Understanding Lab Results - Lab Testing E-Book

A consumers guide to
UNDERSTANDING
LAB RESULTS
4
Introduction to Laboratory Testing
8 Laboratory Tests
17 Amino Acid Panel
54 Albumin
59 Albumin/Globulin ratio (A/G ratio)
63 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
70 Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
75 Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
80 Bilirubin
85 BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
90 Calcium
95 Chloride
100 CO2 (Carbon dioxide / Bicarbonate)
107 Cortisol
115 Creatinine
120 CRP-HS (High Sensitivity)
126 DHEA
134 Estradiol
142 Estrogen, Total
150 Estrone
156 Ferritin
162 Fibrinogen
170 FSH and LH
Better health & performance start here.
Integrative Health Resources, 2011
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
180 Globulins
185 Glucose
196 Hematocrit (HCT)
203 Hemoglobin (HB)
210 Homocysteine (HCY)
216 IGF-1
224 Insulin, Fasting
232 IGG Food Sensitivity
242 Iron
248 Lipid Panel (including VAP)
258 Platelet Count
266 Potassium
273 Progesterone
283 Protein, Total
288 PSA
295 RBC Indices
302 Red Blood Cell (RBC)
309 SHBG
317 Sodium
325 Testosterone
335 Thyroid Profiles
347 Vitamin D
354 WBC Differential
362 Endnotes
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LABORATORY
PANELS &
EXPLANATIONS
Why do you need a laboratory test?
One of the most important steps that you can take to ensure optimal health is to monitor lab values to
determine if there are trends that you could improve on. Over time, negative trends can end up leading to
a chronic condition. If your goal is to age gracefully and feel good in the process, then learning about your
chemistry can be satisfying and rewarding.
+Introduction to Laboratory Testing
Reference Value Discussion
Factors Affecting Results
Complementary Recommendations
+List of Life Time Fitness Laboratory Tests and Brief Explanations
+Introduction to Individual Panels
Reference Values (including normal range and optimal range where applicable)
Why Is This Lab Test Needed?
What Does a Low Value Mean?
What Are Steps You Can Take to Help Improve a Low Value?
Dietary and Lifestyle
Supportive Supplements
What Does a High Value Mean?
What Are Steps You Can Take to Help Improve a High Value?
Dietary and Lifestyle
DISCLAIMER: This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose or treat an illness or disease.
A doctor should always be consulted before taking any steps to alter laboratory values that when tested are out of range, either
high or low. However, it is important for individuals to understand trends in their laboratory values and take steps to participate
in the management of their health, such as using diet and lifestyle changes and professionally formulated dietary supplements.
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INTRODUCTION
TO LABORATORY
TESTING
Laboratory tests are used in order to learn information about your body
and your health. Laboratory tests, including urine, saliva and blood tests
(depending on what is ordered), can provide information about your bodys
unique chemistry, including low or high values and those that are in the
normal range but still might be affecting your health.
Laboratory results generally assist your doctor in assessing your overall
health and metabolic state. With self-testing through Life Time Fitnesss
program, you can look at the numbers and recognize if you have a lab
value that is trending low or trending high. This information can help you
take action through self-motivating steps by balancing nutrient levels and
helping your body correct underlying metabolic imbalances. You do this
with dietary changes, supplements where needed, and lifestyle changes
like exercise and stress reduction all specific for your needs based on
your laboratory values. Then recheck labs in about 2 months. Remember,
however, if your numbers are below the reference values, you generally
should seek medical attention and have a doctor review your numbers and
decide if further testing is needed. Some laboratory values may be altered by
factors including pregnancy, foods eaten before a test or medications, but
you should still seek medical advice to understand why your test is below or
above the reference values.
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WHEN I REVIEW MY
RESULTS, WHAT DO
THE NUMBERS MEAN?
We use Reference Values including a normal range for all tests and an optimal range for some individual tests.
Reference values help you and your health care provider determine if the results of your laboratory tests are of
concern to your metabolism and health or not. Will these results place you at risk for a downward spiral into
disease? The optimal range is closer to where the human body is thought to function its best.
The normal range reflects the results expected for 95% of the population, but it cant always predict whats right
for you. If your particular panel comes back in the normal range, but your panel levels are on the low OR high
side, generally there should be no cause for immediate medical concern. But if you test again in 12 weeks or so,
and your numbers have gotten lower or higher, then a trend is set up and you may be at risk for developing health
problems. The optimal range was developed by medical professionals to reflect testing levels that are associated
with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases.
However, when you test on the low side of normal or the high side of normal and outside the optimal range,
there may be steps you can take to help bring those numbers back into harmony and your health back into
balance. Look at it this way: a normal range of vitamin D in the body is 10 -55 ng/ml (nanograms per milliliter). If
you purchase a Life Time Comprehensive Vitamin D Panel and your results come back with a level of 19, then you
may be setting yourself up for imbalances in metabolism. Maybe youre tired a lot more than usual, you get more
colds than normal, you have food cravings or you just dont feel well. Low-range vitamin D levels can also lead to
insulin resistance, heart problems, depression, immune imbalances and more.
Now is a good time to take corrective steps with diet and lifestyle changes and dietary supplements to help return
your laboratory values back to optimal. When you re-test in a couple months, you should see an improvement
in how you feel and your numbers. If you still have a low trending vitamin D level, then you should consult your
doctor.
What factors affect your lab test results?
Many factors can affect test results, including:
++Sex: An example would be iron levels. Women that menstruate will show a lower iron level than men due to
blood loss.
++Age: Aging in general can alter many of the lab tests. Remember its the trends within a normal range that are
important unless you are out of the normal range.
++Race: Different races can have a very different metabolism. For example, African Americans generally have a
higher blood level of ferritin. Ferritin helps in the storage of iron in the body the more ferritin, the more iron.
++Medical history: Do you drink alcohol? Do you smoke? Are you on prescription medications? Do you have a
history of health problems like liver, kidney or heart?
++General metabolic health: Do you exercise? Do you eat good, nutrient-rich foods and avoid the fast
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food establishment on the corner? Are you stressed all the time? Do you sleep well? Do you eat foods
with sugar and high carbohydrates? Are your foods organic and free of pesticides and chemical additives?
++Sleep and stress levels: Stress can lead to chronic inflammation in the body and this can impact many areas,
including your brain chemistry, your mood, your hormones (like thyroid, stress hormone and sex hormones),
your digestive and immune systems, your ability to regulate blood sugar and the list goes on.
++Prescription and non-prescription use: Various drugs can alter levels of most panels tested. We have
included a list of these drugs in each panel where applicable.
++Dietary supplements: Some dietary supplements can alter lab values.
++Not following testing requirements: For example, if you are testing for a fasting blood glucose level and
you eat breakfast before you test, then youre going to have a higher glucose level in the blood than if you
had fasted at least 8 hours prior to testing. Another example is with a saliva test. If you are testing for cortisol
levels and you eat before your test, your saliva may be altered and the test may be altered. Follow the testing
recommendations for each panel you purchase.
Complementary Recommendations
Recommendations for diet and lifestyle changes, and using dietary supplements are based on the invaluable
clinical experience of our health care professional team. General dietary and lifestyle recommendations will be
listed below, as we feel most members wanting to achieve a balanced metabolism can benefit from most of these
practices. For specific tests, we have targeted diet/lifestyle recommendations along with dietary supplements that
you can benefit from if your lab values are on the low side or high side of normal. You may not have to use all the
dietary supplements related to a specific panel. Make sure to look at the recommendations, e.g., Sleep Solve 24/7
is listed under high cortisol levels, but you would only use this product if you have trouble falling or staying asleep.
Note: Remember, out of range values should be reviewed by a doctor.
General Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations:
1. Take a quality multiple vitamin/mineral supplement daily to complement your diet. The Life Time Fitness Mens
Performance Daily Multivitamin AM/PM is recommended for adult males. The Life Time Fitness Womens
Performance Daily Multivitamin AM/PM is recommended for adult women.
2. As a starting point for most people, we recommend a diet in the following ratio: 40% carbohydrates, 30%
protein and 30% fat (not saturated or animal fat) along with High-fiber.
3. High-fiber foods include fresh vegetables, fruits and beans. These foods should supply about 20-30 grams
of dietary fiber needed each day, which slows the absorption of carbohydrates and decreases the effects on
insulin and blood sugar. Such foods also provide important benefits, such as antioxidant vitamins, minerals,
and nutrients. Make sure to include green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables such as peppers,
broccoli, carrots, and spinach. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods can help to protect against
inflammation and regulate immune function.1
4. Increase low starch vegetable intake to 59 servings a day such as green beans, asparagus, avocados,
broccoli, cabbage and sprouts.
5. Significantly limit refined sugar (sugar, candy, desserts) and refined carbohydrate (pastas, breads, baked
goods, cereals, white rice) intake to decrease inflammation, improve insulin response and improve immunity
and digestive function.
6. Eliminate high fructose corn syrup found in condiments like catsup, soft drinks, and fruit juices. Minimize high
glycemic fruits like pineapple, dried fruits and bananas. Chronic high fructose corn syrup consumption is a
known causative factor in developing Metabolic Syndrome, a risk for diabetes.2 Chronic consumption of highglycemic index foods may lead to high oxidative stress or rusting of your cells, which is a precursor to many
health problems.3,4
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7. Animal fat (saturated fat) can raise cholesterol levels and has been linked to heart problems. Saturated
animal fats from animals exposed to growth hormones may also lead to health conditions such as hormonal
imbalances and cancer. Choose lean meats from quality sources, skinless poultry, and nonfat or low-fat or
nonfat dairy products. Red meat should always be organic and grass-fed. The majority of proteins can be from
a variety of healthy sources beans, fish, chicken, turkey, buffalo/bison, and seafood (if no allergy).
8. Trans-fats should be eliminated from the diet. Trans-fats are supplied by hydrogenated vegetable oils used in
most processed foods in the supermarket and in many fast foods.
9. The consumption of cold-water fish (such as salmon or halibut), and walnuts, which contain omega-3 fatty acids
on a regular basis is important as well. Substitute olive or canola oil for butter or stick margarine. Taking the Life
Time Fitness Omega-3 Fish Oil supplement is recommended for most individuals on a daily basis. If you have a
bleeding disorder or take anticoagulant medications, then check with your doctor before taking fish oil.
10. Try to limit inflammatory foods, such as processed meats, chemical preservatives, and food additives. Studies
have found that nitrite or nitrate treated meats such as bacon, sausage, smoked foods, and lunch-meats in
crease the risk of cancer.5,6
11. Minimize or eliminate fast food completely, or opt for the salads with grilled meats now offered in most fast
food restaurants.
12. Limit exposure to any pesticides or other toxins such as heavy metals (lead, mercury) that may be present in
foods. Buy organic foods where possible.
13. Dietary portions should be moderate, especially with high-calorie foods.
14. Balance energy (calorie) intake with energy output to maintain a desirable weight. Exercise and other
physical activity are essential. Thirty to 60 minute sessions of modest intensity exercise 3-4 times a week are
recommended for most people. If you have a medical condition, then check with your doctor before beginning
any exercise program.
15. If you are overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness
LeanSource Weight Loss Supplement.
16. It is important to drink at least 6-8, eight-ounce glasses of filtered water daily. Reverse osmosis purification
is preferred. However, there are some conditions where excess fluid should be decreased. Check individual
laboratory panels for more information.
17. Decrease stress through increasing down time. Meditation, gardening, Tai chi, yoga and other forms of
stress reduction can help in the balancing of your metabolism and improve performance. Elevation of the
stress hormone cortisol can contribute to food cravings and blood sugar irregularities, sleep problems, belly fat
and weight gain, inflammation, sex and thyroid hormone imbalances. Chronic stress has been linked to heart
problems, type 2 diabetes and cancer.7,8
18. If alcohol is consumed, moderation is key. Moderate consumption of alcohol consists of one drink a day for
women and two a day for men. A drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of
80-proof spirits. Excess alcohol consumption leads to a variety of health problems, including increased risk of
type 2 diabetes, hormonal imbalances and cancer.
19. Obtain at least 78 hours of quality sleep nightly. Losing sleep is linked with increased risk of illness, including
immune and hormonal imbalances, heart disease, insulin resistance, increased belly fat, obesity, depression,
even increased risk of bone fractures.9
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LABORATORY
TESTS
Pages 8-16
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LIFE TIME FITNESS

LABORATORY TESTS
Life Time Fitness Laboratory Tests include:
++Mens Core Test
++Womens Core Test
++Mens Sex Hormone Test
++Mens Sex Hormone Premium
++Womens Sex Hormone Test
++Womens Sex Hormone Premium
++Stress and Resilience
++Comprehensive Vitamin D
++Energy and Metabolism
++Energy and Metabolism Premium
++Cardio Metabolic Risk
++Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium
++Anabolic Amino Acid Profile
++IgG Food Sensitivity
++Mens Longevity and Vitality
++Mens Longevity and Vitality Premium
++Womens Longevity and Vitality
++Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium
Mens and Womens Core Tests
Both the Mens and Womens Core laboratory tests contain panels that help determine your basic foundation of
health, including the complete blood count (CBC) and the comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Your complete
blood count (CBC) contains specific markers that help determine how well your blood is carrying oxygen and
nutrients to your cells, if your blood clotting is appropriate and if your immune system is functioning as it should.
Your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) examines your organs of detoxification (the liver, gallbladder, lungs and
kidneys), blood sugar and insulin regulation, and electrolytes (minerals and trace elements). This is an essential test
to look at core health status. A CBC (complete blood count) includes the following panels:
++Hematocrit
++Hemoglobin
++MCV (mean corpuscular volume)
++MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)
++MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration)
++RDW (red cell distribution width)
++WBC (white blood cell) percentages and absolute differential counts
++Platelet count
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A CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel) includes the following panels:

++ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
++Albumin
++Albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio
++ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
++AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
++Bilirubin, total
++BUN and BUN:creatinine ratio
++Calcium
++CO2 (carbon dioxide/bicarbonate)
++Chloride
++Creatinine
++Globulin, total
++Glucose (fasting and 2 hours after eating)
++Potassium
++Protein, total
++Sodium
++Red cell count
Mens Sex Hormone Test

The Mens Sex Hormone Test determines your basic male hormone trends. Sex hormones do more than raise or
lower your libido, they play a major role in the complex hormonal relationships that contributes to maintaining as
you are aging. Additionally, the relationship between sex hormones can play a major role in weight gain, cognitive
function and mood. Most men do not realize that by the time that they are in their thirties, sex hormones may be
dropping rapidly and taking a toll on how you feel both physically and emotionally. This test includes the following
panels:
++Testosterone, free and total
++Estrone
++PSA (prostate specific antigen)
++SHBG (serum hormone binding globulin)
Mens Sex Hormone Premium
The Mens Sex Hormone Premium contains the same laboratory tests as the Mens Sex Hormone Test, with the
addition of assessing the stress hormone cortisol and associated markers. Elevated cortisol can contribute to food
cravings and blood sugar irregularities, sleep problems, belly fat and weight gain, inflammation, sex and thyroid
hormone imbalances. Chronic stress has been linked to heart problems, type 2 diabetes and cancer. Knowing
how your body is responding to chronic stress is a critical feature of a complete health assessment. Most men
do not realize that by the time that they are in their thirties, sex hormones may be dropping rapidly and taking
a toll on how you feel both physically and emotionally. By adding cortisol and stress markers, a more thorough
understanding of what may be causing low trends in testosterone is explored. This test includes the
following panels:
++Testosterone, free and total
++Estrone
++PSA (prostate specific antigen)
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++Cortisol, blood
++DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone), blood
++LH (luteinizing hormone)
Womens Sex Hormone Profile
The Womens Sex Hormone Test determines your basic female hormone balance. Sex hormones do more than
raise or lower your libido, they play a major role in the aging process and overall good health. The relationship
between these hormones is important because when out of balance it can lead to PMS, mood changes, mental
focus issues as well as weight gain. If you are menstruating, your level of iron is also tested to determine if you
have enough iron to carry oxygen and nutrients to your cells, low iron can lead to iron deficiency anemia. If you
are exercising regularly your need for iron may go up as well. Sex hormones play a critical role in every aspect of
womens health and well being. This test includes the following panels:
++Estrone
++Estradiol
++Progesterone
++FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
++Iron (if menstruating)
Womens Sex Hormone Profile Premium
The Womens Sex Hormone Premium contains the same laboratory markers as the Womens Sex Hormone
Test, with the addition of testing the level of your stress hormone cortisol, dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA, a
compound that helps make hormones) and testosterone. In women, knowing your testosterone level is important
for bone strength, development of lean muscle mass and strength andsex drive. Elevation of the stress hormone
cortisol can contribute to food cravings and blood sugar irregularities; sleep problems, belly fat and weight gain,
inflammation, sex and thyroid hormone imbalances. Chronic stress has been linked to heart conditions, type 2
diabetes and cancer. Knowing how your body is responding to chronic stress is a critical feature of a complete
health assessment. This test includes the following panels:
++Estrone
++Estradiol
++Progesterone
++FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
++Iron (if menstruating)
++Testosterone
++Cortisol, blood
Stress and Resilience Test
The Stress and Resilience Test helps determine the amount of stress your body is under by testing the stress
hormone cortisol and dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA), a compound that helps make hormones. Elevation of the
stress hormone cortisol can contribute to food cravings and blood sugar irregularities; sleep problems, belly fat and
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weight gain, inflammation, sex and thyroid hormone imbalances. Chronic stress has been linked to heart conditions,
type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Knowing how your body is responding to stress is a critical
feature of a complete health assessment, and could be the most important obstacle to take on as it relates to future
health outcome and feeling resilient and energized as you age. This test includes the following panels:
++Cortisol 4 point salivary
++DHEA-S (dehydroepiandosterone), saliva
Comprehensive Vitamin D Test
The Comprehensive Vitamin D Test measures your levels of vitamin D2 and D3. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin
known as the Sunshine vitamin, and low levels of vitamin D is associated with an increased risk for nearly all
major human health concerns, like bone health, heart function, blood sugar control, immune balance, breast
and prostate health, mood (including depression), gastrointestinal health, and even cancer. This test includes the
following panel:
++Vitamin D2 and D3 (25-hydroxy vitamin D)
Energy and Metabolism Test
The Energy and Metabolism Test is used to evaluate your thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones regulate how each
cell in your body converts calories from food or stored fat into energy, so imbalanced thyroid function can lead to
a sluggish metabolism, and symptoms of fatigue, loss of concentration, weight gain, immune problems, mood
swings, constipation, dry skin and brittle nails and sleep disturbance. When thyroid hormones are not at optimal
levels, weight gain soon follows. Ferritin is also tested, which helps determine if you have enough iron being carried
to the cells for energy. This test includes the following panels:
++Free T4 (thyroxine)
++Free T3 (triiodothyronine)
++TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
++TPO (thyroid peroxidase antibody)
++Ferritin
Energy and Metabolism Premium
The Energy and Metabolism Premium contains the same laboratory panels in the Energy and Metabolism Test,
with the addition of testing your blood sugar and insulin control, and your stress hormones cortisol and DHEA.
This lab gives a comprehensive look at factors and relationships that could be influencing weight gain, mood,
energy and stamina. If you are frustrated about your inability to maintain lean muscle or lack of consistent gains
from exercise then consider this comprehensive lab value. This test includes the following panels:
++Free T4 (thyroxine)
++Free T3 (triiodothyronine)
++Ferritin
++Glucose
++Insulin
++Cortisol, blood
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The Cardio Metabolic Risk Test contains laboratory values that determine your heart and blood vessel health. It
includes tests for blood sugar and insulin regulation, cholesterol and triglycerides, homocysteine (an indicator of
heart health) and CRP-hs (a marker of inflammation). These tests should be considered by anyone in their twenties
with family history of heart disease, and for all those older in order to get a baseline of cardiovascular wellness.
Heart disease, known as the silent killer, taking many years to develop. This test proactively looks at the most
accepted markers for cardiovascular fitness. This test includes the following panels:
Cardio Metabolic Risk Test
++Glucose
++Insulin
++LDL (low density lipoprotein)
++HDL (high density lipoprotein), total
++Cholesterol, total
++Triglycerides
++CRP-hs (c-reactive protein)
++Homocysteine
Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium
The Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium contains the same laboratory panels in the Cardio Metabolic Risk Test, with
the addition of the stress hormone cortisol, vitamin D and the clotting factor fibrinogen. These three additional lab
values create a more comprehensive picture of all the influences that are involved in your cardio vascular health.
Stress can play a significant role in future cardiac risk. Fibrinogen measures how sticky red blood cells are. The
Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium also substitutes a more advanced analysis of cholesterol and triglyceride balance.
This test includes the following panels:
++Glucose
++Insulin
++HDL (high density lipoprotein), total
++Triglycerides
++Homocysteine
++Cortisol, blood
++Vitamin D
++Fibrinogen
++VAP lipid panel
Anabolic Amino Acid Profile
The Anabolic Amino Acid Profile measures the level of amino acids in your body. Amino acids are the building
blocks for your bodys proteins that make up the muscles, ligaments, tendons, organs, glands, nails, hair, body
fluids, hormones and enzymes. Proteins are essential for the growth, repair and healing of bones, tissues and
cells and are important in energy production, fluid regulation, brain health and your bodys use of nutrients. Poor
recovery and lack of target gains from exercise can be attributed to low amino acid pools in the body.
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The Food Sensitivity Profile helps to determine what foods your body is sensitive to and may be causing your
digestive problems or excess inflammation. Food sensitivities have been linked to thyroid disorders, nerve
problems, allergies and asthma and, most importantly, weight gain.
Food Sensitivity Profile
Mens Longevity and Vitality

The Mens Longevity and Vitality contains laboratory tests that measure major determinants in your metabolic
performance , including thyroid health, your level of the stress hormone cortisol, blood sugar and insulin control,
sex hormones, cholesterol and triglycerides along with vitamin D and CRP-hs, a marker of inflammation. These
markers were selected because of their known role in the aging process. Values that are imbalanced have
known associations with the development of chronic conditions and disorders. Get ahead of the aging curve and
understand where you are going metabolically with this test. This test includes the following panels:
++FT3 (triiodothyronine)
++FT4 (thyroxine)
++Cortisol, blood
++DHEA (dehyroepiandosterone), blood
++Glucose
++Insulin
++Testosterone (free and total)
++Estrone
++IGF-1
++Vitamin D
++HDL (high density lipoprotein)
++Triglycerides
Mens Longevity and Vitality Premium
The Mens Longevity and Vitality Premium contains the same laboratory panels in the Mens Longevity and
Vitality test, with the addition of the complete blood count (CBC), a ferritin and homocysteine level and the
comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). The CBC (along with ferritin) contains markers that help determine if your
blood is able to carry oxygen and nutrients to your cells, if your blood clotting is appropriate and if your immune
system is competent. Your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) evaluates your organs of detoxification (the liver,
gallbladder, lungs and kidneys), blood sugar and insulin control and electrolytes (minerals and trace elements). The
Mens Longevity and Vitality Premium also substitutes a more advanced analysis of cholesterol (particle size) and
triglycerides, and checks homocysteine, all of which act as a more in depth indicator of heart health. This test
includes the following panels:
++FT4 (thyroxine)
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++Cortisol, blood
++Glucose
++Insulin
++Testosterone (free and total)
++Estrone
++IGF-1
++Vitamin D
++VAP lipid panel
++Homocysteine
++Ferritin
++CMP
++CBC
Womens Longevity and Vitality
The Womens Longevity and Vitality contains laboratory tests that measure major determinants in your metabolic
performance, including thyroid health, your level of the stress hormone cortisol, blood sugar and insulin control,
sex hormones, cholesterol and triglycerides along with vitamin D and CRP-hs, a marker of inflammation. These
markers were selected because of their known role in the aging process. Values that are imbalanced have
known associations with the development of chronic conditions and disorders. Get ahead of the aging curve and
understand where you are going metabolically with this test. This test includes the following panels:
++FT4 (thyroxine)
++Cortisol, blood
++Glucose
++Insulin
++Estradiol
++Progesterone
++Estrone
++FSH/LH
++IGF-1
++Vitamin D
++HDL (high density lipoprotein)
++Triglycerides
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The Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium contains the same laboratory panels in the Womens Longevity
and Vitality test, with the addition of the complete blood count (CBC), a ferritin and homocysteine level and the
comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). The CBC (along with ferritin) contains markers that help determine how
well your blood is able to carry oxygen and nutrients to your cells, if blood clotting is normal and if your immune
system is competent. Your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) evaluates your organs of detoxification (the liver,
gallbladder, lungs and kidneys), blood sugar and insulin control and electrolytes (minerals and trace elements). The
Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium also substitutes an advanced analysis of cholesterol (particle size) and
triglycerides, and checks for homocysteine, all of which act as a more in depth indicator of heart health). This test
includes the following panels:
Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium
++FT4 (thyroxine)
++Cortisol, blood
++Glucose
++Insulin
++Estradiol
++Progesterone
++Estrone
++FSH/LH
++IGF-1
++Vitamin D
++VAP lipid panel
++Homocysteine
++Ferritin
++CMP
++CBC
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AMINO ACID
PANEL
Amino acids make up 75% of the human body and are
essential for most body function. Amino acids are the
building blocks for your bodys proteins. Protein makes up
the muscles, ligaments, tendons, organs, glands, nails, hair,
body fluids, hormones and enzymes. Proteins are essential
for the growth, repair and healing of bones, tissues and cells
and are important in energy production, fluid regulation,
neurotransmitter balance and the use of nutrients.
Essential amino acids are those that cannot be made by
the body and must be obtained in the diet. These include
isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine,
threonine, tryptophan and valine. Also, histidine is sometimes
considered a semi-essential amino acid. Leucine, isoleucine,
and valine are called branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs) due
to their chemical structure. The combination of these three
amino acids makes up approximately one-third of skeletal
muscle in the human body. The nonessential amino acids
include alanine, arginine, asparagines, aspartic acid, cysteine,
glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine taurine, and tyrosine.
Other amino acids like carnosine and components of amino
acids are important in metabolism and are tested in the
Anabolic Amino Acid Panel.
Pages 17-53
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AMINO ACID PANEL

Essential Amino Acids:
Histidine
++Found in hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying molecule in the blood
++Precursor in the body to form histamine, a compound of the immune system known for its role in stimulating
the inflammatory and allergic responses of skin (the redness that occurs after a scrape on the skin) and
mucous membranes (i.e. watery eyes and runny nose) and for its role in digestion (histamine stimulates acid
secretion)
++Decreases damage due to radiation and heavy metal exposure
++Heavy metal toxicity, including lead, mercury or cadmium, can deplete histidine
++Foods high in histidine include meats (lean beef, bison, turkey, chicken, pork, fish), soy protein, cheese, egg
whites and white potatoes
Isoleucine
++Necessary for hemoglobin formation
++Helps balance blood sugar levels
++Improves energy production
++Aids in healing and repair of muscle tissue, skin and bones
++Low levels can lead to hypoglycemia
++Isoleucine rich foods include nuts (like almonds, cashews), chicken, chickpeas, lentils, fish, eggs, and lean
meats. Soy protein also contains high amounts of isoleucine
Leucine
++Works with isoleucine and valine in healing and repair of muscle tissue, skin and bones
++Helps regulate blood sugar levels
++Increases growth hormone production
++Leucine rich food sources include legumes such as soybeans and animal products such as beef and fish. Also
found in sweet potato, white potato, spinach, corn, green peas, asparagus, broccoli, swiss chard, mushrooms,
tomato, avocado, wheat germ
Lysine
++Helps with calcium absorption
++Maintains nitrogen balance in the body
++Helps form collagen, which makes up cartilage and connective tissue
++Vitamin C helps improve lysines collagen formation
++Improves immune function
++Lowers triglyceride levels
++Athletes, vegans who don't eat beans, and burn patients may need increase lysine in the diet or lysine
supplementation
P/18
++Protein-rich foods contain lysine, including meats (chicken, bison, turkey, red meat, pork, fish), cheese
(especially parmesan), nuts, eggs, soy protein, Brewers yeast, beans and dairy. Also found in sweet potato,
white potato, spinach, corn, green peas, asparagus, broccoli, swiss chard, mushrooms and tomato, avocado,
wheat germ
++If you have liver problems, use lysine under the care of a doctor
Methionine
++Sulfur containing amino acid
++Antioxidant
++Helps break down fats
++S-adenosyl methionine, a derivative of methionine, serves as a methyl donor which then converts methionine
into the amino acids cystine and cysteine; this helps decrease the formation of homocysteine, a marker in the
body for heart disease (see Life Time Fitness Homocysteine panel)
++Proper levels are dependent on vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin B6
++Helps make creatine in the body which improves muscle function and growth
++Foods containing high levels of methionine include sesame seeds, brazil nuts, meats (including fish), cereal
grains; most fruits, vegetables and beans contain very little methionine
Phenylalanine
++The body changes phenylalanine into tyrosine, another amino acid that's needed to make proteins, brain
chemicals including L-dopa, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones
++Helps stabilize mood
++A rare metabolic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU) can occur in people who are missing an enzyme that
breaks down phenylalanine. This can lead to an increased level of phenylalanine. In children, PKU can lead to
irreversible mental retardation.
++Symptoms of phenylalanine deficiency include confusion, lack of energy, decreased alertness, decreased
memory, and diminished appetite
++Those with PKU must eat a diet that avoids phenylalanine; also, tyrosine supplements are important in PKU to
support neurotransmitter balance and proper brain growth and development
++Ingestion of the artificial sweetener aspartame causes a rapid increase in brain levels of phenylalanine.
++L-phenylalanine is found in foods that contain protein such as beef, poultry, fish, milk, eggs, dairy products, soy
products, and some nuts and seeds. Also found in some vegetables including sweet potato, corn, green peas,
white potato, spinach and swiss chard.
Threonine
++Made from aspartic acid
++Needed to make glycine and serine
++Important in cardiovascular, liver, nervous system and immune function
++Helps make connective tissue (collagen) and supports muscle function
++Helps body digest fats
++Foods high in threonine include cottage cheese, chicken, turkey, fish, red meat, lentils, mushroom, green leafy
vegetables and sesame seeds
P/19
++Tryptophan is the metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin, to the sleep hormone melatonin and
to niacin
++Tryptophan from the diet is converted into 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan), which is converted into serotonin
++Tryptophan can positively affect mood and well-being along with decreasing cravings and appetite
++Foods high in tryptophan include chicken, turkey, tuna, soybeans, lean beef, halibut, salmon and lamb
++Use tryptophan supplements under a doctors care if taking antidepressant medications
Tryptophan
Valine
++Valine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)
++Important in protein synthesis and energy metabolism, primarily in muscle tissue
++Good source of energy
++Helps with liver damage and gallbladder problems
++Deficiency can lead to neurological problems
++Foods high in valine include cottage cheese, fish, poultry, peanuts, sesame seeds, and lentils. Also found in
white potato, sweet potato, broccoli, corn, green peas, spinach, swiss chard, avocado, chocolate.
Non-Essential Amino Acids:
Alanine
++Manufactured in the body from pyruvate and branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine)
++Plays major role in transferring nitrogen from tissues to the liver
++Helps metabolize glucose for energy, especially during exercise
++Improves immunity
++Supports prostate health
++Foods high in alanine include meats (red meat, fish, chicken, turkey, seafood), dairy, eggs, beans, nuts, seeds,
soy protein, whey, brown rice and corn
Arginine
++Made in the body from glutamine, glutamate, and proline
++Key producer of nitric oxide (NO) which is important in blood vessel health, including erectile dysfunction
++Important in heart health
++Promotes tissue repair
++Increases pituitary release of growth hormone
++The best dietary sources of arginine are meat, nuts, eggs, milk and cheese. Also found in some vegetables,
including green peas, asparagus, broccoli, swiss chard, corn, white potato, onion and spinach), avocado,
chocolate.
Asparagine
++Made from aspartic acid
++Transports nitrogen in the body
++Supports energy production
++Supports nerve and brain tissue
++Asparagine is most commonly found in poultry, dairy, eggs, fish, legumes, meat, nuts, seafood, seeds, soy,
whey, whole grains, and beef
P/20
++Helps generate cellular energy

++Helps balance neurochemistry
++Helps liver rid the body of toxins like ammonia
++Important in exercise and weight training
++Found primarily in sugar cane and molasses; also found in meats and dairy
Aspartic Acid
Carnosine
++Made from histidine and -alanine
++Highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissue
++Supports muscle recovery in exercise
++Antioxidant
++Helps regulate glycation, a process of sugar binding to a protein to form molecules that increase oxidative
stress in the body
++Supports detoxification of heavy metals
++Found in meats, including beef, bison, chicken, turkey and pork
Citrulline
++Made from ornithine and also glutamine in the intestines
++Helps make arginine
++Helps detoxify ammonia
++Supports energy and immunity
++Important in acid/base balance in body
++Important in muscle recovery and strength
++Found in watermelon rind
Cysteine and Cystine
++Antioxidants; precursor to glutathione
++Helps in detoxification
++Cystine is made in the body from cysteine, which is formed from methionine
++Proper levels are dependent on vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin B6
++Foods high in cysteine include chicken, turkey, yogurt, egg yolks, red peppers, garlic, onions, broccoli, Brussel
sprouts, oats, wheat germ
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
++Helps regulate brain function in reducing effects of stress by increasing relaxation
++Supports muscle tone
++Made from glutamic acid
++May increase levels of growth hormone (GH)
++Found in fermented foods like soy
P/21
++Also called glutamate

++Excitatory neurochemical in the brain; used as fuel in the brain
++Converted to glutamine or GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
++Important in sugar and fat metabolism
++A component of folate
++Can lead to food sensitivity if sensitive to MSG (monosodium glutamate), a food flavor enhancer made from
glutamic acid
++Foods containing high levels of glutamic acid include meats, chicken, turkey, fish, eggs, dairy products
(especially cheeses), soy sauce
Glutamic Acid
Glutamine
++The most prevalent amino acid in the bloodstream.
++Source of energy for cells of the GI tract
++Promotes protein synthesis and muscle growth
++Alternative brain fuel
++Blocks cortisol-induced protein breakdown
++May be essential in GI disorders and tissue-wasting phenomena
++L-glutamine can be found in beans, brewer's yeast, brown rice bran, dairy products, eggs, fish, legumes,
meat, nuts, seafood, seeds, soy, whey, whole grains, hydrolysis of gluten, beet root, or other proteins
Glycine
++Helps create muscle tissue
++Helps convert glucose to energy; regulates blood sugar levels
++Important in neurochemical balance in the brain
++Important in proper digestive tract function and immunity
++High concentrations found in muscle, skin and connective tissue
++High-protein foods, such as fish, meat, beans, milk, and cheese, are the best dietary sources of glycine
++If you have liver or kidney problems, do not take glycine unless under a doctors care
Ornithine
++Helps promote release of growth hormone (GH)
++Increases metabolism and burns excess body fat (especially if combined with arginine and carnitine)
++Helps improve insulin release and function
++Supports immune function
++Helps liver rid the body of toxins like ammonia
++Important in exercise and weight training to build muscle
++Promotes tissue healing and repair
++Found in meats, dairy products, eggs
Proline
++Made from glutamic acid
++Helps in production of collagen; important for skin texture
++Supports joints and connective tissue
P/22
++Promotes tissue healing and repair

++Vitamin C helps improve prolines collagen formation
++Important for muscle repair in prolonged or heavy exercise routines
++Found in egg whites, wheat germ, fish, lean meats
Serine
++Made from glycine
++Important in the brain and nervous system
++Helps make phospholipids, important in cell wall integrity
++Supports immunity by helping make antibodies
++Helps in metabolism of fats and fatty acids
++Supports muscle formation; helps in absorption of creatine
++Helps produce tryptophan, the amino acid that makes serotonin (the calming neurochemical); this helps
decrease cravings
++Foods high in serine include soy protein, dairy products, lean meats and nuts
Taurine
++Made from methionine and cysteine
++Concentrated in parts of the body that have high electrical activity such as the eye, brain, and heart
++Found in bile and in lower intestines
++Involved in heart protection, detoxification, eye protection, absorption of fats, and as a calming
neurotransmitter in the brain
++Important in muscle function
++Low in vegetarians
++Found in animal protein, including lean red meats, chicken, turkey, fish and in eggs and dairy products
Tyrosine
++Made from phenylalanine
++Important in making the neurochemicals dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine
++Important in mood, stress response, mental function and craving
++Helps make thyroid hormone
++Important in metabolism
++Aids in production of melanin (pigment that gives you hair and skin color)
++May be depleted by oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
++Found in dairy products, lean meats, fish, wheat
P/23
OTHER
AMINO ACID
VALUES REPORTED:
The Life Time Fitness Anabolic Amino Acid Profile also tests for precursors (compounds hormones are
made from) and metabolites (compounds made during metabolism or chemical processes) of amino
acids. These values include:
++ -Alanine involved in carnosine production; similar in chemical structure to taurine
++-Aminoadipic acid involved in lysine metabolism and probiotic microflora in intestines
++-Aminoisobutyric acid made from the nucleic acid thymine
++-Amino-N-butyric acid made from methionine involved in homocysteine regulation
++Anserine amino acid found in meats; marker for meat consumption
++Cystathionine made from homocysteine and serine in forming cysteine
++Hydroxylysine made from lysine
++1-Methylhistidine made from anserine and marker for meat consumption
++3-Methylhistidine made from histidine and marker for meat consumption
++Phosphoethanolamine involved in methylation and formation of homocysteine
++Phosphoserine made from serine
Reference Values
Normal values, blood
(in micromoles per liter = mol/L)
-Alanine
0.0-14.0
Alanine (-alanine)
210.0-670.0
-Aminoadipic acid
0.0-3.0
-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

-Aminoisobutyric acid
0.0-1.0
0.0-6.0
-Amino-N-butyric acid
5.0-39.0
Anserine
0.0-10.0
Arginine
28.0-159.0
Asparagine
30.0-97.0
Aspartic acid
0.0-19.0
Carnosine
0.0-12.0
Citrulline
7.0-65.0
Cystathionine
0.0-3.0
P/24
3.0-56.0
Glutamic acid
20.0-220.0
Glutamine
350.0-700.0
Glycine
120.0-460.0
Histidine
48.0-125.0
Homocystine
0.0-2.0
Hydroxylysine
0.0-1.0
Hydroxyproline
0.0-40.0
Isoleucine
39.0-121.0
Leucine
61.0-200.0
Lysine
110.0-290.0
Methionine
14.0-47.0
1-Methylhistidine
0.0-32.0
3-Methylhistidine
0.0-14.0
Ornithine
30.0-136.0
Phenylalanine
36.0-99.0
Phosphoethanolamine
0.0-18.0
Phosphoserine
3.0-21.0
Proline
98.0-440.0
Sarcosine
0.0-16.0
Serine
69.0-270.0
Taurine
34.0-145.0
Threonine
76.0-261.0
Tryptophan
21.0-940.0
Tyrosine
32.0-122.0
Valine
115.0-340.0
Cystine
Why are Amino Acid levels needed?

