS
object pronoun, (e.g., me) as in (e) and (1).

Yolt
you
Mike is incIass. He istal<ingatest.

The students are in cJas!i. They are
taking a test:
Kate andTom are married. They have
two children.
she, he it
they
her, him
them
Singolar=cme. plural = mor~ than one. Singular

pronounsTefer to singular nouns, plural pronouns
to plural nouns. In (g): "Mike" i~singular (one
person), so a singular pronoun (he)is used. In
(h): "students" is plural, sOplural pronoun (they)
is used.

* Pronoun usage after and can be troublesome for native speaker, too!
50
EXERCISE 11 : Choose the correct words in italics.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Ms. Lee wrote a note on my test paper. She, Her wanted to talk to I, me after class.
Nick ate dinner with I, me.
Nick ate dinner with Betsy and I, me.
I, me had dinner with Nick last night.
Betsy and I, me had dinner with Nick last night.
Nick ate dinner with we, us.
Nick ate dinner with the Robertsons and we, us.
My brother drove Emily and I, me to the store. He didn't come in.
He waited for we, us in the car. We, us hurried.
A: I want to get tickets for the soccer game.
B: You'd better get it, them right way. It, They is, are selling fast.
Alex bought a ticket to the soccer game. He put it, them in his pocket and forgot
about it, them. The next day, he put his shirt in the wash. The ticket came out of
the washing machine and dryer crumpled and nearly illegible. But when alex took
it, them to the game, the ticket taker accepted it, them and let Alex in.
Please take these food scraps and give it, them to the dog.
I talked to Jennifer and Mike. I told they, them about the surprise birthday party for
Lizzy. They, them won't tell she, her about it, them. She, Her is really going to be
surprised!
Ted invited. I, me to go to the game with he, him.
Ted invited Adam and I, me to go to the game with Tina and he, him.
Between you and I, me, I think Brian made a bad decision when he quit hisjob I, me
see things differently.
4.7. POSSESSIVE NOUNS

SINGULAR: (a) I know the student's name.
PLURAL: (b) I know the students' names.
PLURAL: (c) I know the children's names.
SINGULAR
the student -> the student's nflme
my baby ->
my baby's name
a man
> a man's name
PLURAL
the student -> the students's names
my babies ->
the babies' names
men
>inen's names
the children -> the children'shames
*
An apostrophe (') and an -s are used with

nouns to show possession. Notice the
patterns;
SINGULAR POSSESSIVE NOUN:
nOun+ apostrophe (') + -s
PLURAL POSSESSIVE NOUN:

noun + -s + apostrophe (')
IRREGULAR PLURAL* POSSESSIVE NOUN:
noun + apostrophe (')
An irregular plural noun is a plural noun that does not end in -s: children, men, people, women.
51
EXERCISE 12: Use the correct possessive form of the noun in italics to complete the
sentence.
1. student One student asked several questions.I answered the student' s questions.
2. students Many students had questions after the lecture. I answered the ....................
students'
questions.
3. daughter We have one child, a girl. Our
bedroom is right next to ours.
4. .daughters We have two children, both girls. They share a bedroom. Our ..............
bedroom is next to ours.
5. man Keith is a
name.
6. woman Heidi is a
name.
7. men Keith and Jeremy are
names.
8. women Emily and Colette are
names.
9. people It's important to be sensitive to other
feelings.
10. person I always look straight into a
eyes during a conversation.
11. earth The
surface is about seventy per cent water.
12. elephant An
skin is gray and wrinkled.
13. teachers We have class in this building, but all of the
offices are in another
building.
14. teacher My grammar
husband is an engineer.
15. enemy Two soldiers, each faceless and nameless to the other, fought to the death
on the muddy river bank. At the end, the winner could not help but admire
his
courage and wonder why he'd had to die.
16. enemiesThroughthe yearsinpublic office,he mademany politicalenemies.He made
a list of his
names so thathe couldget revengewhen he achievedpoliticalpower.
4.8. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVE
This penbelQQgsl0 me.
(a) It's'mine.
(b) It is my pen.
(a) al1d(lJ) haVethe same meal1il1g;

tfieylJQthshow possession. "Mine" is
apossessiveprbI1oun; "myPis a
possessive adjectiVe.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

(c) I have mine.
Ihavemy pen.
A possessive pronoun islised alone,
without a.noun followihgit.
(d) You haVeyour. YoUhave your pen.
(e) She has hers.
She ha)herpen.
He has his pen.
Apossessive adjective is used only
(t) He hashis.
w.ithallounfollowing it.
(g) We have ours.
We haVeoUrpeli.
(h) You have yoUrs. Youhaveyourpl1s.
(I) They have theirs. They havetlwirpens.
In(j); thepossessiveitsused only
(j)
I'have a book. Its cover with a noun followingit.Notethat
is black.
possessive its has noapQstrophe.*
* its =possessive adjective
it's = it is (or it has when used in the present perfect)
52
EXERCISE 13: Choose the correct words in italics.

1. Children should obey his,their parents.
2. A: Excuse me. It this my, mine dictionary or your, yours?
B: This one is my, mine. Your, yours is on your, yours desk.
3. The bird cleaned its, it's feathers with its, it's beak.
4. A: What kind of bird is that?
B: Its, it's a crow.
5. Paula had to drive my car to work. Hers, Her had a flat tire.
6. Julie fell off her bicycle and broke hers, her arm.
7. Fruit should be a part of your, yours daily diet. It, They is, are good for you, them.
8. a. Adam and Amanda are married. They, Them live in an apartment building.
b. Their, There, They're* apartment is on the fifth floor.
c. We live in the same building. Our, Ours apartment has one bedroom, but their,
theirs has two.
d. Their, There, They're sitting in the kichen of their, there, they're apartment
right now.
e. Their, There, They're sitting their, there, they're now because their, there,
thy're waiting for a phone call from their, there, they're son.
4.9. A FRIEND OF + POSSESSIVE
(a) Db you know GregSmith?Hejs a.Jriend.* A friend of+apbssessivenbunl
pronoun
of mine.
Is a speCialor idomatic expression. It is
(b) We ate dinner with a friend ofBiIl's
used tQiclc'ltifyanqther person as one
INCORRECT:afriend bfBill
friend among ma'lYfriends.
(c) The Smiths arefriend of mine.
In (a): a friend ofmil1c= one of my friends,

but not my only friend.In (b):a friendof
Bill's = ()nedfBiII's fricnds;BiIl has other
frie'l9$.I'l(q):The expressibncan al$o pe
used ...iriifnep1uraJ,
He is my friend may give the idea that the speaker has only one friend. A speaker would
normally say He is one of my friends or He is a friend of mine.
* Their, .there, and they're have the same pronounciation (but not meaning).
Their = possessive adjective. There = expression of place. They're = They are.
EXERCISE
14 : ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Make sentences with a friend of / friends of.
Example: You have a friend (in Chicago). You wrote a letter to this person.
Response: I wrote a letter to a friend of mine in Chicago.
Example: ( ) has a friend (in Miami). He wrote a letter to this person.
53
Response: Pedro wrote a letter to a letter to a friend of his in Miami.

1. (...) has a friend in (a city). He/She wrote a letter to this person.
2. You havea goodfriendin (a city).Youwrotea letterto this person.
3. (oo.)and (...) have friends in (a city). They visited them.
4. You have a good friend. You want to introduce me to this person.
5. You and I have a mutual friend. We ran into this person at (name of a place).
6. (oo.)has a good friend. You met this person.
7. You have a friend. You invited this person to spend the weekend with your family.
8. (oo.)and (...) have some friends. They usually have dinner with these people.
4.10. REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS
myself
yourself
herself
himsself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
(I)
(j)
(a) I saw myself in the mirror.

(b) You (one person) saw
yourself.
(c) She saw herself.
(d) He saw himself.
(e) It (e.g.,the kichen) saw
pronouns end in -self/~selves. They

when the subject.{e.g.,I) and the
object (e.g.,myself) are the same person. The
action of the verb is pointed back to the subject
Ofthe sentence.
INCORRECT: I saw me in the mirror.
itself. .
(f) We saw ourselves.
(g) You (plural) saw yourselves.
(h) They saw themselves.
Greg lives by himself.

I sat by myself on the park bench.
(k) 1 erijOyedmyself at the fair.
By + a reflexive pronoun
=alone.
In (I): Greg
livesalone,withoutfamilyor roommates.
Enjoy and a few o~herverbs are commonly
followed by a reflexive pronoun. See the list
below.
VERBS AND PHRASES COMMONLYFOLLOWEDBY

believe in yourself
hurt yourself
blame yourself
give yourself (something)
cut yourself
in~roduce.your$eJf
enjoy yourself
kill yourself
feelsorry for yourself
piiichyourself
help yourself
be proud of yourself
AREFLEXIVEPRONOUN
take care of yourself
talk to yourself
teach Yourself
tell yourself
work for yourself
wish yourself (lucK)

EXERCISE 15 : ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Using a mirror in the classroom, describe who
is looking at whom.
Example
TEACHER
STUDENT A
54
(Spyros) holds the mirror and looks into it.

