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ENGINEERING
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KRUEGER 2012
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Table of Contents
AIR DISTRIBUTION ENGINEERING
Terms & Definitions.................................................................................................................................................................a1-2
Air Distribution Basics................................................................................................................................................................a1-3
Primary Jet.............................................................................................................................................................................a1-3
Entrainment, Jet Interface, Primary Air, & Total Air................................................................................................................a1-4
Natural Convection Currents.................................................................................................................................................a1-5
Return Intake, Room Air, & Performance of Supply Outlets..................................................................................................a1-6
Pressure Measurements.......................................................................................................................................................a1-7
Continuous Duct Applications................................................................................................................................................a1-8
Occupant Comfort......................................................................................................................................................................a1-9
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI)................................................................................................................................a1-9
GRD Selection & Design Considerations...................................................................................................................................a1-10
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) Selection Guidelines..............................................................................................a1-11
Air Distribution Performance Index (ADPI) Charts................................................................................................................a1-13
Overhead Perimeter Heating, Return and Exhaust Openings, & Acoustical Considerations................................................a1-14
References.................................................................................................................................................................................a1-16
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KRUEGER 2012
EXPANSION ZONES
PRIMARY
AIR
TOTAL
AIR
ZONES
III
II
IV
HIGH VELOCITY
22
GREATEST POSSIBLE
SOURCE OF DRAFTS
DROP
ISOVEL
LINE
CONSTANT VELOCITY
DECREASING
SPREAD
150 fpm
ZONE
II
100 fpm
VX / V0
THROW
ZONE
III
50 fpm
TERMINAL
VELOCITY
ENVELOPE
ZONE
IV
THROW
KRUEGER 2012
ANGLE OF DISCHARGE
Vo - Outlet Velocity
X - Throw Distance
Ao
INCREASING
Ao - Outlet Area
Vx - Terminal Velocity
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22
THROW
FREE ISOTHERMAL JET
THROW
DROP
THROW
COOLING JET NEAR CEILING
KRUEGER 2012
Primary Air
Primary air is the starting point when laying out or investigating
room air motion. By definition, primary air is the mixture of air
supplied to the outlet and induced room air within an envelope
of velocities greater than 150 fpm. The primary pattern can be
completely defined by high velocity envelopes taken through
two perpendicular planes. Data obtained isothermally (no
temperature difference between the supply and room air) down
JET PATTERNS
PRIMARY
AIR
EXPOSED
WALL
TOTAL
AIR
STRATIFICATION
NATURAL
CONVECTION
CURRENTS AND
STRATIFICATION
ZONE
STRATIFICATION
STRATIFICATION
RETURN
INTAKE
STRATIFICATION
INTAKE
STRATIFICATION
INTAKE
9' CEILING
6'
4'
STRATIFICATION
INTAKE
INTAKE
ROOM AIR
STRATIFICATION
9' CEILING
6'
4' HEIGHT
KRUEGER 2012
TEMPERATURE SETPOINT
0 +
TEMPERATURE F
STRATIFICATION
0
+
TEMPERATURE F
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causes the total air to drop along the opposite wall and flow
slowly for some distance across the floor. For heating, under
the same airflow capacity, the total air does not descend along
the opposite wall as far.
Return Intake
Return intakes typically affect only the air motion within its
immediate vicinity. Even the natural convection currents may
possess enough energy to overcome the draw of the intake.
This does not mean that the return location is not important, but
only that it has little effect on the room air motion.
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COOLING
PLAN VIEW
STRATIFICATION
SECTION A-A
+
0
TEMPERATURE F
HEATING
HIGH
SIDE
WALL
STRATIFICATION
SECTION A-A
STRATIFICATION
+
0
TEMPERATURE F
SETPOINT
SIDE VIEW
PLAN VIEW
SECTION A-A
0
+
TEMPERATURE F
HEATING
OUTLET
STRATIFICATION
SECTION A-A
STRATIFICATION
0
+
TEMPERATURE F
KRUEGER 2012
SIDE VIEW
SETPOINT
SETPOINT
Room Air
The room air motion diagram is completed
when the remaining room air is shown to
drift back toward the primary air and total
air envelopes. The highest air motion in
the space is in and near the primary and
total air, while the most uniform air motion
is between the total air and the stagnant
layer. The lowest air motion is in the
stagnant zone.