Determining amino acid levels identify if you have an ample supply of amino acids in the body. Amino acids are used
by every body system, and declining amounts can create imbalances in metabolism, including digestive and heart
problems, an increase in oxidative stress, enzyme deficiencies, poor detoxification, immune deficiencies, hormone
and neurochemical imbalances, and muscle, bone, and connective tissue problems. Amino acid imbalances can also
indicate nutrient deficiencies, as various vitamins and minerals are used in amino acid metabolism.
** Do not eat or drink anything but water for at least 8 hours before your test.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Test Reports Amino Acid levels?
++Anabolic Amino Acid Profile
What do Amino Acid values mean?
Since amino acids affect your metabolism in many ways, this section will be organized into body systems that
discusses the effects of low or high amino acid level trends, and how you can return your levels back within
optimal range through diet and lifestyle changes, and by taking targeted nutritional supplements.
P/25
Some drugs, like anti-ulcer medications, can lead to low acid in the stomach and low protein absorption that can
result in lower amino acid levels. Proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers are the 2nd largest category of drugs
being prescribed in the U.S., and many of these drugs are easily available over-the-counter (OTC). Lower protein
can have a significant impact on everything from immune function and blood sugar regulation to maintaining lean
muscle mass. These drugs include:
Most of us eat enough protein in our diet so that a decline in essential amino acids is usually not a problem.
However, vegetarians, body builders, those on strict protein diets, or individuals with malnutrition can have amino
acid deficiencies.
++Cimetidine (Tagamet)
++Ranitidine (Zantac)
++Nizatidine (Axid)
++Famotidine (Pepcid)
++Omeprazole (Prilosec)
++Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
++Rebeprazole (Aciphex)
++Pantoprazole (Protonix)
++Esomeprazole (Nexium, the purple pill)
Some of the effects of a diet generally deficient in amino acids include: reduced energy levels, sleeping disorders,
joint and muscle aches/pains, digestive problems, hair loss and skin ailments, anxiety, mood swings, increased
stress, insulin resistance and blood sugar problems, heart problems and general poor health. Other possible
symptoms of amino acid deficiencies include obesity, malnutrition, and buildup of toxins in the bloodstream
like ammonia.
Cardiovascular Health
Amino Acid Trends
++Increased homocysteine
++Decreased cystathionine
++Decreased taurine
++Increased or decreased
methionine and cysteine
Potential Cardiovascular Health Condition(s)

++Increased risk of heart disease
++Increased risk of developing Metabolic Syndrome, including
high blood pressure, weight gain, cholesterol imbalances,
insulin resistance and blood sugar regulation problems,
leading to type 2 diabetes, heart attack and stroke10
Diet and Lifestyle Changes

General Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations
++Some studies report that increasing the intake of B vitamins and folate improve homocysteine levels.11
++Increase vitamin B12 containing foods. Vitamin B12 is produced by microbial synthesis in the digestive tract
of animals. Therefore, animal protein products are the source of this nutrient. Organ meats are the best source
of vitamin B12, followed by clams, oysters, beef, eggs, milk, chicken, and cheese. If you are eating meat, buy
organic and all natural meat. Do not buy processed meats, packaged meats, deli meats unless the meat does
not have chemical additives. Choose lean meats from quality sources, skinless poultry, and nonfat or low-fat
or nonfat dairy products. Red meat should always be organic grass-fed when eaten and free of hormones and
antibiotics. Get the rest of protein from a variety of sources like beans, fish, chicken, turkey, buffalo/bison,
and seafood.
++Increase vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) containing foods. The best sources of pyridoxine are brewers yeast, wheat
P/26
germ, organ meats (especially liver), peanuts, legumes, potatoes, and bananas.
++Increase folic acid containing foods. Folic acid occurs in a wide variety of foods, including dark green leafy
vegetables, brewers yeast, liver, and eggs. Other good sources are beets, broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
asparagus, orange juice, cabbage, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kidney and lima beans, wheat germ, and whole
grain cereals and breads. Limit your breads though, as high carbohydrate diets can lead to insulin resistance,
hormonal imbalances and weight gain.
++The best sources of vitamin B2 are liver, milk, and dairy products. Moderate sources include meats, dark green
vegetables, eggs, avocados, oysters, mushrooms, and fish (especially salmon and tuna).
++Magnesium levels may be decreased in individuals with high homocysteine levels.12 Magnesium from nuts and
seeds to help control blood pressure and reduce blood vessel spasm.
++The probiotic friendly intestinal bacteria also synthesize B vitamins and folic acid.
++Use healthy fats like olive oil, grapeseed oil, nuts and seeds, and organic butter. You can complement that
with a little fruit and some beans and whole grains, but in most people these foods should be limited to 1 to 2
servings a day.
++Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
++Dietary factors, such as chronic consumption of high-glycemic index foods (including white breads and
refined sugars), lead to chronic oxidative stress and inflammation.13,14 Modifying the diet can help decrease
inflammation, physical and mental stress, all helping to balance metabolism.
++The diet should limit inflammatory foods, such as processed meats, chemical preservatives, and food
additives. Studies have found that nitrite or nitrate treated meats such as bacon, sausage, smoked foods,
and lunch meats increase the risk of cancer.15,16 High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used to sweeten many
foods, like soft drinks, condiments (ketsup, BBQ sauce), fruit juice beverages, and others. HFCS is reported
to increase inflammation in the intestinal tract and lead to problems such as imbalances in the probiotic flora in
your intestines.17
++Minimize or eliminate fast food completely, or opt for the salads with grilled meats now offered in most fast
food restaurants.
++The exposure to any pesticides or toxic substances that may be present in foods should be eliminated. Buy
organic foods where possible.
++High-fiber foods, including fresh vegetables and beans, should be a large part of the diet. These foods should
supply the 20-30 grams of dietary fiber needed each day, which slows the absorption of carbohydrates
and decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. Such foods also provide important benefits, such as
antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Make sure to include green, orange, and yellow fruits and
vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in
these foods may help protect against inflammatory chemistry including lowering homocysteine levels and also
help regulate immune function.18,19
++Remember to consume adequate liquids between meals to help maintain both proper digestion and proper
hydration. Six to eight 8-ounce glasses of high-quality water per day is the goal. Try to make clean water that
has been purified by reverse osmosis your drink of choice whenever possible.
++Get adequate rest about 78 hours of uninterrupted sleep a night for the average adult. Several studies
have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of oxidative
stress and homocysteine levels than those that get regular sleep.20
++Exercise and other physical activity are essential in managing stress and maintaining a healthy weight. At least
30 minutes of exercise daily, 5 days a week is recommended. Elevations in homocysteine levels are associated
with a high BMI (>30).21
++Decrease caffeine intake (coffee, tea); increases in homocysteine levels are reported with caffeine
containing products.22
++Quit smoking or tobacco use. Tobacco use is reported to increase inflammation.23
++Moderate alcohol intake, especially from red wine, also lowers cardiovascular disease risk but dont drink to
excess because that can have very negative effects on your metabolism.
P/27
++Mens or Womens Core Heath

Cardio Metabolic Risk or Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium
Other Life Time Fitness Lab Tests recommended if cardiovascular health is an issue include:
Supplements If Cardiovascular Health Is Impaired

Life Time Fitness FastFuel
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
65gm) in the morning as part of a
healthy beverage
++Contains whey protein concentrate

& isolate, Sunfiber medium chain
triglycerides, a proprietary digestive
enzyme blend (consisting of amylase,
lipase, protease), L-glutamine and a
proprietary fruit and vegetable complex
blend.24,25
++Helps support digestive function ,
++Whey is high in cysteine and branchedchain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine,
and valine).
++If gas or bloating occurs, change to
l-glutamine, 14 capsules (500mg 2
grams) daily in divided doses.
Life Time Fitness Mens or

Womens Performance Daily
Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
morning after breakfast and 3 capsules
with dinner.
++The Life Time Fitness Mens and Womens

Performance Daily Multivitamin AM/PM are
formulated to provide the body with key
nutrients needed for proper metabolism.26
Life Time Fitness Omega-3

Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily
++Helps decrease inflammation and the

consequences it has on your metabolism.27
++Helps support heart and blood vessel
health.28
++Fish oil may increase bleeding in sensitive
individuals, such as those taking
warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin, although
clinical studies have not reported this
interaction.29,30
Methyl-Guard
1 capsule 2 times
daily
++Helps regulate homocysteine levels

++Supplies vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 and
folate along with trimethylglycine (betaine)31
Multi-Probiotic 4000
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily
++Supports gastrointestinal health32

++Supports vitamin B and K metabolism33
++Helps improve absorption of nutrients from
foods
++Helps decrease inflammation34
P/28
2 capsules 2 times
daily; each cap contains 1,000mg time
release L-arginine
++Perfusia SR contains sustained-release

L-arginine, an amino acid which helps
support vascular health by improving nitric
oxide production and use.35
++Individuals with a known herpes infection
should not take L-arginine without also
taking lysine (5001,000mg daily), as
L-arginine alone has been noted to cause
herpes eruptions in susceptible individuals.
Perfusia SR
Detoxification Processes
Amino Acid Trends
Potential Detoxification Health Condition(s)
++Increased glutamine together with one

of the following: arginine, citrulline,
ornithine
++Decreased detoxification of ammonia by the liver

++Can lead to confusion, dehydration, fatigue, joint aches/pains
++Increased or decreased methionine,

cysteine, cystathionine
++Increased -Alanine (leading to taurine
deficiency)
++Decreased glycine, glutamine, glutamic
acid or aspartic acid
++General decreased detoxification by the liver

++Toxins may build up and can lead to fatigue, confusion, joint
aches/pains, increased sweating, itching and dark urine
++Heavy metals and other environmental toxins like pesticides
and plastics can disrupt hormonal balance and lead to
inefficient metabolism36
Dietary and Lifestyle Changes

++Limit fatty foods, such as meats, processed foods, fried foods, fast foods and dairy. Opt for salads with grilled,
lean meats like chicken and fish.
++Make sure to use organic meats and vegetables where possible to limit the potential for chemicals additives
and toxins.
++Increase foods that help with detoxification of the liver and kidneys, including asparagus, cruciferous
vegetables (like cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts), garlic, onions.
++Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition associated with obesity and metabolic
syndrome.37 Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup
and sugar), insulin resistance caused by eating too much refined sugar and carbs and increased oxidative
stress due to a poor diet combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver. Losing weight will help
improved liver function tests.
++Do not microwave food in plastic containers or covered in plastic.
++Avoid using personal care items such as face creams, shampoos, and toiletries that contain estrogens and
particularly phthalates.
++Decrease alcohol consumption.
++Lose weight. If you are overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life
Time Fitness LeanSource Weight Loss Supplement.
P/29
++Have a doctor or pharmacist review your prescription and non-prescription medications along with any dietary
supplements you take for the possibility of liver toxicity. Make sure if you are taking OTC pain relievers that
have acetaminophen (Tylenol) in them, you stop these medicines immediately until you talk to your doctor or
pharmacist.
++Drink at least 2 liters of water daily to help improve detoxification through the urine.
++Stop smoking cigarette smoke contains many toxins, including the heavy metal cadmium.
++Exercise and other physical activity are essential in managing stress. At least 30 minutes of exercise daily, 5
days a week is recommended.
++Saunas are beneficial for decreasing toxins in the body as is an increase in exercise. Get outside and walk or
garden. Sweating is your bodys method of detoxification.
++Other Life Time Fitness Lab Tests recommended if detoxification is an issue include:
Mens or Womens Core Health
Energy and Metabolism
Supplements If Detoxification Is Impaired
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant38
++Helps improve energy production and
regulate blood glucose levels39
++Builds glutathione pools in the liver
++Helps in heavy metal detoxification

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
65gm) in the
morning as part of a
healthy beverage

blend.
++Whey is high in amino acids including
cysteine and branched-chain amino acids
(leucine, isoleucine, and valine).
++Helps support digestive function40, 41
l-glutamine, 1-4 capsules (500mg
2 grams) daily in divided doses.
P/30
++LeanSource is composed of dietary

supplements that help balance insulin
resistance and blood sugar levels, reduce
cravings, balance neurochemistry, help the
body adapt to stress, increase energy and
help increase thermogenesis to burn fat
all promoting and sustaining weight loss.
++LeanSource contains a thermogenic
blend of green tea, conjugated linoleic acid
(CLA), capsaicinoids from Cayenne pepper,
Evodia and a supportive supplements42, 43

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

nutrients needed for proper metabolism
and detoxification.44
Life Time Fitness Peak

Performance Whey Protein
Isolate
2 scoops in favorite
beverage, mix and
drink daily
++Easily digestible, high-quality protein

source.45
++Whey protein also is an antioxidant by
helping to raise the levels of the glutathione
(GSH).46
++Provides 22gm protein per 2 scoops
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
++Improves liver enzymes.49
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver and antioxidant support

++Improves glutathione (antioxidant) stores in
the liver.50
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily
++Contains liver-supportive herbs, including

milk thistle, picrorhiza, artichoke and
curcumin
++Helps improve liver detoxification
processes and provides antioxidant
support for the liver.51
*If amino acids are low
Life Time Fitness LeanSource 4 capliques daily, 2

Weight Loss
with breakfast and 2
with dinner
* Use if BMI 25 or >
P/31
1-2 capsules 2
times daily; use for
2-3 weeks
++Contains significant amounts of

++detoxifying herbs, minerals, and probiotics,
as well as vitamin C.
++Helps support digestive function and
detoxification processes
++Helps clear the body of environmental
toxins.
Ultra-D Tox
Digestive Problems
Amino Acid Trends
Potential Digestive Health Condition(s)
++Increased anserine, carnosine,

1-Methylhistidine, and 3-Methylhistidine
++Decreased essential amino acids
including leucine, isoleucine, valine,
lysine
++Decreased arginine, glutamine,
tryptophan, cystine/cysteine, glutamate,
taurine
++Impaired protein digestion

Can lead to nutrient imbalances, amino acid deficiencies,
decreased energy and muscle strength, weight loss
Can lead to immune imbalances and susceptibility to
infections like colds and flu 52
++Decreased taurine
++Impaired fat digestion

Can lead to increased oxidative stress, neurological
problems, inflammation, nutrient deficiencies 53
++Decreased threonine and essential

amino acids
++Impaired nutrient absorption

Can lead to metabolic imbalances including hormonal,
insulin and blood sugar imbalances, heart problems,
immune imbalances, cancer
++Decreased leucine, isoleucine, valine

++Decreased non-essential amino acids
++Impaired microflora (probiotics) in intestines

Can lead to chronic gut inflammation
Fatigue, lack of concentration, bloating, diarrhea,
constipation and gas are common
Can lead to metabolic imbalances including nutrient
deficiencies, hormonal, insulin and blood sugar imbalances,
heart problems, cancer 54
Can lead to immune imbalances and susceptibility to
infections like colds and flu

++Increase your intake of lean, high-quality proteins in the diet, including fish, turkey, bison and ostrich. It is best
to use organic, free-range meats that are raised without chemical additives, hormones and antibiotics. Use a
digestive enzyme to help in breaking down protein and foods for use in the body.
P/32
++Increase your protein by using a protein supplement. There are several kinds of protein drinks on the market,
but many of these contain sugar and added chemical ingredients. Life Time Fitness Peak Performance Whey
Protein Isolate is an excellent source of high-quality, easily digestible protein. You can mix the protein powder
with a cup of fresh berries or other fruit in a blender with unsweetened almond milk or quality water.
syndrome. Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup),
insulin resistance caused by eating too much refined sugar and carbohydrates and increased oxidative stress
due to a poor diet combine to increase fat in the liver. Losing weight will help improved liver function tests.
++Increase calcium-containing foods, including green, leafy vegetables and organic milk/cheese
++Avoid overeating, as this creates stress on the digestive tract.
++Eat meals at regular times each day. Its best not to eat after 7 pm.
++Remember to chew your food. Saliva begins the process of digestion it tells your stomach that food is
coming. Chewing your food thoroughly, rather than bolting it, is the first step in healthy digestion.
++Lower the use of antacids like Tums and ulcer medicines like Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid and Prevacid.
vegetables (like cabbage, broccoli), garlic, onions.
++Exercise routinely, at least 30 minutes daily 3-4 times a week; exercise can help improve digestion of food.
++Other recommended Life Time Fitness Lab Tests if digestive health is an issue include:
IgG Food Sensitivity Panel
Supplements If Digestion Is Impaired
Aller DMG
1 tablet, 2-3 times

daily; use for 2-3
weeks
++Contains antioxidant nutrients, including

quercetin, vitamin C, grape seed extract
and polyphenols.
++Also contains DMG (dimethylglycine) which
supports immune function 56
Cats claw MAX V
1 capsule 2 times
daily; use for 2
weeks
++Used to support immune and digestive

health
++Antiinflammatory 57
++Contains standardized cats claw plus nonstandardized
Life Time Fitness Creatine
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily
++Promotes protein synthesis and enhances

muscle mass
++Important in exercise and fitness
performance 58
P/33
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
++Helps support digestive function59,60
l-glutamine, 1-4 capsules (500mg 2

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

nutrients needed for proper metabolism 61

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source 62
(GSH).
(30gm 63
1 capsule, 13
times daily
++Supports gastrointestinal health 64

++Supports vitamin B and K metabolism 65
foods
Vegetarian Enzyme
1-2 tablets, 3 times

daily 30 minutes
before meals
++Vegetarian Enzyme contains a mixture

of vegetable-source enzymes which
help digest starches, proteins, fats, and
cellulose. Vegetarian Enzyme is used
after eating a meal to help support healthy
digestion.66

Complete
P/34

Evodia and a supportive supplements 67,68

Weight Loss
with dinner
*Use if BMI 25 or >
Hormonal Imbalances
Amino Acid Trends
Potential Hormonal Health Condition(s)
++Decreased alanine
++Decreased essential amino acids
++Increased ornithine
++Adrenal insufficiency
Chronic stress and excess cortisol (the stress hormone)
release can lead to adrenal burnout
Chronic fatigue, blood sugar regulation problems, allergies,
asthma, weight gain, sleep disorders, mood and memory
changes, heart, immune and digestive problems, hormonal
imbalances 69
++Increased alanine
++Decreased arginine, tryptophan,
tyrosine
++Adrenal hyperactivity
Impacted by chronic stress
Can lead to imbalances in metabolism, including blood
sugar and insulin problems, food cravings, heart, mood
changes, immune and digestive problems, hormonal
imbalances and loss of key nutrients like chromium,
magnesium and calcium and zinc 70
++Decreased phenylalanine
++Increased serine, alanine, glycine
++Insulin resistance
Can lead to metabolic imbalances including weight
gain, chronic inflammation, type 2 diabetes, hormonal
imbalances, heart problems, loss of key nutrients like
chromium, magnesium and vitamin D, neurological
imbalances and cancer 71
++Increased phosphoserine, decreased

ornithine
++Parathyroid imbalance
Can lead to nutrient imbalances including vitamin D
and calcium, bone loss, mood swings, sleep disorders,
hormonal imbalances, heart problems
P/35
++Thyroid hormone imbalances

Can lead to decreased energy, skin and nail problems,
weight gain, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative
stress, hormonal imbalances, sleep and immune problems,
heart problems 72
Nutrients found low in thyroid imbalances include iodine,
chromium, selenium and zinc
++Decreased tyrosine, phenylalanine

++Dietary factors, such as chronic consumption of high-glycemic index foods (including white breads and refined
sugars), also lead to chronically high oxidative stress and release of stress hormones (such as cortisol), which
initiates the inflammatory signaling pathways. Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental stress,
helping balance metabolism.
++Avoid common food allergens, including gluten, dairy, soy.
++Your protein requirements increase when youre under ongoing stress especially physical stress and illness.
And even if you dont feel ill, your body probably still needs some extra proteins to heal the hidden damage
metabolic imbalances have done to your intestines and other especially vulnerable areas of your body. You
may want to consider adding a protein drink to your diet if your amino acids are low.
++There are several kinds of protein drinks on the market, but many of these contain sugar and added chemical
ingredients. Life Time Fitness Peak Performance Whey Protein Isolate is an excellent source of high-quality,
easily digestible protein. You can mix the protein powder with a cup of fresh berries in a blender with
unsweetened almond milk or quality water.
++Studies report imbalances in thyroid and stress hormone levels when you are overweight or obese. If you
are overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness
++Avoid overeating, as this creates too much demand on your body and your digestive tract.
++Limit drinking out of plastic containers. These may have chemical residues, including bisphenol A, that can
imbalance hormone levels.
++Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of interrupted sleep a night for the average adult. Several studies
have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of the stress
hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours, suggesting that chronic insomnia is a
disorder of sustained excitation of the body's stress response system.
days a week is recommended
P/36
++Other recommended Life Time Fitness Lab Tests if digestive health is an issue include:
IgG Food sensitivity panel
Supplements to Support Hormonal Imbalances
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet, 2 times
daily
++Bone support
++Contains highly absorbable calcium,
magnesium, vitamin D3, vitamin C, boron
and glutamic acid.
++ A meta analysis of 29 randomized trials
showed that supplementation with calcium
and vitamin D3 reduces risk of bone
fractures by 24% and significantly reduces
loss of bone mass.78
1-2 capsules daily,

between meals
++5-HTP Plus contains natural L-5hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), together with

pyridoxal-5-phosphate and 50 mg of a
proprietary blend of the neurotransmitters
L-tyrosine and L-glutamine.
++Helps improve serotonin levels, decrease
food cravings79
2-4 capsules, daily

with food
++Used in chronic stress

++Contains a proprietary adaptogenic herb
blend that helps decrease the effects of
chronic stress on the body80
1 capsule, 2 times
daily
++Contains herbs and nutrients to help

balance the adrenal glands and the levels
of cortisol, the stress hormone
++Contains adrenal gland extract
++If you have a heart condition or high
blood pressure, speak to a healthcare
professional before using Cortrex81
Dual-Source Chromium as
chromium polynicotinate and
chromium picolinate
1 capsules (300mcg
chromium) daily
++Improves insulin regulation and glucose

tolerance82
++Helps support serotonin levels83
Glukokine
1 tablet 2 times
daily
++Glukokine contains bitter melon extract

(10% Charantin), chromium (250mcg/
tab) and the antioxidant glutathione,
blended together to support healthy blood
sugar levels through improved glucose
metabolism84
*Use if calcium levels are low or

trending low
5-HTP Plus
*Use if cravings are present
Adrenomend
*Use if high levels or cortisol are
present
Cortrex
*Use if low cortisol levels are
present
*If blood sugar and fasting insulin

are high
P/37
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Weight Loss
with dinner
*Use if BMI 25 or >

Evodia and a supportive supplements87,88

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source
(GSH).91
(30gm)
100-200mg, 1-2
times daily
++Antioxidant; nutrient support

++Isolated from green tea
++Helps decrease stress and improve
neurochemical balance92,93
L-theanine

Complete
P/38
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily
++Supports gastrointestinal health

foods
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily
++Relora is a patented combination of

two herbs used in Traditional Chinese
medicine, Magnolia (Magnolia officinalis)
and Phellodendron bark (Phelodendron
amurense).
++Relora Plex also contains B-vitamins,
which help in stress and nervous system
balance
++Useful in stress and decreasing cortisol
levels96 Relora can increase salivary DHEA
and decreases salivary morning cortisol
levels97
++Use with caution if taking medications
that can make you drowsy or if drinking
alcohol. Relora may cause drowsiness or
sedation in sensitive individuals.
1-2 capsules at
bedtime
++Improves sleep/wake cycles

++Melatonin decreases with increased
cortisol levels98
Thyro Mend
*Use if thyroid support is needed
1 capsule, 2 times
daily with food
++Thyro-Mend is a proprietary combination

of iodine from seaweeds and synergistic
herbs that support thyroid function.
++Thyro-Mend helps maintain proper iodine
levels necessary for an increase in thyroid
hormone production.99
Tyrosine
500-1000mg daily
++Amino acid
++Supports thyroid hormone metabolism
++Dairy products, meats, fish, wheat, oats
contain tyrosine.100
*Use if stress is an issue
Sleep Solve 24/7

*Use if having trouble falling or
staying asleep
*Use if thyroid support is

necessary
P/39
1-5 capsules (1,000

5,000 IU) daily,
depending on vitamin D3 lab value
++Bone support
++Treatment of vitamin D deficiency improves
bone mineral density101
Vitamin D 1000
*Use if vitamin D levels are low or
trending low
If lab value 30 ng/

ml or less, then take
5,000 IU daily; if 3040 ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily both
in addition to your
multivit; retest in a
month
Musculoskeletal Problems
Amino Acid Trends
++Increased homocysteine with low
cystathionine
++Increased or decreased cysteine or
taurine
++Decreased methionin, lysine
++Decreased leucine, isoleucine, valine
++Increased hydroxyproline and proline
++Increased anserine, carnosine, 1 and
3-methylhistidine
Potential Musculoskeletal Condition(s)

++Collagen or muscle/skeletal problems

with a cup of fresh berries or other fruit in a blender with almond milk or quality water.
syndrome.102 Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup),
++Decrease phosphorus-containing food, like soft drinks, many snack foods, processed foods like processed
cheeses and meats and fish sticks. Watch labels for sodium monophosphate and other names. Other foods
high in phosphorus include beefalo, veal, clams, dairy products, bran cereal and almonds.
P/40
++Soft drinks, even artificially sweetened ones, contain high levels of phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid in the
drinks can also deplete calcium from the body, leading to bone loss.
++Other recommended Life Time Fitness Lab Tests if musculoskeletal health is an issue include:
Mens or Womens Sex Hormone Premium
Energy and Metabolism
Supplements to Support Musculoskeletal Health
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet, 2 times
daily
++Bone support
and glutamic acid.
++A meta analysis of 29 randomized trials
loss of bone mass104
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass and muscle function
performance105

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
65gm) in the
healthy beverage

blend.
*Use if calcium levels are low or

trending low
P/41
2-4 capsules, daily

with food
++Contains glucosamine and chondroitin

sulfate with the protective ability of
calcium, MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)
and hyaluronic acid, along with the antiinflammatory properties of bromelain, for
nutritional support of healthy bones, joints
and connective tissue108

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

nutrients needed for proper metabolism109

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source110
(GSH).111
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily
++Provides 22gm protien per 2 scoops

(30gm)
++Supports vitamin B and K metabolism
foods113
++Improves liver enzymes114
*Use if pain or inflammation in

joints present
*Use if amino acid levels are low
Life Time Fitness Joint

Maintenance Formula
Neurological Balance
Amino Acid Trends
Potential Neurological Conditions
++Low tryptophan, taurine, phenylalanine,

tyrosine
++Increased homocysteine with increased
or decreased methionine and low
cystathionine
++Neurological disorders, including anxiety, sleep disorders,

moodiness, depression, food and other cravings.
++Can lead to inflammation, weight gain, insulin resistance,
blood sugar regulation problems and heart conditions
including cholesterol imbalances and increased blood
pressure.
++Low glycine, GABA, tryptophan,

tyrosine
++Can lead to sleep disorders

Fewer than 6 hours sleep a night can induce inflammation,
insulin resistance, heart problems, immune problems,
digestive problems, neurochemical and hormonal
imbalances.113
P/42
++Control insulin and blood sugar levels through dietary changes. Over-consumption of simple carbohydrates like
refined sugars and grains, causes unfriendly flora to grow in the GI tract. These foods also raise blood glucose
and insulin levels that can result in neurochemical imbalances.114
can imbalance neurochemistry and immunity.115,116 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental
stress, helping balance metabolism.
++Avoid common food allergens, including wheat, dairy, soy.
++When you eat foods, try to buy organic when possible. The use of chemical additives, hormones, pesticides
and antibiotics in our food supply can lead to imbalances in neurochemistry and the immune system. Foods
that you should avoid include processed meats, frozen dinners, preserved meats like hot dogs or bacon, fast
foods, artificial ingredients and sweeteners, anything with MSG or monosodium glutamate.
++Stay away from inflammatory foods, like high fructose corn syrup, fried foods, baked goods, refined sugar
and carbohydrates, processed, preserved foods (like lunchmeats, wieners, fast foods), artificial sweeteners,
dyes and chemical additives, saturated fats founds in fatty meats and dairy. These foods can imbalance
neurochemistry.
++Increase omega-3 fatty acids in foods. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish, walnuts, plant foods and wild
game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. Fatty acid balance can
improve neurological health.117
servings a day. Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
food restaurants.
++Lose weight. If you are overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index, >25), then we recommend
Life Time Fitness LeanSource Weight Loss Supplement.
++The exposure to pesticides, chemical additives, preservatives and heavy metals (like lead and mercury) in
foods should be eliminated. These contaminants can imbalance neurochemistry.118 Buy organic foods where
possible.
imbalance immunity and metabolism.119
++Avoid using personal care items such as face creams, shampoos, and toiletries that contain chemical
ingredients like phthalates.
++Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of interrupted sleep a night for the average adult.
++Exercise and other physical activity are essential in managing stress and maintaining neurochemical balance.
At least 30 minutes of exercise daily, 5 days a week is recommended.
++Decrease stress take a walk, garden, do Yoga or Tai Chi. Stress can imbalance neurochemistry.
++Stop smoking.