What is (Spyros) doing?
He is looking at himself in the mirror.
TEACHER
SPYROS
TEACHER
STUDENT B
What are you doing, Spyros?

I am looking at myself in the mirror.
Tell Spyros what he is doing.
Spyros, you are looking at yourself in the mirror.
Example
TEACHER
(...) and (...) hold the mirror and look into it.
What are (Min Sok).and (Ivonne) doing?
EXERCISE 16 : Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns.

1. Are you okey, Heidi? Did you hurt ...yourself...?
2. David was really embarrassed when he had to go to thejob interview with a bandage
on his face. He had cut
while he was shaving.
3. Do you ever talk to
? Most people talk to
sometimes.
4. It is important for all us to have confidence in our own abilities. We need to believe
10
5. Sara is self-employed. She doesn't have a boss. She works for ...................
6. Steve, who is on the wrestling team, wishes
good luck before each match.
7. There's plenty of food on the table. Would all of you please simply help ...............
to the food?
8. Brian, don't blame
for the accident. It wasn't your fault. You did everything
you could to avoid it.
9. I couldn't believe my good luck! I had to pinch
to make sure I wasn't
dreaming.
10. A newborn puppy can't take care of ................
11. I know Nicole and Paul have had some bad luck, but it's time for them to stop feeling
sorry for
and get on with their lives.
12. Jane and I ran into someone she knew. 1'd never met this person before. I waited for
Jane to introduce me, but she forgot her manners. I finally introduced .....................
to Jane's friend.
EXERCISE 17 : ORALIWRITTEN: Make up sentences with reflexive pronouns. Use
imaginary situasions.
Example
: pinch herself
Response : When Graciela won the lottery, she pinched herself to make sure she
wasn't dreaming.
Example
Response
wish yourself
Last week I took my first lesson in the skydiving. Before Ijumped out of
the airplane, I wished myself good luck
1. Talk to himself
7. be proud of yourselves
2. hurt myself
8. blame ourselves
55
---
3. enjoy themselves
4. take care of herself
5. cut himself
6. .wish yourself
9. feel sorry for myself

10. introduce herself
11. believe in myself
12. pinch yourself
4.11. SINGULAR FORM OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER
ofa group of
to the one(s)
n of an + ()ther,
THE OTHER
(b) There are two apples on the table. P
going to eat one of them, Sara
eat the other apple.
(c) Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another
apple.
(d) .Paul ate one apple. The he ate another one.
(e) Paul ate one apple. Then he ate another.
(f) Paul ate one apple. Sara ate the other apple
(g) Paul ate one aplIe. Sara ate the other one.
(h) Paul ate one apple. Sara'ate the other.
means "the last one in a specific

the only one that remains from a
number of similiar items."
Another and the other can be used as an
adjective in front of a noun (e.g.,apple) or
in front of the word one.
Another and the other can also be used
alone as a pronoun, as in (c) and (h).
(takenfromBettyS.Azar,1992)
EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with another or the other.
1. There are many kind of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind. The tiger is
... another......
2. Ther are two colors on this page. One is white, The other
is black.
3. Alex's bicycle was run over by a truck and destroyed. He needs to get
one.
4. The Smiths have two bicycles. One belongs to Mrs. Smith.
bike belongs to
Mrs. Smith.
5. Ther are three books on my desk. Two of them are dictionaries.
one is a
telephone directory.
6. The puppy chewed up my telephone directory, so I want to the telephone company
to get
phone book.
7. Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia. Thailand is .........
8. It rained yesterday, and from the looks of those dark clouds, we're going to have
rainstorm today.
9. Nicole and Michelle are identical twins. The only way you can tell them apart is by
looking at their ears. One of them has pierced and
doesn't.
56
10. Of the fifth states in the United States, forty-nine are located on the North america
continent. Where is
located?
11. I have two brothers. One is named Nick.
is named Matt.
12. There are five names in the list. One is Adam.
is Greg.
is Nick. .........
one of the names is Eric.
name on the list (the last of the five) is Jessica.
4.12. PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) VS. THE OTHER (S)
I""
"'
OTHER(S)
There are many apples in Paul's
kitchen. Paul is holding one apple.
(a) There are other apples in a bowl.
(adjective+ noun)
(b) There are other ones on a plate.
(adjective + ones)
(c) There are others on a chair.
(pronoun)
Other(s) (without the) means "several more

out of a group similiar items, several in
addition to the one (s) I've already talked
about."
The adjective other (without an -s) can be
used with a plural noun (e.g.,apples) or
with the word ones.
Others (with an -s) is plural pronoun; it is
not used with a noun.
.In (c): others
THE OTHER(S)
There are four apple on the table.
Paul is going to take one of them.
(d) Sara is going to take the other apples.
(adjective+noun)
(e) She is going to take the other ones.
(adjective+ones)
(f) She is going to take the others.
(pronoun)
= other
apples.
The other(s) means "the last one in a

group, the remains from a given number
of similiar items."
The other (without -s) can be used as an
adjective in front of a noun or the word
ones, as in (d) and (e).
The others (with an -s) is a plural pronoun;
it is not used with a noun.
In (f): the others
= the other
apples.
EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences with other(s) or the other(s).

1. There are many kinds of animal in the world. The elephant is one kind.
Some others
are tigers, horses, and whales.
2. There are many kinds of animals in the world. The elephant is one kind.
Some
other kinds are tigers, horses, and whales.
3 There are three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. The others are
white and blue.
4. There rae three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. The other colors
are white and blue.
5. There are four seasons. Spring and summer are two.
are fall and winter.
6. Spring and summer are two of the four season.
seasons are fall and winter.
7. There are many kinds of geometric figures. Some are circles.
figures are
squares. Still
are rectangular.
57
8. There are four geometric figures in the above drawing. One is a square. ..............
figures are a ~ectimgle,a circle, and a triangle.
9. Of the four geomatric figures in the drawing, only the circle has curved lines.
have straight lines.
10. Some ships are fueled by petroleum.
are propelled by atomic power.
11. Some boats are used for pleasure.
boats are used for commercial fishing.
12. Many people like to get up very early in the morning.
like to sleep until
noon.
13. Out of the twenty students in the class, eighteen passed the exam.
failed.
14. Out of the twenty students in the class, only two failed the exam.
student
passed.
4.13. SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER
ADJECTIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
PRONOUN
anqtherapple
SINGULAR
PLURAL
the other apple
other apple
the other apple
another
others
N()ticethat thew()fd others(other+finals) is.

ued only as a piuraipronoull.
the other
the others
(takenfromBettyS.Azar,1992)
EXERCISE 20: Complete the sentenceswith correct form of other: another, other, others,
the other, the others.
1. Jake has only two suits, a blue one and a gray one. His wife wants him to buy
another one.
2. Jake has two suits. One is blue, and
is gray.
3. Some suits are blue.
are gray.
4. Some suits have two buttons.
suits have three buttons.
5. Our physical education class was divided into two groups. Half of the students
stayed inside and played basketball.
students went outside and played soccer.
6. If you really hate your job, why don't you look for
one? You don't have to be
a dishwasher all your life. There are lots of
jobs in the world.
7. An automobile consists of many parts. The motor is one, and the steering wheel is
parts are the brakes, the trunk, and the fuel tank.
8. Some people keep dogs as pets.
have cats. Still
people have fish or
birdsas pets. Can you name
kinds of animals that people keep for pets?
9. When I was a kid, I had two pets. One was a black dog.
was an orange cat.
10. When I walked into the classroom on the first day, the room was empty. I sat down
at a desk and wondered IfI was in the right room. Soon
student came and took
a seat. The a few
followed, and the room slowly began to fill.
11. The students in our class had two choices: basketball or soccer. Half of the students
played' basketball.
played soccer.
58
12. Here, children. I have two coins. One is for you, Tommy.
is for you, Jimmy.
13. My boyfriend gave me a ring. I tried to put it on my ring finger, but it didn't fit. So
I had to put it on
finger.
14. People have twothumbs.Oneis on therighthand.
is on the left hand.
15. The telephone and the automobile are twentieth-century inventions.

are the
computer, television, and the airplane. Can you name
twentieth-century
inventions?
EXERCISE 21: ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Complete the sentences or answer the
questions using a form of other.
Example: Please give me your pen.
TO STUDENT A : Would you please give me your pen? Thank you.
TO STUDENT B : I now have two pens, (STUDENT A's) pen and my pen. I'm
holding a total of two pens. Mine is one. Is (STUDENT A's) pen
another or the the other?
Response
: The other.
TO STUDENT C : Please give me your pen. Now I'm holding three pens. Mine is one.
Is (STUDENT A's) the other or another?
Another.
Response
TO STUDENT C And your pen? Another or the other?
The other.
Response
1.
2.
TO STUDENT A and B : Please write your names on the board.