SETPOINT
PRIMARY AIR
ISOVEL
PROFILE
OUTLINE
0
42
42
BLADE
SETTING
TOTAL AND ROOM AIR
STAGNANT
STAGNANT
COOLING
HEATING
STRATIFICATION
+
0
TEMPERATURE F
SIDE VIEW
SETPOINT
HEATING
KRUEGER 2012
STRATIFICATION
SIDE VIEW
shows that a stagnant zone occurs outside the total air zone and
above the occupied zone. Below, the temperature uniformity
and room air motion is acceptable. This may not apply to larger
zones; however, a distance of approximately 15 - 20 between
the drop region and the exposed wall is a conservative design
value. In heating applications, the stagnant region is small
due to the air being entrained in the immediate vicinity of the
outlet, very close to the stagnant area. This is beneficial during
heating because the induced air comes from the lower regions
of the room. The result is greater temperature uniformity in the
space when compared to other types of supply outlets during
heating.
STRATIFICATION
+
0
TEMPERATURE F
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KRUEGER 2012
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KRUEGER 2012
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Characteristic Length, L
Distance to Wall Perpendicular to Jet
Distance to Closest Wall or Intersecting Air Jet
Length of Room in the Direction of the Jet Flow
Distance to Wall or Midplane between Outlets
Distance to Wall or Midplane between Outlets
www.krueger-hvac.com | Excellence in Air Distribution
KRUEGER 2012
Diffuser Type
High Sidewall Grille
Circular Ceiling Diffuser
Sill Grille
Ceiling Slot Diffuser
Perforated, Louvered, Ceiling Diffusers
ADPI
90
80
70
60
0
0.5
95
95
90
90
ADPI
ADPI
100
80
75
75
70
1
1.5
2.5
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
70
0.5
1.5
T50/L
2.5
3.5
2.5
T50/L
10 Btuh/ft
25 Btuh/ft
10 Btuh/ft
25 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
50 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
51 Btuh/ft
100
100
90
90
ADPI
ADPI
2.5
85
80
0.5
100
85
1.5
T50/L
80
70
80
70
60
60
0
0.5
1.5
T50/L
2.5
50
0
0.5
1.5
T100/L
40 Btuh/ft
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
KRUEGER 2012
20 Btuh/ft
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90
95
85
90
80
ADPI
ADPI
85
70
75
65
0
3
T50/L
60
0.5
1.5
2.5
T50/L
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
100
100
90
90
80
80
ADPI
ADPI
75
80
70
70
60
70
60
50
0
0.5
1.5
T50/L
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
2.5
50
0
0.5
1.5
T50/L
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
2.5
80
70
60
0
0.5
T50/L
1.5
20 Btuh/ft
40 Btuh/ft
60 Btuh/ft
80 Btuh/ft
2.5
KRUEGER 2012
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EXAMPLE: 1400 24x24 PANEL, 14 INLET, 4-WAY (SPACING FOR 80% ADPI) (NO DAMPER)
36
CFM
28
850
NC=35
24
750
20
16
32
600
3
400
12
200
8
4
5
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.5
CFM/Sq.Ft.
ADPI Charts
This data can be used to prepare an ADPI performance
envelope graph for any type of ceiling diffuser based on neck
size and resultant throw, as a function of room air loading, or
cfm/ft 2. For most interior spaces, heat load is less than 20 Btuh/
ft 2. An example of such a graph, for a Krueger Model 1400
Louvered Diffuser with a 14 inlet, is provided above.
Example:
Room Size: 29 x 29 with 9 Ceiling
Load: 21.6 Btuh/ft 2 or 25000 Btu/h
Volumetric Flow: 1 cfm/ft 2
Diffuser: Krueger Model 1400 Louvered Diffuser with 14 Neck
Maximum Allowable NC: 35
The effective operating airflow rate range for a space with the
above diffuser can be estimated by following this procedure.