P/43
++Drink in moderation.
++Other recommended Life Time Fitness Lab Tests if neurological health is an issue include:
Men or Womens Core Health
Supplements to Support Neurological and Neurochemical Balance
5-HTP Plus
1-2 capsules daily,

between meals

L-tyrosine and L-glutamine.
food cravings122
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance123
*Use if cravings are present
chromium picolinate

Weight Loss
with dinner
*Use if BMI 25 or >

Evodia and a supportive supplements125, 126
++

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

nutrients needed for blood sugar regulation
and proper metabolism.127

Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily
++Helps decrease inflammation and

the consequences it has on your
metabolism.128
health.129,130
individuals, such as those taking warfarin
(Coumadin) or aspirin, although clinical
studies have not reported this interaction131
P/44
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source132
(GSH).
(30gm).
L-theanine
100mg, 1-2 times

daily

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels139
1-2 capsules at
bedtime

++Melatonin decreases with increased
cortisol levels140
*Use if chronic stress is present
Sleep Solve 24/7

*Use if having trouble falling or
staying asleep

Isolate
P/45
500-1000mg daily
Use if cravings and/or mood

swings are present
++Amino acid
++Supports thyroid hormone and
neurochemical metabolism
contain tyrosine.
Tyrosine
Nutrient Imbalances
Amino Acid Trends
Potential Nutrient Imbalances
++Increased phosphoserine compared to

serine
++Increased citrulline
++Increased aspartic acid
++Low or trending low magnesium

Can lead to muscle and joint aches/pains, sleep problems,
increased inflammation, leg cramps, insulin resistance and
blood sugar imbalances, heart problems142,143
++Increased phenylalanine, unless

increased tyrosine and tryptophan are
present
++Decreased histidine
++Low or trending low iron

Iron deficiency anemia is the classic condition where red
blood cells contain less hemoglobin and consequently carry
less oxygen. Symptoms of iron deficiency include: anemia,
weakness, fatigue, skin pallor, headache, hair loss, labored
breathing after exertion, spooning of fingernails, brittle nails,
and greater susceptibility to infections144
++Increased arginine, compared to

ornithine
++Increased alanine, -aminoadipic acid,
tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, valine
++Decreased histidine
++Decreased threonine
++Low or trending low manganese

Can decrease enzyme function
Can lead to muscle problems145 like decreased coordination,
fatigue, sprains and joint/connective tissue problems
Important in thyroid and fatty acid balance
++Increased anserine, carnosine

++Increased phosphoethanolamine with
increased phosphoserine
++Increased leucine, isoleucine, valine
++Low or trending low zinc

Can impair immunity and wound healing146
May lead to thyroid or blood sugar imbalances147
++Increased taurine with normal -alanine

++Increased cysteine with normal lysine
and ornithine
++Low or trending low molybdenum

Can lead to decreased enzyme function in the body148
Can decrease liver detoxification processes149
P/46
++Low or trending low vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate)

Can lead to elevated homocysteine levels and heart
problems150
Can lead to niacin deficiency
Can lead to neurotransmitter and neurological imbalances151
++Increased homocysteine, sarcosine,

glycine, serine, 1-methylhistidine,
3-methylhistidine, methionine,
cystathionine or histidine
++Low or trending low folic acid

Can lead to anemia (inability of red blood cells to carry
sufficient oxygen for tissues), elevated homocysteine levels
and heart problems152
Folic acid deficiency in pregnancy can lead to birth defects,
including neural tube defects154
++Decreased glycine
++Increased -alanine
++Low or trending low vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Can lead to anemia (inability of red blood cells to carry
sufficient oxygen for tissues), elevated homocysteine levels
and heart problems155
++Decreased glycine
++Increased -alanine
++Low or trending low fat soluble vitamins, including vitamins A,

E, D, K
Can lead to immune imbalances, increased oxidative stress,
bone disorders, heart problems, bleeding disorders, eye
problems157,158
++Increased cystathionine, homocysteine,

serine, tyrosine, -aminoadipic acid,
-alanine, alanine, threonine, ornithine,
glycine, aspartic acid, -aminoisobutyric
acid, leucine, isoleucine, valine
++Decreased cysteine compared to
cystathionine
++Decreased taurine compared to
cysteine

++Increase nuts and seeds along with green leafy vegetables for magnesium support.
++If B-vitamins are an issue, then increase vitamin B12 containing foods. Vitamin B12 is produced by microbial
synthesis in the digestive tract of animals. Therefore, animal protein products are the source of this nutrient.
Organ meats are the best source of vitamin B12, followed by clams, oysters, beef, eggs, milk, chicken, and
cheese. If you are eating meat, buy organic and all natural meat. Do not buy processed meats, packaged
meats, deli meats unless the meat does not have chemical additives. Choose lean meats from quality sources,
skinless poultry, and nonfat or low-fat or nonfat dairy products. Red meat should always be organic grass-fed
when eaten and free of hormones and antibiotics. Get the rest of protein from a variety of sources like beans,
fish, chicken, turkey, buffalo/bison, and seafood.
++If folic acid is an issue, then increase folic acid containing foods. Folic acid occurs in a wide variety of foods,
including dark green leafy vegetables, brewers yeast, liver, and eggs. Other good sources are beets, broccoli,
Brussels sprouts, asparagus, orange juice, cabbage, cauliflower, cantaloupe, kidney and lima beans, wheat
germ, and whole grain cereals and breads. Limit your breads though, as high carbohydrate diets can lead to
insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances and weight gain.
P/47
++If B vitamins are an issue, then increase vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) containing foods. The best sources of
pyridoxine are brewers yeast, wheat germ, organ meats (especially liver), peanuts, legumes, potatoes, and
bananas.
++If iron levels are an issue, increase your consumption of animal proteins, including meats and seafood. Liver is
by far the richest iron-containing food. Other good sources of iron-rich foods include organ meats, fish, and
poultry. Dried beans and vegetables are the best plant sources, followed by dried fruits, nuts, and whole grain
breads and cereals. Fortification of cereals, flours, and bread with iron has contributed significantly to daily
dietary iron consumption. (See Iron Panel, Low for more details)
++If calcium levels are an issue, increase calcium-containing foods, including green, leafy vegetables and organic
milk/cheese. Soft drinks, even artificially sweetened ones, contain high levels of phosphoric acid. Phosphoric
acid in the drinks can deplete calcium from the body, leading to bone loss.159
++If vitamin A levels are an issue, improve vegetable intake, especially those high in vitamin A, including:
sweet potatoes
carrots
beet
broccoli
spinach
winter squash
kale
peas
red peppers
tomato juice
apricots
++If vitamin D levels are an issue, get out in the sun! Sunlight, specifically UV-B rays, stimulate the production of
vitamin D. The current suggested exposure of hands, face and arms is 10-20 minutes, three times a week.
However, this provides only 200-400 IU of vitamin D each time or an average of 100-200 IU per day during the
summer months. Supplementing vitamin D3 along with safe sun exposure is best.
++Because the body needs 30-60 minutes to absorb vitamin D from made from the sun, it is best to delay
showering or bathing for one hour after exposure. Use cholesterol-containing skin oils and wear appropriate
sun protection if you are fair skinned.
++Vegetarian and vegan diets generally are poor sources of vitamin D. So are low-fat foods and diets.160
Decrease caffeine intake. Caffeine has been reported to negatively affect vitamin D and bone formation.161
Caffeine is included in tea, coffee and chocolate.
Supplements to Support Nutrient Deficiencies
Time Release Iron
2 tablets daily with

meals
*Use if iron levels are low
++Specially designed to provide 54 mg of

carbonyl iron (Ferronyl) per serving for a
6-to 8-hour period.
++Use with caution in men
P/48
1 tablet, 2 times
daily
++For calcium and magnesium support

and glutamic acid.
fractures by 24 % and significantly reduces

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
*Use if calcium and/or magnesium

levels are low or trending low
Cal/Mag 1001
Oxidative Stress
Amino Acid Trends
++Decreased cysteine, taurine, methionine
Potential Nutrient Imbalances

++Decreased glutathione production168
++Increased oxidative stress
++Leads to chronic health problems like inflammation, hormonal
imbalances, blood sugar problems and insulin resistance,
type 2 diabetes, sleep disorders, heart problems, accelerated
aging and cancer169,170
P/49
initiates the inflammatory signaling pathways.171,172 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental
with a cup of fresh berries or other fruit in a blender with unsweetened almond milk or quality water.
++Stay away from inflammatory foods, like high fructose corn syrup, fried foods, baked goods, refined sugar and
carbohydrates, processed, preserved foods (like lunchmeats, wieners, fast foods), artificial sweeteners, dyes
and chemical additives, saturated fats founds in fatty meats and dairy. These foods can imbalance immunity
and increase oxidative stress.
game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body.173
++The exposure to pesticides, chemical additives, preservatives and heavy metals (like lead and mercury) in foods
should be eliminated. These contaminants can increase oxidative stress on the body.174 Use organic foods
where possible to avoid contaminants, including meats.
++No alcohol until levels return to the normal range
imbalance immunity and increase oxidative stress.175
pharmacist.
++Exercise routinely, at least 30 minutes daily 3-4 times a week; exercise can help improve digestion of food.
++Other recommended Life Time Fitness Lab Tests if oxidative stress is an issue include:
Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium
IgG Food Sensitivity Panel

P/50
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant176
++Helps improve energy production,
regulate blood glucose levels and aids in
detoxification177
Aller DMG
1 tablet, 2-3 times

daily

and polyphenols.
supports immune function178
Kyolic Reserve
1 capsule (600mg),
1-3 times daily
++Aged garlic is an antioxidant and helps

improve the antioxidant glutathione levels
in the liver and detoxification of the liver179
++Aged garlic also helps with immunity,
protects against heart disease and may
decrease the risk for certain cancers180
++Aged garlic has been reported not to
interact with blood-thinning medicines,
such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin).181
However, if you take blood-thinning
medications, you should be under the
supervision of a doctor before taking any
supplement.

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

& isolate, SunfiberTM medium chain
blend.
Alpha lipoic acid
P/51
4 capliques daily, 2
with dinner


Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.187
health.188,189
interaction.190

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source191
helping to raise the levels of glutathione
(GSH).192
(30gm)
Methyl-Guard
1 capsule 2 times
daily

++Supplies vitamin B12, Vitamin B6
and folate along with trimethylglycine
(betaine)193
*If homocysteine is elevated
Life Time Fitness

LeanSource Weight Loss
P/52
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily
++Supports gastrointestinal health and

decreases inflamation194
foods
500 - 750mg 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver196
P/53
ALBUMIN
Albumin is a protein made in the liver from dietary protein. Albumin makes up about 60% of total blood plasma
proteins. Its functions include helping maintain fluid volume
and fluid balance in the body and as an antioxidant. Many
substances bind to albumin for transport in the blood,
including amino acids, bilirubin, calcium, cortisol, free fatty
acids, magnesium, prescription and non-prescription drugs,
and the thyroid hormone thyroxin.
Pages 54-58
P/54
Back to TOC
ALBUMIN
Reference Values
Albumin blood values
(Measured in grams per deciliter = gm/dL)
Normal range (3-60yrs)
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
Normal range (60-70yrs)
3.6 4.8 g/dL
Optimal level
4.0 - 4.5 g/dL
Why is an Albumin level needed?

An albumin level is tested routinely as part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Individuals with liver
and/or kidney problems are at highest risk for developing albumin levels that are consistently out of range. In
addition, individuals with gastrointestinal disorders who do not absorb nutrients properly or who have chronic
diarrhea can develop abnormal albumin levels.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the Albumin value?
++Mens Core Health Profile
++Womens Core Health Profile
What does a low albumin value mean?
Albumin levels that are low may indicate that you have liver and/or kidney imbalances, stomach or intestinal problems,
youve been drinking too much water or you may need extra protein in your diet.
What are steps you can take for a low albumin value?
*Laboratory tests that are out of range should always be reviewed by a doctor and you should follow his/
her recommendations.
++Increase your intake of lean, high-quality proteins in the diet, including fish, turkey, bison, grass-fed beef and
ostrich. It is best to use organic, free-range meats that are raised without chemical additives, hormones and
antibiotics.
with a cup of fresh berries or other fruit in a blender with rice milk or quality water.
++It is important to limit your carbohydrate intake. Excess carbohydrate intake is associated with non alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increase quality proteins and fresh vegetables.
P/55
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass.
performance.

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
65gm) in the
healthy beverage

blend.
++Helps support digestive function.200, 201

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
morning after
breakfast and
3 capsules with
dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.203
(GSH).204
(30gm)
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver205
P/56
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
support for the liver206
T.A.P.S
What does a high albumin value mean?

Albumin levels in the higher range may indicate that you have gastrointestinal imbalances, liver/kidney imbalances,
dehydration, or a possible vitamin A deficiency.
What are steps you can take for a high albumin value?

DISCLAIMER: Laboratory tests that are out of range should always be reviewed by a doctor and you should follow his/her recommendations.

++Increase water intake stay hydrated; a minimum of 2 liters of filtered water daily is recommended
++It is important to limit your carbohydrate intake. Excess carbohydrate intake is associated with NAFLD.
Increase quality proteins and fresh vegetables.
++Decrease protein intake, including eggs, meats, fish, shellfish, beans;
++Improve vegetable intake, especially those high in vitamin A, including:
sweet potatoes
carrots
beets
broccoli
spinach
winter squash
kale
peas
red peppers
tomato juice
apricots
vegetables (like cabbage, broccoli), garlic, onions
++Limit alcohol intake.
P/57
L-glutamine
1-4 capsules
(500mg-2 grams)
daily in divided
doses
++Supports digestive tract tissue and

immune function209

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver211
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks
++Contains significant quantities of

detoxifying herbs, minerals, and probiotics,
P/58
Albumin/Globulin
(A/G) Ratio
The Albumin/Globulin ratio, also called the A/G ratio, is a test
to determine albumin and globulin levels, both proteins found
in the blood.
Pages 59-62
P/59
Back to TOC
ALBUMIN/GLOBULIN
(A/G) RATIO
Reference Values
Albumin blood values
(Measured in grams per deciliter = gm/dL)
Normal A/G ratio:
1.1 2.4
Why is an Albumin/Globulin ratio level needed?

The Albumin/Globulin (A/G) ratio is tested routinely as part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). The
A/G ratio is a way of determining whether albumin or globulin is out of the normal range, instead of checking each
separately. Typically, the body will have a little more albumin than globulins and the A/G ratio will be just over 1.0.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests report the Albumin/Globulin ratio?
What does a lowered A/G ratio mean?
An overproduction of globulins or an underproduction of albumin will result in a low A/G ratio, which may indicate liver
imbalances and chronic inflammatory conditions such as autoimmunity.
What are steps you can take for a lowered A/G ratio?


and chemical additives, saturated fats founds in fatty meats and dairy.
++It is important to limit your carbohydrate intake. Excess carbohydrate intake is associated with NAFLD.213
P/60
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant214
L-glutamine
1-4 capsules
(500mg-2 grams)
daily in divided
doses

immune function216

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver218
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
What does an elevated A/G ratio mean?

A high A/G ratio may mean that there is too little production of immunoglobulins, and immune imbalances may
be present.
What are steps you can take for an elevated A/G ratio?


++Cut out refined sugars and carbohydrates to decrease inflammation and improve insulin function. Insulin
resistance can lower your immunity.
and antibiotics in our food supply can lead to imbalances in the immune system. Foods that you should
avoid include processed meats, frozen dinners, preserved meats like hot dogs or bacon, fast foods, artificial
ingredients and sweeteners, anything with MSG or monosodium glutamate.
++Drink at least 8 glasses of filtered water daily to improve detoxification and hydration.
P/61
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance221

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source226
(GSH).227
(30gm)
Moducare
1-3 capsules, 2-3

times daily
++If immune imbalance is present

++A mixture of plant sterols/sterolins
++Helps support immunity by balancing
immune components228
++Also helps control inflammation
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
(For more information on Albumin and Globulins, refer to individual listings)
P/62
Alkaline
Phosphatase
(ALP)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in all body
tissues, but is found most predominantly in the liver and
bone. ALP is produced in the cells of the bone and liver with
some activity in the kidney, intestine, and placenta. Blood
levels increase when bones are growing; thus children have
higher levels than adults do. High levels of ALP can be seen in
imbalances of the bone and minerals and/or the liver. Elevated
ALP is also present in pregnancy. ALP can be increased if you
take prescription and non-prescription medicines on a chronic
basis, including aspirin and oral contraceptives.
ALP levels should always be measured after fasting because
enzyme levels increase as much as 30 U/L after food ingestion.
Due to the release of intestinal enzymes, individuals with blood
group O and B can have increased ALP levels after eating a
fatty meal.
Pages 63-69
P/63
Back to TOC
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Reference Values
ALP blood values
(Measured in international units per liter = IU/L)
Female 15-20 yrs
45 - 400 IU/L
Female 20-60 yrs
25-150 IU/L
Female 60-100 yrs
25 - 165 IU/L
Male 15-20 yrs
45 - 400 IU/L
Male 20-60 yrs
25-150 IU/L
Male 60-100 yrs
25 - 160 IU/L
Why is an ALP level needed?

The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level is tested routinely as part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). The
primary importance of measuring ALP is to check the possibility of bone, mineral or liver imbalances.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests report the ALP value?
What does a low ALP value mean?
Low ALP levels may indicate vitamin/mineral imbalances such as too much vitamin D, or too little phosphorus,
magnesium, vitamin C, vitamin B6 and zinc. Low ALP levels may also indicate malnutrition and protein deficiency.
Medications that can decrease ALP levels include:
++Corticosteroids
++Synthetic estrogen
++Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)
++Hyperalimentation
++Ethambutol (Myambutol)
++Antiretroviral drug
++Thiazide Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, HydroDiuril)
Methclothiazide (Enduron)
Indapamide (Lozol)
Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)
++Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Triamterene (Diurenium)
Triamterene and HCTZ (Dyazide, Maxide)
P/64
++ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors)

Captopril (Capoten)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil)
Ramipril (Altace)
++Clofibrate (Atromid S)
++Azathioprine (Imuran)
++Oral contraceptives
++H2 Blockers
Cimetidine (Tagamet)
Ranitidine (Zantac)
Famotidine (Pepcid)
Nizatidine (Axid)
What are steps you can take for an elevated A/G ratio?


to use organic, free-range meats that are raised without chemical additives, hormones and antibiotics.
++Increase vitamin C, magnesium and zinc containing foods, including fresh fruits and green, leafy vegetables.
Buy organic if possible.
++If vitamin D levels are elevated, decrease intake of vitamin D containing foods such as milk and other dairy
products.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/65
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source 235
(GSH). 236
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver240
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin

Isolate
What does a high ALP value mean?

High ALP values may be due to liver and gallbladder problems. A high ALP may also indicate bone and mineral
imbalances, such as osteoporosis. Medications that can increase ALP include:
++Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
++Antibiotics, including erythromycin and other causing antibiotic allergies
++Anti-inflammatory medicines, including ibuprofen (Advil)
++Birth control pills
++Oral hypoglycemic medications, such as metformin (Glucophage) and chlorpropamide (Diabenese)
++Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and other phenothiazines
++Corticosteroids, such as cortisone (Prednisone)
++Methyltestosterone
++Methyldopa (Aldomet)
++Narcotic pain medicines, including Lortab, Vicodin, Percocet
++Propranolol (Inderal)
++Tricyclic antidepressants, including amitriptylline (Elavil)
P/66
++Bisphosphonates (including Fosamax, Actonel. Boniva)

++Certain Cholesterol-lowering drugs (including Questran and Colestid)
++Digoxin (Lanoxin)
++Potassium sparing diuretics (Dyazide/Maxide)
++Loop diuretics (Lasix)
++Corticosteroids
++Anticonvulsants
++Tetracycline antibiotics
++Magnesium and aluminum antacids
++Ulcer drugs including H2 blockers (Tagamet, Zantac, Pepcid) and Proton pump inhibitors (Nexium,
Prilosec, Aciphex)
Certain prescription drugs can aso make your bones more brittle by depleting calcium and vitamin D. These
drugs include:
What are steps you can take for a high ALP level?


++Increase phytoestrogens in foods, including flax seed, sesame seeds, pomegranate and soy. Phytoestrogens
help support bone health.242
++Increase calcium-containing foods, such as green leafy vegetables and dairy products if you can tolerate dairy.
If vitamin D levels are low, increase intake of vitamin D containing foods such as milk and other dairy products.
drinks can deplete calcium from the body, leading to bone loss.245
++Decrease caffeine intake. Caffeine has been reported to negatively affect vitamin D and bone formation.246
++Exercise appropriately, 30 minutes daily at least 3 times a week. Physical activity and fitness may help reduce
risk of osteoporosis and fracture and fall-related injuries in men and women.247,248,249Studies have also reported
that bone mineral density in postmenopausal women can be maintained or increased with therapeutic
exercise.250
++In a study in elderly men and women, higher dietary protein intake was associated with a lower rate of agerelated bone loss.251 However, an acidic diet, which includes one high in meats, may decrease bone density.
Fruit and vegetable intake was positively associated with bone density in a 1999 study in men and women.252
P/67
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet, 2 times
daily
++Bone support
and glutamic acid.
Kyolic Reserve
1 capsule (600mg),
1-3 times daily

supplement.

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source260
(GSH).261
(30gm)
P/68
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver265
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
Vitamin D 1000
+ 1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000 IU)
daily, depending
on vitamin D lab
value
+ If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a month
++Bone support
P/69
Alanine
Aminotransferase
(ALT)
Alanine aninotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme present in the liver
and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle. ALT is also known
as SGPT or seruchronim glutamate pyruvate transaminase.
ALT is considered part of liver function tests (LFTs),
which include aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline
phosphatase, and bilirubin. When the liver is under stress,
serum ALT levels can be elevated. Plasma ALT levels are
lower in healthy children than AST until approximately 15 to 20
years of age. Plasma ALT levels then tend to be higher than
AST activity until age 60, when the activities become roughly
equal. Highest levels generally occur in the afternoon and
the lowest levels at night. A high body mass index (BMI) can
increase ALT levels by 40 to 50%. Chronic excessive alcohol
intake and drug use (both prescription, non-prescription and
recreational) can also increase ALT levels. Very high levels of
ALT (more than 10 times the highest normal level) are usually
due to acute liver inflammation, often due to a viral infection.
The ALT test is often performed in conjunction with other tests
that check for liver imbalances. Both ALT and AST levels are
reliable tests for liver health. Levels can fluctuate 10% or so
from test to test.
Pages 70-74
P/70
Back to TOC
ALANINE
ANINOTRANSFERASE
Reference Values
ALP blood values
Normal Adult Range (Male):
0.0 55 IU/L
Normal Adult Range (Female):
0.0 40 IU/L
Why is an ALT level needed?

An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level is tested routinely as part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP).
An ALT levels is generally used to determine liver and gallbladder health.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the ALT value?
What does a low ALT value mean?
ALT values that are low may indicate a vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency, but a low ALT value is generally not of
concern. Supplements that can decrease ALT include N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Medications that can lead to a
vitamin B6 deficiency include:
++Antibiotics
++Isoniazid (INH)
++Zonisamide (Zonegran)
++Theophylline (Aminophylline)
++Loop diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix) and bumetanide (Bumex)
++Hormonal replacement therapy (estrogen/progesterone)
++Penicillamine (Cupramine)
What are steps you can take for a low ALT Value?

P/71
++The best sources of B6 (pyridoxine) are wheat germ, organ meats (especially liver), peanuts, legumes,
potatoes, and bananas.
++The normal flora in the human intestinal tract also synthesizes vitamin B6.
++Stop smoking smoking lowers vitamin B6 levels.268
Pyridoxal-5-phosphate
(Vitamin B-6)
1 capsule (50mg)
daily
++Use if vitamin B6 values are low

++Can be taken as part of the Life Time
Fitness Mens or Womens Performance
Daily Multivitamin AM/PM
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

What does a high ALT value mean?

ALT values that are high may be due to liver or kidney problems, environmental intoxication (such as lead or mercury
toxicity), exposure to pesticides or other environmental chemicals), excess liver fat, obesity, chronic inflammation,
chronic alcohol abuse or a medication interaction/side effect. Medications that can increase ALT values include:
++Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
++Chemotherapy, various drugs
++NSAIDs including ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve)
++Tricyclic antidepressants including amitriptylline (Elavil)
++Antibiotics such as the tetracyclines, sulfonamides, isoniazid (INH), sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim,
nitrofurantoin, etc.
++Cardiovascular drugs such as amiodarone (Cordarone), hydralazine (Apresoline), quinidine
++Zileuton (Zyflo)
++Heparin
++Antifungal drugs
++Methotrexate (Rheumex)
++Salicylates (aspirin)
++Anticonvulsants
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Primidone (Mysoline)
(Zonegram)
P/72
++HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor)
Fluvastatin (Lescol)
Pravastatin (Pravachol)
Simvastatin (Zocor)
++Dietary supplements, including Kava (Piper methysticum), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Red yeast rice
(Monascus purpureus)
What are steps you can take for a high ALT level?


and toxins.
syndrome.273 Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup
and sugar), insulin resistance caused by eating too much refined sugar and carbs and increased oxidative
stress due to a poor diet combine to increase free fatty acid delivery to the liver. Losing weight will help
improved liver function tests.
pharmacist.
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant275
++Builds glutathione pools n the liver

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/73
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source277
(GSH).278
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver282
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks


Isolate
P/74
Aspartate
Aminotransferase
(AST)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, also called SGOT or serum
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) is an enzyme normally
found in many tissues of the body, including liver, heart,
muscle, kidney, and brain. AST is released into blood when
any one of these tissues is out of balance.
AST values can be altered due to several factors. AST levels
are about 15% higher in African American than Caucasian
men, while obese men may have mildly elevated AST levels.
Moderate exercise increases AST levels for as long as 24
hours, usually less than 3 times the upper limit of normal. AST
levels can fluctuate between 5 - 10% from one day to the next
in the same individual.
The AST test is often performed in conjunction with other tests
that check for liver imbalances. Both AST and ALT levels are
reliable tests for liver health.
Pages 75-79
P/75
Back to TOC
ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
Reference Values
AST blood values
Normal Adult Range
0.0 40.0 IU/L
Why is an AST level needed?

An aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP).
AST levels are generally used to determine liver and gallbladder health.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the AST value?
What does a low AST value mean?
AST values that are low may indicated a vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency, but a low AST is generally not of concern.
Pregnancy may also cause lower than normal AST levels. Supplements that can decrease AST include N-acetyl
cysteine (NAC). Medications that can lead to a vitamin B6 deficiency include:
++Antibiotics
++Isoniazid (INH)
++Zonisamide (Zonegran)
++Theophylline (Aminophylline)
++Loop diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix) and bumetanide (Bumex)
++Hormonal replacement therapy (estrogen/progesterone)
++Penicillamine (Cupramine)
What are steps you can take for a low AST value?


++The best sources of B6 (pyridoxine) are brewers yeast, wheat germ, organ meats (especially liver), peanuts,
legumes, potatoes, and bananas.
++The normal flora in the human intestinal tract also synthesize vitamin B6.
++Stop smoking smoking lowers vitamin B6 levels.284
P/76
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

Pyridoxal-5-phosphate
(Vitamin B-6)
1 capsule (50mg)
daily
++Can be taken as part of the Life Time

Fitness Mens or Womens Performance
Daily Multivitamin AM/PM
What does a high AST value mean?

AST values that are increased may be due to liver or kidney imbalances, environmental intoxication (such as lead
or mercury poisoning, exposure to pesticides or other environmental chemicals), excess liver fat, obesity, chronic
inflammation, chronic alcohol abuse or a medication interaction/side effect.
Medications that can increase AST values include:
++Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
++Chemotherapy, various drugs
++NSAIDs including ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve)
++Tricyclic antidepressants including amitriptylline (Elavil)
++Antibiotics such as the tetracyclines, sulfonamides, isoniazid (INH), sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim,
nitrofurantoin, etc.
++Cardiovascular drugs such as amiodarone (Cordarone), hydralazine (Apresoline), quinidine
++Zileuton (Zyflo)
++Heparin
++Antifungal drugs
++Methotrexate (Rheumex)
++Salicylates (aspirin)
++Anticonvulsants
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Primidone (Mysoline)
(Zonegram)
++HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
Lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor)
Fluvastatin (Lescol)
Pravastatin (Pravachol)
Simvastatin (Zocor)
P/77
What are steps you can take for a high AST level?

++Dietary supplements, including Kava (Piper methysticum), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), Red yeast rice
(Monascus purpureus)

and toxins.
garden.
++It is important to limit your carbohydrate intake. Excess carbohydrate intake is associated with non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Increase quality proteins and fresh vegetables. NAFLD is a common condition
associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft
drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup), insulin resistance caused by eating too much refined sugar and
carbohydrates and increased oxidative stress due to a poor diet combine to increase fat in the liver. Losing
weight will help improve liver function tests.
pharmacist.
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant291
++Supports glutathione production in the liver

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/78
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source294
(GSH).295
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver299
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks


Isolate
P/79
Bilirubin
Billirubin is a yellow product in the blood that occurs due to
the destruction of hemoglobin and aging red blood cells
(erythrocytes). 80% of bilirubin comes from hemoglobin, the
iron-containing component of red blood cells that transports
oxygen to tissues. Bilirubin is excreted in urine and bile
(produced by the liver). Bilirubin values are elevated in liver
and gallbladder problems.
The liver produces and secretes bile into the intestines to
help digest dietary fat. The liver also removes toxic chemicals
or waste products from the blood, including bilirubin. After
bilirubin enters the cells of the liver, other chemicals (primarily
glucuronic acid) attach to bilirubin (called conjugation) and the
complex (called conjugated bilirubin or direct bilirubin) is then
excreted into the bile and eliminated through the feces. Direct
or conjugated bilirubin is measured separately from bilirubin
not removed from the blood (termed unconjugated or indirect
bilirubin). Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels are measured
in the blood, whereas indirect bilirubin levels are derived from
the total and direct bilirubin measurements. A change in
bilirubin level typically indicates liver stress.
Jaundice is a condition in which a person's skin and the whites
of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an increased level of
bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver problems. When
there is too much bilirubin being produced for the liver to
remove from the blood, the result of which is jaundice.
Pages 80-84
P/80
Back to TOC
BILIRUBIN
Reference Values
Bilirubin blood value
Measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
Bilirubin, Total
0.0 1.2 mg/dL
Bilirubin, Direct
0.0 0.4 mg/dL
Why is an Bilirubin level needed?

A bilirubin level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). A bilirubin test is used to evaluate
liver health, and assess how well your body breaks down, changes, and uses bilirubin.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the Bilirubin value?
What does a low Bilirubin value mean?
A bilirubin level that is low may indicate liver or gallbladder problems, excessive fat digestion or diets low in nitrogen
foods (like legumes). Medications that can lead to a low total bilirubin value include:
++Barbiturates
++Caffeine
++Penicillin
++Salicylates such as aspirin, in high doses
What are steps you can take for a low Bilirubin Value?


++Stop drinking beverages with caffeine, including coffee and tea, until your levels return to normal.
++It is important to limit your carbohydrate intake. Excess carbohydrate intake is associated with NAFLD.
P/81
++Increase quality proteins and fresh vegetables.

++Do not take OTC pain relievers, including aspirin.
++Increase nitrogen-bearing foods, including legumes (beans) and lean red meats like bison and organic beef.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source306
(GSH).307
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
What does a high Bilirubin value mean?

Bilirubin values that are increased may be due to liver or gallbladder problems, environmental intoxication (such as
lead or mercury poisoning, exposure to pesticides or other environmental chemicals), chronic alcohol abuse or a
P/82
++Allopurinol
++Anabolic steroids
++Antibiotics, including sulfonamides
++Antimalaria medications (Rifampin, isoniazide)
++Azathioprine (Imuran)
++Chlorpropamide (Diabinese)
++Cholinergics
++Opiates, including codeine, morphine, meperidine, oxycodone
++MAO inhibitors
++Epinephrine
++Methotrexate
++Nicotinic acid
++Quinidine
++Theophylline
medication interaction/side effect. Medications that can increase bilirubin values include:
What are steps you can take for a high Bilirubin level?


and toxins.
garden.
pharmacist.
P/83
Alpha lipoic acid
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage
++Antioxidant

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source317
(GSH).318
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver322
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

P/84
BUN
(Blood Urea
Nitrogen)
The BUN, or blood urea nitrogen, lab test measures the
amount of nitrogen produced in the blood from urea, a waste
product made in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. The
BUN test, along with a creatinine test, indicates how well your
kidneys are moving the toxin urea out of the body.
Pages 85-89
P/85
Back to TOC
BUN
(BLOOD UREA NITROGEN)
Reference Values
BUN blood value
(Measured in milligrams per deciliter = mg/dL)
Normal Range (Adults):
5 26 mg/dL
BUN:Creatinine ratio (Adults):
8 27
Why is an BUN level needed?

A BUN level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). A BUN blood test is used together
with the creatinine blood level to determine the BUN/Creatinine ratio, an indicator of kidney health. A high BUN
level may mean the kidneys are stressed. If the BUN level is rising, it is an indication that the kidneys may not doing
their job of removing urea from the blood. Chronic use of prescription or over the counter pain medications such as
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs (including ibuprofen or Advil and naproxsyn or Aleve), aspirin and
acetaminophen (Tylenol) has been associated with development of kidney imbalances. Overall kidney function is best
evaluated when looking at BUN and creatinine together, called the BUN/Creatinine Ratio. You should watch your
kidney values closely as you are aging as it an indicator of kidney imbalances, which can be common in those with
a history of high blood sugar and high blood pressure.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the BUN value?
What does a low total BUN value mean?
BUN levels that are low are not common and generally should not be of concern. Low levels may indicate a liver
imbalance or malnutrition/protein deficit. Muscle injuries and too much water (over hydration) may also decrease
BUN levels. A low BUN level can occur normally in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
What are steps you can take for a low BUN Value?


++Decrease your fluid intake if you have been drinking lots of water.
++Do not take OTC pain relievers, including aspirin.
P/86
drinks can also deplete calcium from the body, leading to bone loss.324
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant325

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source330
(GSH).331
(30gm)
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
P/87
BUN values that are increased may be due to kidney imbalances, including dehydration. A high BUN level may
indicate your kidneys are not filtering toxins out properly. The number one cause of kidney failure is diabetes, followed
by hypertension, which can be a result of insulin resistance and obesity. A diet high in protein can also increase a
BUN value, as can exercise, age and sex (men generally have higher BUN values than women).
What does a high BUN value mean?
++Corticosteroids
++Tetracycline antibiotics
++Samdimmune (cyclosporine)
++Immuran (azathioprine)
++Diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix) and hydrochlorothiazide
What are steps you can take for a high BUN level?


++Lose weight. Studies report kidney imbalances when you are overweight or obese.334 If you are overweight or
obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness LeanSource Weight Loss
Supplement.
++Eating a lower carbohydrate diet can help keep your kidneys healthy by decreasing blood sugar imbalances
and insulin resistance.335 A decline in kidney function often seen in diabetes and obesity. Eat more quality
protein, including lean meats, beans and nuts (as a snack).
and insulin levels, resulting in kidney imbalances.337
++Limit meats, at least to once daily.
and toxins.
garden.
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant338
P/88
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance340

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
chromium picolinate
P/89
Calcium
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body.
Average healthy males contain about 2.5 to 3 pounds of
calcium while females contain about 2 pounds. Approximately
99% of calcium is present in the bones and teeth, which leaves
only about 1% in cells and body fluids. In bones and teeth,
calcium exists primarily as hydroxyappatite, which is a calcium
carbonate/calcium phosphate crystalline compound that
provides rigidity and strength to these tissues.
Pages 90-94
P/90
Back to TOC
CALCIUM
Reference Values
ALP blood values
Normal Range (adults, 18-59 yrs) 8.7 10.2 mg/dL
Normal Range (adults, 59 > yrs)
8.6 10.2 mg/dL
Why is a Calcium blood level needed?