TO STUDENT C : There are two names on the board. (...) is one of the names. (...)
IS .....
TO STUDENT D : Please write your name on the board.
TO STUDENTE: There are three names on the board. (...) is one of the names. (...)
is
(...) [the last of the three names] is .....
[Students should continue to write their names on the board and discuss them in the
terms of another, other, the others, etc.]
What is one name in the class? And another? And other? And others? And still
another? And still others?
3.
You have two hands. One is your right hand. Is your left hand another or the other?
4.
Look at your right hand. You have fivefingers. Your thumb is one finger. Your index
5.
finger is
Your middle finger is
Your ring finger is
And your little finger,
the last of five, is ......
TO STUDENT A and B : Would you please come and stand in front of the class?
TO STUDENT C : There are only two people standing in front of the class. One of
them is (...). How would you describe (...), using a form of other?
[Continue by having more students join the groupin front of the class and discuss
who ia another, others, the other, the others, etc.]
59
--
4.14. CAPITALIZATION
CAPITALIZE:
1.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The first word of a

We saw a movie last night. It
Capitalize =use a big letter,
sentence
not a smalIletter.
was very good.
The names of people (b) I met George Adams yesterday.
Titles used with the (c) I saw Doctor (Dr.) Smith.
-COMPARE:
Do you know Professor (Prof.) 1 saw a doctor.
names of'people
Alston? I saw Doctor Wilson.
NOTE: Season are not
Months, days,
(d) 1 was born in April.
holidays
capitalized: spring, summer,
Bob arrived last Monday.
It snowed on Thanksgiving
Day. fan/autumn, winter
CQMPARE:
The names of places: (e) He lives in Chicago.
She
was
born
in
California.
city
She lives in a city.
state/province
They are from Mexico.
She lives in,New York City.
country
ocean
They crosssed the Atlantic
COMPARE:
lake
Chicago is on Lake Michigan.
They crossed a river.
fiver
The nil River flows north.
They crossed the YelIo
desert
The Sahara Desert is in Africa. River.
mountain
We visited the Rocky Mountains.
school
I go to the University of Florida. COMPARE:
business
I work for the General Electric I go to a University.
Company.
I go to the University of
Texas.
He lives on Grand Avenue.
COMPARE:
streer, etc
We have c1assin Ritter Hall.
building
We went to a park.
We went to Central Park.
park, zoo
I went jogging in Forest Park.
The names of courses (f) I'm taking Chemistry 101
COMPARE:
this term.
I'm reading a book about
psychology.
I'm taking Psychology 101
this term.
The names of
Words
that refer to the names
(g) She speaks Spanish.
of
nations,
nationalities and
languages and
We discussed Japanese
nationslities
customs.
languages are always
capitalized.
The names of
(h) Buddism, Christianity, Hiduism, Words that refer to the names
religions
Islam, and Judaism are major
of religions are always
religions in the world.
capitalized.
Talal is a Moslem.
The pronoun
(I) Yesterday I felI off my bicyc1e. The pronoun "1" is always
capitalized.
60
EXERCISE 22: Add capital letters where necessary.

W
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
we're going to.have atest next tuesday.

do you know richard smith? he is a professor at this university.
I know that professor smith teaches at the university of arizona.
the nile river flows into the mediterranean sea.
john is a catholic. ali is a moslem.
anna speaks french. she studied in french for two years.
i'm taking a history course this semester.
i'm taking modem european history 101 this semester.
we went to vancouver, british columbia, for our vacation last summer.
venezuela is a spanish-speaking country.
canada is in north america.*
canada is north of the united states.
.the sun rises in the east.
the mississippi river flows south.
EXERCISE 23: Add capital letters where necessary.

1. We don't have class on Saturday.
2. I'm taking biology 101 this semester.
3. I'm taking history, biology, english, and calculus this semester.
4. We went to a zoo. We went to brookfield zoo in chicago.
5. I live on a busy street. I live at 2358 olive street.
6. We went to canada last summer. We went to montreal in juli.
7. I like vietnamese food.
8. The religion of saudi arabia is islam.
9. She works for the xerox corporation. It is a very large corperation.
10. Pedro is from latin america.
11. My uncle lives in st. louis. I'm going to visit uncle bill next spring.
12. On valentine's day (february 14), sweethearts give each other presents.
13. We went to a park. We went to woodland park.
14. Are you going to go to the university of oregon or oregon state university?
15. Alice goes to a university in oregon.
EXERCISE 24-PREPOSITIONS: Complete the sentences with prepositions. (See Appendix 1 for a list of preposition combinations.)
1. Tom paid ..for... his airplane ticket in cash.
2. Joan graduated
high school two years ago.
3. I waited
the bus.
4. Jim is a writer. He waits
customers at a restaurant.
61
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
62
I have a different opinion. I don't agree

you.
I arrived
this city last month.
I arrived
the airport around eight.
I listened
the news on TV last night.
This exercise consists
verbs that are followed by certain prepositions.
Jack invited me
his party.
I complained
the landlord
the leaky faucet in the kichen.
Did you talk
Professor Adams
your grades?
Chapter5 ModalAuxiliaries
5.1. THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

The verbs in the list below are called modal auxilaries. They are helping verbs that express a wide
etc.). Most of the modals have more
AUXILARY + THE SIMPLE FORM OF A
VERB
can
could
may
might
should
had better
must
will
would
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(t)
(g)
(h)
(I)
I can speak English.

He couldn't come to class.
It may rain tomorrow.
It might rain tomorrow.
Mary should study harder.
I had better study tonight.
Joe must see a doctor today.
I will be in class tomorrow.
Would you please close the
door?
Can, could, may, might, should, had, better,

must, will, and would are followed by the
simple form of a verb. They are not followed
by to: CORRECT: I can speak English. INCORRECT: I can to speak English. The main
verb never has a final-s. CORRECT: Olga can
speak English. INCORRECT: Olga canspeaks
English.
AUXILIARY + TOfTHE SIMPLE FORM

OF VERB
I havet(Jstudy tonight.
have to
(j)
havegotto
bLLghtto
(k) Ihal'eg()tto studytQnight

(I) Kate ought to study harder.
Have, have got, tmddllght are followed by an

infiJ1itive{to+ the simple form of a verb).
EXERCISE 1: Add to where necessary. If no to is necessary, write @in the blank.

1. I have ...to... go to downtown tomorrow.
2. Tom can ...@...play soccer.
3. Could you please
open the window?
4. The students must
learn all of the irregular verbs.
63
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Sally has
do her history report tonight.
I think you should
take better care of tourself.
I ought
go to the post office this afternoon.
Would you
speak more slowly, please?
We may
go to Argentina for our vacation.
Will you please
mail this letter for me?
Tom and I might
play tennis after work tomorrow.
You had better
see a doctor.
We can
go shopping tomorrow.
The students have
take a test next Friday.
I have got
go to the post office this afternoon.
Shouldn't you
save a little money for a rainy day?
Poor Edward. He has
go to the hospital for an operation.
Alex! Stop! You must not
run into the street when there's traffic.
May I please
have the salt and pepper? Thanks.
You'd better not
come to the meeting late.The boss will
be angry if you're
'Iate.
21. I've had a lot of trouble sleeping the last few nights. I've got
get a good night's
sleep! I can barely
stay awake in class.
5.2. EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
(a) BOlJcanplaythepiano.*
(lJ) ;Yotrcanbuyascrewdriver
store.
call't
cannot
(c) J
can Iwt
at a hardware
understand that sentence.
(d) Ollr son cQuldtalk wheriheWaslwo

yearS old.
The negativeJorm ofcanl11ay be written:

can't, C011I1Qt,a.nd
can not;
The past form ofcani$ppuld.
couldn't
(e)
They
cometb tIasS yesterday.
Thel1eg;atiVeof cQuId:coilldn't Orcould nqt.
could not
* NOTICE: CORRECT: Bob can play the piano.
INCORRECT: Bob can to play the piano.
INCORRECT: Bob can plays the piano.
64
,,/.:1:....intl1e present Orfut\lfe.
EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences with can and can't.