Determine:
L (Characteristic Length) and Minimum Volumetric Flow
for Acceptable 80% ADPI.
Solution:
1. Refer to the ADPI performance envelope graph for the 1400
series with 14 neck and 24x24 panel with 4-way throw.
This chart is based off 20 Btuh/ft 2.
KRUEGER 2012
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Velocity Across
Gross Area, FPM
> 800
600 - 800
400 - 600
200 - 300
200 - 300
KRUEGER 2012
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Acoustical Considerations
The most acceptable frequency spectrum for HVAC noise is
a balanced spectrum. This means that it sounds neutral and
is not too hissy (high-frequency content) or too rumbly
(low-frequency content). The room criterion (RC) curves
approximate the balanced spectrum deemed acceptable by
most people. They are straight lines sloped at -5 dB per octave
band on a sound level versus frequency graph. Although still
widely in use, the noise criterion (NC) curves are beginning to
be replaced by the RC curves because an RC rating provides
more information about sound quality.
80
80
70
70
60
OCTAVE BAND
OCTAVE
SOUND
BAND
PRESSURE
SOUND PRESSURE
LEVEL, dB LEVEL, dB
RC-35 CONTOUR
60
50
RC-35 CONTOUR
FAN SOUND
ATTENUATED
TO MEET RC-35
50
40
FAN SOUND
ATTENUATED
TO MEET RC-35
40
30
SOUND OF DIFFUSER
SELECTED FOR RC-35
30
20
SOUND OF DIFFUSER
SELECTED FOR RC-35
20
10
10
0
31
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
4000
8000
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
TERMINAL BOXES
FAN AND PUMP NOISE
KRUEGER 2012
16
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
STRUCTURE-BORNE
VIBRATION
OCTAVE BAND CENTER FREQUENCY, Hz
16
31.5
63
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
2000
4000
8000
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a1-4: Centerline Velocities of Axial & Radial Jets. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter 32, Figure 2.
a1-6: Air Motion Characteristics of Outlets In or Near Floor with Non-Spreading Vertical Jet. a1-7: Air Motion Characteristics of
High Sidewall; Group A Grilles. a1-7: Air Motion Characteristics of Ceiling; Group A Diffusers. a1-8: Air Motion Characteristics
of Outlets Mounted In or Near Floor that Discharge Air Vertically in a Spreading Jet. a1-8: Air Motion Characteristics of Outlets
Mounted In or Near the Ceiling that Project Primary Air Vertically. Straub, H.E., S.F Gilman, and S. Konzo. 1956. Distribution of
Air Within a Room for Year-Round Air Conditioning - Part I. University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 435.
a1-10: Standard 55-93R Comfort Envelope. ASHRAE Standard 55-93. ISO 7730.
a1-11: Percentage of Occupants Objecting to Drafts in Air Conditioned Room. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter
32, Figure 12. Parallelogram defined in ASHRAE Standard 113-90.
a1-16: Balanced Sound Spectrum Resulting from Proper Selection of Air Outlets and Adequate Fan Noise Attenuation (top).
Frequencies at which Various Types of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Generally Control Sound Spectra (bottom). 1997
ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter 7, Figure 1.
a1-23: NC Chart. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter 7, Figure 6.
a1-11: Characteristic Room Length for Several Diffuser Types. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter 32, Table 3.
a1-15: Recommended Return Inlet Face Velocities. 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter 32, Table 5.
a1-24: NC Radiated Reductions. Data in Accordance with AHRI Standard 885-08.
a1-24: NC Discharge Reductions. Data in Accordance with AHRI Standard 885-08, Appendix E.
a1-24: Ratio of Branch Flow to Total Flow. Data in Accordance with AHRI Standard 885-08.
a1-25: Recommended Indoor Design Goals (NC Ranges). 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; Chapter 7, Table II.
KRUEGER 2012
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