A calcium level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). Calcium is an important and
essential nutrient found in the body. Calcium is involved in the development of strong bones and teeth, plays a crucial
role in nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, proper enzyme function and nerve transmission, and is used for
energy production by muscles. Appropriate levels of calcium are critical to decrease the chances of developing bone
and mineral imbalances, and testing for blood calcium levels can let you know if you are susceptible to conditions
relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys and teeth.
The importance for all individuals to take adequate amounts of calcium in their diet is well known. As people age,
they should increase their intake of calcium, particularly for bone strength. Calcium regulation is maintained by the
parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin through complex feedback loops. Calcium also is affected by
magnesium and phosphorus levels.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Calcium value?
What does a low-calcium value mean?
Calcium levels that are low generally do not cause any symptoms, unless the levels are very low. Symptoms can
include tingling extremities (fingers/toes) and muscle cramping. Low-calcium levels can be caused by kidney
imbalances, malnutrition/low protein levels and alcoholism. Some foods in your diet can actually lead to low-calcium
levels, especially those containing phytic acid and oxalic acid, which may bind to calcium and pull it from the body.
These foods include spinach, collards, sweet potatoes, rhubarb and beans. Fiber from wheat bran contains high
levels of phytates and may decrease calcium absorption. Low levels of magnesium and vitamin D can also lead to
calcium deficiencies, as can too much phosphorus in the diet. If low-calcium levels are left untreated, then bone
disease is likely to occur in old age.
Certain prescription drugs can also make your bones more brittle by depleting calcium. These drugs include:
++Some antibiotics like tetracycline
++Anticonvulsants like carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin) and Phenobarbital
P/91
++Steroids
++Antiretroviral drugs for HIV
++Loop diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix)
++Potassium sparing diuretics like triamterene (Dyazide, Maxide)
++Digoxin
++Cholesterol-lowering drugs called bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine or Questran)
++Mineral oil
++Phosphate enema
++Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis like Fosamax, Boniva, Actonel
++Anti-ulcer drugs
++Colchicine for gout
What are steps you can take for a low-calcium value?


++Increase your intake of lean, high-quality proteins in the diet, including fish, turkey, bison and ostrich. Legumes
(beans) are also good sources of quality protein. It is best to use organic, free-range meats that are raised
without chemical additives, hormones and antibiotics.
Snack on almonds or Brazil nuts.
++Stop smoking.
++Exercise appropriately, 30 minutes daily at least 3 times a week. Physical activity and fitness may help reduce
risk of osteoporosis and fracture and fall-related injuries in men and women.349,350,351 Studies have also reported
that bone mineral density in postmenopausal women can be maintained or increased with therapeutic
exercise.352 Increase weight-bearing exercises, which include walking, cycling and weight training. These
exercises can help slow down bone loss or osteoporosis.353 Swimming, yoga and dancing are also good
activities to help decrease stress.
P/92
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet, 2 times
daily
++Bone support
and glutamic acid.

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source360
(GSH).361
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/93
+ 1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000 IU)
daily, depending
on vitamin D lab
value
+ If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a month
++Bone support
Vitamin D 1000
What does a high calcium value mean?

Calcium levels that are high may be due to parathyroid problems or dehydration. Too much vitamin D can also lead to
high calcium values.
What are steps you can take for a high calcium level?


++Increase fluid intake; drink at least 2 liters of filtered water daily
++Substitute green tea for your morning coffee. Use organic green tea (sencha preferred). Steep 1-2 teaspoonfuls
in a cup of hot water, strain, drink 2-3 times daily.
++Decrease vitamin D intake, including dairy products.
++Incorporate low-calcium foods into your diet, such as chicken, cottage cheese, pinto beans, eggplant, apples,
beets, grapes, tomatoes, pineapple, strawberries, cantaloupe, asparagus.
++Increase foods that help detoxify the kidneys, including asparagus, artichoke, melons, parsley
++Stay out of the sun as much as possible; wear sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) and cover exposed body parts
until calcium levels return to normal
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Tyrosine
500-1000mg daily
++Amino acid
++Supports thyroid hormone metabolism367
contain tyrosine.
P/94
Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte that, along with sodium and
potassium, helps balance the fluid inside and outside of
your cells. Chloride also helps to maintain blood pressure
through proper blood volume and pH. In addition, chloride is
instrumental for normal metabolism, or the process of turning
food into energy. Of interest is that sea water has almost
the same concentration of chloride ion as fluids found in the
human body.
Pages 95-99
P/95
Back to TOC
CHLORIDE
Reference Values
Chloride blood values
(Measured in millimoles per liter = mmol/L)
Normal Range (Adults)
97 108 mmol/L
Why is a Chloride blood level needed?

A chloride level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). The normal way we obtain
chloride is through food and table salt, which is made up of sodium and chloride. Most of the chloride is absorbed
by the gastrointestinal tract, and the excess is excreted in urine. The amount of chloride in your blood is carefully
controlled by your kidneys, so out of balance chloride levels may be due to kidney problems. Your salt consumption
will also affect chloride levels, as too much salt intake will increase chloride. Fluid intake also affects chloride levels.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Chloride value?
What does a low Chloride value mean?
Low levels of chloride may indicate overhydration (too much water) or not enough salt in the diet. Profuse sweating
can lead to chloride loss, as can diarrhea and vomiting. When your body is too alkaline, or basic, then your chloride
level may also be low.
The following drugs can cause a depletion of sodium and chloride:
++ACE Inhibitors
++Bicarbonates
++Salicylates
++Loop Diuretics (like Lasix or furosemide)
++Thiazide Diuretics (like hydrochlorothiazide or HCTZ)
++Colchicine
What are steps you can take for a low chloride value?


++Increase your intake of more acidic foods, such as shellfish (if no allergy), fish, eggs and dairy, most meats
(especially organ meats), grains (if no allergy).
P/96
++It is best to use organic, free-range meats that are raised without chemical additives, hormones and antibiotics.
++Increase your intake of foods with natural chloride such as celery, lettuce, olives and tomatoes
++Decrease fluid intake.
++Get at least 7-8 hours of sleep a night.
++If you take antacids or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) for stomach problems frequently, this can lead to low
chloride levels. Stop taking antacids.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Tyrosine
500-1000mg daily
++Amino acid
contain tyrosine.
What does a high chloride value mean?

A chloride level that is high can be due to too much salt (sodium/chloride) consumption, high sodium water (like
mineral water), diarrhea, and excess cortisol release (high stress levels). If your body is in an acidic state (called
metabolic acidosis), then you may have an elevated chloride level.
Prescription and Non-prescription Drugs that can increase chloride levels include:
++Acetazolamide
++Ammonium chloride
++Androgens (including testosterone)
P/97
++Cortisone
++Estrogen
++Guanethidine
++Methyldopa
++Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve)
What are steps you can take for a high chloride level?


++Increase your intake of alkaline foods, including figs (watch the sugar content), lima beans, apricots, spinach,
turnip, raisins (again watch the sugar content), almonds/Brazil nuts. Vegetable broth and juices are alkalinizing.
++Avoid prepackaged dinners and smoked, pickled or cured meats like jerky, hot dogs, ham and canned meats
which are all high in sodium
++Avoid fast foods.
++Decrease stress; yoga, exercise, meditation can help.
++Keep well hydrated. Drink at least 2 liters of filtered water daily.
++Avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these can lead to electrolyte disturbances.
++IF you are using salt-free alternatives, stop and use regular salt again.
++Get at least 7-8 hours of sleep nightly.
Womens
Performance Daily
Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

l-Theanine
100-200mg, 1-2
times daily

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/98
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily
++Use for stress

amurense).
balance
levels
Relora Plex
* If under chronic stress
P/99
CO2
(Carbon dioxide/
Bicarbonate)
CO2 (or carbon dioxide) is a normal by-product of respiration.
We take oxygen into our lungs, where it is transferred into the
blood and bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells (RBCs).
Then the oxygen is carried to the tissues for nourishment.
When the oxygen is metabolized and used up, carbon dioxide
is produced. CO2 is then picked up by the hemoglobin in
RBCs and taken back to the lungs for exhalation into the air.
RBCs contain an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which
metabolizes CO2 into bicarbonate. Bicarbonate helps control
the pH in your blood and it later excreted either via your lungs
or your kidneys. Some CO2 is dissolved directly into the
blood directly and a small amount is actually carried on the
hemoglobin molecules. However, most CO2 is converted to
bicarbonate.
More than 90% of carbon dioxide in your blood exists in the
form of bicarbonate (HCO3). The remainder of the carbon
dioxide is either dissolved carbon dioxide gas (CO2) or
carbonic acid (H2CO3). Too much carbon dioxide in the blood
can result in a condition called hypercapnia, and may represent
too much CO2 in the lungs (respiratory acidosis) or metabolic
alkalosis. Conversely, too little carbon dioxide in the blood
results in hypocapnia, which may represent not enough CO2 in
the lungs (respiratory alkalosis) or metabolic acidosis.
Pages 100-106
P/100
Back to TOC
CO2
(CARBON DIOXIDE
BICARBONATE)
Reference Values
Bicarbonate blood values
(In millimoles per liter = mmol/L)
20 - 32 mmol/L
Why is a CO2 blood level needed?

A CO2 level (also called bicarbonate) is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). CO2 levels
help determine if you have acid/base imbalances. The CO2 level is related to the respiratory exchange of carbon
dioxide in the lungs and is part of the bodies buffering system.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a CO2 range?
What does a low CO2 value mean?
Low levels of CO2 are also called hypocapnia. Low CO2 levels can be caused by:
++Chronic anxiety and stress
++Liver/kidney problems
++Lung problems, like pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
++Hyperthyroidism
++Deep or rapid breathing (hyperventilating)
++Pain
++High Altitude
++Heat exhaustion
++Drugs such as aspirin, nicotine and Acetazolamide (Diamox)
++Metabolic acidosis (pH of the blood is too acidic)
++Calcium, potassium and phosphorus imbalances; hypocapnia causes a reduction of serum levels of potassium
and phosphate and a reduction in free serum calcium.
++Diabetic ketoacidosis
P/101
++Anxiety
++Dizziness
++Headaches
++Nausea/Vomiting
++Diarrhea
++Abdominal pain
++Chest pain; heart palpitations
++Mental confusion
++Fast heartbeat (tachycardia)
++Tingling in hands and feet
++Muscle cramps and muscle contractions known as tetany
++Visual disturbances
Symptoms of low CO2 levels include:
What are steps you can take for a low CO2 value?


++Eat foods that are less acidic. Increase your intake of alkaline (basic) foods, including figs (watch the sugar
content), lima beans, apricots, spinach, turnip, raisins (again watch the sugar content), almonds/Brazil nuts.
Vegetable broth and juices are alkalinizing.
++Decrease protein intake, especially from red meats.
++You can increase your protein also by using a protein supplement. There are several kinds of protein drinks
on the market, but many of these contain sugar and added chemical ingredients. Life Time Fitness Peak
Performance Whey Protein Isolate is an excellent source of high-quality, easily digestible protein. You can mix
the protein powder with a cup of fresh berries or other fruit in a blender with almond milk or quality water.
++Dietary factors that decrease phosphorus include eating foods high in fructose.382 Fructose is found in fruits
and high fructose corn syrup, which is in most condiments like ketchup and sweetened beverages.
++Increase potassium in the diet. Potassium-rich foods include fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, meat, and
dairy. A baked potato with the skin left on is very high in potassium. A vegetarian diet can lead to potassium
deficiency
++Salt substitutes contain potassium, but they can lead to iodine deficiency. Make sure the salt substitute has
iodine added.
P/102
disorder of sustained excitation of the body's stress response system.383

++A low allergen diet (no wheat, no dairy or other identified food allergens) can be helpful. Food allergies and
sensitivities can elevate cortisol and histamine levels along with other stress hormones that can keep your brain
overexcited and decrease you ability to sleep properly.
++Exercise and other physical activity are essential in managing stress. At least 30 minutes of exercise daily,
5 days a week is recommended.
++Decrease stress; yoga, exercise, meditation can help.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet 2 times
daily
++Bone support
and glutamic acid.
L-theanine
100-200mg, 1-2
times daily

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/103
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily
* If under chronic stress
++Use in chronic stress

amurense).
balance
levels.392 Relora can increase salivary
DHEA and decreases salivary morning
cortisol levels393
Relora Plex
What does a high CO2 value mean?

High levels of CO2 are called hypercapnia. High levels can occur with:
++Lung problems like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema
++Severe vomiting
++Metabolic alkalosis
++Alcohol abuse
++High levels of calcium
++Motor neuron problems, like Lou Gehrigs disease
Symptoms associated with an elevated CO2 level include:
++Shortness of breath
++Dizziness and loss of consciousness
++Flushed skin
++Rapid pulse
++High blood pressure
++Disorientation
++Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
++Muscle weakness and twitches
What are steps you can take for a high CO2 level?


++Eat a modified lower carbohydrate diet, decreasing the amount of high starch foods like grains, breads, pastas
and high carb veggies such as potatoes, corn.
P/104
++Increase nitrogen-bearing foods, including legumes (beans) and lean red meats like bison and organic beef,
fish, turkey, lamb and ostrich.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Europe wont accept hormoneladen U.S. beef because of the health risks. Chicken should also be cage free, and free of antibiotics. Grassfed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids that act to reduce inflammation
chemistry and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
++Eat more acidic foods, like meats, beans, fermented (cabbage, other vegetables), dairy (if no allergy, including
yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream), eggs, liver and other organ meats, shellfish (if no food allergy) aged cheeses.
Include a digestive enzyme supplement.
++Increase iron in the diet. Iron helps carry oxygen to tissues and helps with body pH balance. Dried beans are
also a good source of iron, followed by dried fruits (watch sugar content), nuts, and whole grain breads and
cereals. Fortification of juices, cereals, flours, and bread with iron has contributed significantly to daily dietary
iron consumption, although watch your carbohydrate intake and food allergies, as wheat is a major allergen.
initiates the inflammatory signaling pathways.394,395
++Keep well hydrated. Drink at least 2 liters of filtered water daily.
++Avoid alcohol, as these can lead to electrolyte disturbances.
++Decrease antacid intake, especially if containing magnesium and calcium. Tums contain calcium.
++Stop smoking and chewing tobacco.
++Get at least 7-8 hours of sleep nightly. Sleep apnea is associated with increased CO2 levels and increased
oxidative stress. Lose weight sleep apnea is directly related to belly fat and obesity
++Exercise, even a small daily amount, This helps you sleep and will help with controlling respiration when resting.
Plan a regular exercise 30-minute routine 3 to 5 times a week or work more exercise, such as walking, into
your daily routine. Combination of aerobics and strength training if possible is best.
++Dont eat or exercise too late in the evening, as this can disrupt sleeping patterns. It is best to eat your last
meal of the day before 7pm, giving your body time to digest the foods you have eaten. An evening meal that
contains complex carbohydrates, such as brown rice, can help stimulate serotonin.
P/105

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

Adrenomend
2-4 capsules, daily

with food

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Sleep Solve 24/7
1 capsule daily, 1
hour before bedtime

++Melatonin decreased with increased
cortisol levels401
* Use if have trouble falling or

staying asleep
P/106
CORTISOL
Cortisol, or hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid hormone.
Corticosteroids are also called glucocorticoids, and are
produced in the cortex (outer layer) of the adrenal glands.
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys (actually
resting on top of them) and help regulate blood pressure,
blood mineral content, regulate the bodys response to
danger or stress, and help maintain healthy thyroid function
through the secretion of various hormones, including the
principle stress hormone cortisol.
Cortisol is released in response to stress or a sudden
drop in glucocorticoids found in the blood. The release
leads to increases in blood sugar levels and the storage
of sugar in the liver as glycogen. Normally, the adrenal
cortex secretes approximately 15-20 mg of cortisol per
day. When too much cortisol is produced over long periods
of time, such as in chronic stress and sleep imbalances, it
promotes inflammation, alters blood sugar control and insulin
resistance, causes fat storage and increased belly fat,
affects immune function, imbalances the probiotic flora in the
intestines and alters sex hormone production, all leading to
imbalances in metabolism.
A stressful lifestyle can lead to consistently high levels
of cortisol that can be damaging to your metabolism.
A Cortisol level is a measure of your individual response to
stress and adrenal imbalances. DHEA-S salivary levels are
tested along with cortisol to determine adrenal function and
as an indicator of stress level, mental performance, and
insulin resistance.
Pages 107-114
P/107
Back to TOC
CORTISOL
Reference Values
Cortisol blood values
(Measured in micrograms per deciliter = g/dL)
Normal Range (Adult)
2.3 - 19.4 g/dL
AM
6.2 - 19.4 g/dL
PM
2.3-11.9 g/dL
Cortisol Salivary values for Life Time Fitness Stress and Resilience Test only
(Measured in nanograms per milliliter = ng/mL)
C1 - Morning
3.7 9.5 ng/ml
C2 - Noon
1.2 3.0 ng/ml
C3 - Evening
0.6 1.9 ng/ml
C4 - Night
0.4 1.0 ng/ml
Why is a Cortisol Salivary level needed?

High cortisol levels have wide-ranging effects on your body such as increasing inflammation, increasing blood glucose
and insulin levels, decreasing thyroid hormone production, impairing immunity, and causing weight gain. Your brain
chemistry is also influenced by hormones. Imbalances in thyroid, cortisol, DHEA and sex hormones can lead to
depression, anxiety, insomnia, and most importantly, cognitive decline.
A cortisol salivary test is an indicator of adrenal function and is recommended with those individuals under high stress
and those with fatigue, easy weight gain, brain fogginess and sleep disturbances. The test collects your saliva over
a 24 hour period, in the morning, noon, evening, and nighttime, in order to assess the corresponding cortisol levels. In
normal people, cortisol levels are very low at bedtime and highest just after waking.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Cortisol range?
++Mens Sex Hormone Premium Profile
++Womens Sex Hormone Premium Profile
++Stress and Resilience (salivary level)
++Energy and Metabolism Premium Profile
++Cardio Metabolic Risk Profile Premium Profile
++Mens Longevity and Vitality Profile
++Mens Longevity and Vitality Premium Profile
++Womens Longevity and Vitality Profile
++Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium Profile
P/108
Low cortisol values can be due to an impaired stress response, which has been found in many chronic illnesses.
This typically results when a person has stress for prolonged periods of time and the body loses its ability to respond
appropriately that results in low cortisol production. Common symptoms include fatigue, chronic pain and sensitivity
to stress. Low cortisol is often confused with other problems such as depression, and has been linked to burn out,
chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, allergies and asthma, and more.
What does a low cortisol value mean?
The following drugs can cause a depletion of cortisol:

++Corticosteroid medicines, including prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone
What are steps you can take for a low cortisol value?


++It is best to use organic, free-range meats that are raised without chemical additives, hormones and antibiotics.
Cortrex
1 capsule, 2 times
daily
++Contains herbs and nutrients to help

balance the adrenal glands and the levels
of cortisol, the stress hormone407
++Contains adrenal gland extract
++If you have a heart condition or high
blood pressure, speak to a healthcare
professional before using Cortrex
P/109
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source408
(GSH).409
(30gm)
L-theanine
100-200mg, 1-2
times daily

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels415
Tyrosine
500-1000mg daily
++Amino acid
contain tyrosine.

Isolate
What does a high cortisol value mean?

High levels of CO2 are called hypercapnia. When excessive levels of cortisol are produced over long periods of time,
it promotes inflammation, alters blood sugar control (hyperinsulinemia), causes fat storage and weight gain, affects
immune and thyroid function, and alters sex hormone production.417,418,419,420
P/110
High cortisol levels block the production of serotonin (a calming neurotransmitter), which can lead to cravings for
comfort foods that are usually high in carbohydrates and sugars, like chocolate, chips and pretzels.421 In addition,
serotonin is the precursor for the primary sleep hormone melatonin. So when chronic stress is down regulating
serotonin, melatonin production will suffer, and this why chronic stress can lead to insomnia.422
Second, cortisol elevates blood sugar in ways that mimic diabetes.423,424 This raises insulin levels, leading to insulin
resistance. When the bodys cells no longer respond well to insulin, glucose cannot be transported properly into
the cells, preventing the body from breaking down fat.
Third, elevated cortisol can knock thyroid hormone levels out of balance.425 Thyroid hormones are critical for
cellular energy and your metabolic rate that helps burn fat. High cortisol levels can lower metabolism by as much
as 40%.426,427
Chronic stress can also lead to decreased levels of essential nutrients in your body, including magnesium,
chromium and zinc.428 Magnesium is important in blood sugar regulation and in control of inflammation.
Chromium is also important in blood sugar regulation, and zinc is important in the health of your immune system.
Chronic stress creates imbalances in your intestinal flora as well the beneficial bacterial, or probiotics, that help
keep your metabolism properly functioning. This can then result in a host of other problems such as headaches,
fatigue, gas/bloating, ulcers, lack of ability to concentrate, nerve pain, skin rashes, joint pain, and decreased
immune function.
Repeated exercise can induce chronically elevated cortisol levels, as can a poor diet, high in refined sugars and
carbs, artificial ingredients and low in nutrient-rich, fresh vegetables.
Cortisol is made from progesterone. So if you are under lots of stress and make excessive amounts of cortisol,
progesterone pools can decrease causing a shift in the estrogen to progesterone ratios. Cortisol will also block
progesterone receptors, making the imbalance even greater. Cortisol also lowers DHEA. DHEA maintains normal
sex hormone levels, protects immunity and is also thought to combat the effects of stress by balancing cortisol. In
addition, DHEA increases insulin sensitivity, enhances fat metabolism, increases antioxidant enzyme synthesis in
the liver, and protects against free radical damage.429,430 An increased cortisol level along with a decreased DHEA-S
level is a good indicator that your are chronically stressed.
What are steps you can take for a high cortisol level?


P/111
And even if you dont feel ill, your body probably still needs some extra protein to heal the hidden damage
may want to consider adding a protein drink to your diet.
easily digestible protein. You can mix the protein powder with a cup of fresh berries, a banana, or other fruit in
a blender with rice milk or quality water.
days a week is recommended
5-HTP Plus
1-2 capsules daily,

between meals

L-tyrosine and Lglutamine.
food cravings434
2-4 capsules, daily

with food

* Use if cravings are present
Adrenomend
P/112
with dinner

help increase thermogenesis to burn fat all promoting and sustaining weight loss.

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source438
(GSH).439
(30gm)
L-theanine
100mg, 1-2 times

daily

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels445
Life Time Fitness

P/113
1 capsule daily, 1
hour before bedtime

staying asleep

cortisol levels446
Sleep Solve 24/7
P/114
Creatinine
The creatinine test measures the amount of the protein,
creatinine, in the blood. Creatinine is a waste product created
when muscle breaks down, such as in strenuous exercise or
malnutrition. Creatinine is produced from creatine, a protein
of major importance for energy production in muscles. About
2% of your bodys creatine is converted to creatinine daily. The
creatinine test, along with a BUN test, indicates how well your
kidneys are moving toxins out of the body.
A combination of blood and urine creatinine levels may be
used to calculate a creatinine clearance rate (CRCL). This
test measures how effectively your kidneys are filtering small
molecules such as creatinine out of your blood. Serum
creatinine measurements (along with your age, weight, and
gender) also are used to calculate the estimated glomerular
filtration rate (eGFR).
Pages 115-119
P/115
Back to TOC
CREATININE
Reference Values
Blood creatinine value
Normal Range (adult males 15yrs and older)
0.76 - 1.27 mg/dL
Normal Range (adult females 15yrs and older): 0.57 - 1.0 mg/dL
Why is a Creatinine blood level needed?
A creatinine level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). A creatinine test is used
together with the BUN level to determine the BUN/Creatinine ratio, an indicator of kidney health and how well your
kidneys are filtering out toxins. Overall kidney function is best evaluated when looking at BUN and creatinine together,
called the BUN/Creatinine Ratio. You should watch your kidney values closely as you are aging as it an indicator of
kidney problems, which can be common in those with a history of high blood sugar levels and high blood pressure.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the Creatinine value?
What does a low creatinine value mean?
Low creatinine levels are not common and generally should not be of concern. Low levels may indicate a diet low
in protein or a liver imbalance. Decreases in muscle mass, such as in malnutrition, extreme weight loss, protein
deficiency, may also decrease creatinine levels. A low creatinine level can occur normally during pregnancy.
What are steps you can take for a low creatinine value?


P/116
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant448
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass
performance450

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source453
(GSH).454
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
What does a high creatinine value mean?

Creatinine levels that are increased may be due to kidney problems, including dehydration. The number one cause
of kidney failure is diabetes, followed by hypertension, which can be a result of insulin resistance and obesity, so
preventing these imbalances can improve your kidney function. A diet high in protein can also increase creatinine, as
P/117
++Cholesterol drugs called Fibrates such as gemfibrozil (Lopid)

++ACE inhibitors used as diuretics and blood pressure lowering; especially when given with ARBs or angiotensin
receptor binding drugs
++NSAIDs (includes ibuprofen, naproxyn)
++Aspirin
++Acetaminophen
++Sulfamethoxezole/trimethoprin (Bactrim)
++Vancomycin (Vancocin)
++Vitamin C
can exercise. If you take creatine, your creatinine levels may be higher than when you do not take the supplement.
Oral medications that can increase creatinine values include:
What are steps you can take for a high creatinine level?


++Lose weight. Studies report kidney imbalances when you are overweight or obese.459 If you are overweight or
Supplement.
and insulin levels, resulting in kidney imbalances. 460
++Substitute green tea for your morning coffee
++Limit meats, at least to smaller portions and once or twice daily. Creatinine levels may be 10%-30% higher in
people who eat a diet that is very high in meat.
++Make sure to use organic meats and vegetables where possible to limit the potential for chemical additives
and toxins.
P/118
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant462
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance464

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Life Time Fitness

with dinner

P/119
CRP-HS
(HIGH
SENSITIVITY)
CRP or C-reactive Protein is a critical component of the
immune system and is a complex set of proteins that our
bodies make to increase inflammation when faced with a major
infection or trauma.
On average, individuals who smoke, have high blood pressure,
are overweight, and fail to exercise tend to have high levels
of CRP, whereas thin, athletic individuals tend to have lower
levels.472 Over a dozen major studies demonstrate that baseline
levels of CRP in apparently healthy men and women are highly
predictive of future risk of heart attack, stroke, sudden cardiac
death, and the development of peripheral arterial disease.473,474
Besides being a known risk factor for heart disease, recent
research has demonstrated that C-reactive protein can
cause problems with the hunger-regulating protein, leptin.475
C-reactive protein binds with leptin, in which case the brain no
longer recognizes it, and that means you will feel hungry and
have a much harder time controlling your caloric intake.
If those calories are from simple carbohydrates and the wrong
kind of fats, (pro-inflammatory foods,) it results in more leptinunresponsive cells and the interruption of normal physiologic
control of hunger. The result: more eating, less satisfaction
and obesity.
Pages 120-125
P/120
Back to TOC
CRP-HS
(HIGH SENSITIVITY)
Reference Values
CRP-hs blood value
(Measured in milligrams per liter = mg/L)
Normal (Adult)
0.00 3.0 mg/L
Cardiovascular Risk Association

(Measured in milligrams per liter = mg/L)
Low Risk
< 1.0 mg/L
Moderate Risk
1.0 3.0 mg/L
High Risk
> 3.0 mg/L
A CRP-hs level of > 10 mg/L should be repeated within 2 weeks.

Why is a CRP-hs level needed?
C-reactive protein (CRP) itself is not a cause of heart disease, but it is a marker for inflammation that is occurring in
the body. CRP levels help determine the degree of inflammation the body is experiencing. Chronic inflammation can
lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, immune imbalances, neurological conditions
like depression, sleep disorders and, and even cancer.476
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a CRP-hs range?
++Cardio Metabolic Risk Profile
++Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium Profile
What does a low CRP-hs value mean?
Since CRP-hs is a marker for inflammation in the body, a low reading will not be discussed. Anti-inflammatory
medications may cause a low CRP value. These drugs include:
++Aspirin
++Corticosteroids like dexamethasone (Decadron), methylprednisolone (Medrol),
++NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxsen (Aleve, Naprosyn)
++Statins, including mevacor (Privastatin), simvastatin (Zocor) and lovastatin (Lipitor)
P/121
An elevated CRP-hs level generally indicates there is inflammation occurring in the body. Studies report that
individuals with elevated levels of CRP have about a 2-3 times higher risk of developing heart disease than the risk
of those with low levels.377 This doesnt mean that if you have CRP levels that trend on the high side that a heart
attack is imminent, but it does mean that there is inflammation present. There are other conditions that can raise
CRP levels, including exercise and weight training, trauma/surgery, diabetes and insulin resistance, infection (including
dental problems), irritable bowel and other gastrointestinal disturbances, cancer and a poor diet. Postmenopausal
women who take standard estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral
contraception and those pregnant tend to have elevated levels of CRP. Topical hormonal therapy does not seem to
increase CRP levels. The general aging process can also increase CRP levels.
What does an elevated CRP-hs value mean?
What are steps you can take for a high CRP-hs level?


game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. When omega-3 fats are
consumed in adequate amounts it lowers health risks, especially for heart disease, and new studies are
suggesting that adequate intakes may even help prevent obesity.478,479
servings a day.
sugars), also lead to chronically high oxidative stress and inflammation.480,481 Modifying the diet can help
decrease inflammation, physical and mental stress, all helping to balance metabolism.
++The diet should also limit other inflammatory foods, such as processed meats, chemical preservatives, and
food additives. Studies have found that nitrite or nitrate treated meats such as bacon, sausage, smoked foods,
foods, like soft drinks, condiments (ketsup, BBQ sauce), fruit juice beverages, and others. HFCS is reported to
increase inflammation in the intestinal tract and lead to problems such as liver imbalance.484
food restaurants.
organic foods where possible. Ninety percent of all pesticides used are used on our foods.
++High-fiber foods, including fresh vegetables, and beans should be part of the diet. These foods should
P/122
and decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. These foods also provide important benefits, such as
antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Make sure to include green, orange, and yellow fruits
and vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits. Cocoa is also a significant source of
antioxidants - so enjoy some low-sugar dark chocolate. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods
may help protect against inflammatory chemistry and also help regulate immune function.485
++Animal fat (saturated fat), which can raise blood cholesterol levels may need to be minimized. Some experts
believe that saturated animal fats from animals exposed to growth hormones and pesticides may also lead to
health conditions, such as hormonal imbalances and cancer and other chronic illnesses. Choose lean meats
from quality sources, organic skinless poultry, and dairy products. Red meat should always be organic grassfed when eaten and the rest of proteins should be from a variety of sources beans, fish, chicken, turkey,
buffalo/bison, and seafood.
++A low intake of magnesium can lead to higher CRP levels.486 Magnesium from nuts and seeds to help control
blood pressure and reduce blood vessel spasm. Various surveys report that between 69-73% of the U.S.
population is low in dietary magnesium.
++Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of interrupted sleep a night for the average adult. Several studies have
found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of inflammation than
those that get regular sleep.487
30 minutes of exercise daily, 5 days a week is recommended. Reduction in hs-CRP concentrations seemed to
be associated with strength gains and adiposity loss.488
++Quit smoking or tobacco use. Tobacco use is reported to increase CRP levels and inflammation489
++Drink less alcohol.
Cal/Mag 1001
Take 1 tablet 2
times daily with food
++Magnesium plays an essential role in

a wide range of fundamental cellular
reactions.
++Magnesium is involved in maintaining
already normal heart function and blood
pressure.490
++Supplies 150 mg of elemental magnesium
from bioavailable magnesium citrate in
each capsule
1 capsule (100mg)
daily
++Highly absorbable coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)

++Necessary for cellular energy and
important in heart protection
++Reported to lower blood pressure.491
Ubiquinol-QH
P/123
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance492

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
Life Time Fitness

with dinner

3 capsules in the
with dinner.
++Multivitamin/mineral supplement contains

anti-inflammatory nutrients.
++Low levels of B vitamins, especially B6
(pyridoxine), are reported to be correlated
with increased levels of CRP.498
++Vitamin E is reported to decrease
inflammatory markers like CRP499

Multivitamin AM/PM
chromium picolinate
P/124
1 2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.500
++Studies have reported that fish oil
significantly lowers C reactive protein,
compared to omega 6 fats like safflower
oil.500,502
health. 503,504
interaction.505
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
++Helps decrease inflammation including
CRP levels508
Perfusia SR
2 capsules 2 times
release L-arginine

taking lysine (500-1,000mg daily), as

Fish Oil
P/125
DHEA
DHEA or dehydroepiandosterone, is produced mainly
in the adrenal glands. DHEA helps to make the bodys
sex hormones, including testosterone, estrone, and
estradiol. In males, DHEA assists the development of
male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and can
be metabolized into the male sex hormones testosterone
and androstenedione. In women, DHEA can be made into
estrogen. It is estimated that from 30-50% of testosterone
in men and about 75% of estrogen in women is derived from
DHEA. While the main role of DHEA is to maintain normal
sex hormone levels, it also helps combat the effects of stress
by balancing the stress hormone cortisol and protecting
the immune system. In addition, DHEA increases insulin
sensitivity, enhances fat metabolism, increases antioxidant
enzyme synthesis in the liver, and protects against free
radical damage.510,511
DHEA is also involved in the conversion of T4 thyroid
hormone to T3, the active form of thyroid hormone. Thyroid
hormones drive cellular metabolism and give the body
energy. DHEA helps with immunity, food cravings, memory
and cognition, and general well-being.512
Since DHEA does not last very long in the serum, the
highest level of DHEA is in the sulfated form, called DHEA-S,
which provides a ready source of DHEA for the production
of estrogens and androgens. This is tested in the salivary
DHEA test with cortisol (Life Time Fitness Stress and
Resilience Test).
Pages 126-133
P/126
Back to TOC
DHEA
Reference Values
DHEA-S salivary values - for Life Time Fitness Stress and Resilience Test only
DHEA-S (women):
All Ages
2 19 ng/ml
Ages 16-30
6.4 18.6 ng/ml
Ages 31-45
3.9 11.4 ng/ml
Ages 46-60
2.7 8.0 ng/ml
Ages 61-75
2 6 ng/ml
After Supplementation (12-24hrs):

Oral DHEA (25mg)
2.8 8.6 ng/ml
Topical DHEA (10mg)
3 8 ng/ml
DHEA-S (men):
All Ages
2 23 ng/ml
Ages 16-30
7 23 ng/ml
Ages 31-45
6.0 18 ng/ml
Ages 46-60
4.0 11.5 ng/ml
Ages 61-75
2.4 7.5 ng/ml
After Supplementation (12-24hrs):

Oral DHEA (25mg)
6 17 ng/ml
Topical DHEA (10mg)
4 15 ng/ml
Blood:
(ug/dL micrograms per deciliter)
Male/Female ages 15-16
39-481 ug/dL
Male/Female ages 17-19
40-491 ug/dL
Male/Female, ages >19
31-701 ug/mL
Why is a DHEA level needed?