1. A cat ...can... climb trees, but it ...can't... fly.
2. A fish
walk, but it
swim.
3. A dog
bark, but it
sing.
4. You
buy stamps at the post office, but you
buy shoes there.
5. A tiny baby
cry, but it
talk.
6. I
write with a pen, but I
write with a paper clip.
7. I
read a book by moonlight, but I
read in sunlight.
8. Trees
produce oxygen, but rocks ......
9. Fish
live in air, but they
live in water.
10. You
store water in a glass jar, but you
store it in a paper bag.
11. You
drive from the Philippines to Australia, but you
drive from Italy to
Austria.
12. You
ride on the back of a cat, but you
ride on the back of a horse.
13. Jack's friends are going to the park to play soccer. Jack wants to play too, but he has
a broken toe, so he's on crutches. Jack
go to .thepark and watch the game, but
he
play in the game.
14. Laurie has to go to the airport.The airport is 25 miles (40 kilometers) from her house.
She
walk to the airport. It's too fat. She
take a bus, however.
EXERCISE 3-0RAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Use can.
1. What abilities and talents do you have? Tell the class about some of the things you
can do. Can you swim? Whistle? Play the piano? Cook?
2. Tell the classaboutsomeabilitiesor talentsthat youdon't have - things that you
can't do.
3. Ask a classmate if he or she has a certain ability or talent.
Example: STUDENT A : (...), can you play pool?
STUDENT B : Yes, I can. OR: No, I can't.
4. (...) wants to go to the zoo. Tell him/her what he/she can see at the zoo.
5. (...) wants to buy a hammer. Tell him/her where he/she can get a hammer. A
wristwatch? Some bananas? Tennis balls? A haircut?
6. (...) has to go to the airport tomorrow. How can he/she get there?
7. (...) is bored on weekends. Tell him/her some things he/she can do on weekends in
(this city).
8. (...) wants to go out to eat tonight. Where can he/she get a good meal?
9. (...) is interested in science. What are some of the courses he/she can take at a
university?
10. What are some things you can find in (a library, a computer room, a language lab,
etc.)?
11. (...) has four days to take a trip somewhere. She/He is going to drive her/his ...) and
(...) don't have class later today.Theydon't want to go to home. Where can/can't
they friend's car. Where can she/he go? Where can't she/he go?
65
12. The temperature is around

degrees today. It's a (cold, hot, nice, etc.) day. (go?
13. (...) is going to a dinner party at a fancy restaurant tonight. He/She doesn't know
what to wear. Suggest to him/her things that he/she can and can't wear.
14. You are going to a department store this afternoon. You have (a certain amount of
money). You intend to spend all of it. What can and can't you buy?
EXERCISE 4-0RAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Use could.
1. What could you do when you were a child that you can't do now?
2. What could you do when you were living inyour own country or hometown that you
can't do now?
3. What did you want to do yesterday or last week but couldn't do? Why couldn't you
do it?
4. Who has missed class recently? When? Why?
5. Who has had a cold or the flu recently? What couldn't you do when you were sick?
5.3. EXPRESSING
EXPRESSING
POSSIBILITY : MAY AND MIGHT

PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
(a) Jtmayrain tqmqrrow.

(b) It mightrain tomorrow.
May and might expreSspossibility. in the present
(c) A: Why isn'tJohn in class?
orfuture. They havethe same meaning. There is
no difference in meaning between (a) and (b).
may
B:I dbl1'tknoW. He
be sick today.
might
(d) It may not rain tomorrow.
(e) It might noUain tomorrow.
Negative:may not and might not. (Do not contractmay and might with not.)
(f) MaYbe it will rain tOlTIorrow.

(g) Maybe lohnissick.
(h) lohnmay beisick.
Maybe (speUedLlone wqrcl)is an adverb meaning "perhaps." Notice (f)and (g). May be (selled
as two wqrd$) i$ a verb form, as in (h) : the
auxilary may + the main verb be.
(I)
(j)
Yes, children, you may have a cookie after May is also used to give permission. Often can is
dinner.
used to give penrzisJ'i6n,too. (I) and (j) have the
Okay, kids, you can have a cookie after same meaning, but may is more formal than can.
dinner.
(k) You may not have a cookie.You can't have May IIbt and cannot (can't) are used to deny
a cookie.
permiiqn (i.e., to say "no").
66
EXERCISES-ORAL (BOOK CLOSED): Answer the questions. Include at least three

possibilities in the answer to a question, using may, might, and maybe as in the example.
Example : What are you going to do tomorrow?
Response: I don't know. I may go dow'ntown.Or I might go to the laundromat. Maybe
I'll study all day. Who knows?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
What are you doing to do tomorrow night?

What's the weather going to be like tomorrow?
What is (...) going to do tonight?
I'm taking something out of my briefcase/purse/pocket/wallet. It's small and I'm
holding it in my fist. What is it?
What does (...) have in her purse?
What does (...) have in his pants pockets?
(...) isn't in class today. Where is he/she?
You have another class after this one. What are you going to do in that class?
We have a vacation (during a certain time). What are you going to do during
vacation?
What are you going to do this weekend?
What is (...) going to do after class today?
What are you going to do after graduate?
EXERCISE 6-0RAL: Make the sentences with may, might, and maybe based on given
situations. Notice: Some of the situations are future, and some of them are present.
1. You don't have any special plans for this coming weekend.
(I may
Or I might
Maybe I'll)
2. It's midnight. Your roomate/spouse isn't home. Where is he/she?
3. (...) wants to buy a sandwich. The sandwich costs (a certain amount of money).
(...) has only (a lesser amount of money) in her/his pocket. What is she/he going to
do?
4. Your friends are coming to your home for dinner. What are you going to make (i.e.,
cook) for them?
5. You want to go on picnic tomorrow, but the weather forecaster predicts rain for
tomorrow. What areyou going to do if you can't go on a picnic?
6. It is late at night. You hear a strange noise. What is it?
7. What is your (younger sister/younger brother/daughter/son/niece/nephew) going to
be when she or he grows up?
8. Look at the picture. What is the man's occupation? What is the woman's occupation?
67
--
--
"."".'
>
"
",-
(a)
A: Why isn't Greg in class?

B: I don't know; He could be sick.
(b)
Look at those dark clouds. It could start raining

any minute.
Could can mean past ability (see Chart 5-2). But that is
not its only meaning. Another meaning of could is
., '''oy In (a): "He could be sick" has the same
s "He may/might be sick," i.e., "It is possible
that he is sick." In (a), could expresses a present

possibility.In (b),could expressesafuture possibility.
EXERCISE 7-0RAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Listen to the clues; then make guesses. Use
could, may, and might.
Example
: made of metal and you keep it in a pocket
TEACHER : 1'm thinking of something made of metal that you can find in my pocket.
What could it be?
STUDENTS : It could be a pen. It could be some keys. It might be a paper clip. It may
be a small pocket knife. It could be a coin.
TEACHER : (00')was right! I was thinking of the keys in my pocket.
1. has wheels and a motor
2. is made of plastic and can be found in my purse / pocket
3. is brown, is made of leather, and is in this room
4. is flat and rectangular
5. is white, hard, and in this room
6. is played with a ball on large field
7. has (three) stories/storeys and is made of (brick)
8. has four legs and is found on a farm
9. is green and we can see it out that window
10. is sweet and you can eat it
5.5. ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MA Y I, COULD I, CAN I
PQLI'fEQUETION
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
(a) May I please i:Jorrowyour pen? Yes.

(i:J) Couldlplease orrow your pen? Yes, Ofcbllrse.
(c) Can I please borrow your pel1? Yes, c;ertail1ly.
Of course..
Certainly.
People usemayJ,could
1,* and can
I to ask polite questions. The questionsask for someone's permission.
(a), (b), and (c) have basically the
same meaning. Note:can I is less
fbrmal than may I and could 1.
Sure.(informdl)
Okay.(informal)
Uh"hllh.
(mea/@g
68
Please can corne at the end of the

question:May I borrQw ymlr pen,
. plea$e?Please can be omitted from
theqllestion:MayI borrowyour pen?
EXERCISE 8: Following are some phone conversations. Complete the dialogues. Use may
I, could I, or I + a verb from the list. Note: The caller is SPEAKER B.
help
leave
speak/talk
take
1. A: Hello?
B : Hello. Is Dick there?
A: Yes, he is.
B:
to him?
A : Just a minute. I'll get him.
2.
3.
A: Hello. Dean Black's office.

B:
to Dean Black?
A : May I ask who is calling?
B : Susan Abbott.
A: Just a moment. Ms. Abbott. I'll connect you.
A: Hello?
B : Hi. This is Bob.
to Steve?
A : Sure. Hang on.
4. A: Good afternoon. Dr. Anderson's office.

you?
B : Yes. I'd like to make an appointment with Dr. anderson.
A : Fine. s Friday morning at ten all right.
B : Yes. Thank you.
A: Your name?
5.
A: Hello?
B : Hello.
to Emily?
A : She's not at home right now.
B : No thanks. I'll call latter.
a message?
6.
A: Hello?
B : Hello.
to Mary?
'A : She is not here right now.
B : Oh.
a message?
A : Certainly. Just a minute. I have to get a pen.
7. A: Hello?
B : Hello.
to Jack?
A : Who?
B : Jack. Jack Butler.
A: There's no one here by that name. I'm afraid you have the wrong number.
B : Is this 221-3892?
A: No, it's not.
B : Oh. I'm sorry.
A: That's okay.
69
---
EXERCISE 9-0RAL
could I, or can 1.
(BOOKS CLOSED): Ask a classmate a polite question. Use may I,
Example
: (...) has a book. You want to see it for a minute.
STUDENT A : May/Could/Can I (please) see your book for a minute?
STUDENT B : Of course./Sure./etc.
STUDENT B : Thank you./Thanks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
(00')has a dictionary. You want to see it for a minute.

(00')has a pen. You want to use it for a minute.
(00')has a calculator. You want to borrow it.
(00')has a camera. you want to see it for a minute.
You want to see something that a classmate has.
You want to use something that a classmate has.
You want to borrow something that a classmate has.
You are at a restaurant. ('00)is your waiter/waitress. You have finished your meal.
You want the check.
You are at (oo.)'s house. You want to use the phone.
.(00.)is carrying some heavy packages. What are you going to say to him/her.
You are speaking to one of your teachers. You want to leave class early today.
You're in store. Your bill is (a certain amount of money). You have only (a lesser
amount of money). What are you going to say to your friend?
You have ajob at (name of a local store). A customer walks to your counter. What
are you going to say to the customer?
5.6. ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE:

WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILL YOU, CAN YOU
J:'OLI11EQUE$TION'
Would you
door? .
Could you plese open
door?
Will you please open the the
door?
Can you please open the the
door?
Yes. Of course.
Yes. Certainly.
Of course.
Certainly.
I'd be happy to.
I'd be glad to.
Of course.I' dbe happy/gladto Certainly. I'd be happy/glad to
Sure. (informa)
Okay. (informa)
informa)
ning "yes ")
People use would you,could you,

will you, and can youto ask polite
questions. The questions ask for
someone's help or cooperation.
(a), (b), (c), and (d) have basiclly
the same meanig. The use of can, as
in (d), is less formal than the others.
NOTE: May is NOT used when
you is the subject of a polite question.INCORRECT:
Mayyouplease
open the door?
Answers to polite questions are usually affiermative.Examples of possible politenegative responses follow:
I'm sorry, but (I can't, 1don't have enough time, my arms are full, etc.)
I'd like to, but (I can't,! don't have enough time, my arms are full, etc.)

70
Yes.
EXERCISE 10: Complete the dialogues. Use a polite question with would you/could youl
will you/can you in each. Use the expressions in the list or your own words.
.
answerthephonefor me
say that again
get the door foe me

open the window
pick some up
turn it down
turn the volume up
1. TEACHER
: It's getting hot in here. WouldlCould/WilllCan you please

open the window? ..
.................
:
01 course,I'd be happy to,lSure.letc. ....................
:
Thank you./Thanks. ........................................
: You're welcome.
STUDENT
TEACHER
STUDENT
2.
FRIEND
FRIEND
FRIEND
FRIEND
A
B
A
B
: The phone is ringing, but my hands are full. ..........................

. .................................................................................................
.. ................................................................................................
: No problem.
3.
ROOMMATE A : I'm trying to study; but the radio is too loud. .........................
ROOMMATEB
.. ................................................................................................
ROOMMATE A .. ................................................................................................
ROOMMATE B : That's okay. No problem.
4.
SISTER
: I'm trying to listen to the news on television, but I can't hear it.
................................................................................................
5.
6.
7.
BROTHER
SISTER
BROTHER
. ................................................................................................
HUSBAND
WIFE
HUSBAND
WIFE
HUSBAND
WIFE
: Honey, I'm out of razor blades. When you go to the store, ....
STRANGER
STRANGER
STRANGER
STRANGER
PERSON A
PERSON B
PERSON A
PERSON B
PERSON A
. ................................................................................................
: Don't mention it.

................................................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................................................................
: Anything else?
A
B
A
B
: Excuse me. ..............................................................................

. ................................................................................................
. ................................................................................................
: You're welcome.
: Hi.
: HI. Walabaxitinpundoozit?
: Excuse me? .............................................................................
: Walabaxitinpundoozit.
: I'm sorry, but I don't understand.
71
EXERCISE ll-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Ask a classmate a polite question.

Example
STUDENT A
STUDENT B
STUDENT A
: You want someone to open the door.

: (...), would/could/wilVcanyou please open the door?
: Certainly.lSure./I'd be happy to.letc.
: Thank you./Thanks.
You want someone to...

1. close the door.
6. lend you a quater.
2. lend you his/her easer.
7. help you.
3. tell you the time.
8. spell (a particular word) for you.
4. hand you (something).
9. hold your books for a minute.
5. shut the window.
10. give (something) to (...)
11. (...) is at your apartment. The ohone is ringing, but your hands are full. You want
him/her to answer it for you.
12. You and (..) are on vacation together. You'd like to have a picture of the two of you
together. You see stranger who looks friendly.You want her to take a picture of you.
13. You wrote a letter to a university. You want your teacher to read it and correct the
mistakes.
14. (...) is going to the library. You want him/ her to return a book for you.
15. (...) and you are at (name of a nearby restaurant). You want (...) to lend you (a
certain amount of money).
5.7. EXPRESSING ADVICE :
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
should
Should, oughtio,and had better havepa.siclly
(a) MYc!othesaredirty. r oilghttoWashthem. the same meaning. They mean: "This is.a good
h(ldbettef
idea. This is a good advic.e..!!
(p) ),'Quneedypur sleep. You shouldn't stay liP Negative: shoilid + not
late.
(c) I'd
You'd
He'd
She'd
We'd
They'd
better
better
better
better
better
better
stlid'f tonight.
CPIHl"a.ctjQn
of had = 'dNOTE: Usuallyhad is
the pa.stf6rmqfhti.ve.However, in the.expression
had better, h(ldisllsed as part of anidiomand the
meaningist19tpast. Themeaingis present or
future.
Ought to is usually not used in the negative.

The negative of had better is had better not, and it often carries a warning of bad consequences.
You had better not be late! /fyou are late, you will get into a lot of trouble.
(takenfrom Betty S.Azar, /992)

72
=shouldn't.
*
EXER CISE 12 : Complete the sentences. Use shouldn't + the expressions in the list or your
own words.
be cruel to animals
be late for an appointment
drive a long distance
exceed the speed limit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
give too much homework

miss any classes
smoke
throw trash out of your car window
If you are tired, you

shouldn't drive a long distance.. ..............
Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health. You .............................................
A goo driver...........................................................................................................
A teacher ................................................................................................................
A student ................................................................................................................
Animals have feelings, too.....................................................................................
t is important to be punctual. You ..........................................................................
Littering is against the law. You ............................................................................
EXERCISE 13 : Complete the dialogues. Use should, ought to,or had better. Choose from
the expressions in the list or use your own words.
borrow some money
marry somebody who is rich
call the landlord and complain
put cotton in your ears
call the police
see a dentist
drink a glass of water
send her a dozen roses
find a new apartment
soak it in cold water
find a new girlfriend
speak English outside of class every day
find a job
take it back to the store
go back to.the restaurant and ask use a dictionary when he writes
if someone found them
watch TV a lot
hold your breath
1. A: I have a toothache. This tooth hurts. What should I do ?*
B:
you should / ought to / had better see a dentist.. .....................................
2. A: I have hiccups. Waht should I do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
3.
A: Ali wants to improve his English. What should he do?

B: ........................................................................................................................
4.
A: I don't have any money. I'm broke. I can't pay my rent. I don't have enough to
pay my bills. What should I do?
B:
5.
........................................................................................................................
A: Someone stole my bicycle. What should I do?

B: ........................................................................................................................
73
----
--
6. A: I cut my finger. I got blood on my sweater. My finger is okay, but I'm worried
about my sweater. What should I do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
7. A: Tom's spelling isn't very good. He makes a lot of mistakes when he writes
compositions. What should he do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
8. A: Ann bought a new tape recorder. After two days, it stopped working. What
should I do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
9. A: The refrigeratotr in my apartment doesn't work. The stove doesn't work. The
air conditioner doesn't work. And there are cockroaches in the kitchen. What
should I do?
10. A: I asked Upiet to marry me. She said no. What should I do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
11. A: I left my sunglasses at a restaurant yesterday. What should I do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
12. A: My husband I wife snores. I can't get to sleep at night. What should I do?
B: ........................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 14 - ORAL: Discuss problems and give advice.

STUDENT
A : Think of a problem. It can be your problem or a friend's
OTHER STUDENTS:
Example:
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
problem.Tell your classmates about the problem and then ask

them for advice.
Give STUDENT A some advice. Use should / ought to / had
better.
I can't study at night because the dorm is too noisy. What should
I do?
You ought to study at the library.
You shouldn't stay in your dorm room in the evening.
You'd better get some ear plugs.
(Etc.)
5.8. EXPRESSING NECESSITY :

HA VE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST
much more frequenly than must

d writing.* Have got to is
y in formal speech and writing.
74
(b)
(c)
(d)
I have to ("hafta") go downtown today.