Salivary DHEA-S levels are obtained to determine stress and hormone levels. DHEA blood levels are important to
determine hormonal balance (testosterone, estrogen) when using the blood test and adrenal function when using a
saliva test. As we age, our levels of DHEA declines, so testing becomes very important for a balanced metabolism.
P/127

++Stress and Resilience (salivary test)
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a DHEA value?
What does a low DHEA value mean?

Low levels of DHEA are found in adrenal gland burn out, hormonal imbalances and/or pituitary gland problems.
As people age, their levels of DHEA decline naturally.513
In post-menopausal women, low levels of DHEA have been associated with musculoskeletal pain and imbalances in
estrogens and progesterone that may play a pivotal role in the development of bone disorders, obesity and belly fat
accumulation.514,515 Imbalances in the Cortisol/DHEA ratio have been found to alter metabolism and lead to metabolic
syndrome.516
During periods of chronic stress, the release of the stress hormone cortisol can decrease levels of DHEA, lowering
immunity and potentially accelerating aging processes. Studies have found that DHEA therapy in women with
adrenal insufficiency can help sexual side effects often seen during menopause, such as lowered libido.517
Low levels of DHEA have also been linked to increased weight gain and a decrease in bone mineral density (which
can lead to osteoporosis).518 DHEA is involved in the regulation of glucose-6-phosphate, which can increase oxidative
stress and inflammatory signaling, leading to glucose regulatory problems.519 Medications that deplete DHEA include:
++Corticosteroids, including dexamethasone (Decadron), methylprednisolone (Medrol) and hydrocortisone
++Insulin
What are steps you can take for a low DHEA level?


++Use olive oil in cooking. Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
food restaurants.
P/128
vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in
these foods may help protect against inflammatory chemistry and also help regulate immune function.520
initiates the inflammatory signaling pathways and imbalances DHEA levels.521,522 Modifying the diet can help
decrease physical and mental stress, helping balance metabolism.
disorder of sustained excitation of the body's stress response system.523 This can also imbalance DHEA-S.
++If you are a man or woman needing hormonal replacement therapy, talk to your doctor about natural
alternatives, including bio-identical hormone therapy (BHT).
++Stop smoking. DHEA-S levels are directly influenced by tobacco smoke.524
Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

DHEA
(dehyroepiandosterone)
50mg daily; depending upon
laboratory results
50mg daily; depending upon

laboratory results
++Supports DHEA levels
P/129
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
++Helps support digestive function.526,527

Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.528
health.529,530
interaction.531

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.532
(GSH).533
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels536

Complete
P/130
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily
*Use if chronic stress is

present
++Use in chronic stress

amurense).
balance
levels538
Relora Plex
What does a high DHEA value mean?

High DHEA levels can signal hormonal imbalances due to adrenal gland problems. In women, overproduction of
DHEA can cause menstruation to stop and lead to development of male characteristics, including excessive facial or
body hair, male pattern baldness, muscularity or a deep voice. A high DHEA level in women has been linked to PCOS
or polycystic ovary syndrome.539
What are steps you can take for a high DHEA value?


++Use olive oil in cooking. Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
food restaurants.
these foods may help protect against inflammatory chemistry and also help regulate immune function.540
P/131
initiates the inflammatory signaling pathways and imbalances DHEA levels.541,542 Modifying the diet can help
decrease physical and mental stress, helping balance metabolism.
hydration. A minimum of Six to eight 8-ounce glasses of high-quality water per day is the goal. Try to make
clean water that has been purified by reverse osmosis your drink of choice whenever possible.
disorder of sustained excitation of the body's stress response system.543 This can also imbalance DHEA.
++If you are a man or woman needing hormonal replacement therapy, talk to your doctor about natural
alternatives, including bio-identical hormone therapy (BHT).
++Stop smoking. DHEA levels are directly influenced by tobacco smoke.544
Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
P/132
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.548
health.549,550
interaction.551

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source552
(GSH).553
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels556
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels558
*If chronic stress is present

Fish Oil
P/133
ESTRADIOL
Estradiol is in the estrogen family, which also include estrone
and estriol. Estradiol is produced by the ovaries from estrone.
Estradiol is generally thought of as the most potent estrogen,
meaning it binds to estrogen receptors very strongly. Smaller
amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal glands
and (in men), by the testes. In both sexes, testosterone is
converted to estradiol. In the blood, estradiol is largely bound
to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and also to albumin.
Estradiol levels in young girls are very low, but as puberty
approaches (between the ages of 8 and 14), the pituitary
gland in the brain begins to secrete two hormones: luteinizing
hormone (or LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (or FSH).
These two hormones stimulate the ovaries to make estradiol
and secondary sex female characteristics associated in
puberty, including breast development, genital growth, and
changes in the distribution of body fat.
Estradiol also stimulates the growth of the lining of the uterus in
the first 2 weeks of the monthly cycle, and it helps in triggering
ovulation. Estradiol has many protective effects on the body,
including maintaining bone density, improving growth hormone
production and release, improving blood vessel flexibility,
keeping your blood from getting sticky and clotting, aiding in
the absorption of nutrients (including calcium, magnesium and
zinc), supporting brain health, memory and mood, assisting in
growth hormone release, and improving your cholesterol and
triglyceride profiles.559
For women, it is important to compare the relationship between
estradiol and progesterone in evaluating menopausal symptoms
such as hot flashes, mood disorders, and aging skin.
Estrogens convert into several metabolites. Estradiol is
metabolized into 2-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hyroxyestradiol and
16-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxyestradiol is known as a
good estrogen metabolite, while 16-hydroxyestradiol and
4-hydroxyestradiol (bad estrogens) have been associated
with the development of certain types of cancer, like breast and
ovarian, ovarian cysts, fibrocystic disease and uterine fibroids.
In men, this same estradiol metabolism issue can cause
prostate problems as they age, as well leading to prostate
tissue growth. Metabolism of estrogens occurs in several
areas of the body however, the main spots are the liver
and GI tract. Your diet is very important if you want to have
hormonal balance. It is very important to keep the metabolism
of estrogen from making the bad metabolites.
Pages 134-141
P/134
Back to TOC
ESTRADIOL
Reference Values
Estradiol blood value
(Measured in picograms per milliliter = pg/mL)
Normal Ranges:
Men
7.6 42.6 pg/mL
Women, Follicular
12.5 166.0 pg/mL
Women, Ovulation
85.8 498.0 pg/mL
Women, Luteal
43.8 211.0 pg/mL
Women, Postmenopausal
<6.0 54.7 pg/mL
Women, Pregnancy (1st trimester) 215.0 4300.0 pg/ml

Why is an Estradiol level needed?
This test measures the amount of estradiol in the blood. Estradiol is a common form of estrogen, and levels may help
determine if there are hormonal imbalances in men and women.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report an Estradiol range?
++Womens Sex Hormone Profile
What does a low Estradiol value mean?
Women experiencing menopause will have decreased levels of estradiol due to the ovaries producing less estrogens.
This decrease is often accompanied by hot flashes and night sweats, a rise in incidence of heart disease, and an
increasing rate of bone loss (osteoporosis). Estrogen replacement for alleviation of menopausal symptoms has
become very common, although studies have reported that hormonal replacement with synthetic estrogens can
lead to adverse health events. In 2002, the Womens Health Initiative (WHI) study of postmenopausal women with
an average age of 65 and older found that taking PremPro, a synthetic conjugated estrogen in combination with
progestin a synthetic analog of progesterone, increased the risk of breast cancer (26%), heart disease (29%), stroke
(41%), and blood clots (200%) versus women who were taking placebo.561 Another part of the WHI found that
women on PremPro had double the risk of developing dementia in the 65 and up age group.562 In both men and
women, low levels of estradiol are associated with osteoporosis.563
Drugs that can decrease levels of estradiol include:
++Anticonvulsants
++Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)
P/135
What are steps you can take for a low Estradiol level?

++Increase foods with phytoestrogens, including soy (if no allergy), pomegranate, resveratrol from red wine and
flax seed. Phytoestrogens may help reduce the risk of hormonally related health problems, like menopause
symptoms, breast cancer, prostate cancer and heart disease along with helping protect against bone loss.564
++There are great foods that can help improve the conversion of estrogen into good metabolites and away from
bad metabolites. These foods include insoluble dietary fibers such as lignin found in flaxseeds, bran, beans,
and seeds.565
++Dietary fiber improves the composition of intestinal bacteria, reduces beta-glucuronidase. Dietary fiber intake
also increases serum concentrations of SHBG, a protein that binds to estrogen. This helps to reduce levels
of free estrogens and the chance of developing estrogen receptor positive cancers like most breast cancer.566
Dietary fiber also decreases the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.
++Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables. Diets low in fruits (such as apples, grapefruit and oranges) and
cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts) may result in a relative deficiency of
calcium-D-glucarate and its metabolites, which help metabolize estrogen into its healthy forms.
++Decrease stress chronic stress leads to imbalances in metabolism and hormonal imbalances.
organic foods where possible. Currently the foods that are on the most-contaminated list are peaches, apples,
sweet bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, pears, spinach, and
potatoes. Pesticides are known hormone disruptors and have been proven to have estrogenic activity.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Europe wont accept hormoneladen U.S. beef because of the health risks. But dont forget about chicken it should be cage free, and
free of antibiotics. Grass-fed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids that act to
reduce inflammation chemistry and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
and insulin levels, resulting in adverse influences on sex hormone balance.569 Belly fat is a factory for making
the enzyme aromatase which increases estrone production.
++Excess carbohydrates have also been associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk among overweight
women and women with large waist circumference.570 Men who are insulin resistant are also more likely to
have reduced testosterone secretion.571
++Lose weight. Studies report imbalances in hormone levels when you are overweight or obese.572 If you are
overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then consider Life Time Fitness LeanSource
Weight Loss Supplement.
P/136
++The diet should be focused on limiting inflammatory foods, such as processed meats, chemical preservatives,
and food additives. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used to sweeten many foods, like soft drinks,
condiments (ketchup, BBQ sauce), fruit juice beverages, and others. HFCS is reported to increase
inflammation in the intestinal tract and lead to problems such as hormonal imbalances.573
food restaurants.
hydration. A minimum of six to eight 8-ounce glasses of high-quality water per day is the goal. Try to make
clean water that has been purified by reverse osmosis your drink of choice whenever possible.
found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have more chances of hormonal
imbalances.574
++Limit drinking out of plastic containers. Plastics contain residues, including phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA),
that can bind to estrogen receptors and disrupt hormonal balance.575
particularly phthalates. Phthalates and other chemicals used in plastic have estrogen like binding ability and
can cause hormone imbalances.
DIM
2 capsules daily
++DIM is a synergistic combination

of plant based ingredients including
diindolylmethane, curcumin, green tea,
and wasabia, which helps support healthy
hormone balance by improving estrogen
metabolism.576
Calcium-d-glucarate
500mg, 1-2 times

daily
++Improves estrogen metabolism577

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
P/137
with dinner


Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

++Helps support digestive function
toxins
Life Time Fitness

What does a high Estradiol value mean?

In men, high levels of estradiol are associated with abdominal fat, chronic inflammation, enlargement of the prostate
and cardiovascular risk.585,586 As estrogen levels increase with age, lower testosterone reduces sexual arousal and
sensation and causes loss of libido, a common problem in aging men. As men age, their serum hormone binding
globulin (SHBG) starts to increase leading to a decrease in free testosterone. At the same time, their estrogen levels
start to increase. This is partly because aging men convert much of their testosterone into estradiol with an enzyme
called aromatase.587 Of the remaining testosterone, much of it is bound to SHBG. As long as free testosterone is
low and relative estrogen (estradiol and estrone) is high, a man will store fat around his belly, hence the pot belly.588
Belly fat cells can create aromatase, thereby decreasing testosterone and increasing estradiol, which then increases
prostate growth. So the more overweight a man is, the higher his estradiol level will be.
High estradiol levels in ovulating women can lead to decreases in pregnancy rate.589 High estradiol levels in women,
however, lower the incidence of heart disease in postmenopausal women.590 Drugs that can increase estradiol levels
include:
++Corticosteroids (including prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone)
++Antibiotics including ampicillin and tetracycline
++Estrogen-containing drugs, including hormonal replacement therapy
++Phenothiazines (including chlorpromazine and promethazine)
P/138
What are steps you can take for a high Estradiol value value?

Certain pesticides are called endocrine (hormone) disruptors and can lead to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance
and diabetes.591 Make sure to wash your foods well and eat organic foods grown without pesticides.

and seeds.592
Dietary fiber also decrease the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.
cruciferous vegetables (such as broccoli, cabbage, and brussel sprouts) may result in a relative deficiency of
++Zinc is important for men and prostate health.594 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary sources of zinc are
lean meats, liver, eggs, and seafood (especially oysters, but make sure they are from a good source). Whole
grain breads and cereals are also good sources of zinc, but limit your carbohydrate intake as this can lead to
insulin resistance, blood sugar imbalances and weight gain.
++Decrease meat consumption, especially red meats. Studies have found that those consuming less fat,
especially saturated fat, have significantly lower estrone and estradiol levels compared to meat eaters.595
potatoes.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Europe wont accept hormoneladen U.S. beef because of the health risks. But dont forget about chicken it should be cage free, and free
of antibiotics. Grass-fed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids that act to
++Choose other forms of protein, such as beans and soy (if no allergy). Your protein requirements increase when
youre under ongoing stress especially physical stress and illness. And even if you dont feel ill, your body
probably still needs some extra protein to heal the hidden damage metabolic imbalances have done to your
intestines and other especially vulnerable areas of your body. You may want to consider adding a protein drink
to your diet.
easily digestible protein. You can mix the protein powder with a cup of fresh berries, a banana (limit this due to
high glycemic index), or other fruit in a blender with rice milk or quality water.
and insulin levels, resulting in adverse influences on sex hormone balance.596
P/139
++Lose weight. Studies report imbalances in hormone levels when you are overweight or obese.599 If you
additives. High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used to sweeten many foods, like soft drinks, condiments
(ketchup, BBQ sauce), fruit juice beverages, and others. HFCS is reported to increase inflammation in the
intestinal tract and lead to problems such as hormonal imbalances.600
food restaurants.
imbalances.601
Calcium-d-glucarate
500mg, 1-2 times

daily
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.604
P/140
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
Life Time Fitness

with dinner


Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source610
(GSH).611
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

toxins

Complete
P/141
ESTROGEN,
TOTAL
The total estrogen test measures the total amounts of the most important
estrogens including estradiol, estriol, and estrone in the blood.
Estrone (E1) the main estrogen made by women after menopause, is
implicated in breast, uterine, and prostate problems including cancer. Before
menopause, the body makes estradiol out of estrone in the ovaries. After
menopause however, estrone is no longer converted to estradiol. Once
a woman reaches menopause, estrone production is made by fat cells,
the liver, and the adrenal glands. Your body still needs estrogens so these
areas of manufacturing have to pick up the pace. It is interesting to note that
obese women have a higher rate of breast cancer and increased estrone
production is thought to be a significant factor.614 Alcohol consumption also
makes your body favor estrone production that could be the reason for
the association between alcohol intake and breast cancer.615
Estradiol (E2), the potent estrogen, is produced in the ovaries and has many
protective effects including maintaining bone density, improving growth
hormone production and vascular flexibility, keeping your blood from getting
sticky, supporting cognitive function and mood, assisting in growth hormone
release, and improving your cholesterol and triglyceride levels.616
Estradiol is also the primary cardio-protective estrogen. Too much estradiol
can be associated with estrogen-related cancers, but deficiencies can lead
to osteoporosis, heart disease, dementia and other problems associated
with aging.617 In men high estradiol can cause prostate problems as they
age, as well leading to prostate tissue growth.618,619
Estriol (E3) is the weakest of the three estrogens and has a protective role
in breast tissue. It is believed to protect vaginal and urethra tissue as well.
Estriol helps to reduce hot flashes in women, protects the urinary tract,
and plays a role in retention of bone density. It can help increase good
HDL and decrease bad LDL cholesterol, so it is heart protective. Estriol
blocks the effects of estrone by occupying estrogen receptor sites. This is
important in estrogen balance, as more estrone is related to health issues.
Estrogens convert into several metabolites. Estradiol is metabolized
into 2-hydroxyestradiol, 4-hyroxyestradiol and 16-hydroxyestradiol.
2-hydroxyestradiol is known as a good estrogen metabolite, while
16-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxyestradiol (bad estrogens) have been
associated with the development of certain types of cancer, like breast and
ovarian, ovarian cysts, fibrocystic disease and uterine fibroids.620 In men,
this same estradiol metabolism issue can cause prostate problems as they
age, as well leading to prostate tissue growth. Metabolism of estrogens
occurs in several areas of the body however, the main spots are the
liver and GI tract. Your diet is very important if you want to have hormonal
balance. It is very important to keep the metabolism of estrogen from
making the bad metabolites.
Pages 142-149
P/142
Back to TOC
ESTROGEN, TOTAL
Reference Values
Blood
(in picograms per milliliter = pg/ml)
Female Cycle
Days 1-10
61-394 pg/mL
Days 11-20
122-437 pg/mL
Days 21-30
156-350 pg/mL
Postmenopausal
<40 pg/mL
Adult male
40 115 pg/ml
Why is a Total Estrogen level needed?

This test measures the amount of estradiol, estrone and estriol in the blood. Estrogen measurements are used to
evaluate hormonal imbalances in women and men.
As women age their estradiol levels goes down and their estrone levels increase. In men, their relative estradiol
and estrone levels go up. Both men and women will make more estrogens if they accumulate visceral (belly) fat.621
Excessive estrogen makes cells grow, which can affect the ovaries and breast in women and the prostate tissue in
men.
Estrogen is needed particularly in women to make serotonin receptors function in the brain serotonin, is a feel
good brain chemical. With low estrogen levels, your mood can change to anxiousness and depression. Estradiol
has cardio-protective effects, so as women enter menopause and lose their estradiol production, they actually have
a higher heart disease risk than men.622
Estrogen also helps keep bones strong women and men are more susceptible to bone loss with low estradiol
levels.623 Skin wrinkling is accelerated as estrogen is lost from a womans body. Cognitive function critical thinking
and short-term memory are eroded with the loss of estrogen production.624
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Total Estrogen range?
What does a low Total Estrogen value mean?
Women experiencing menopause will have decreased levels of estradiol due to the ovaries producing less estrogen.
P/143
This decrease is often accompanied by hot flashes and night sweats, a rise in incidence of heart disease, and an
increasing rate of bone loss (osteoporosis). Estrogen replacement for alleviation of menopausal symptoms has
become very common, although studies have reported that hormonal replacement with synthetic estrogens can
lead to adverse health events. In 2002, the Womens Health Initiative (WHI) study of postmenopausal women with
an average age of 65 and older found that taking PremPro, a synthetic conjugated estrogen in combination with
progestin, increased the risk of breast cancer (26%), heart disease (29%), stroke (41%), and blood clots (200%)
versus women who were taking placebo.625 Another part of the WHI found that women on PremPro had double
the risk of developing dementia in the 65 and up age group.626 In both men and women, low levels of estradiol are
associated with osteoporosis.627 Women with low body fat, such as athletes and models, often do not product
sufficient amounts of sex hormones. These women can experience cessation of menstruation, develop bone loss
and other metabolic imbalances.
Drugs that can decrease levels of estradiol include:
++Anticonvulsants
++Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)
What are steps you can take for a low Total Estrogen level?


++There are foods that can help improve the conversion of estrogen into good metabolites and away from
and seeds.629
++Decrease stress chronic stress leads to imbalances in metabolism and hormones.
++Exposure to any pesticides or toxic substances that may be present in foods should be eliminated. Buy
potatoes.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Chicken should be cage free,
and free of antibiotics. Grass-fed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids that
P/144
act to reduce inflammation chemistry and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
++Studies report imbalances in hormone levels when you are overweight or obese.634 Higher body weight also
predisposes you to bone loss.635 If you are overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then
we recommend Life Time Fitness LeanSource Weight Loss Supplement.
food restaurants.
++Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep a night for the average adult. Several studies
have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have more chances of hormonal
imbalances.637
Calcium-d-glucarate
500mg, 1-2 times

daily
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.640
P/145
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

toxins

Complete
What does a high Total Estrogen value mean?

Estrone is the estrogen that is associated with the development of breast cancer in women and men and prostate
cancer in men. Decreasing estrone is important in menopausal and postmenopausal women and andropausal
men.646
In men, high levels of estradiol are associated with abdominal fat, chronic inflammation, enlargement of the prostate
and cardiovascular risk.647,648 As estrogen levels increase with age, lower testosterone reduces sexual arousal and
sensation and causes loss of libido, a common problem in aging men. As men age, their serum hormone binding
globulin (SHBG) starts to increase leading to a decrease in free testosterone. At the same time, their estrogen levels
increase. This is partly because aging men convert much of their testosterone into estradiol with an enzyme called
aromatase.649 Of the remaining testosterone, much of it is bound to SHBG. As long as free testosterone is low and
relative estrogen (estradiol and estrone) is high, a man will store fat around his belly, hence the pot belly.650 Belly fat
cells can create aromatase, thereby decreasing testosterone and increasing estradiol, which then increases prostate
growth. So the more overweight a man is, the higher his estradiol level will be.
P/146
++Corticosteroids (including prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone)

++Antibiotics including ampicillin and tetracycline
++Estrogen-containing drugs, including hormonal replacement therapy
++Phenothiazines (including chlorpromazine and promethazine)
High estradiol levels in ovulating women can lead to decreases in pregnancy rates.651 High estradiol levels in women,
however, lower the incidence of heart disease in postmenopausal women.652 Drugs that can increase estradiol levels
include:
Certain pesticides called endocrine (hormone) disruptors can lead to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance and
diabetes.653 Make sure to wash your foods well and eat organic foods grown without pesticides.
What are steps you can take for a high Total Estrogen level?


and seeds.654
++Dietary fiber intake increases serum concentrations of SHBG, a protein that binds to estrogen. This helps
to reduce levels of free estrogens and the chance of developing estrogen receptor positive cancers like most
breast cancer.655 Dietary fiber also decrease the conversion of estosterone into estrogens in fat and
breast cells.
++Zinc is important for men and prostate health.656 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary sources of zinc are
especially saturated fat, have significantly lower estrone and estradiol levels compared to meat eaters.657
sweet bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, pears, spinach,
and potatoes.
to your diet.
P/147
++Studies report imbalances in hormone levels when you are overweight or obese.660 If you are overweight or
Supplement.
food restaurants.
imbalances.661
Calcium-d-glucarate
500mg, 1-2 times

daily
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.664
++Use in men and women
P/148
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.668
health.669,670
interaction.671
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

toxins

Complete
P/149
ESTRONE
Estrone is in the estrogen family, which also include estradiol
and estriol. Estrone is the main estrogen made by women
after menopause. Steroid hormones, like estrogens, are
made from cholesterol. Before menopause, your body
makes estradiol (the major, protective estrogen) from estrone
in the ovaries. After menopause however, estrone is no
longer converted to estradiol. Once a woman reaches
menopause, estrone production is made by fat cells, the
liver, and the adrenal glands and the ovaries no longer make
estradiol from the estrone. As women age their estradiol
levels decline and their estrone levels increase. As men age,
their relative estradiol and estrone levels increase. Both men
and women will make more estrogens if they accumulate
visceral (belly) fat.
Since estrone is the most cancer promoting of the estrogens,
it is no surprise that the majority of breast cancer occurs in
post-menopausal women. It is interesting to note that obese
women have a higher rate of breast cancer and increased
estrone production is thought to be a significant factor.674
Alcohol consumption also makes your body favor estrone
production that could be the reason for the association
between alcohol intake and breast conditions like cancer.675 In
men, elevated estrone is linked to prostate problems.676
Estrogens convert into several metabolites. Estrone, for
example, may convert into three different forms, including
2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestrone and 16-alphahydroxyestrone. 2-hydroxyestrone is known as a good
estrogen metabolite, while 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone and
4-hydroxyestrone (bad estrogens) have been associated
with the development of certain types of cancer, like breast
and ovarian, ovarian cysts, fibrocystic disease and uterine
fibroids.677 In men, this same estrone metabolism issue can
cause prostate problems as they age, as well leading to
prostate tissue growth.
Metabolism of estrogens occurs in several areas of the body
however, the main spots are the liver and GI tract. Your
diet is very important if you want to have hormonal balance.
Pages 150-155
P/150
Back to TOC
ESTRONE
Reference Values
Blood
(Blood, in picograms/milliliter = pg/mL)
Men
Normal Range
12 - 72 pg/mL
Women
Follicular phase
37 138 pg/mL
Midcycle
60 229 pg/mL
Luteal phase
50 114 pg/mL
Postmenopausal
14 103 pg/mL
Why is an Estrone level needed?

This test measures the amount of estrone in the blood. Estrone is a common form of estrogen, and levels may help
determine if there are hormonal imbalances in men and women. Concentrations of estrone in women will vary quite
a lot day to day, especially during menstruation.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report an Estrone range
++Mens Sex Hormone Profile
What does a low Estrone value mean?
*See low estradiol levels in the Life Time Fitness Estrogen Panel for more information
What does a high Estrone value mean?
Estrone is metabolized into 3 forms, 2-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestrone and 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone. High levels
of bad estrone metabolites, including 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone and 4-hydroxyestrone, have been associated with
heart disease, obesity, the development of certain types of cancer, like breast and ovarian, ovarian cysts, PCOS or
polycystic ovary disease, fibrocystic disease and uterine fibroids.678,679 High estrone in men is associated with an
increase in prostate problems, including cancer.680 It is important to keep estrone metabolism driven toward the
P/151
Certain pesticides are called endocrine (hormone) disruptors and can lead to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance
and diabetes.681 Make sure to wash your foods well and eat organic foods grown without pesticides.
good metabolite, 2-hydroxyestrone, in order to prevent imbalances in metabolism and the development of
health problems.
What are steps you can take for a high Estrone level?


and seeds.682
Dietary fiber also decrease the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.
especially saturated fat, have significantly lower estrone and estradiol levels compared to meat eaters. 684
potatoes.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Europe wont accept hormoneladen U.S. beef because of the health risks. But dont forget about chicken it should be cage free, and
free of antibiotics. Grass-fed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids that act to
to your diet.
and insulin levels, resulting in adverse influences on sex hormone balance.685
P/152
food restaurants.
imbalances.449
++Exercise and other physical activity are essential in managing stress. At least 30 minutes of exercise daily, 3-5
can cause hormone imbalances.692
++Decrease alcohol consumption.
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.693
P/153
4 scoops (approx.
65gm) in the
healthy beverage

blend.
Life Time Fitness

with dinner


Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.699
(GSH).700
++Provides 22gm protein per 2 scoops (30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Saw Palmetto Max-V
For men: 1 capsule

2 times daily
++Used for prostate problems

++Studies indicate that saw palmetto
may be able to inhibit the conversion
of testosterone to its more active
and potentially damaging form,
dihydrotestosterone (DHT), via inhibition of
alpha-5-reductase.703
* Use in men with high estradiol

levels

Complete
P/154
1 capsule (100mg)
daily

important in heart protection.704
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2times

daily; use for 2-3
weeks

toxins
Ubiquinol-QH
P/155
FERRITIN
Ferritin is a protein that binds to iron stored in the body. Ferritin
production is stimulated by the presence of iron in the blood.
Thus, the ferritin test is an indirect measure of the amount of iron
that is stored in the body for future use. Low levels might indicate
iron deficiency anemia (too little iron). High levels are associated
with hemochromatosis (too much iron) and inflammation.
Iron plays a role in many biochemical pathways. The primary
functions of iron involve oxygen transport within blood and muscle,
electron transfer in relation to the cellular uptake of oxygen, and
the conversion of blood sugar to energy. Iron is also a part of many
enzymes that are involved with making new cells, amino acids,
hormones, and neurotransmitters. Iron exists in various forms
in the body: in functional forms (in hemoglobin and in enzymes)
and in transport and storage forms (ferritin, transferrin, and
hemosiderin). Free iron in the blood can be toxic, leading to an
increase in free radical production and oxidative stress.
Briefly, free radicals are highly unstable and highly reactive
molecules (usually oxygen molecules gone haywire) in the
body. Free radicals are formed as a result of the normal energy
production that goes on in all the cells of our body. If free radicals
are not quickly neutralized after being produced, they bounce
around in the body and can damage our cell membranes and
organs in the body, leading to imbalances in metabolism. This
is called oxidative stress. Think of oxidative stress like rusting
it occurs naturally as a normal by-product of metabolism. If
toxins are not eliminated, then excessive free-radical damage
can occur, leading to chronic health problems and at the very
least accelerated aging. Increased oxidative stress is linked to
most imbalances in metabolism, including hormonal (thyroid,
adrenal, sex), neurochemistry (brain chemicals), weight gain,
gastrointestinal, blood sugar regulation, heart and blood vessel,
kidney, liver and cancer.705,706
Thyroid hormone, insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are involved
in the control of ferritin. Ferritin and iron balance can cause
many disorders, including problems with iron absorption,
transport and storage (called hemochromatosis) as well as in
atherosclerosis, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimer disease, and
restless leg syndrome.707 Genetic mutations in the ferritin gene
can lead to inflammation, infections, autoimmune conditions like
lupus and cancer.708 Low thyroid hormones decrease the acidity
of the stomach, thereby decreasing the absorption of iron and can
lead to iron deficiencies like anemia. Low ferritin can mean that
hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothyroidism is present. See Life
Time Fitness Thyroid Panel for more information.
Pages 156-161
P/156
Back to TOC
FERRITIN
Reference Values
Ferritin value
(Measured in nanograms per milliliter = ng/ml)
Normal Range (adult males)
30 - 400 ng/ml
Normal Range (adult females)
13 150 ng/ml
Why is a Ferritin level needed?

Ferritin levels in the blood are tested to determine the amount of iron stored in the body. Ferritin levels are generally
used to determine if there is iron overload (too much iron) or iron deficiency in the body. Ferritin levels in the blood
are also used as a marker for thyroid hormone imbalances.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Ferritin range?
++Energy and Metabolism Profile
What does a low Ferritin value mean?
Low levels of ferritin in the blood are an indication of iron deficiency that can lead to a type of anemia in which there
isnt enough of the oxygen carrying molecules in the blood.709 Iron is necessary in forming hemoglobin, the molecule
that carries oxygen in red blood cells to tissues. When iron levels in hemoglobin get low, you can feel fatigued and
lack energy due to a lack of oxygen to tissues and organs. A loss of blood (including menstruation in women or
gastric ulcers), pregnancy or a diet poor in iron can lead to low ferritin and iron levels. Overuse of drugs that can lead
to ulcers can also cause low ferritin and iron levels, including anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil),
naproxsen (Naprosyn, Aleve), indomethacin (Indocin) and others. Certain cancers, such as colon cancer, can lead to
low ferritin and iron levels.710
Low ferritin can suggest low levels of thyroid hormones.711 It is important to support thyroid function with a low
ferritin level. Low thyroid hormone levels lead to less energy and also decreases the amount of acid in your
stomach, leading to problems absorbing nutrients from foods including iron.712 Iron needs acid to be absorbed
from the foods we eat, so low thyroid and acid leads to low iron and ferritin levels. Eating an unhealthy diet, high in
refined carbohydrates and sugars, full of high fructose corn syrup and chemical additives can also lead to thyroid
imbalances.713 Low thyroid levels can also lead to heavier periods in women, which can lower ferritin and iron
levels.714 Low iron levels also decrease deiodinase activity, which slows down the conversion of the thyroid hormone
T4 to T3 (the active thyroid hormone).715
Some symptoms of low ferritin in the body:
++Fatigue and weakness
++Dizziness
++Headaches
P/157
++Irritability
++Loss of libido or sex drive
++Pale skin
++Sore mouth corners
++Burning sensation of the tongue
++Urge to eat mud or chalk (geophagy)
Drugs that can cause a low iron level include:
++Aspirin and salicylates
++Cholestyramine
++Colestipol
++H-2 receptor antagonists including cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, and ranitidine
++Indomethacin
++Levothyroxine
++Quinolone antibiotics, including Levaquin and Cipro
++Tetracyclines
What are steps you can take for a low Ferritin value?


++Increase your consumption of animal proteins, including meats and seafood. Liver and other organ meats are
especially high in iron. Dairy products also contain iron, but not in the same amount, so combining different
animal sources is best.
++Liver is by far the richest iron-containing food, although when eating organ meats you definitely should buy
organic, no hormone and antibiotic meats. Other good sources of iron-rich foods include fish and poultry.
++Eat green leafy vegetables, including broccoli, kale and spinach, on a regular basis. Iron in vegetables is not as
quickly or readily absorbed as iron from animal sources, but it is still valuable. Other vegetable sources of iron
include beans and peas.
++Dried beans are also a good source of iron, followed by dried fruits (watch sugar content), nuts, and whole
grain breads and cereals. Fortification of juices, cereals, flours, and bread with iron has contributed significantly
to daily dietary iron consumption, although watch your carbohydrate intake and food allergies, as wheat is a
major allergen.
++Decrease using antacids and OTC medications for ulcers (like Zantac, Tagamet and Pepcid) that lower the
stomach acid. Lower acid production will lead to low iron levels.
++Stop smoking.
++Exercise appropriately, 30 minutes daily at least 3-5 times a week.
P/158

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

& isolate, Sunfiber-medium chain
blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.719
(GSH).720
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Thyro Mend
1 capsule, 2 times
daily with food

++Thyro-Mend helps maintain proper
iodine levels necessary for an increase in
thyroid hormone production.723
Time Release Iron

meals

6- to 8-hour period.
P/159
High ferritin generally means a high iron level. The free radicals produced by excess iron can cause a high level of
oxidative stress in the body, which can lead to blood sugar imbalances, chronic inflammation, sleep problems, liver
and heart problems, chronic infection, hormonal imbalances, autoimmune disorders, and some types of cancer
including breast and prostate.724,725,726 An abnormally high ferritin level can also indicate thyroid imbalances.727 If an
organ that contains ferritin like the liver, spleen or bone marrow is damaged, an increase in ferritin levels can be seen
even with a normal iron level. Ferritin can also be increased due to genetic problems.
What does a high Ferritin value mean?
High levels of ferritin can lead to iron being deposited in the body, such as in the joints or skin, that leads to symptoms
like pain and darkening of the skin. Other signs of high ferritin levels include:
++Fatigue, tiredness
++Abdominal pain
++Lack of sex drive
What are steps you can take for a high Ferritin level?


++Several foods contain high amounts of iron. You may want to avoid vitamin and mineral supplements that
contain iron, especially if you are a man. Also avoid iron-fortified foods such as juices, some breakfast cereals,
and especially avoid beef, liver, and pork.
++Decrease protein intake from meat. Choose other forms of protein, such as beans and soy (if no allergy).
Your protein requirements increase when youre under ongoing stress especially physical stress and illness.
due to a poor diet combine to increase fat in the liver.
++Increase omega-3 fatty acids in foods. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish, walnuts, plant foods and
wild game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. Fatty acid balance
improves immunity.729
should be eliminated. These contaminants can lower your immunity.730 Buy organic foods where possible.
P/160
and insulin levels, resulting in chronic inflammation.732
++Limit alcohol intake
++Substitute green tea for your morning coffee and increase your citrus fruit consumption. Both contain
chemicals that can decrease iron absorption and lower its level.
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 1-2 times

daily
++Antioxidant733
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance735
++Helps support serotonin levels 736
L-glutamine
1-4 capsules
(500mg-2 grams)
daily in divided
doses

immune function737

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source738
(GSH).739
(30gm)
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver740
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
P/161
FIBRINOGEN
Fibrinogen is a component of blood clotting. It is made in
the liver from sugar and protein (called glycoprotein) and
converted to fibrin by thrombin during blood clotting. Fibrin
is the molecule that starts forming a mesh during injury and
bleeding so that blood will clot. Fibrinogen levels have been
directly linked to inflammation in the body and to the risk of
developing heart disease.
Pages 162-169
P/162
Back to TOC
FIBRINOGEN
Reference Values
Fibrinogen value
Normal Range (Adult, antigen):
180 350 mg/dL
Why is a Fibrinogen level needed?

Fibrinogen is generally ordered with other blood clotting tests. Fibrinogen levels are a reflection of your bloods
clotting ability and activity. Also, increased fibrinogen levels have been linked to chronic inflammation and heart
disease. Fibrinogen levels are often used along with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels to determine your risks for
developing heart disease (see Life Time Fitness CRP-hs Panel).
What Life Time Fitness Lab Test Reports a Fibrinogen level?
++CardioMetabolic Risk Premium
What does a low Fibrinogen value mean?
Low levels of fibrinogen may decrease your bodys ability to form a blood clot. Chronic low levels may be related to a
genetic disorder (afibrinogenemia or hypofibrinogeniemia), a blood transfusion, cancer (including lung and prostate)or
due to liver damage or severe malnutrition. An acute low level of fibrinogen can be due to a clot that travels in the
blood, called DIC or disseminated intravascular clot.
Many over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs contain aspirin and should only be used under the supervision of
a doctor if you have low fibrinogen levels. Aspirin-containing drugs include:
++Alka Seltzer
++Anacin
++ASA
++Bufferin
++Ecotrin
++Excedrin
++Fiorinal
++Percodan
What are steps you can take for a low Ferritin value?


++Make sure to take a Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM Multivitamin/mineral to make sure you are
getting the right nutrients.
++Increase foods high in vitamin K. The major source of Vitamin K is green, leafy, vegetables kale, collards,
spinach, and turnip greens are the highest.
P/163
or nonfat dairy products. Red meat should always be organic grass-fedwhen eaten and free of hormones and
antibiotics. Get the rest of protein from a variety ofsources like beans, fish, chicken, turkey, buffalo/bison, and
seafood.
servings a day.
food restaurants.
++Stop smoking and do not drink alcohol.
++Do not take over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers that contain aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve).
Decrease acetaminophen intake also if you take Tylenol containing products.
Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/164
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.744
(GSH).745
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg 1-3

times daily
++Liver support
the liver748
1 capsule, 3 times
daily

curcumin
*Take if liver stress exists, such as

in chronic alcohol use
T.A.P.S
*Take if liver stress exists, such as
in chronic alcohol use

Isolate
What does a high Fibrinogen level mean?

Fibrinogen levels may increase in any condition that causes inflammation or tissue damage. Elevated levels may be
seen in:
++Acute infections
++Diabetes
++Cancer
++Heart disease
++Stroke
++Inflammatory disorders, like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases
++Trauma
Increased fibrinogen levels can predispose you to developing a blood clot, and over time, increase your risk for
developing heart problems, including high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and heart
attack.750 Chronic inflammation can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart diseases, immune
imbalances, neurological conditions like depression, sleep disorders and, and even cancer.751
What are steps you can take for a high Fibrinogen level?

P/165
servings a day.
refined sugars), also lead to chronically high oxidative stress and inflammation.754,755 People with diabetes and
blood sugar regulation problems have a higher level of fibrinogen.756 Modifying the diet can help decrease
food restaurants.
organic foods where possible. Ninety percent of all pesticides used are used on our foods.
and decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. These foods also provide important benefits, such as
antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Make sure to include green, orange, and yellow fruits
and vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits. Cocoa is also a significant source of
antioxidants - so enjoy some low-sugar dark chocolate. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods
may help protect against inflammatory chemistry and also help regulate immune function.760
++Animal fat (saturated fat), which can raise blood cholesterol levels and increase inflammation, needs to be
minimized. Some experts believe that saturated animal fats from animals exposed to growth hormones and
pesticides may also lead to health conditions, such as hormonal imbalances and cancer and other chronic
illnesses. Choose lean meats from quality sources, organic skinless poultry, and dairy products. Red meat
should always be organic grass-fedwhen eaten and the rest of proteins should be from a variety ofsources
beans, fish, chicken, turkey, buffalo/bison, and seafood.
P/166
found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of inflammation than
those that get regular sleep.761
++Exercise in moderation, 3-4 days a week.
++Quit smoking or tobacco use. Tobacco use is reported to increase fibrinogen levels and inflammation762
++Drink less alcohol.
Supplements
Cal/Mag 1001
Take 1 tablet 2

reactions.
++ Magnesium is involved in maintaining
pressure.763
++Supplies 150 mg of elemental magnesium
each capsule
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
1-2 capsules (100200mg) daily

chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance765

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
P/167
with dinner


Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

anti-inflammatory nutrients.
with increased levels of CRP.771
inflammatory markers like CRP772

Fish Oil
2-4 capsules daily

metabolism.773
++Studies have reported that fish oil
significantly lowers C reactive protein,
compared to omega 6 fats like safflower
oil.774,775
health.776,777
interaction.778
1 capsule 1-2 times

daily

foods
CRP levels781
Life Time Fitness

P/168
2 capsules 2 times
release L-arginine

Perfusia SR
P/169
FSH AND LH
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) are gonadotropin hormones, meaning they stimulate
the gonads in men (testes) and women (ovaries) and are
essential for reproduction. Both FSH and LH are produced
in the brain by the pituitary gland. FSH and LH regulate the
development, growth and reproductive processes of the
body. In both sexes, LH stimulates secretion of sex steroids
from the gonads. As men and women age, a rise in LH and
FSH levels may signal menopause (in women) or andropause
(in men). The main regulator of the secretion of LH and FSH
isgonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as
LH-releasing hormone. GnRH is made and secreted in the
hypothalamus region of the brain.
In women, FSH and LH levels increase during the regular
menstrual cycle, generally a day or two before ovulation. LH
stimulates estrogen and progesterone production from the
ovary. FSH stimulates the ovary to ripen a follicle, and then
in conjunction with LH, to release an egg. FSH also readies
the mammary glands for milk production. LH and FSH levels
then decrease as the uterus begins to prepare for pregnancy
or if another menstrual cycle begins.
In men, FSH is necessary for sperm production and
maturation. LH stimulates the production and secretion of
testosterone.
Pages 170-179
P/170
Back to TOC
FSH AND LH
Reference Values
Blood
LH (mIU/mL = milli international units per milliliter)
Normal Range (Men)
All ages
1.7 8.6 mIU/mL
Normal Range (Women)

Premenopausal (follicular)
2.4 12.6 mIU/mL
Premenopausal (ovulation)
14.0 95.6 mIU/mL
Premenopausal (luteal)
1.0 11.4 mIU/mL
Postmenopausal
7.7 58.5 mIU/mL
Blood
FSH (mIU/mL = milli international units per milliliter)
Normal Range (Men)
Adult
1.5 12.4 mIU/mL
Normal Range (Women)

Premenopausal (follicular)
3.5 12.5 mIU/mL
Premenopausal (ovulation)
4.7 21.5 mIU/mL
Premenopausal (luteal)
1.7 7.7 mIU/mL
Postmenopausal
25.8 134.8 mIU/mL
Why are FSH and LH levels needed?

Generally, a test for FSH and LH levels is part of an infertility test. With regard to metabolism, FSH and LH levels
help determine overall hormonal balance. In women, levels of FSH and LH fluctuate greatly from month to month
in the years approaching menopause.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report FSH and LH values?
P/171
Low levels generally indicate under functioning of the pituitary or hypothalamus. In women that are still
menstruating, low levels of FSH and LH may indicate excessive estrogen and may lead to estrogen dominance
which can increase the risk for female problems such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and fibrocystic
breast disease.
What low FSH and LH values mean?
In men, low FSH and LH levels may indicate low production of testosterone by the testes. When testosterone
levels in men decrease, generally estrogen levels increase. High levels of estradiol and low levels of testosterone
are associated with abdominal fat, chronic inflammation, enlargement of the prostate and cardiovascular risk.783,784
As estrogen levels increase with age, lower testosterone reduces sexual arousal and sensation and causes loss
of libido, a common problem in aging men. Low testosterone levels in men can lead to weight gain, memory
problems, bone loss, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, heart problems, and even cancer.527,526
FSH levels can decrease if using the following drugs:
++Phenothiazines, including chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
++Hormone replacement therapy
What are steps you can take for low FSH and LH levels?


++Use healthy fats like olive oil, grape seed oil, nuts and seeds, and organic butter. You can complement that
++Zinc is important for both female and male reproductive health.789 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary
sources of zinc are lean meats, liver, eggs, and seafood (especially oysters, but make sure they are from a
good source). Whole grain breads and cereals are also good sources of zinc, but limit your carbohydrate intake
as this can lead to insulin resistance, blood sugar imbalances and weight gain.
++Selenium is important for male reproductive health.790 Increase foods that contain selenium, including seafood,
garlic, liver, eggs, dairy products, and some vegetables including cabbage, celery, cucumbers, and radishes.
Brazil nuts have the highest amount of selenium. Food processing causes substantial loss of selenium. For
example, whole wheat bread has twice the selenium as white bread, and brown rice has 15 times more
selenium than white rice. Human breast milk contains six times more selenium than cows milk. A cows milk
diet for infants can contribute to low selenium levels and depressed immune systems in infants.
food restaurants.
P/172
++High-fiber foods, including flax, fresh vegetables, and beans should be part of the diet. These foods should
supply the 20-30 grams of dietary fiber needed each day, which slows the absorption of carbohydrates and
decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. High-fiber foods help with hormonal balance.791 Dietary fiber
also decreases the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.792
++Limit soy consumption, like tofu and soymilk. An increase in soy consumption has been found to lower
testosterone in men.793
++Over-consumption of simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and grains, causes unfriendly flora to grow in
the GI tract. These foods also raise blood glucose and insulin levels, resulting in adverse influences on sex
hormone balance.23
++Make sure to include green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe,
and citrus fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance hormones.794
can imbalance hormone levels.795,796 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental stress, helping
balance metabolism.
++Dietslow in protein in elderly men may lead to elevated SHBG levelsand decreased testosterone bioactivity,
leading to metabolic imbalances.797 You may want to consider adding a protein drink to your diet.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Europe wont accept hormoneladen U.S. beef because of the health risks. Chicken should also be cage free, and free of antibiotics. Grassfed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids that act to reduce inflammation
chemistry and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
imbalance hormone levels.798
++Obtain adequate rest about 7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep per night for the average adult. Several
studies have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of the
stress hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours, suggesting that chronic insomnia
is a disorder of sustained excitation of the bodys stress response system.799 This can also imbalance sex
hormones. Reduced sleep can lower testosterone production, and negatively affect other hormones like
thyroid hormone.800
days a week is recommended. Exercise can help improve testosterone levels.801
++Decrease stress take a walk, garden, do yoga or Tai Chi.
P/173
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.805
Feminine Herbal Balance
1-2 capsules daily
++Feminine Herbal Balance is a blend of

standardized Chasteberry (Angus Castus,
Vitex), standardized Black Cohosh and
standardized Kudzu root, which help
balance female hormonal levels and
decrease negative symptoms associated
with menopause and PMS.
++Black cohosh has positive effects on
menopausal symptoms including hot
flashes; may decrease risk of breast
cancer806
++Vitex has both progestogenic- and
estrogenic-like activity.807

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

++Stop smoking. Hormone levels are influenced by tobacco smoke.802

++Drink alcohol in moderation.
P/174
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.809
health.810,811
interaction.812

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.813
(GSH).814
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels817
Vitamin D 1000
++1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000
IU) daily,
depending on
vitamin D3 lab
value
++If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a
month

Fish Oil
++Bone support
What does a high FSH and LH value mean?

If FSH and LH levels are abnormally high, it may indicate problems with the ovaries or testicles. The pituitary
gland secretes FSH in response to low estrogen levels in women. Because estrogen levels decrease in women as
menopause approaches, FSH levels tend to be higher. LH levels also go up as menopause approaches. Increased
FSH and LH in women that are ovulating may indicate infertility. Increased levels of FSH and LH in menopausal and
P/175
FSH results can be increased with use of drugs, including:
postmenopausal women may indicate chronic stress and high cortisol levels, neurochemical imbalances, chronic
inflammation and thyroid imbalances. Increased levels of FSH and LH can lead to excess testosterone in men.
FSH has been reported to increase with age and in smokers.819
++Clomiphene (Serophene)
++Digitalis (Digoxin)
++Levodopa
What are steps you can take for high FSH and LH levels?


++There are foods that can help improve the conversion of estrogen into good metabolites and away from
and seeds.820
Dietary fiber also decreases the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.
food restaurants.
decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. High-fiber foods help with hormonal balance.824 Such foods
also provide important benefits, such as antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals.
can imbalance hormone levels.825,826
P/176
potatoes.
have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of the
hormones.
++Exercise in moderation.
++Decrease stress take a walk, garden, do Yoga or Tai Chi.
++Drink alcohol in moderation.Supportive Supplements
Supplements
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
P/177
with dinner


Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.836
health.837,838
interaction.839
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
++Helps decrease inflammation and improve
hormone levels842
Life Time Fitness

P/178
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels, which can both help balance DHT
and testosterone844
For men: 1 capsule

2 times daily,

*Use if under chronic stress
Saw Palmetto Max-V

*Use in men
Relora Plex
P/179
GLOBULINS
Globulins are proteins found in the blood that are the basis
for antibodies, glycoproteins (protein-carbohydrate compounds), lipoproteins (proteins involved in fat transport), and
clotting factors. Globulins, together with albumin, make up
your total protein on the blood test lab results. There are 4
types or subsets of globulins alpha-1, alpha-2, beta and
gamma. Both alpha and beta globulins are carrier proteins
they deal with much of the binding of substances in the
blood to protein, including lipoproteins, thyroid hormones,
sex hormones, drugs, vitamins, minerals and clotting factors.
Gamma globulins are part of the immune system.
Pages 180-184
P/180
Back to TOC
GLOBULINS
Reference Values
Blood Globulin value
(Measured in grams per deciliter = g/dL)
Normal range
1.5 - 4.5 g/dL
Optimal Range
2.8 - 3.2 g/dL
Why is a Globulin level needed?

A globulin level is tested routinely as part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Individuals with liver and/
or kidney imbalances or those with protein deficiencies in the diet may have globulin levels that are out of range. In
addition, individuals with gastrointestinal disorders who do not absorb nutrients properly and individuals who have
chronic diarrhea and develop dehydration can have globulin levels that are out of range.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the Globulin value?
What does a low globulin value mean?
Low levels of globulins can mean that your immune system is imbalanced, you are undernourished or you have
liver or kidney problems.
What are steps you can take for a low globulin value?


++Cut out refined sugars and carbohydrates to decrease inflammation and improve insulin function. Insulin
resistance can lower your immunity.846
++When eating protein, use high-quality protein, like lean meats, bison, fish, chicken, turkey or ostrich.
P/181
++Drink at least 8 glasses of filtered water daily to improve detoxification and hydration.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
Aller DMG
1 tablet, 1-2 times

daily

and polyphenols.
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance850

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source853
(GSH).854
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/182
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin
T.A.P.S
What does a high globulin value mean?

High globulin levels may indicate that your immune system is being overworked, possibly due to a chronic
infection, chronic stress and inflammation, gastrointestinal imbalances including peptic ulcer, or liver and kidney
problems.
What are steps you can take for a high globulin level?


Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant858
L-glutamine
500mg 2 grams
daily in divided
doses
++Gastrointestinal support
immune function860
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver861
P/183
1 capsule, 2 times
daily

curcumin

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

T.A.P.S
P/184
GLUCOSE
Glucose is a simple sugar that is used by the body to make
energy. We obtain glucose from our diet mainly from
carbohydrates like sugars, breads, pasta, cereals, fruits and
fruit juices. Proteins and fats also supply glucose in
smaller amounts.
Glucose levels are controlled by insulin. After you eat, your
glucose levels will rise. The pancreas will then release insulin
so that the blood sugar levels do not become too high. Insulin
promotes the breakdown of glucose and fats for energy
production. Insulin helps in the absorption of glucose from
the blood by causing it to be stored in the liver as glycogen or
transported to tissues of the body for metabolism or storage
in fat (adipose). Insulin levels rise and fall in accordance with
the foods you eat. The higher the carbohydrate content of
the meal specifically glucose and fructose the more
insulin will be produced. Glucose is then used by the cells use
to create energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The highest blood levels of insulin are reached after about one
hour after eating a meal. A rapid fall in insulin level then will
follow, allowing for reduced uptake of blood sugar (glucose) in
skeletal muscles and fat tissue, allowing stabilization of blood
glucose levels. When diabetes occurs, glucose uptake into
the muscle and fat is decreased due to a decrease in insulin
production and function. The liver also helps regulate glucose
levels by storing glucose in the form of glycogen.
When insulin is functioning well, energy levels are increased,
the glucose is removed from the bloodstream efficiently, and
insulin levels do not rise above expected normal ranges.
Insulin in excess is a very inflammatory compound in the
body.864 High carbohydrate and sugar intake is one of the
fastest ways to make your pancreas release too much
insulin.865 Even when your body has not yet become
resistant to insulin, high levels in the blood just in response
to meals can start to trigger problems. Excessive insulin
production causes you to release inflammatory hormones like
cortisol (the stress hormone) and store visceral fat. When
insulin is continually released, it becomes less and less
effective at binding to blood sugar and lowering the levels.
This is called Insulin Resistance (IR). IR is associated with
the Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X) and Pre-diabetes
(impaired glucose tolerance or IGT). IR refers to the inability
to efficiently use insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas
that helps move blood sugar and other nutrients into cells.866
If insulin resistance is not corrected, then generally, type 2
diabetes will follow as the individual ages.
Pages 185-195
P/185
Back to TOC
GLUCOSE
Reference Values
Blood Glucose (Sugar), Fasting
(In milligrams per deciliter = mg/dL)
65 99 mg/dL
Blood Glucose (Sugar), 2 hours post-prandial (after eating)

(In millingrams per deciliter = mg/dL)
Normal Value (Adults)
65 - 139 mg/dL
Why is a Fasting Blood Glucose level needed?

Testing for blood glucose (sugar) in the blood helps determine if you have blood sugar regulation problems and if
you are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes and the complications associated with this condition.
A total of 1.6 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in people ages 20 years or older in 2007.867 Also, it
is estimated that 24% (almost 1 in 4) people in the US have symptoms of insulin resistance, placing an alarming
est. 57 million people at risks associated with insulin resistance, including weight gain/obesity, brain chemistry
(neurochemical) imbalances, sleep problems, hormonal and immune imbalances, nutrient deficiencies like
chromium, magnesium and vitamin D, Type 2 diabetes, heart problems and cancer.868 A fasting blood glucose
level will be used along with fasting insulin levels to help determine if you are prone to blood sugar imbalances that
could lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Glucose can also be tested in the urine as part of a urinalysis lab test. Urine glucose readings are much less useful
in determining blood sugar imbalances. Glucose does not usually appear in the urine until the blood levels are
substantially high. Glucose in the urine generally means diabetes is present.
** Note: You should not eat or drink anything but water at least 8 hours before the test.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Fasting Blood Glucose level?
What does a low Fasting Blood Glucose value mean?
A low blood glucose (sugar) level is called hypoglycemia. The incidence of hypoglycemia, with blood sugar levels
below 50 mg/dL, generally occurs in 5-10% of people with symptoms of hypoglycemia.
P/186
Symptoms ofhypoglycemia include:
Hypoglycemia is more common in people with diabetes than those with normal blood sugar levels. Drinking too
much alcohol, or liver and kidney problems may also lead to low blood glucose levels.
++Sweating
++Hunger
++Trembling
++Anxiety
++Confusion
++Blurred Vision
++Coma and death can occur if the blood glucose is not stabilized*
* Note: Someone experiencing an episode of hypoglycemia needs to eat something with glucose and relieve the
symptoms, which serve as a warning sign. Regular sweetened soda, juice, lifesavers, or glucose tablets are
traditionally recommended. If, after trying these or similar options containing glucose (sugar) a couple of times,
the person does not respond, an ambulance should be called.
Drugs that can decrease glucose measurements include the following:
++Acetaminophen (Tylenol), generally in toxic amounts
++Alcohol
++Anabolic steroids (testosterone)
++Beta-blockers, including propranolol (Inderal) and metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol)
++Clofibrate (Atromid-S)
++Disopyramide (Norpace)
++Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
++Haloperidol (Haldol)
++Insulin
++Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), including Marplan, Nardil and Parnate
++Quinine
++Sulfamethoxizole/Trimethoprin (Bactrim)
++Sulfonylurea anti-diabetic medications, including glipizide (Glucotrol), glyburide (Micronase, Diabeta), and
glimepiride (Amaryl)
What are steps you can take for a low Fasting Blood Glucose value?


++Multivitamin/mineral plus fish oil is recommended.
++Increase your intake of lean, high-quality proteins in the diet, including fish, turkey, bison and ostrich.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Chicken should also be cage
free, and free of antibiotics. Grass-fed organic beef is lower in saturated fat and richer in omega-3 fatty acids
that act to reduce inflammation chemistry and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
P/187
++Increase your intake of fruits, vegetables. Standard rule 3 veggies to every 1 fruit.
++Choose fruit that is low in glycemic load like berries, pears, peaches, apples grapefruit are best.
++Increase trace minerals such as chromium, zinc and vanadium in the diet.
++Good chromium food sources include lean meats, cheeses, and some condiments, such as black pepper and
thyme. Brewers yeast is also rich in chromium.
++The best dietary sources of zinc are lean meats, liver, eggs, and seafood (especially oysters).
++Fats and vegetable oils are the richest food sources of vanadium. Vanadium also occurs in grains, meats, fish,
nuts, dill seeds, parsley, black pepper, and mushrooms.
++Eat foods that are high in fiber (25 to 35 grams or more per day)
++Eat more nuts, seeds
++Eat small meals and/or snacks every 3 hours
++Eliminate refined sugars and refined carbs like white breads and pastas
++Stop drinking alcohol, coffee and caffeine related drinks or at least significantly reduce your intake
++Carry a source of glucose with you, or stash in your drawers at work, in case you feel such symptoms
(lightheaded ness, dizziness, palpitations, etc.) This might mean a can of soda, a roll or lifesavers, fresh or
dried fruits, cake or biscuits made with whole-wheat flour or oats. This is only to get you through your severe
glycemic episode. Eating at regular intervals with foods such as nuts, seeds, low-sugar protein bar is a better
snack option.
++Increase your physical activity. Exercise moderately at least 30 minutes a day, 3 days a week.
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance869

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.872
(GSH).873
(30gm)
P/188
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
What does a high Fasting Blood Glucose value mean?

A high blood glucose (sugar) level is called hyperglycemia. A high fasting blood glucose levels can indicate that you
have insulin resistance (IR) or progressing toward type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin. Insulin
is necessary for the body to be able to use glucose for energy. When you eat food, the body breaks down all of the
sugars and starches into glucose, which is the basic fuel for the cells in the body. Insulin takes the sugar from the
blood into the cells. Insulin resistance is the impairment of insulins action on the body where insulin cannot utilize
blood glucose. When insulin doesnt attach to the receptor effectively, blood sugar (glucose) cannot get into the
cells and therefore builds up in the blood, causing the body to continually make insulin to try to decrease the sugar
levels. Over time, high blood sugar levels sets up damaging processes to the body, like triglyceride and cholesterol
imbalances, which can lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver and an increase in oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL,
the bad cholesterol). If free radical damage oxidizes LDL, it will contribute to plaque build-up in the arteries and
can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and other heart problems.876 Elevated insulin also stimulates
smooth muscle growth in your arteries, which compresses them and causes elevations in blood pressure.877
Poor blood sugar control also leads to the accumulation of belly fat. Belly fat is metabolically active, and is a
factory for making several inflammatory chemicals, hormones, enzymes, and signaling substances that begin to
accumulate and accelerate the march toward chronic illnesses.878,879
Poor blood sugar control affects the kidneys by producing a byproduct of increased insulin called insulin growth
factor -1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 can lead to increased blood flow through the kidneys, putting a lot stress on them. IR also
leads to kidney damage by depleting the natural antioxidant, glutathione.880 Glutathione helps detoxify substances
(including drugs, environmental chemicals, metabolic waste products) in the blood that are being filtered through
the kidneys. With IR, the increased free radicals and oxidative stress deplete the pool of glutathione in the kidneys
and can lead to damage to the kidneys and other body tissues.
Blood sugar imbalances are also a contributing factor in dementia and Alzheimers disease and cancer.881
Glycation is the process of glucose attaching to proteins in the body resulting in Advanced Glycation End products
(AGEs). AGEs are very slow to leave the body and are very inflammatory. High levels of glucose in the blood
can buildup AGEs, leading to kidney and heart problems, cataracts and macular degeneration, nerve damage
(neuropathy), and connective tissue damage.882 High levels of AGEs are associated with insulin resistance.883
When belly fat and AGEs increase inflammation, they turn off adiponectin (a signaling chemical that makes insulin
receptors more active). Decreased adiponectin leads to accelerated blood vessel damage and makes the vessels
more susceptible to plaque formation.21
What leads an individual to the path of type 2 diabetes? Our genetics, diet, stress, intestinal health, environmental
toxins (such as chemical preservatives, plastics, and heavy metals), hormonal balance, brain chemistry balance,
history of prescribed medications, sleep quality, medical conditions, and exercise regimen all have influences on an
individuals development of insulin resistance and eventually type 2 diabetes. Some of the factors leading to a high
fasting glucose level, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes include:
++Genetics: There are family studies have revealed that first degree relatives of individuals with type 2 diabetes
are about 3 times more likely to develop the disease than individuals without a positive family history of the
P/189
disease.884 Also, the expression of symptoms and the complications of type 2 diabetes are being influenced by
individual choices (such as diet and exercise) and environmental exposures (such as heavy metals and chemical
preservatives in foods) during ones lifetime - starting from conception until death. These choices and influences
result in biochemical changes that lead individuals to illnesses, such as type 2 diabetes, and the resulting
health consequences.885 Differences in an individuals response to diet have been attributed to differences in
the underlying genetic makeup what your grandfather and his father ate a hundred years ago can affect your
biochemical makeup today. Secondly, the nutrients you consume daily from foods can have a direct effect on
your genes, causing genetic changes. Your genetic background can determine your responsiveness to nutritional
therapy and/or diet-related changes.
++Diet: Three food groups sweets and desserts, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages comprise almost 25% of
all calories consumed by Americans.886 Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are caused in part by a diet high in
refined carbohydrates and sugars, which include many of our favorite and frequently eaten foods, such as candy,
cereals, muffins, white breads and rolls, pastas, cookies, donuts, and soft drinks.887 These refined carbohydrates
not only raise glucose and insulin to unhealthy levels, but they also are devoid of the many vitamins and minerals
our bodies need to properly utilize these foods. In other words, most of us are eating a diet designed for disaster.
High carbohydrate and sugar intake is one of the quickest ways to make your pancreas release too much
insulin.888 Dietary factors, such as long-term consumption of high-glycemic index foods (including white breads
and refined sugars, soft drinks), also lead to chronically high oxidative stress and release of stress hormones
(cortisol), which start inflammation processes.889,890 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental
stress, helping balance metabolism. Studies have found that nitrite or nitrate treated meats such as bacon,
sausage, smoked foods, and lunch meats increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cancer.891,892
++Increased stress: When excessive levels of cortisol are produced over long periods of time, it promotes
inflammation, alters blood sugar control (hyperinsulinemia), causes fat storage and weight gain, affects immune
and thyroid function, and alters sex hormone production.893,894,895,896 In type 2 diabetics, high cortisol levels are
related to a heightened risk for diabetic complications, such as nerve damage and eyesight problems.897
++Hormonal Imbalances: Hormones have profound influence on blood sugar regulation. In men, for example,
low testosterone levels can increase the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, which includes high cholesterol
levels, high blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, insulin resistance and obesity.898 If the progesterone to estrogen
ratio is too high you will store too much fat and tend toward insulin resistance. Fat has actually been reported to
produce several hormones in the body that affect weight control, inflammation, immunity, and other biochemical
processes that are linked to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.899 The more fat we have, the more
hormonal imbalances occur, resulting in type 2 diabetes.
++Digestive function: Evidence supports the idea that impairment of normal gut barrier function, through
environmental stressors (such as heavy metals and chemical preservatives), poor dietary habits (such as diets
high in carbohydrates, refined sugars, and high fructose corn syrup), food allergies, and chronic stress, and
a wide array of drug therapies result in the loss of the counter-inflammatory flora balance and leads to the
expression of uncontrolled inflammation.900
++Nutrient Deficiencies:
Chromium - Chromium is known not only to be essential for proper insulin receptor function, it also plays a
role in lowering cholesterol.901 Chromium intakes are usually well under optimal amounts and in addition
high sugar diets deplete chromium from the body.902 These two factors combine to make chromium
deficiency a likely culprit in many people with IR and blood sugar imbalances.
Magnesium - Magnesium is another mineral that plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and in
preventing Metabolic Syndrome. Magnesium influences the release and activity of insulin and help balance
glucose levels.903 Low levels of magnesium are frequently seen in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, and can
increase insulin resistance.904 Several clinical studies have reported that magnesium supplementation is
beneficial in reducing blood glucose levels, improving insulin control, and stabilizing the Metabolic Syndrome
cascade.905 Low magnesium intake is also associated with an increase in inflammatory markers, such as
C-reactive protein (CRP).75
Vitamin D- Vitamin D deficiency is found in both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.906 A good level of vitamin D
helps insulin work better907. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with obesity as well, Vitamin D is deposited
P/190
into fat stores, where it becomes less available for use in the body. This is a suggested mechanism leading
to insulin resistance.908 Vitamin D also helps improve immunity and has anti-inflammatory effects that
may indirectly help improve insulin sensitivity.909 Blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes has
a seasonal variation, being worse in the winter, in part explained by variation in exposure to sunlight and
vitamin D levels.910 Vitamin D levels are lower in obese individuals.911
Zinc Zinc is a very important nutrient for maintaining healthy metabolism. Zinc plays a key role in the
synthesis and action of insulin and a big role in insulin resistance.912 High levels of blood sugar can cause
depletion of zinc from the body, leading to an increase in insulin resistance and related complications of
diabetes such as oxidative stress on the body.913
++Other Causes: Lack of quality sleep (7-8 hours a night, uninterrupted), heavy metal or pesticide contamination,
sleep disorders, thyroid imbalances, autoimmunity and a host of other metabolic imbalances can lead
to an increase in inflammatory compounds and free radical damage that can lead to IR and blood sugar
imbalances.914,915,916 Adults who suffer from obstructive sleep apnea are three times more likely to have type 2
diabetes.917 Even restricted sleep (only 4 - 5 hours a night) can induce insulin resistance and progression toward
type 2 diabetes.918 Low-level lead exposure is linked to developing metabolic syndrome.919 Some medications
can also lead to increased insulin levels, including corticosteroids (like prednisones, hydrocortisone), diuretics and
mood stabilizers.
The progression of type 2 diabetes and its metabolic consequences has been linked with the development of
cancer.920,921,922 Cancer cells consume more glucose than normal cells, so increases in blood sugar levels can fuel
cancer tumor cells to grow.
Although elevated blood sugar levels can go undetected for many years, high levels eventually will produce
symptoms. Symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) include:
++Increased thirst
++Increased urination
++Fatigue
++Blurred vision
++Slow-healing infections
Drugs that can increase blood glucose measurements include the following:
++Atypical antipsychotics, including quetiapine (Seroquel), aripiprazole (Abilify), risperdone (Risperdal), ziprasidone
(Geodon) and especially olanzapine (Zyprexa).
++Corticosteroids, including prednisone and hydrocortisone
++Diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene (Dyazide)
++Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
++Estrogens
++Glucagon
++Lithium
++Phenothiazines, including thioridazine (Mellaril), chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and prochlorperazine (Compazine)
++Phenytoin (Dilantin)
++Salicylates (Aspirin)
++Tricyclic antidepressants, including amitriptylline (Elavil), imipramine (Tofranil)
++Oral contraceptives can cause slight increases
P/191
++Cephalosporins, including cephalexin (Keflex)

++Chloral hydrate
Drugs that may increase urine glucose measurements include:
++Chloramphenicol
++Diuretics (loop and thiazides)
++Estrogens
++Levodopa (L-dopa, carbidopa)
++Lithium
++Nicotinic acid
What are steps you can take for a high Blood Glucose level?