Rita has to ("hasta") go to the bank.
I've got to ("gotta") study tonight.
Usual pronounciation :
have to = "hafta"
has to = "hasta"
(have) got to = "gotta"
(e)
*
Ihad tostudylastnight.
'fhepastforl1'lofhas to, have.got to, and must

(meaning Qecessity)is had to.
Must means that something is very necessary; there is no other choice. Must is used much less
frequently than have to in everyday speech and writing. Must is a "strong" word.
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
15 : Complete the sentences. Use have to, has to, or had to in each.
I went downtown yesterday because ...1 had to go to City Hall.. ..........................

I can't go to the movie tonight because .................................................................
I couldn't go to Pete's party last Saturday because................................................
Josh can't go downtown with us this afternoon because .......................................
When I was in high school, ....................................................................................
If ypu want to travel abroad, ..................................................................................
I'm sorry I was absent from class yesterday, but ...................................................
Erica can't come to class tomorrow because .........................................................
I need a car because...
...
.........
When I worked in my uncle's restaurant, ..............................................................
If you want to enter the university, ........................................................................
We wanted to go on a picnic yesterday, but we couldn't because .........................
I wanted to
yesterday, but
instead.
EXERCISE 16 - ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Practice using have to, have got to, must,
and should.
Example
: Tell me something you have to do this evening.
STUDENT A : I have to go to a meeting.
TEACHER
What does (STUDENT A) have to do this evening?
STUDENT B : He/She has to go to a meeting.
TEACHER : How about you, (...)? Tell me something you have to do this evening.
1. Use have to:
a. Tell me something you have to do today or tomorrow.
b. Tell me something you have to do every day.
c. Tell me something you had to do yesterday or last week.
2.
Use have got to:
d. Tell me somethingyou have got to do todayor tomorrow.

e.
Tell me something you've got to do tonight.

75
3.
f. Tell me something you've got to do after class today.

Use must or should
g. Tell me something very important that you must do today or tomorrow.
h. Tell me something that you should do today or tomorrow (but which you may
or may not do).
i. Tell me something a driver must do, according to the law.
j. Tell me something a good driver should always do.
k. Tell me something a person should do in order to stay healthy.
I. Tell me something a person must do to stay alive. (If a person doesn't do this,
he or she will die.)
m. I don't have adriver's license for this state/province, but I want to get one. Tell
me something I must do to get a driver's license.
5.9. EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO

EXPRESSING PROHIBITION : MUST NOT
(a) I finished all of my homework this after- Don't / doesn't have to expresses the idea that
noon. I don't have to study tonight.
something is not necessary.
(b) Tomorrow is a holiday. Mary doesn't have
to go to class.
(c) Children, you must not play

(d) We must not play that door. The sign says:
PRIVATE: DO NOT ENTER
(e) You mustn't play with matches.
(DO NOT DO
Must + not = mustn't. (Note: The first "t" is not

pronounced.)
EXERCISE 17 : Complete the sentences with don't / doesn't have to or must not.
1. The soup is too hot. You must not
eat it yet. Wait for it cool.
2. You don't have to have soup forlunch. You can have a sandwich if you like.
3. Liz finelly got a car, so now she usually drives to work. She
take the bus.
4. tommy, you
say that word. That's not a nice word.
5. Mr. Moneybags is very rich. He
work for a living.
6. If you are in a canoe, you
stand up and walk aroud. If you do, the canoe will
probably tip over.
7. According to the rules of the game, one player
hit or trip another player.
8. The review class before the final exam is optimal. We
go unless we wnt to.
9. Most vegetables can be eaten raw. You
cook them.
10. You
use a pencil to write a check because someone could change the amount
you have written on it.
76
11. When the phone rings, you

answer it. It's up to you.
12. When you have a new job, you
be late the first day. In fact, it is a good idea
to be a few minutes early.
13. A: You
tell Jim about the surprise birthday party. Do you promise?
B: I promise.
14. A: Did professor Adams make assignment?
B: Yes, she assigned Chapter 4 and 6, but we
read Chhapter 5.
15. A: I
forget to set my alarm for 5:30.
B: Why do you have to get up at 5:30?
A: I'm going to meet Ron at 6:00. We're going finishing.
16. A: Listen to me carefully, Annie. If a stranger offers you a ride, you
get in
the car. Never get in a car with a stranger. Do you understand?
B: Yes, Mom.
17. A: Do you have a stamp?
B: Vh-huh. Here.
A: Thanks. Now I
go to the post office to buy stamps.
18. A: Children, your mother and I are going to go out this evening. I want you to be
good and follow these rules: You must do everything the baby-sister tells you
to do. You
go outside after dark. It's Saturday night, so you
go to
bed at eight. You can stay up until eight-thirty. And
remember: you
pull the cat's tail. Okay?
B: Okay, Dad.
5.10. MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS:
(a) A: Nancy is yawning.
B : She must be sleepy.
MUST
In (a) : SPEAKER B is making a logical guess.
He bases his guess on the information that Nancy
His logical conclusion, his "best
cy is sleepy. He uses must to
express his logical conclusion.
(b) LOGICAL CONCLUSION

COMPARE: Must can express: a logical contennis every day. She must like
clusion, as in (b). necessity, as in (c).
tennis.
(c) NECESSITY: If you want to get into the
movie theater, you must buy a ticket.
(d) NEGATIVE LOGICAL CONCLUSION: COMPARE: Must not canexpress: a negative
Eric ate everything on his plate except the logical conclusion, asin (d). prbhibitiQn,asin (e).
pickle. He must not like pickles.
(e) PROHIBITION: There are sharks in the
ocean near our hote!. We must not go
swimmingnthere.

77
----
EXERCISE 18 : Make logical conclusions. Use must or must not.

1. Tim has been working in the hot sun for last hour. He just drank one glass of water.
Right now he is refilling his glass. (thirsty?)
~ Tim..
must be thirsty..
..........
2. I am at Eric's apartment door. I've knocked on the door and have rung the doorbell
several times. Nobady has answered the door. (at home?)
~
Eric
must not be at home.. ..........................................................................
3. Brian has a read nose and has been coughing and sneezing. (have a cold?)
~ Brian.................................................................................................................
4. Sally looks tired. She's been coughing and sneezing. (feel well?)
~ Sally..................................................................................................................
5. Adam has already eaten one sandwich. Now he's making another sandwich.
(hungry? )
~ Adam ................................................................................................................
6. When Joe takes a problem to his grandmother, she always knows how to help him
solve it. (very wise?)
~ Joe's grandmother
......................................
7. Kate has a full academic schedule, plays on the volleyball team, has the lead in the
school party, is acheeleader, takes piano lessons, and has a part-timejob at ice cream
store. (have a lot of spare time? busy all the time?)
~ Kate
... ... ... ...
...
8. David goes to the vedio store and rents three movies every night. (like movies a lot?
spend much time with his friends and family in the evenings?)
~ David................................................................................................................
9. Jennifer reads all the time. She sit in a corner and reads even when people come to
visit her. (loves books? likes books better than people?)
~ Jennifer
....................................................................................
10. Jack called Betsy and asked her to go to a movie. Betsy told him that she had to
study. She has just hung up, and now she's going to get ready for bed and go sleep.
(want to go to a movie? be tired?want to hurt lake'sfeetings?)
~ Betsy
.....
11. The teacher just asked Jason a question. Jason is looking down at the floor and not
answering. His ears are getting red. (know the answer? be embarrassed?)
~
Jason
.....................................
12. Debbie just got home from school. She slammed the front door, threw her books on
the floor, and ran to her room. Now her parents can hear music through Debbie's
closed door. (be upset? want to be alone? want to talk to her parents right now? like
loud music?)
~ Debbie ~
13. A crow is a large black bird. It is a scavenger. That means that it eats dead and rotting
animal remains. A crow that lives near a beach looks for shellfish left behind when
78
the tige goes out.It first tires to open a shellfish up and files over a hard surace such
as a paved road or sidewalk. From this height, it drops the shellfish so that the shell
will crack open. After that, it flies down to claim its dinner. (smart birds ?)
-7 Crows ...............................................................................................................
5.11. GIVING INSTRUCTIONS:
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
COMMAND
(a) General; Open the door!
Soldier: Yes, sir!
REQUEST
(b) Teacher: Open the door, please.
Student: Okay, I'd be happy tb.
DIRECTIONS
(C) Barbara; Could yoUtell me how to get to
the post office?
Stranger: Certainly. Walk two blocks down
this street. Turn left and walk three more
blocks. It's on the right hand side of the
street.
Imperative sentences are used to givecommands,

make polite requests, and give directions.
The difference between a cbmmand and a request
lies in the speaker's tone of voice and the use of
please.
Please can come at the beginning or end of a
request:
Open the door, please.
Please open the door.
(d) Close the window.