++Increase trace minerals such as chromium, zinc and vanadium in the diet.
++Good chromium food sources include lean meats, cheeses, and some condiments, such as black pepper and
thyme. Brewers yeast is also rich in chromium.
++The best dietary sources of zinc are lean meats, liver, eggs, and seafood (especially oysters).
servings a day.
P/192
++High-fiber foods, including flax seed, fresh vegetables, and beans should be part of the diet. These foods
should supply the 20-30 grams of dietary fiber needed each day, which slows the absorption of carbohydrates
and decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. Eat meals at regular times each day. Its best not to eat
after 7 pm.
++Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup), insulin
resistance caused by eating too much refined sugar and carbohydrates and increased oxidative stress due to
a poor diet combine to increase IR.
++Once a day have a little over a half of a teaspoonful of cinnamon (3gm) on your food. Using cinnamon has
been reported to lower blood sugar932, or consider taking a standardized extract of cinnamon.
imbalance metabolism.933
++Limit sports and energy drinks they have very high simple carbohydrate levels, including fructose and
sucrose.934 Many of them also contain artificial and chemical ingredients that can further imbalance your
metabolism.
++Avoid overeating, as this creates too much demand on your insulin levels and your digestive tract.
disorder of sustained excitation of the bodys stress response system.935
++Lose weight. Excess weight is a main contributor to IR, and vice versa. If you are overweight or obese based
on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness LeanSource Weight Loss Supplement.
++Regular exercise helps balance metabolism, including improving cardio-respiratory endurance, insulin
sensitivity, blood sugar levels, weight control, and HDL cholesterol (high density lipoprotein the good
cholesterol) levels, while decreasing LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein the bad cholesterol)
levels.936,937
P/193
5-HTP Plus
1-2 capsules daily,

between meals

food cravings938
Glukokine
1 tablet 2 times
daily

(10% Charantin), chromium and the
antioxidant glutathione, blended together
to support healthy blood sugar levels
through improved glucose metabolism.939

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.943
health.944,945
interaction.946
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
* Use if cravings are present
Supplements
P/194
2 capsules 2 times
release L-arginine

Vitamin D 1000
1-5 capsules (1,000

5,000 IU) daily,
depending on vitamin D3 lab value.
If lab value 30 ng/
ml or less, then take
5,000 IU daily; if 3040 ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily both
in addition to your
multivit; retest in a
month
++Bone support
Perfusia SR
P/195
HEMATOCRIT
(HCT)
Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of blood in the body
that is made up of red blood cells (RBCs), and depends on the number and
size of RBCs.
Red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) are made in the bone marrow of large
bones and are the most commonly found cell in the blood. Erythropoiesisis a
term for the development of RBCs in the bone marrow. About 2 million RBCs
are produced every second in the average adult and each cell matures in about
7 days.
RBCs deliver oxygen to tissues and support life. They also carry carbon
dioxide (CO2, as bicarbonate) from the cells back to the lungs for expiration.
RBCs are rich in hemoglobin, the iron-containing molecule that transports
oxygen. Hemoglobin is what gives red blood cells their color (red) and shape.
Temperature of the body and pH are critical for the binding of hemoglobin
to oxygen. If there is a reduction or alteration in RBCs or hemoglobin, then
anemia can develop. Anemia is a reduction or alteration in RBCs resulting in
the inability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues.
The heme portion of hemoglobin contains four atoms of iron. Iron picks up
the oxygen in the lungs where the concentration is high. Iron binds the oxygen
and then transports it to the tissues and releases it wherever oxygen is needed.
Only a small amount of the iron in your body is increased or decreased daily.
Much of the bodys iron is recycled when old RBCs are removed from the
blood and destroyed.
After the oxygen is used by the tissues, CO2 is produced. CO2 is then picked
up by the hemoglobin in RBCs and taken back to the lungs for exhalation into
the air. RBCs contain an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which metabolizes
CO2 into bicarbonate. Bicarbonate helps control the pH in your blood and it
later excreted either via your lungs or your kidneys. Some CO2 is dissolved
directly into the blood directly and a small amount is actually carried on the
hemoglobin molecules. However, most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate.
As RBCs age and less able to carry oxygen, they become susceptible to
destruction by cells of the immune system, which then take the unusable RBCs
to the liver, spleen and bone marrow. This process is usually in balance with
the creation of new RBCs in the bone marrow. Some parts of the RBCs are
recycled, including iron and biliverdin (a metabolized part of part of the hemoglobin
molecule). The iron is picked up by the carrier protein transferrin and taken other
parts of the body for use. In the liver, biliverdin is changed into bilirubin, a yellow,
toxic breakdown product of hemoglobin (see LTF Bilirubin Panel).
Pages 196-202
P/196
Back to TOC
HEMATOCRIT
Reference Values
Hematocrit Blood Level
(as a percentage = %)
Normal Range (Adult Male)
36 50%
Normal Range (Adult Female):
34 - 44%
Why is a Hematocrit level needed?

A Hematocrit level is part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). A hematocrit test determines the amount
of blood volume occupied by red blood cells (RBCs). This helps determine how well your body is taking oxygen to
the tissues and if anemia or nutrient deficiencies are present. Usually, a hematocrit test is performed along with
RBCs, white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin, platelets, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution weight (RDW)..
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Hematocrit value?
What does a low Hematocrit value mean?
A low hematocrit % indicates low red blood cells or too much fluid in the body. Low RBC levels can mean the
ability of the RBC to carry oxygen to tissues is decreased. Since the major function of RBCs are to use iron for
oxygen transport by hemoglobin, low RBC levels mean low iron levels, which can result in anemia, or a reduction
or alteration in RBCs resulting in the inability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues. Anemia can result
in fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness and other symptoms.951 Anemias can also lead to chronic
inflammation, nutrient deficiencies and heart problems.952 A decrease in red blood cells are normally seen during
pregnancy, generally due to excess fluid which dilutes RBC testing results.
There are 3 major classifications of anemia, including microcytic, macrocytic and normocytic anemias. Microcytic
anemia is caused by smaller than normal RBCs. This can result from low hemoglobin, iron, lead poisoning or
vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). Macrocytic anemia is when the RBCs are larger than normal. This can result from low
hemoglobin, low RBC numbers, low thyroid hormones, alcohol abuse, drugs like chemotherapy, heavy metal
toxicity and nutrient deficiencies like folate and B12. Normocytic anemia is when the number of RBCs are low, but
their size is normal. This can be due to blood loss, chronic diseases or bone marrow failure.
There are many types of anemias under these 3 major classifications that can be present if RBCs or hemoglobin
are not functioning properly, have size alterations or are decreased in number. Some of these include:
++Iron deficiency anemia the most common form of anemia that occurs when the dietary intake or absorption
of iron is low, leading to a decrease in the formation of oxygen carrying hemoglobin
P/197
++Sickle-cell anemia a genetic problem that causes abnormal hemoglobin molecules to be formed. The RBCs
are rigid and shaped like a sickle, causing damage to blood vessels that can lead to strokes, pain, and tissue
damage.
++Thalassemia a genetic problem that results in a low production of hemoglobin
++Spherocytosis a genetic problem that causes defects in the RBC cell wall, leading to small, sphere-shaped
and fragile RBCs that cannot carry oxygen efficiently.
++Pernicious anemia an autoimmune condition in which the body lacks intrinsic factor, which is required
to absorb vitamin B12 from foods. B12 is necessary in hemoglobin production and in metabolism of
homocysteine.
++Aplastic anemia caused by the inability of bone marrow to produce RBCs.
++Pure red cell aplasia caused by the inability of bone marrow to produce other cells like white blood cells but
not RBCs.
++Hemolytic anemia the uncontrolled destruction of RBCs by the immune system.
Low levels of hematocrit can be found in the following conditions:
++Anemia
++Kidney or liver problems
++Heavy metal toxicity (lead)
++Trauma/burns
++Bleeding (hemorrhage)
++Bleeding ulcer
++Frequent blood donation
++Nutritional deficiencies, including iron, copper, folate, vitamin B12 and B6.
++Pregnancy
++Menstruation
++Overhydration
++Bone marrow disorders like leukemia or from radiation/chemotherapy
++Chronic inflammation
Drugs that can decrease hematocrit levels include:
++Chemotherapy drugs
++Chloramphenicol
++Quinidine
What are steps you can take for a low Hematocrit value?


++Make sure to take a Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM Multivit/mineral to make sure you are getting
the right nutrients.
P/198
seafood.
++Increase your consumption of animal proteins, including meats and seafood. Liver is by far the richest
iron-containing food. Other good sources of iron-rich foods include organ meats, fish, and poultry. Dried
beans and vegetables are the best plant sources, followed by dried fruits, nuts, and whole grain breads and
cereals. Fortification of cereals, flours, and bread with iron has contributed significantly to daily dietary iron
consumption.
that act to reduce inflammation and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
increase inflammation in the intestinal tract and lead to problems such imbalances in the probiotic flora in your
intestines.955
++Decrease citrus fruits and tea/coffee because they contain chemicals that can bind to iron and decrease its
absorption. Citrus fruits contain ascorbate and citrate and teas/coffee contains tannins, both reported to lower
iron levels.956
to daily dietary iron consumption, although watch your carbohydrate intake
P/199
++Stop smoking.
should be eliminated. These contaminants can lower your immunity and can alter RBCs.957 Buy organic foods
where possible.
++Exercise in moderation. Athletes can be more susceptible to iron loss, and over-exercising can actually cause
deformities in the RBCs and make them clump together, leading to less oxygen available.959 Swimming,
aerobics, yoga and dancing are also good activities to help decrease stress and have less impact on the body.
Aller DMG
1 tablet, 1-2 times

daily

and polyphenols.

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source.964
(GSH).965
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/200

meals

6-to 8-hour period.
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

Ultra-D Tox
Time Release Iron
What does a high Hematocrit value mean?

A high hematocrit % means an increased number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood.
High Hematocrit levels can be caused by:
++Living at high altitudes due to your body responding to the decrease in oxygen available
++Smoking
++Heart, kidney or lung problems
++Dehydration
++Polycythemia vera a condition of excess RBCs generally due to bone marrow problems
Drugs that can increase hematocrit levels include:
++Erythropoietin (EPO)
++Anabolic Steroids, including testosterone
What are steps you can take for a high Hematocrit level?


++Do not take iron supplements. Make sure your multivitmain/mineral supplement DOES NOT contain iron,
especially if you are a man. Use Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM Multivit/mineral to make sure you
are getting the right nutrients.
++Decrease meat consumption.
game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. Fatty acid balance improves
immunity.968
P/201
should be eliminated. Buy organic foods where possible.
++Stop smoking. Heavy smokers have higher than normal hemoglobin levels.
++Drink more quality, filtered water at least 2 liters daily.
++Do not drink alcohol
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant970

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

++

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source973
(GSH).974
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/202
HEMOGLOBIN
(HB)
Hemoglobin is a protein that is carried by the red blood cells
(RBCs)in the blood. Hemoglobin, along with the help of
iron and cobalt, picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers
it to the tissues and organs. RBCs are rich in hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is what gives red blood cells their color (red) and
their shape.
The heme portion of hemoglobin contains four atoms of iron.
Iron picks up the oxygen in the lungs where the concentration
is high. Iron binds the oxygen and then transports it to the
tissues and releases it wherever oxygen is needed. Only
a small amount of the iron in your body is increased or
decreased daily. Much of the bodys iron is recycled when
old RBCs are removed from the blood and destroyed.
Temperature of the body and pH are critical for the binding
of hemoglobin to oxygen. If there is a reduction or alteration in
RBCs or hemoglobin, then anemia can develop. Anemia is a
reduction or alteration in RBCs resulting in the inability
of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues.
After the oxygen is used by the tissues, CO2 is produced.
CO2 is then picked up by the hemoglobin in RBCs and taken
back to the lungs for exhalation into the air. RBCs contain
an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which metabolizes
CO2 into bicarbonate. Bicarbonate helps control the pH in
your blood and it later excreted either via your lungs or your
kidneys. Some CO2 is dissolved directly into the blood directly
and a small amou nt is actually carried on the hemoglobin
molecules. However, most CO2 is converted to bicarbonate.
Pages 203-209
P/203
Back to TOC
HEMOGLOBIN
Reference Values
Hemoglobin Blood Level
(In grams per deciliter = g/dL)
12.5 17.0 g/dL
Normal Range (Adult Female):
11.5 15.0 g/dL
* Note = Ahemoglobin less than 10 g/dL and a hemoglobin greater than18 g/dL should bediscussedwith
your doctor.
Why is a Hematocrit level needed?
A Hemoglobin level is part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). Hemoglobin levels indicate the
availability of oxygen to the tissues and can help indicate if anemia or nutrient deficiencies are present. Usually, a
hemoglobin test is performed along with RBCs, white blood cells (WBCs), hematocrit, platelets, mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a hemoglobin range?
What does a low Hemoglobin value mean?

A low hemoglobin value indicates anemia and the decreased ability of the RBCs to carry oxygen to tissues. Anemia
can result in fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness and other symptoms.977 Anemias can also lead to
chronic inflammation, nutrient deficiencies and heart problems.978 A decrease in hemoglobin can be normally seen
during pregnancy, generally due to excess fluid that dilutes RBC testing results, and menstruation.
There are many types of anemias under these 3 major classifications that can be present if RBCs and hemoglobin
P/204
damage.
homocysteine (see LTF Vitamin B12 and Homocysteine Panels).
not RBCs.
++Hemolytic anemia the uncontrolled destruction of RBCs
Low levels of hemoglobin can be found in the following conditions:
++Anemia
++Trauma/burns
++Bleeding ulcer
++Pregnancy
++Menstruation
++Overhydration
Drugs that can decrease hemoglobin levels include:
++Chloramphenicol
++Quinidine
What are steps you can take for a low Hemoglobin value?


P/205
seafood.
consumption.
intestines.981
iron levels.982
P/206
++Stop smoking.
where possible.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source989
(GSH).990
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Time Release Iron

meals

6-to 8-hour period.
P/207
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

Ultra-D Tox
What does a high Hemoglobin value mean?

A high hemoglobin level can lead to heart problems, like clots.
High levels of Hemoglobin can be caused by:
++Smoking
++Dehydration
Drugs that can increase Hemoglobin levels include:
What are steps you can take for a high Hemoglobin level?


++Decrease meat consumption.
++When eating protein, use high-quality protein, like lean meats, bison, fish, chicken, turkey or ostrich.
immunity.993
P/208
++Stop smoking. Heavy smokers have higher than normal hemoglobin levels.
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant995

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source998
(GSH).999
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

++Supports vitamin B and K metabolism 1001
foods
P/209
HOMOCYSTEINE
(HCY)
Homocysteine is a chemical normally found in the blood and
produced whenthe amino acid (the building block of protein)
methionineis broken down in the body. Homocysteine is
recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the
help of B-vitamins. Excess homocysteine can sometimes
form during the breakdown of dietary proteins, and an
elevated homocysteine level in the blood is a risk factor for
cardiovascular disease.1002
Homocysteine is metabolized in the body into chemical
derivatives methionine and cysteine with the help of vitamins
B6 (pyridoxine), B2 (riboflavin), B12 and folic acid.
Deficiencies of these vitamins are reported to lead to
increased homocysteine levels, while supplementing the diet
with these vitamins is reported to lower homocysteine
levels.1003,1004 Choline (also a B vitamin) also plays a role in
homocysteine methylation and detoxification.1005
Individuals with a genetic MTHFR (methylene-tetrahyrofolatereductase) defect cannot metabolize homocysteine properly,
and subsequently levels of homocysteine increase.1006 About
10% of the world population has the genetic defect affecting
MTHFR.1007 Riboflavin has actually been found to lower blood
pressure in individuals with heart disease due to the genetic
defect in MTHFR.1008
Pages 210-215
P/210
Back to TOC
HOMOCYSTEINE
Reference Values
Blood Level
(in micromoles/liter or mol/L)
Normal Range (adults, male and female) 0.00 - 15 mol/L
Cardiovascular Risk Association:
Desirable level
Less than 11 mol/L
Intermediate Risk
11 14 mol/L
High Risk
15 29 mol/L
Very High Risk
Greater than 29 mol/L
Why is a Homocysteine level needed?

Testing for homocysteine helps determine if you are at increased risk for heart problems, such as high blood
pressure, atherosclerosis or stroke.
Excess homocysteine in the body leads to imbalances in metabolism, including an increase in unhealthy oxidized
LDL cholesterol, inflammation, insulin resistance and blood sugar imbalances, sleep disturbances, weight gain
and lower cognitive function.1009,1010 It is estimated that approximately 5-10% of the population have homocysteine
levels that are high. 1011
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a homocysteine level?
What does a low homocysteine value mean?
Since elevated homocysteine is a marker for vitamin deficiencies, heart disease risk and other metabolic
imbalances in the body, a low reading will not be discussed.
What does an elevated homocysteine value mean?
An elevated homocysteine level can be caused by vitamin deficiencies, including vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin
B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) and vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate).1012,1013 The diet can cause
these deficiencies, as can some prescription and non-prescription medications. People with a geneticmutation
called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) that impairs their ability to process folic acid, leads to
increased homocysteine as well.1014 Homocysteine levels are generally lower in women than in men, but womens
concentrations usually increase after menopause.
P/211
Excess homocysteine can result in cholesterol imbalances, including an increase in oxidized low density
lipoproteins (LDL, or the bad cholesterol), a decease in high density lipoproteins (HDL, the good cholesterol),
which can increase the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and can also cause the blood to clot more
easily (which can lead to stroke or heart attack).1015
Elevated homocysteine levels can also indicate blood sugar regulation problems, an increased risk for bone
disorders, depression and Alzheimers disease, kidney problems, thyroid imbalances and inflammatory conditions
like autoimmunity.1016,1017
Human studies have found that supplementing the diet with vitamins B6, B2, B12 and folic acid is important
in lowering homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is a test performed to determine heart health, generally in
conjunction with other tests for the heart, including cholesterol and triglyceride profiles and C-reactive protein
(CRP-hs). Since homocysteine is an amino acid that folic acid and other B vitamins help break down, the test also
determines if you are folate-deficient or B12-deficient. Medications that deplete B6, B2, B12 and folic acid leading
to deficiencies that can increase homocysteine levels include:
++Sulfa drugs including sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim)
++Anticonvulsants, including carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), primidone (Mysoline), valproic acid
(Depakene, Depakote), Zonisamide (Zonegran)
++Metformin (Glucophage)
++Aspirin
++NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxsen (Aleve,
Naprosyn)
++Corticosteroids, including dexamethasone (Decadron), methylprednisolone (Medrol), hydrocortisone
++Antiretroviral drugs
++Diuretics
++Cholesterol-lowering drugs, including the bile acid sequestrants cholestyramine (Questran) and colestipol
(Colestid, Welchol)
++Estrogen replacement therapy
++Phenothiazine drugs, including chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), promethazine (Phenergan)
++Anti-ulcer drugs, including H2 blockers (cimetidine or Tagamet; ranitidine or Zantac; famotidine or Pepcid),
proton pump inhibitors (lansoprazole or Prevacid; omeprazole or Prilosec; esomeprazole or Nexium)
++Timed Release Potassium
What are steps you can take for a low Hemoglobin value?


++There have been studies that report increasing the intake of B vitamins and folate improve homocysteine
levels.1018
P/212
antibiotics. Get the rest of protein from a variety ofsources like beans, fish, chicken, turkey, buffalo/bison,
and seafood.
++The best sources of vitamin B2 are liver, milk, and dairy products. Moderate sources include meats, dark
green vegetables, eggs, avocados, oysters, mushrooms, and fish (especially salmon and tuna).
++Magnesium levels may be decreased in individuals with high homocysteine levels.1019 Magnesium from nuts
and seeds to help control blood pressure and reduce blood vessel spasm
servings a day.
intestines.1024
food restaurants.
++High-fiber foods, including fresh vegetables, and beans should be a large part of the diet. These foods should
these foods may help protect against inflammatory chemistry including loweing homocysteine levels and also
help regulate immune function.1025 ,1026
P/213
have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of oxidative
stress and homocysteine levels than those that get regular sleep.1027
30 minutes of exercise daily, 5 days a week is recommended. Elevations in homocysteine levels are associated
with a high BMI (>30).1028
++Decrease caffeine intake (coffee, tea); increases in homocysteine levels are reported with caffeine containing
products.1029
++Quit smoking or tobacco use. Tobacco use is reported to increase inflammation1030
++Moderate alcohol intake, especially from red wine, also lowers cardiovascular disease risk but dont drink to
excess because that can have very negative effects on your metabolism.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
Aller DMG
1 tablet, 1-2 times

daily

and polyphenols.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1035
health.1036,1037
interaction.1038
P/214
1 capsule 2 times
daily

++Supplies vitamin B12, Vitamin B6
and folate along with trimethylglycine
(betaine)1039
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
++Helps decrease inflammation1042
Perfusia SR
2 capsules 2 times
release L-arginine

Methyl-Guard
P/215
IGF-1
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), or Somatomedin C, is
a hormone made by the liver when stimulated by growth
hormone (GH). IGF-1 is produced throughout your life, with
the highest levels occurring during the pubertal growth spurt.
The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age. IGF-1 is
structurally related to insulin, and is even capable of binding
the insulin receptor, albeit at lower affinity than insulin. Nearly
every cell in the body is affected by IGF-1, including bone,
cartilage, kidney, liver, lungs, muscle, nerves and skin.
Growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland to help
fuel growth during childhood and to help maintain your
tissues and organs throughout life. Deficiencies in growth
hormone have been linked to an increase in cardiovascular
risks and cancer.1044 After about the age of 30, the
secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland tends to
decline.1045 Diet can also affect GH levels, since consuming
high glycemic foods stimulates the release of insulin, which
contributes to a reduction in GH.1046
Since natural growth hormone is difficult to measure in
humans, the level of IGF-1 can be used to determine
if growth hormone levels are adequate. Blood IGF-1
concentrations decline with advancing age in healthy
adults.1047
Pages 216-223
P/216
Back to TOC
IGF-1
Reference Values
Normal values, blood
(in nanograms per milliliter = ng/mL)
Age (in years)
Blood level ng/mL
17
193-731
18
163-584
19
141-483
20
127-424
21-25
116-358
26-30
117-329
31-35
115-307
36-40
109-284
41-45
101-267
46-50
94-252
51-55
87-238
56-60
81-225
61-65
75-212
66-70
69-200
71-75
64-188
76-80
59-177
81-85
55-166
Why is an IGF-1 level needed?

IGF-1 levels are used to determine if growth hormone (GH) is produced in sufficient amounts if the pituitary gland
is functioning properly. Reduced pituitary function may be due to a genetic defect or can be the result of pituitary
damage following conditions such as trauma, infections, and chronic inflammation. In children, IGF-1 levels may
help determine if growth abnormalities are present. In adults, an IGF-1 level helps determine risk for developing
age-related health problems, like autoimmunity, diabetes and insulin resistance, heart disease and the Metabolic
Syndrome.1048
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report an IGF-1 value?
++Womens Longevity and Vitality
++Mens Longevity and Vitality
P/217
A low level of IGF-1 generally means there is a pituitary problem that can lead to a deficiency of growth hormone
(GH) or a lack of GH sensitivity in the body. Low levels of IGF-1 are found in liver or kidney problems, nutritional
deficiencies, low GH and high doses of estrogen. In children, low IGF-1 can lead to stunted growth and delayed
development. In adults, low IGF-1 and subsequent low GH are associated with:
What does a Low IGF-1 value mean?
++Changes in cholesterol levels

++Chronic fatigue/fibromyalgia
++Chronic inflammation/autoimmune conditions
++Decreased bone density
++Depression
++Heart problems
++Insulin resistance/diabetes
++Male pattern baldness
++Memory problems
++Poor wound healing
++Reduced exercise tolerance
++Reduced strength and stamina
++Weight gain; increased belly fat
What are steps you can take for low IGF-1 levels?


++Avoid common food allergens, including wheat, dairy, soy. Food allergies can cause inflammation, which can
lead to metabolic imbalances.1049
++Try to buy organic foods when possible. The use of chemical additives, hormones, pesticides and antibiotics
in our food supply can lead to imbalances in hormones and the immune system.
++Foods that you should avoid include processed meats, frozen dinners, preserved meats like hot dogs or
bacon, fast foods, artificial ingredients and sweeteners, anything with MSG or monosodium glutamate.
++Avoid inflammatory foods, like high fructose corn syrup, fried foods, baked goods, refined sugar and
and chemical additives, saturated fats founds in fatty meats and dairy. These foods can imbalance immunity.
immunity.1050
food restaurants.
P/218
++Stop smoking.
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet, 2 times
daily
++Bone support
and glutamic acid.
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance1054
L-glutamine
1-4 capsules
(500mg-2 grams)
daily in divided
doses

immune function1056
++Supports growth hormone regulation

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1058
(GSH).1059
(30gm)
* Use if calcium levels are low
P/219
1-2 capsules, 1-2

times daily
++Helps control inflammation

++A mixture of plant sterols/sterolins
++Helps support immunity by balancing
immune components1060
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Perfusia SR
2 capsules 2 times
release L-arginine

++Supports growth hormone regulation.1064
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 3 times
daily

curcumin
with dinner

Evodia and a supportive supplements
*Use if liver health is an issue
Life Time Fitness

Moducare
1066,1067
Sleep Solve 24/7
1 capsule daily, 1
hour before bedtime

++Melatonin decreased with low GH levels1068

staying asleep
P/220
A high IGF-1 level generally indicates elevated levels of growth hormone (GH). Increased levels of IGF-1 and GH
are found normally during puberty and pregnancy and can be an indicator of a pituitary tumor if levels are very
high. Trends of high IGF-1 levels can lead to heart problems and high blood pressure, autoimmune conditions,
sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes and uterine fibroids.1069 Elevated blood IGF-1 levels has also been linked to an
increase the risk for cancer including colon, prostate and breast.1070,1071 Some individuals with elevated GH
may experience fatigue, joint pain, headaches, erectile dysfunction, snoring, menstrual irregularities, increased
sweating and body odor, body disfigurement (like larger nose, more prominent jaw, thicker lips) and enlargement
of organs.
What does a high IGF-1 value mean?
What are steps you can take for a high IGF-1 level?


++Avoid common food allergens, including wheat, dairy, soy. Food allergies can cause inflammation, which can
lead to metabolic imbalances.1072
consumed in adequate amounts it lowers health risks, especially for heart disease, and studies report it
improves immunity.1073,1074
food restaurants.
++Increase antioxidant-containing foods like green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables - such as green leafy
vegetables, broccoli, peppers, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits (although fruit sugars should be limited).
Polyphenols in these foods are reported to improve immune function.1076
++Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep a night for the average adult.
++Exercise and other physical activity are essential in managing stress. At least 30 minutes of exercise daily,
P/221
5 days a week is recommended.

++Stop smoking.
Supplements
L-glutamine
500mg 2 grams
daily in divided
doses
immune function1078

Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1079
health and immunity.1080,1081
interaction.1082
Moducare
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily
++Moducare is a proprietary extract of

plant sterols and sterolins that helps
balance the immune system and
decreases autoimmune reactions.
Moducare also helps balance thyroid
function. 1083
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

immunity1084
foods
CRP levels1086
* Use if chronic inflammation or

immune problems are present
P/222
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily
* Use if chronic stress is present
++Used for stress reduction

amurense).
balance
levels1087 Relora can increase salivary
cortisol levels1088
Relora Plex
P/223
INSULIN,
FASTING
Insulin is the hormone that is made in the pancreas in
response to eating a meal. Insulin helps in the absorption
of glucose from the blood by causing it to be stored in the
liver or transported to tissues of the body for metabolism or
storage. Insulin levels rise and fall in accordance with the
foods you eat. The higher the carbohydrate content of the
meal specifically glucose and fructose the more insulin
will be produced. Insulin is needed to stimulate protein
synthesis inside cells and therefore helps to signal protein
building for growth and maintenance of our tissues. Insulin
also promotes the breakdown of glucose and fats for energy
production. Glucose is used by the cells use to create
energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The highest blood levels of insulin are reached after about
one hour after eating a meal. A rapid fall in insulin level
then will follow, allowing for reduced uptake of blood
sugar (glucose) in skeletal muscles and fat tissue, allowing
stabilization of blood glucose levels. When diabetes occurs,
glucose uptake into the muscle and fat is decreased due to
a decrease in insulin production and function. The liver also
helps regulate glucose levels by storing glucose in the form
of glycogen.
When insulin is functioning well, energy levels are increased,
the glucose gets removed from the bloodstream, and insulin
levels rise and fall normally. High carbohydrate and sugar
intake is one of the fastest ways to make your pancreas
release too much insulin.1089 Even when your body has not
yet become resistant to insulin, high levels in the blood just in
response to meals can start to trigger problems. Excessive
insulin production causes you to release inflammatory
hormones like cortisol (the stress hormone) and store visceral
fat. When insulin is continually released, it becomes less
and less effective at binding to blood sugar and lowering the
levels. This is called Insulin Resistance. Insulin Resistance is
also known by other names, such as Metabolic Syndrome,
Syndrome X, Hyperinsulinemia and Pre-diabetes. It refers to
the inability to efficiently use insulin.
Pages 224-231
P/224
Back to TOC
INSULIN, FASTING
Reference Values
Blood
(In micro International Units per milliliter = uIU/ml)
0.0 24.9 uIU/ml
Optimal Range (Adults)
2 8 uIU/ml
Why is a Fasting Insulin level needed?

A fasting insulin level test can be used to help determine if you have insulin resistance (IR). IR is a major contributor
to inflammation, heart disease, weight gain and type 2 diabetes.1090 Fasting insulin levels along with a fasting
blood glucose can help determine if your body is processing and using sugar and insulin effectively. Without a
doubt, insulin resistance (IR) is the one condition that is most responsible for many of the chronic illnesses that
people face today. IR is not only a fast pass to chronic illness, it affects how you feel, think and even how you look.
** Do not eat or drink anything but water for at least 8 hours before your test.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Fasting Insulin level?
What does a Low Fasting Insulin value mean?
A low fasting insulin level is generally not of concern. Athletes and those who exercise regularly can have low
insulin levels. Exercise starts to reactivate insulin receptors on the cells because it promotes the burning of fat
and glucose, creating a need for more fuel in the cell. Exercise also helps carry glucose into the cells so it can be
used for energy.1091
What are steps you can take for low Fasting Insulin levels?


to use organic, free-range meats that are raised without chemical additives, hormones and antibiotics.
P/225
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1094
(GSH).1095
(30gm)
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass
performance1096

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

What does a high Fasting Insulin value mean?