(e) Please sit down.
(I) Be quiet!
(g) Don't walk on the grass.
(h) Please don 'twait for me.
(i) Do!,z't be late.
The simple form of a verb is used in imperative

sentences. The understood subject of the sentence is you (meaning the pcrson the speaker is
talking to) : (You)close the. windolV. Negative
form: Don't + the simple form of a verb.
(taken from Betty S.Azar. 1992)
EXERCISE 19 : Complete the dialogues with imperative sentences. Try to figure out
something the first speaker might say in the given situation.
]. THE TEACHER : Read this sentence, please. f Look at page 33. fetc.. ......
THE STUDENT : Okay.
2. THE DOCTOR
.
........................
THE PATIENT
: All right.
3. THE MOTHER
.........................
THE SON
: I will. Don't worry.
4. MRS. JONES
.............................................................................................
THE CHILDREN : Yes, ma'am.
S. THE GENERAL
.............................................................................................
THE SOLDIER
: Yes, sir! Right away, sir!
6. THE FATHER
.............................................................................................
THE DAUGHTER: Okay, Dad.
79
7. A FRIEND
A FRIEND
8. THE WIFE
THE HUSBAND
9. THE HUSBAND
THE WIFE
10. THE BOSS
THE EMPLOYEE
11. THE FATHER
THE SON
.............................................................................................
Why not?
.............................................................................................
Okay.
.............................................................................................
Why?
.............................................................................................
I'll do it immediately.
.............................................................................................
Okay. I won"t.
EXERCISE 20 - ORAL: Use imperative sentences.

1. Using an imperative sentence, tell another classmate to perform some action in the
classroom.
(STUDENT A to B : Write your name on the board. [ STUDENT B writes on the
board.]
STUDENT B to C : Change desks. [ STUDENT C changes desks.]
STUDENT C to D: etc.)
2. Using an imperative sentence, tell a classmate either what to do or what NOT to do
in classroom.
(STUDENT A to B : Don't interrupt while another student is speaking.
STUDENT B to C : Raise your hand if you want to speak.STUDENT C to D : etc.)
3. Tell your listeners what to do in their daily lives to help preserve the earth's
environment and natural resources. (Take two steps straight ahead. Now turn toyour
left and take on step
etc.)
4. Direct a classmate explicit directions on how to get to a place that is near the
classroom building. Don't name the place. Let your classmate figure out which
place you are thinking about from listening to your directions. (Go out the main
door. Turn left and etc.)
EXERCJSE 21 - WRITTEN: Write about one of the following.
1. Give general advice to people who want to (choose one) :
a. improve their health.
e. find a job.
b. get good grades.
f. live lifa fully every day.
c. improve their English.
g. get married.
Tell your readers: Do this. Don'tdo that. You should do this. You shouldn't do that.
You ought to do this. You vhave to do this. You don't have to do that. You must do
this. You must not do that. You can do this. You had better do that, etc.
2. One of your friends wants to come to this city. He/She wants to go to school here
or get ajob here. Write your friend a letter. Give you friend advice about coming to
this City to study or work.
3. Explain how to get a date for Saturday night.
80
5.12. MAKING SUGGESTIONS:
LET'S AND WHY DON'T
(a)
why don't we (do

e same meaning. They are
stions about activities for you
B
(b) A:
beach?
B : Okay. Good idea.
(c) A: I'm tired.
B : Why don't you take a nap?
C : That's a good idea. I think I will.
't~eopleu
friendly
hy don't (do something) to make a

stion, to give friendly advice.
EXERCISE 22: Complete the dialogues. Use let's or why don't we.
1. A: The weather's beautiful today. .........................................................................
B : Good idea.
2. A: I'm bored.
B : Me too. .............................................................................................................
A: Great idea!
3. A: Are you hungry?
B : Yes. Are you?
A : Yes. ..................................................................................................................
B : Okay.
4. A: What are you going to do over spring break?
B : I don't know. What are you going to do?
A : I haven't made any plans.
B : ...........................................................................................................................
A : That sounds like a terrific idea, but I can't afford it.
B : Actually, I can't either.
5. A: I need to go shopping.
B : So do 1.
A : ...........................................................................................................................
6.
7.
8.
B : I can't go then. ..................................................................................................

B : Okay. Taht's fine with me.
A: Do you have any plans for this weekend?
B : Not really.
A: I don't either.
B : Okay. Good idea.
A: What time should we leave for the airport?
B : ...........................................................................................................................
A :Okay.
A: what should we do tonight?
B : ...........................................................................................................................
A : Sounds okay to me.
81
---
--
9.
A: ..
B : Let's not.
A: Okay.
................
instead.
EXERCISE 23 - ORAL: Give suggestions. Use "why don't Y0lt ...?"

1. I'm thirsty.
2. I'm sleepy.
3. I have a headache.
4. I have a toothache.
5. It's too hot in this room.
6. Brrr. I'm cold.
7. I'm broke.
8. I'm hungry.
9. I
have
to take a science course next semester. What should I take?
10. Tomorrow is my sister's birthday. What should I give her?

11. I'd like to go to (...)"s party tonight, but I should probably stay home and study. What
'do you think I should do?
12. I'm going to take a vacation this summer. Where should I go?
EXERCISE 24 : Make sentences by combining one of the ideas in Column A with one of
the ideas in Column B. Use if with the ideas in Column A.*
Example: If you need some help when you move into your new apartment, please call
me.
COLUMN A (conditions)
1. You may need some help when you move into your new apartment.
2. The weather may be nice tomorrow.
3. You may have a problem with your visa.
4. I may not be at the airport when your plane gets in.
5. Matt may want to lose some weight.
6. You may be tired.
7. Sara may not get better soon.
8. You may not know the answer to a question on the test.
9. Alice may call while I'm out.
10. You may be hungry.
COLUMN B (suggestions)
1. Guess.
2. You should see the International Student Advisor.
3.
4.
82
Why don't youtake a nap?

Wait for me by the United Airlines counter.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
*
Please take a message.

I could make a sandwich for you.
He should stop see a doctor.
She should see a doctor.
She should see a doctor.
Let's go sailing.
Use the simple present in the "if-clause". Do not use may in the "if-clause."
5.13. STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE
BETTER, WOULDRATHER
(a) I prefer apples to oranges.

(b) I prefer watching TV to studying.
prefer + -ing verb + to + -ing verb
(c) I like apples better than oranges.

(d) I like watching TV better than studying.
like + NOUN + better than + NOUN

like + -ING VERB + better than + -ING VERB
(e) Ann would rather have an applethan (have) In (e) and (f) : would rather and than are folan orange.
lowed immediately by the simple form of a verb
(t) I'd rather visit a big city than live there.
(e.g., have, visit, live).*
(g) I'd/You'd/She'd/He'd/Tey'dratherhave
I Contraction of would
= 'd
an apple.
(h) Would you rather have an apple or an or- In a polite question, would rather can be folang.e?
lowed by or to offer someone a choice.
I
INCORRECT: Ann would rather ha an apple.

INCORRECT: I'd rather visit a big than to live there.
INCORRECT: I'd rather visit a big city than living there.
EXERCISE 2S : Complete the sentences with thanor to.

1. When I'm hot and thirsty, I prefer cold drinks to
hot drinks.
2. When I'm hot and thirsty, I like cold drinks better
than hot drinks.
3. When I'm hot and thirsty. I'd rather have a cold drink than
a hot drink.
4. I prefer chicken
beef.
5. I like chicken better
beef.
6. I'd rather eat chicken
beef.
7. When I choose a book, I prefer nonfiction
fiction.
8. I like rock 'n roll better
classical music.
9. Tina would rather lie on the beach
go swimming.
83
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Tina likes lying on the beach

going swimming.
Tina prefer lying on the beach better
going swimming.
My parents would rather work
retire. They enjoy their jobs.
Do you like fresh vegetables better
frozen or canned vegetables?
I would rather take a picture of a wild animal
kill it with a gun.
Mr. Kim prefers tea
coffee with his evening meal.
I prefer visiting my friends in the evening
watching TV by myself..
My brother would rather read a book in the evening
visit with fiends.
My sister likesher math class better
her biology class.
EXERCISE 26 - ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Answer the questions in complete

sentences.
Example : Which do you prefer, apples or oranges?
Response : I prefer (oranges) to (apples).
Example : Which do you like better, bananas or strawberries?
Response : I like (bananas) better than (strawberries).
Example : Which would you rather have right now, an apple or a bananas?
Response : I'd rather have (a bananas).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
'IS.
16.
17.
18.
84
Which do you like better, rice or potatoes?

Which do you prefer, rice or potatoes?
Which would you rather have for dinner tonight, rice or potatoes?
Which do you prefer, fish or beef?
Which do you like better, fish or beef?
Which would you rather have for dinner tonight, fish or beef?
Which do you like better, Chinese food or Mexican food?
Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
Would you rather have a cup of tea after class or a cup of coffee?
Which do you like better, hot weather or cold weather?
Which do you prefer, rock music or classical music?
What kind of music would you rather listen to, rock or classical?
Name two vegetables. Which do you prefer?
Name two kinds of fruit. Which do you like better?
Name two sports. Which do you like better?
Name two sports that you play. Which sport would you rather play this afternoon.
Name two TV programs. Which do you like better?
Name two movies. Which one would you rather see?
EXERCISE 27 ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED) : Answer the questions in complete the

sentences.
Use would rather
tan .....
Would you rather.........
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
to.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
have a cup of coffee or (have) a cup of tea right now?

be a doctor or (be) a dentist?
be married or (be) single?
live in an apartment or (live) in house?*
go to Moscow or (go) to London for your vacation?
visit Niagara Falls or (visit) the Grand Canyon?
take a nap or go downtown this afternoon?
watch TV or read a good book?
study chemistry or (study) accounting?
be a plumber or (be) a carpenter?
go to a football game or (go) to a soccer game?
take a long walk this afternoon or go swimming?
after dinner, wash the dishes or dry the dishes?
go to (name of a place in this city) or go to (name of a place in this city)?
have straight hair or (have) curly hair?
be a student or (be) a teacher?
have six children or (have) two children?
take your vacation in Greece or (take your vacation) in Brazil?
have a car or (be) an airplane?
be a bird or (be) a fish?
* It is posible but not necessary to repeat a preprosition after than.

CORRECT: I'd rather live in an apartment than in a house.
CORRECT: I'd rather live in an apartment than a house.
EXERCISE 28 : Complete the dialogues with your own words.

1. A: Do you feel like going to a show tonight?
B : Not really, I'd rather ..............................
2. A: Which do you like better,
or ...................
B : I like
better ...........................
3. A: What are you goinr to do this weekend?
.B : I may
, but I'd rather .....................
4. A: What kind of music do you like?
B : All kinds. But I prefer
to ............
5. A: What are you going to do tonight?
B : I should
, but I'd rather ............
85
---
6.
7.
8.
A: Let's go on a picnic next Saturday.

B : That sounds good, but I'd rather .................
A: I like
better...............................
B : Oh? Why?
A:
...........
A: Are you going to ....................................
B : I'd like to, but I can't. I have to
but I'd much rather.........
EXERCISE 29 - PREPOSITIONS : Complete the sentences with prepositions. This

exercise contains prepositions that follow adjectives. (See Appendix 1for a list of preposition
combinations.)
1. Alex is afraid of
snakes.
2. I don't understand that sentence. It isn't clear
me.
3. Mark Twain is famous
his novels about life on the Mississippi in the
nineteenth century.
4. I'm hungry
some chocolate.
5. Our daughter graduated from the university. We're very proud
her.
6. A lot of sugar isn't good
you. Sugar is especially bad
your teeth.
7. Who was responsible
the accident?
8. My coat is similar
yours, but different
Ben's.
9. Some people aren't friendly
strangers.
10. My daughter is crazy
horses. She is very interested
horses.
11. Sara knows she's talking about. She's sure
her facts.
12. Are you aware
the number of children who die each day throughout the
world? According to one report, 40,000 children die each day throughout the world,
mostly due to malnutrition and lack of minimal medical care.
86
Chapter6 Questions
The two most common kinds of questions are yes-no question which asking for an answer
yes (positive) or no (negative) and WH-questions.
6.1. YES-NO QUESTIONS
How to form normal yes-no questions:
subject +
auxiliary
be
}
Examples: You are sleepy.

He studies biology. ->
>
auxiliary
be
do
does
did
+subject
> Are you sleepy? (Yes or No)

Does he study biology? (Yes or No)
EXERCISES: Change the following statements into questions:

1. Tom likes coffee.
2. You write the letter neatly.
3. He loves his wife.
4. The man is eating his luch.
5. The ship has arrived.
6. The children were sent home.
7. We should have finished it.
8. He will be waiting for us.
9. The families were in United Kingdom.
10. Marry likes swimming.
11. The car came late.
12. He can do it again.
13. It was quite late at night.
14. There are some more cakes?
15. We're coming tomorrow morning.
87
How to form negative yes-no questions.
To form negative yes-no questions, simply place the negative auxiliary (or negative be
form) in front of the subject:
negative cntraction + subject + .........
Example: Can't you come early?

Use a negative question when you thought the answer would be "Yes".
Examples: Don't you like coffee?
Didn't want to go early?
Haven't you read the letter?
Aren't you coming home tonight?
(I thought you did.)

(I thought you did.)
(I thought you had.)
(I thought you were.)
How to choose between some. someone. etc. and any. anyone. etc.
Normal yes-no questions do not contain words like some. Instead, they contain words
like any, anyone, and anything.
Examples:
Statement
Someone phoned this evening.
I need some money.
We've learned to drive already.
Questions
Did anyone phone this evening?
Do you need any money?
Have you learned to drive yet?(GB)
Did you learn to drive yet? (US)
However, some yes-no questions contain some-words:

Did someone phone this morning?
("I was expecting a call.")
Do you need some money?
("It looks as if you have none.")
Have you learned to drive already? ("It looks as if you can drive.")
Forming yes-no questions with an auxiliary or be:
Examples:
Statement
Tom is having his lunch.
The car has arrived.
They were sent home.
We should have complained.
He'll be waiting for us.
88
Questions
Is Tom having his lunch?
Has the car arrived?
Were they sent home?
Should we have complained?
Will he be waiting for us?
Forming yes-no questions with do:
Examples:
Statement
Rabbits eat grass
Mary enjoys swimming.
Questions
Do rabbits eat grass?
Does Mary enjoy swimming?
6.2. W-H QUESTIONS

W-H questions are also called information questions which use a question word:
where, when, why, who, whom, what, which, whose, and how.
The pattern of these questions are:
Question Word + Helping verb + Subject + Main verb + ........

Examples:
1. Where does Tina live in Jakarta?
2. Where is Tina reading a novel?
3. When will you come to my house?
4. Whom did you see?
5. Why did she come late?
6. What did you eat last night?
7. Which book do you like best?
8. Whose bag is it?
9. How do you come here?
Questions asking Subject
When the question word (e.g. who, what) asks about the subject, then the question word
becomes the subject of the question/interrogative sentece.
Examples:
1. Who came last night?
2. What made you angry?
3. Who met you yesterday?
EXERCISE: Make questions. Use who, where, why, when, or what time.
1. A: ............................................................................................................................
B: At 9.00 p.m.. Last nigt. (I came here last night).
2. A: .
..............................
B: In Bali. (I was born in Bali).
3. A: ............................................................................................................................
B: Because they came late. (The teacher was angry because they came late.
89
--
4.
5.
90
A:......................................................................................................
B : Next month. (They will go to London next month).
.A: ................................................................................................
B: My sister did. (My sister cooked that food).
~-
Bibliography
1. Axar, Betty Schrampfer.1992. Fundamentals of English Grammar. New Jersey:

Prentice Hall Regents.
2.
Krohn, Robert. 1990. English Sentence Pattern. Michigan: The University of Michigan
Press.
3.
Nandy, Milon. 1995. Practical English for Intermediate

S.AbdulMajeed & Co.
4.
Taylor, Grant. 1960. Practicing American English. New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc.
5.
Thomsom, AJ. & A. V. Martiner. 1983. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
Student.
Kuala Lumpur:
91
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CHAPTER 1 PRESENT SIMPLE

FORMS OF THE PRESENT SIMPLE

FORMS OF THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB

THE PAST CONTINUOUS

TIME CLAUSES FOR EXPRESSING PAST TIME

PREPOSTIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, AND ON

CHAPTER 3 FUTURE TIME

BE GOING TO AND WILL

FORMS WITH WILL

USING PROBABLY WITH WILL

EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSE AND "IF-CLAUSE"

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME

PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES:USING INTEND, PLAN, HOPE

CHAPTER 4 PLURAL FORMS

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS

SUBJECT, VERBS AND OBJECTS

USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS

USING NOUN AS ADJECTIVES

PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVE

SINGULAR FORM OF OTHER: ANOTHER VS. THE OTHER

PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) V.S THE OTHER (S)

SUMMARY OF FORMS OF OTHER

CHAPTER 5 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIRIES

EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD

EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT

ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I

EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER

EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, MUST

MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST

GIVING INSTRUCTION: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET'S AND WHY DON'T

STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE... BETTER, WOULD RATHER

YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

1.1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

THE USES OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

He is always in time for meals

USES OF THE SIMPLE

Other verbs of communication are also possible:

It is used in conditional sentences, type 1:

1.2. THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

I am meeting Jean tonight. She asking me to the theatre.

mean 'meet by appointment' (usually for business), 'interview':

The director is seeing the applicants this morning.

see can mean 'visit' (usually as a tourist):

put right, deal with:

The plumber is here. He is seeing to the leak in our rank.

at the starting point of his journey

(usually the station, airport.):

I've been hearing all about your accident.

feel can mean 'touch'

be used to imply that the subject is temporarily exhibiting some quality:

like meaning enjoy:

expect when it means 'await':

She is expecting a baby in January.

Subject + (is, am, are) + Verb-ing

am not eating lunch.