A high fasting insulin level indicates that you may have insulin resistance (IR). IR occurs when the insulin receptor
on the cells is no longer sensitive or responsive to the insulin that is being released. When insulin doesnt attach
to the receptor effectively, blood sugar (glucose) cannot get into the cells and therefore builds up in the blood,
causing the body to continually make insulin to try to decrease the sugar levels. Over time, this sets up damaging
processes to the body, like ecessive triglyceride and LDLcholesterol, formation, which can lead to non-alcoholic
fatty liver and an increase in oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL, the bad cholesterol). Insulin, when released
in excess promotes inflammation which then triggers free radical damage. If free radical damage oxidizes LDL
cholesterol, it will contribute to plaque build-up in the arteries and can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of
the arteries) and other heart problems.1098 Insulin stimulates smooth muscle growth in your arteries, which
compresses them and causes elevations in blood pressure.1099
IR also leads to the accumulation of belly fat, and in turn, increased belly fat leads to insulin resistance. When
insulin is high, visceral (belly) fat storage is promoted in the body, and fat breakdown is blocked.1100 Belly fat
is metabolically active, and is a factory for making several inflammatory chemicals, hormones, enzymes, and
signaling substances that actually make insulin receptors more sluggish. Over time the chemicals made from belly
fat begin to accumulate and accelerate the march toward chronic illnesses in by disruption of several metabolic
pathways.1101,1102
Glycation is the process of glucose attaching to proteins in the body resulting in Advanced Glycation End products
(AGEs). AGEs are very slow to leave the body and are very inflammatory. High levels of glucose in the blood
can buildup AGEs, leading to kidney and heart problems, cataracts and macular degeneration, nerve damage
(neuropathy), and connective tissue damage.1103 High levels of AGEs are associated with insulin resistance.1104
When belly fat and AGEs increase inflammation, they turn off adiponectin (a signaling chemical that makes insulin
P/226
IR also affects the kidneys by producing a byproduct of increased insulin called insulin growth factor -1 (IGF-1).
IGF-1 can lead to increased blood flow through the kidneys, putting stress on their normal function. IR also leads
to kidney damage by depleting the antioxidant, glutathione, which is one of your principle cellular protectors.1105
Glutathione helps detoxify substances (including drugs, environmental chemicals, metabolic waste products) in the
blood that are being filtered through the kidneys. With IR, the increased free radicals and oxidative stress deplete
the pool of glutathione in the kidneys and can lead to damage to the kidneys and other body tissues. When you
are insulin resistant the kidneys spill magnesium and retain sodium. This causes you to retain water. Even more
important is the magnesium loss because magnesium helps to regulate blood pressure as well blood sugar. It
is a vicious cycle. Last and most important, excessive insulin leads to the release of excess nor epinephrine and
epinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenalin). When this happens blood vessels get constricted and become less
pliable. This leads to hypertension which many times starts in the renal arteries.
receptors more active). Decreased adiponectin leads to accelerated blood vessel damage and makes the vessels
more susceptible to plaque formation. 21
In summary, IR is a significant contributing factor in:

++Dementia and Alzheimers disease and cancer.1106
++Diabetes
++Macular Degeneration and various conditions related to the eyes
++Peripheral Vascular Disease
++Autoimmunity
++Chronic Kidney Disease
++Obesity.
Factors Contributing to IR:
++Diet: High carbohydrate and sugar intake is one of the quickest ways to make your pancreas release too much
insulin.1107
++Increased stress: When excessive levels of cortisol are produced over long periods of time, it promotes
inflammation, alters blood sugar control (hyperinsulinemia), causes fat storage and weight gain, affects immune
and thyroid function, and alters sex hormone production.1108,1109,1110,1111
++Hormonal Imbalances: Hormones have profound influence on blood sugar regulation. In men, for example, low
testosterone levels can increase the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, which includes high cholesterol
levels, high blood pressure, insulin resistance and obesity.1112 If the progesterone to estrogen ratio is too high
you will store too much fat and tend toward insulin resistance.
++Digestive function: evidence supports the idea that impairment of normal gut barrier function, through
environmental stressors (such as heavy metals and chemical preservatives), poor dietary habits (such as
diets high in carbohydrates, refined sugars, and fructose), food allergies, and chronic stress, and a wide array
of drug therapies result in the loss of the counter-inflammatory flora balance and leads to the expression of
uncontrolled inflammation.1113
++Nutrient Deficiencies:
Chromium - Chromium is known not only to be essential for proper insulin receptor function; it also plays a
role in lowering cholesterol.1114 Chromium intakes are usually well under optimal amounts and in addition high
sugar diets deplete chromium from the body.1115 These two factors combine to make chromium deficiency a
likely culprit in many people with IR.
Magnesium - Magnesium is another mineral that plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and in
preventing Metabolic Syndrome. Magnesium influences the release and activity of insulin and help balance
P/227
glucose levels.1116 Low levels of magnesium are frequently seen in individuals with Type 2 diabetes, and can
increase insulin resistance.1117 Several clinical studies have reported that magnesium supplementation is
beneficial in reducing blood glucose levels, improving insulin control, and stabilizing the Metabolic Syndrome
cascade.1118 Low magnesium intake is also associated with an increase in inflammatory markers, such as
C-reactive protein (CRP).75
Vitamin D - Vitamin D is needed by your body to help maintain adequate blood levels of insulin.1119 The
evidence is pretty strong that vitamin D supplementation can increase insulin levels in some people with
type 2 diabetes, and prolonged supplementation might also help reduce blood sugar levels.1120 Vitamin D
deficiency can make you more susceptible to developing insulin resistance, and therefore type 2 diabetes.
Zinc Zinc is a very important nutrient for maintaining healthy metabolism. Zinc plays a key role in the
synthesis and action of insulin and a big role in insulin resistance.1121 High levels of blood sugar can cause
depletion of zinc from the body, leading to an increase in insulin resistance and related complications of
diabetes such as oxidative stress on the body.1122
++Other Causes: Lack of quality sleep (7-8 hours a night, uninterrupted), heavy metal or pesticide contamination,
thyroid imbalances and a host of other metabolic imbalances can lead to an increase in inflammatory
compounds and free radical damage that can lead to IR.1123,1124,1125 Some medications can also lead to
increased insulin levels, including corticosteroids (like prednisones, hydrocortisone), antibiotics and oral
contraceptives.
What are steps you can take for a high Fasting Insulin level?


initiates the inflammatory signaling pathways.1126,1127 Modifying your diet can help decrease physical and mental
stress, helping balance metabolism. Consider going on a modified lower carbohydrate diet that your Life Time
Fitness Dietician can personalize for you.
servings a day.
++Avoid common food allergens, including gluten, dairy, soy.
P/228
++High-fiber foods, including flax seed, fresh vegetables, and beans should be part of the diet. These foods
should supply the 20-30 grams of dietary fiber needed each day, which slows the absorption of carbohydrates
and decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar. Eat meals at regular times each day. Its best not to eat
after 7 pm.
++Increase consumption of high-quality protein, like lean meats, bison, fish, chicken, turkey or ostrich.
++Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn syrup), insulin
resistance caused by eating too many refined sugar and carbohydrates and increased oxidative stress due to
a poor diet combine to increase IR.
++Once a day have a little over a half of a teaspoonful of cinnamon (3gm) on your food. Using cinnamon has
been reported to lower blood sugar1135, or consider taking a standardized extract of cinnamon.
imbalance metabolism.1136
++Limit sports and energy drinks that are high in sugar content, including fructose and sucrose.
++Avoid overeating, as this creates too much demand on your insulin levels and your digestive tract.
++Get adequate rest and manage stress about 7-8 hours of interrupted sleep a night for the average
adult. Several studies have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have
higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol, which elevates blood sugar. Poor sleep is associated with the
development of diabetes. Additionally, elevated day time cortisol will tend to elevate blood sugar and cause a
rise in insulin secretion over time.
++Lose weight. Excess weight is a main contributor to IR, and vice versa. If you are overweight or obese based
on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness LeanSource Weight Loss Supplement.
++Exercise 20 minutes a day at least 3 days a week. It helps to decrease cortisol (stress hormone) levels,
improve sex hormone levels and reduce insulin resistance.
++Get out in the sun to increase your vitamin D levels.
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1137
P/229
Take 1 tablet 2

reactions.
++ Magnesium is involved in maintaining
pressure.1139
++Supplies 150mg of elemental magnesium
each capsule
chromium picolinate
1 capsules (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance1140
Glukokine
1 tablet 2 times
daily

(10% Charantin), chromium and the
antioxidant glutathione, blended together
to support healthy blood sugar levels
through improved glucose metabolism.1142

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1146
(GSH).1147
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Cal/Mag 1001
P/230
2 capsules 2 times
release L-arginine

Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels1152
* If chronic stress is present
Vitamin D 1000
++1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000
IU) daily,
depending on
vitamin D3 lab
value
++If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a
month
Perfusia SR
++Bone support
P/231
IGG FOOD
SENSITIVITY
PANEL
A food allergy is an abnormal immune system reaction that
happens after you eat a particular food - even a very small
amount. There are seven foods that are reported to make
up 90% of all food allergies: peanuts, tree nuts like walnuts
or almonds, shellfish, soybeans, eggs, wheat, and cows
milk.1154 Corn and tomatoes are other common allergenic
foods. Food allergies can even be life threatening in some
individuals. In adults, the most common food allergens
(substances causing the allergic reaction) include fish and
shellfish (including shrimp, lobster, crab), peanuts, tree nuts
like almonds and walnuts, and eggs.
Two additional types of immune reactions to foods occur
as well. One is called food intolerance and the other is
called food sensitivity. Food intolerance is when a person
is incapable of digesting or absorbing a certain substance
like lactose or fructose due to inherited conditions resulting
in enzyme deficiencies. A food sensitivity means that your
immune system is being called to defend against a particular
food or food component, usually due to imbalances in
digestive health. Food sensitivities can also be due to
stress, contaminated foods with bacteria, fungi, additives
or pesticides, or compounds naturally found in foods like
salicylates (aspirin-like compounds).
The types of reactions your body has against foods,
either a true allergy or a food sensitivity, are based on two
types of proteins produced by your immune system called
antibodies. These antibodies include immunoglobulin E (IgE)
and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Food allergies occur when the
immune system activates IgE, and food sensitivities occur
when the immune system activates IgG. Immune reactions to
foods involving IgE are obvious and almost immediate, due to
release of histamine and inflammatory molecules that cause
constriction of the airways (asthma-type reaction), redness
and swelling of the skin, itching, increased mucous production
(runny nose), and even anaphylactic shock. Those related to
the antibody IgG, are called delayed and are not immediate.
These occur due to your bodys sensitivity to foods and are
based on individual chemistry, your digestive health, stress
level and imbalances in metabolism. The IgE food allergy
affects an estimated 6-8 percent of children under age 3, and
about 4 percent of adults, while the IgG food sensitivity is
related to approximately 95% of all food reactions.
Pages 232-241
Back to TOC
P/232
IGG FOOD
SENSITIVITY PANEL
Food Sensitivity Panel References
IgG Allergens (24 panel), positive or negative test:
Blue Cheese Mold
Chicken
Chili Pepper
Chocolate/Cocoa
Coffee
Corn
Milk (Cow)
Egg, Whole
Green Bean
Haddock
Lamb
Oat
Onions
Peanut
Pork
Potato, White
Rye
Shrimp
Soybean
Cane Sugar
Tomato
Wheat
Bakers Yeast
Brewers Yeast
Why is a Food Sensitivity Panel needed?
The IgG Food Sensitivity Test measures the release of the antibody IgG in response to foods listed on the panel.
This can help identify those foods that may be causing health problems.
P/233
Your digestive tract does a lot more than simply process the food you eat. In fact, it influences many areas of
overall health. Poor digestive health can influence many areas of health, including mood1155, joints1156, glands
like the thyroid and adrenal glands1157, the liver 1158, autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and weight
gain.1159,1160,1161 More and more people are suffering from food sensitivities and other immune responses to foods,
which begin in the digestive tract. These allergies in turn disrupt other bodily processes that directly contribute to
weight gain.
The main area of concern in a food allergy/intolerance/sensitivity is with the balance of the intestinal microflora
(probiotics). You coexist in a mutually beneficial relationship with many bacteria that resides in the intestines
called the microflora or probiotic flora.1162 More than 400 separate bacterial species have been identified as part
of the normal human gut flora, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium sp., and others. A healthy
intestinal tract not only allows absorption of nutrients from food, but also acts as a barrier that protects against
potentially damaging foods, bacteria, and fungi.
The digestive tract houses nearly 70% of the immune system and helps to ensure a strong, balanced immune
response that is neither over- nor under-active. Cells in the digestive tract provide a physical barrier to entry into
the bloodstream by foreign substances, like bacteria and yeast, undigested proteins and environmental toxins.
They do this by forming tight junctions and by producing mucus. When these cells are damaged (called gut
permeability) by toxins released by bad bugs like bacteria and yeast, environmental stressors (like as heavy
metals and chemical preservatives), poor dietary habits (such as high sugar, high refined carbohydrate diets,
preservatives), psychological or physical stress, and some drug therapies (including antibiotics), imbalances in
your normal flora can result.1163 Lack of beneficial flora and overgrowth of intestinal yeast can lead to an array of
problems, including allergies.1164,1165 For example, studies have reported that when beneficial flora are lacking,
seasonal allergies develop more easily.1166 Other studies have reported that people with food allergies have
different intestinal flora with a higher number of bad bacteria and yeast.1167 Other problems such as headaches,
fatigue, gas/bloating, ulcers, lack of ability to concentrate, nerve pain, skin rashes, joint pain, and decreased
immune function can occur.
The damaged cells in the digestive tract produce chemicals involved in inflammation called cytokines. Increases in
cytokines can cause uncontrolled inflammation and poor metabolism.1168 The imbalance of your bacterial flora and
the subsequent overgrowth of bad bacteria and yeast is termed dysbiosis. A diet full of carbohydrates, sugars,
dietary lectins (a type of protein found in foods such in wheat gluten and milk), and high-fructose corn syrup
(commonly found in sweetened beverages) can be a major factor in the development of intestinal imbalances by
promoting the growth and spread of yeast.1169,1170 The single most important factor by far in intestinal breakdown
is the lack of beneficial flora in the digestive tract. Chronic stress is a main culprit in this regard.1171 Eventually,
dysbiosis can lead to other metabolic imbalances, like weight gain, impaired immunity, insulin resistance and
symptoms of type 2 diabetes, hormonal imbalances, nutrient deficiencies (like calcium, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin
B6 and others), sleep disturbances, heart problems and even cancer.1172
When you have adequate beneficial flora it keeps yeast and bad bacteria under control and provides a number
of benefits for health.1173 Beneficial flora has a direct effect on the production of proteins that keep a proper
barrier between the bloodstream and intestinal contents, helps the body digest foods and absorb nutrients for
cellular energy, actually produce some nutrients, decrease toxins in the intestines and support a healthy immune
system.1174,1175,1176
Food allergies and sensitivities can lead to weight gain. Food allergies and sensitivities cause immune cells to go
into action and produce inflammatory substances that are a source of internal inflammation. Chronic inflammation
can damage insulin receptors and cause insulin resistance, a primary cause of weight gain.1177 Food reactions may
also contribute to weight gain by causing the body to produce more stress hormones, which can also contribute
to insulin resistance and midsection weight gain or belly fat.1178 The overproduction of stress hormones can also
negatively influence the production of thyroid hormones. In addition food allergies can lead to autoimmunity,
which can imbalance your thyroid gland (the master gland of metabolism).1179 Food allergies can also cause food
P/234
An unhealthy gut can also send signals to the brain, causing neurochemical imbalances that lead to memory
problems, mood swings, anxiety, depression, and cravings. To show you how intimately the gut and the brain
are connected, parents of autistic children have reported significant improvements in the behavior of their autistic
children when they modified the childs diet by eliminating dairy and wheat products.1182
cravings and unbalanced eating habits.1180 And finally, if your intestinal tract is being compromised by lack of
beneficial flora and overgrowth of yeast, it can greatly reduce the proper absorption of nutrients, many of which are
key to weight management.1181
Anyone can have food allergies or sensitivities, which have been linked to seasonal allergies, headaches, joint and
other arthritis pain, autoimmune conditions, thyroid problems, and a host of other metabolic imbalances.1183,1184 If
diet and exercise just dont seem to get the pounds off, then food allergies, sensitivities or intolerances may be the
reason why.
The bottom line is that food allergies, sensitivities and intolerances can lead to imbalances in your probiotic flora
and result in digestive problems like gas, bloating, decreased ability to absorb nutrients, immune imbalances and
uncontrolled inflammation in the intestines which can lead to further, more serious health consequences.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Test Reports Food Sensitivities?
++IgG Food Sensitivity
What does a Positive Food Sensitivity Test mean?
A positive test to a food on the IgG Food Sensitivity Panel means IgG antibodies are being produced in response
to a health consequence caused by the food in question, such as inflammation and imbalances in your intestinal
microflora. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and health conditions, including:
++Abdominal pain
++ADD/ADHD
++Asthma
++Autism
++Autoimmune conditions
++Bedwetting
++Bloating
++Canker sores
++Constipation
++Depression
++Diarrhea
++Fatigue
++Fevers
++Food intolerances
++Inflammatory bowel disease
++Insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes
++Irritable bowel syndrome
++Joint and muscle aches/pains
++Memory and cognitive decline
++Migraine
P/235
++Mood changes
++Recurrent ear infections
++Rheumatoid arthritis
++Shortness of breath
++Sinusitis
++Skin problems
++Skin rashes
++Weight gain
++Yeast infections
What are steps you can take for a positive food sensitivity?

To help achieve a beneficial outcome more readily when you test positive, it is recommended to use an
elimination diet. An elimination diet is just what is says eliminate the food you test positive for on the
allergy panel. When your results confirm an IgG reaction to a particular food, you should stop eating that
food for at least 3-4 weeks. Common signs of a food sensitivity include:
++gas and bloating
++digestive discomfort
++runny or stuffy nose
++joint aches
++rash
++headaches
++fatigue or tiredness
++mood changes
++increased heart rate
Wheat and dairy tend to be the two most problematic foods, by far. Because traces of wheat and dairy
products can often be found in a lot of other foods, it is helpful to remove most processed foods during an
elimination diet. Eat as many whole unprocessed foods as possible. Fresh fish, poultry, meats, and fruits
and vegetables should be the mainstay of your diet. For instance, do not eat deli lunchmeats because
many of them contain a number of different food additives. When you reintroduce the foods, test one food
at a time. Eat a normal-sized portion of the food and then watch over the next 24 to 48 hours for any signs
of intolerance.
The symptoms of a food sensitivity may appear fairly rapidly after eating the food, or in the case of fatigue,
joint aches, or congestion, they make take up to 24 hours to appear. So once you have eaten the foods,
if you have no immediate symptoms, remember to continue to observe yourself for any onset of symptoms
the whole next day. It is helpful to keep a log of the foods you have eaten and have a place to write any
symptoms you get, next to the foods.
If re-introducing the food(s), after using diet and lifestyle changes along with dietary supplements during
the elimination phase, leads to symptoms of food sensitivities, then stop eating the food(s) for at least
6 months. During this time, it is very important to support digestive function and immunity with diet
and lifestyle changes along with dietary supplements (e.g. probiotics). Sometimes you will find that the
sensitivity goes away and other times it never goes completely away (although the symptoms may be
lessened).
P/236
++The goals of diet and lifestyle recommendations for food allergies and sensitivities include improving immunity,
digestive health and decreasing inflammation.
++Elimination Diet - Avoid the food allergen if you have a positive test for at least 3-4 weeks. Re-introduce and
evaluate if symptoms of food sensitivity occur. If so, stop for 6 months and then retry eating the food. *See
above
can imbalance immunity.1185,1186 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental stress, helping
balance metabolism. Limit your intake of these foods significantly, especially sugar.
++Increase antioxidant-containing foods like green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables - such as green leafy
vegetables, broccoli, peppers, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits (although fruit sugars should be limited).
Polyphenols in these foods are reported to improve immune function and decrease inflammation.1187
and antibiotics in our food supply can lead to imbalances in digestive health and the immune system. Foods
that you should avoid include processed meats, frozen dinners, preserved meats like hot dogs or bacon, fast
foods, artificial ingredients and anything with MSG or monosodium glutamate.
and chemical additives, saturated fats founds in fatty meats and dairy. These foods can imbalance digestive
health and affect immunity.
++Stay away from artificial sweeteners, like aspartame (Nutrasweet), sucralose (Splenda). Splenda contains
a chlorine molecule that displaces iodine in the thyroid. Use stevia or if necessary, saccharine. Artificial
sweeteners have been linked to loss of concentration, headaches, immune and thyroid imbalances, weight
gain, blood sugar imbalances and even cancer.1188,1189
++Stay away from fermented foods, fungi (mushrooms) and yeast until the food sensitivities are resolved
++Lose weight. Studies report digestive imbalances when you are overweight or obese.1190 If you are overweight
or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness LeanSource Weight
Loss Supplement.
immunity.1191
food restaurants.
++Your protein requirements increase when youre under ongoing stress especially physical stress and
illness. If you have a food sensitivity, your body probably needs some extra protein to heal the hidden damage
metabolic imbalances have done to your intestines. You may want to consider adding a protein drink to
your diet.
P/237
easily digestible and low allergenic protein. You can mix the protein powder with a cup of fresh berries, a
banana, or other fruit in a blender with rice milk or quality water.
should be eliminated. These contaminants can lower your immunity and cause digestive imbalances.1192 Buy
stress hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours. Lack of sleep can cause immune
imbalances.1194
++Stop smoking. Immunity is affected with tobacco smoke.1195
Other Life Time Fitness Panels recommended when testing for food sensitivities include:
++Mens or Womens Core Health
++Stress and Resilience
++Mens or Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium
Aller DMG
1 tablet, 2-3 times

daily; use for 2-3
weeks

and polyphenols.
Cats claw MAX V
1 capsule 2 times
daily; use for 2
weeks
++Used to support immune and digestive

health
++Antiinflammatory1197
++Contains standardized cats claw plus nonstandardized
P/238
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
++Whey is high in cysteine and branchedchain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and
valine).
Life Time Fitness Joint

Maintenance Formula
2 tablets, 2 times
daily
++Contains glucosamine and chondroitin

sulfate with the protective ability of
calcium, MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)
and hyaluronic acid, along with the antiinflammatory properties of bromelain, for
nutritional support of healthy bones, joints
and connective tissue.1200
with dinner

*Use if pain or inflammation in

joints present
Life Time Fitness


Complete
1201,1202

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/239
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1204
interaction.1207

Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1208
++Whey is high in cysteine and branchedchain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and
valine).
(GSH).1209
(30gm)
Moducare
1-2 capsules 2
times daily

function. 1210
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

immunity1211
foods
CRP levels1213

Fish Oil
P/240
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
cortisol levels, which can both help
balance DHT and testosterone1215
1 capsule daily, 1
hour before bedtime

cortisol levels1216
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

Sleep Solve 24/7

* Use if ability to fall or stay asleep
is a problem
Ultra-D Tox
Relora Plex
P/241
IRON
Iron plays a role in many biochemical pathways. The major function of
iron is for oxygen transport by hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the oxygencarrying protein in red blood cells. The heme portion of hemoglobin
contains four atoms of iron. Iron picks up the oxygen in the lungs where
the concentration is high. Iron binds the oxygen and then transports it
to the tissues and releases it wherever oxygen is needed. Iron is also
a part of many enzymes that are involved with making new cells, liver
detoxification, energy production, amino acid and fatty acid metabolism,
immunity and hormone and brain chemical (neurotransmitter) levels.
Iron exists in various forms in the body: in functional forms (in
hemoglobin and in enzymes) and in transport and storage forms (ferritin,
transferrin, and hemosiderin). Bound iron is iron that is attached to
one of these proteins. Bound ironis the iron held by a protein such as
transferrin or ferritin. These proteins make sure the iron you absorb
from foods goes to the right place or is stored for future use. Bound iron
is determined by measuring TIBC (total iron binding capacity). If iron
storage is low, then the body makes more transferrin to collect more iron
from foods and use it more efficiently. If there is too much iron coming
from foods in the digestive tract, the body will decrease production of
transferrin so that less of the iron is taken up and transported around
the body.1217 To calculate the percentage of transferrin binding to iron, a
fasting serum iron must also be measured. A fasting serum iron divided
by TIBC shows the percentage of transferrin left to bind up free iron.
Free ironis iron that is not bound and because iron creates free radicals,
its the most dangerous kind of iron because it increases oxidative stress
in the body which can lead to tissue and organ damage.1218
Briefly, free radicals are highly unstable and highly reactive molecules
(usually oxygen molecules gone haywire) in the body. Free radicals are
formed as a result of the normal energy production that goes on in all
the cells of our body. If free radicals are not quickly neutralized after
being produced, they bounce around in the body and can damage
our cell membranes and organs in the body, leading to imbalances in
metabolism. This is called oxidative stress. Think of oxidative stress like
rusting it occurs naturally as a normal by-product of metabolism. If
toxins are not eliminated, then excessive free-radical damage can occur,
leading to chronic health problems and at the very least accelerated
aging. Increased oxidative stress is linked to most imbalances in
metabolism, including hormonal (thyroid, adrenal, sex), neurochemistry
(brain chemicals), weight gain, gastrointestinal, blood sugar regulation,
heart and blood vessel, kidney, liver and cancer.1219,1220
Only a small amount of the iron in your body is increased or decreased
daily. Much of the bodys iron is recycled when old red blood cells
(RBCs) are removed from the blood and destroyed.
Pages 242-247
P/242
Back to TOC
IRON
Reference Values
Iron Blood Level
(In micrograms per deciliter = mcg/dl)
40 - 155 mcg/dL
Normal Range (Adult Female)
35 155 mcg/dL
Why is an Iron level needed?

An iron blood test is used to determine the level of iron in your body. Along with the iron blood test, a total ironbinding capacity (TIBC) level is used. This determines how much iron is being carried in the blood. A well-balanced
diet contains sufficient iron to meet body requirements, but imbalances, including menstruation, pregnancy, insulin
resistance and thyroid hormone imbalances can lead to low levels of iron available for use by the body.1221
Thyroid hormone, insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are involved in the control of ferritin. Ferritin and iron
balance can cause many disorders, including problems with iron absorption, transport and storage (called
hemochromatosis) as well as in atherosclerosis, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimer disease, and restless leg
syndrome.1222
** If you take iron or vitamins containing iron, stop at least 3-4 days before testing
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report an Iron range?
++Womens Sex Hormone Profile (if menstruating)
What does a low Iron value mean?
Since the major function of iron is for oxygen transport by hemoglobin, low iron levels can result in anemia, or the
inability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues. This can result in fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath,
dizziness and other symptoms. Some symptoms of low iron in the body:
++Anemia
++Labored breathing after exertion
++Spooning of fingernails and brittle nails
++Greater susceptibility to infections
++Fatigue and weakness
++Dizziness
++Headaches
++Irritability
++Loss of libido or sex drive
++Pale skin
++Sore mouth corners
++Burning sensation of the tongue
++Urge to eat mud or chalk (geophagy)
P/243
A loss of blood (including menstruation in women or gastric ulcers), pregnancy or a diet poor in iron can lead to low
iron levels. Menstrual bleeding is the most common cause of iron deficiency. About 80% of the iron in the body
is in the blood, so iron loss is greatest whenever blood is lost. Menstruating women require approximately twice
as much iron intake as men to replace their monthly losses. Individuals at risk include infants, adolescent girls,
pregnant women, menstruating women, people with bleeding ulcers, and vegetarians. Iron deficiency anemia is a
condition where red blood cells contain less hemoglobin and consequently carry less oxygen.
Overuse of drugs that can lead to ulcers can also cause low iron levels, including anti-inflammatory drugs like
ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), naproxsen (Naprosyn, Aleve), indomethacin (Indocin) and others. Certain cancers, such as
colon cancer, can lead to low iron levels.1223
If you have low thyroid hormone levels, this will lead to less energy and also decrease the amount of acid in your
stomach, leading to problems absorbing nutrients from foods including iron.1224 Iron needs acid to be absorbed
from the foods we eat, so low thyroid and acid leads to low iron levels. Eating an unhealthy diet, high in refined
carbohydrates and sugars, full of high fructose corn syrup and chemical additives can also lead to thyroid
imbalances.1225 Low thyroid levels can also lead to heavier periods in women, which can lower iron levels.1226
Low iron levels also decrease deiodinase activity, which slows down the conversion of T4 to T3 (the active thyroid
hormone).1227
Drugs that can cause a low iron level include:
++Aspirin and salicylates
++Cholestyramine
++Colestipol
++Indomethacin
++Levothyroxine
++Quinolone antibiotics, including Levaquin and Cipro
++Tetracyclines
What are steps you can take for a low Iron value?


consumption.
P/244
iron levels.1228
++Stop smoking.
++Exercise in moderation. Athletes can be more susceptible to iron loss. Swimming, aerobics, yoga and dancing
are also good activities to help decrease stress and have less impact on the body.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1232
(GSH).1233
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/245
1 capsule, 2 times
daily with food

Time Release Iron

meals

6-to 8-hour period.
Thyro Mend
What does a high Iron value mean?

High levels of iron (called iron overload or hemochromatosis) is associated with an increase in oxidative stress
which increases the risk for cancer (including prostate and breast), heart problems, and other illnesses such as
endocrine problems, autoimmunity, bone and joint problems, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and liver
problems.1237,1238, 1239,1240
What are steps you can take for a high Iron level?


++Decrease protein intake from meat; increase protein from beans.
due to a poor diet combine to increase fat in the liver.
immunity.1242
P/246
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1243
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance1245
L-glutamine
1-4 capsules
(500mg-2 grams)
daily in divided
doses

immune function1247

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver1249
T.A.P.S
1 capsule, 2 times
daily
++Contains liver supportive herbs, including

curcumin
processes and provide antioxidant support
for the liver.1145
P/247
LIPID PANEL
(INCLUDING
VAP)
Lipids are waxy, fatty substances produced by your liver
that includes cholesterol and triglycerides. Cholesterol is
the building block substance used to make hormones,
including sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen and
the stress hormone (cortisol). Our cell membranes. and a
protective nerve covering called myelin, are both made from
cholesterol. Cholesterol is also a component of bile, an
important aid to fat digestion, and it is the substance from
which vitamin D is made.
Cholesterol is often discussed along with triglycerides(the
chemical name for fats) as they exist in foods and in the
body. There are 3 major components of cholesterol. Verylow-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Each type contains a mixture of cholesterol, proteins and
triglycerides, but in varying amounts. LDL contains the
highest amount of cholesterol. HDL contains the highest
amount of protein. VLDL contains the highest amount of
triglyceride.
Maintaining healthy cholesterol and triglycerides, weight,
blood sugar and insulin levels, as well as balancing
hormones and the digestive system, decreasing stress,
inflammation and exposure to environmental toxins are all
critical for the heart and blood vessels.
Pages 248-257
P/248
Back to TOC
INSULIN, FASTING
Reference Values
Lipid Panel
Blood Lipid Levels
(in milligrams per deciliter = mg/dL)
Total cholesterol (Adults):
Optimal
< 200 mg/dL
Borderline high
200 - 239 mg/dL
High
> 240 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol (Adults):

Low
< 40 mg/dL
Optimal
> 40 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol (Adults):

Optimal
`< 100 mg/dL (< 70 if high risk*)
Near optimal
100 - 129 mg/dL
Borderline high
130 - 159 mg/dL
High
160 - 189 mg/dL
Very high
> 190 mg/dL
VLDL cholesterol (Adults):

Optimal
5 - 40 mg/dL
Fasting triglycerides (Adults):

Optimal
< 150 mg/dL
Borderline high
150 199 mg/dL
High
200 499 mg/dL
Very high
> 500 mg/dL
P/249
VAP Panel
Blood Lipid Analysis
(in milligrams per deciliter = mg/dL)
Includes above values plus:
Non HDL cholesterol (LDL + VLDL)
< 160 mg/dL
ApoB100 calc.
< 109 mg/dL
LDL-R (real)
< 100 mg/dL
Lp(a)
< 10 mg/dL
IDL cholesterol
< 20 mg/dL
Remnant Lipoprotein (IDL + VLDL3)
< 30 mg/dL
HDL-2 (more protective)
> 10 mg/dL
HDL-3 (less protective)
> 30 mg/dL
VLDL-3 (higher risk of metabolic

disorders)
< 10 mg/dL
LDL Patterns (the presence of and amount in mg/dL)

LDL1 Pattern A (lower risk of metabolic disorders)
LDL2 Pattern A (lower risk of metabolic disorders)
LDL3 Pattern B (higher risk of metabolic disorders)
LDL4 Pattern B (higher risk of metabolic disorders)
LDL Density Pattern (A, B or A/B)
* High risks are those with heart problems, kidney/liver problems, diabetes.
Why is a Lipid Panel needed?
A lipid panel is a group of blood tests that can measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your
blood. A lipid panel can help determine if you are at risk for heart problems, like high blood pressure, stroke,
atherosclerosis or heart attack. According the American Heart Association, in the United States alone more than
70 million people have some form of heart problems, which can include high blood pressure, atherosclerosis,
blood vessel damage, angina (chest pain), stroke and heart attack.1251 A lipid panel also is part of testing for the
risk of metabolic syndrome (MeS). MeS is a cluster of health conditions, including increased inflammation, high
blood pressure, increased cholesterol, insulin resistance and blood sugar regulation problems, increased weight
(belly fat) and increased BMI (body mass index measures your fat %). If you are over 50, you have a better than
1 in 3 chance of developing MeS.1252
The VAP, or vertical auto profile test, directly measures cholesterol components, including total cholesterol,
LDL, HDL, VLDL, and lipoprotein subclasses not included in the conventional Lipid panel. Additional lipoprotein
information can be helpful in selecting the most appropriate therapy, including choice of drugs and the intensity
of risk-reduction therapy. The VAP test includes: HDL subfraction cholesterol (HDL2 and HDL3); LDL cholesterol;
LDL subclass pattern (pattern A, B, A/B); lipid and metabolic syndrome assessment; Lp(a) cholesterol; quantitative
measurement of total HDL cholesterol, total LDL cholesterol, total VLDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and
triglycerides (indirect measurement); VLDL subfraction cholesterol (VLDL 1+2 and VLDL3); apoB100; LDL-R(Real).
P/250
** You should be on a stable diet for 2-3 weeks prior to blood collection; you should also fast (no food or drink
except water) for 12-14 hours before collection of the blood specimen.
The VAP gives you information about your cholesterol similar to the conventional lipid panel, as well as additional
information useful for further CHD risk assessment evaluation and identifies lipid-associated risk for the Metabolic
Syndrome.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Lipid Panel?

++Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium Profile (VAP panel)
++Mens Longevity and Vitality Premium Profile (VAP panel)
++Womens Longevity and Vitality Premium Profile (VAP panel)
What do Lipid Panel Values mean?
A number of studies on the benefits of reducing lipid levels for those without heart problems have reported a 31%
reduction in the risk of death due to heart problems and a 22% reduction in all causes of death.1253 Those with
a total cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL or more generally have twice the risk of heartproblems as people whose
cholesterol level is desirable (< 200 mg/dL).1254
There are both good and bad forms of cholesterol LDL and HDL. LDL cholesterol is the major cholesterol
carrier in the blood, and cells and hormones need cholesterol in order to function appropriately. However, under
oxidative stress, increased amounts of LDL cholesterol are oxidized, meaning they are broken down into a form
your body cant use. 1255 Free radicals (which are usually oxygen molecules gone haywire) that cause the damage
to LDL are formed as a result of chronic stress, drugs or exposure to environmental toxins, including cigarette
smoke, heavy metals, or chemicals in food. 1256 They can also be caused by poor dietary choices, including a
diet high in refined sugars, high carbohydrates, high fructose corn syrup (found in soft drinks and condiments like
ketchup), saturated fats (animal fats), highly processed foods (fast foods), foods loaded with preservatives (boxed
foods, prepackaged), and diets deficient in fresh vegetables. All of these factors can lead to atherosclerosis, a
condition in which plaque builds up on the insides of your arteries.1257
LDL particle size is analyzed with the VAP test. Small, densed LDL particles easily oxidized and are thought of
as being a greater risk factor for develping atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) as compared to larger,
less dense LDL particles.1258 Oxidized LDL has been associated with erectile dysfunction, high blood pressure,
increases in blood clots , memory disorders and development of the Metabolic Syndrome.1259 Oxidized LDL
can lead to a decrease in collagen production and an increase collagen destruction, which increases our aging
processes like skin wrinkling and also brittle blood vessels which can rupture in the eyes, the legs, the brain and
the heart.1260
The VAP test takes the LDL particles and separates them out according to size and density. Each LDL particle
is classified into one of three patterns as follows: Pattern A, predominately large, buoyant LDL (considered lower
risk); Pattern B, predominately small, dense LDL (considered a highrisk subclass); Pattern A/B, large, buoyant LDL
and small, dense LDL present in roughly equal amounts (an intermediate pattern).
The VAP also measures apo B-100, which is an essential protein that makes up LDL and VLDL
cholesterol. Apolipoprotein B helps provide shape and structure to LDL and VLDL, and helps transport particles
like cholesterol and triglycerides as part of the LDL or VLDL compound.
The Vap test includes Lp(a) or lipoprotein A. Lp(a) is a genetic variation of LDL found in the blood. A high level
of Lp(a) is an important risk factor, and a new marker examined by physicians, for developing atherosclerosis
P/251
The good form of cholesterol is known as high-density lipoprotein (HDL). If the HDL is low (< 40mg/dL), this can
predispose a person to heart problems. Low HDL occur in smokers, overweight or obese individuals, and those
that lack any form of exercise.1262 Progesterone, anabolic steroids and male sex hormones (testosterone) also
lower HDL cholesterol levels, while female sex hormones (estradiol) raise HDL cholesterol levels.1263 HDL helps
decrease damage to LDL cholesterol.
(hardening of the arteries) early.1261 How an increased Lp(a) contributes to heart disease isnt clear. The lesions in
artery walls contain substances that may interact with Lp(a), leading to the buildup of fatty deposits.
In the VAP panel, the HDL is broken into subfractions, including HDL2 and HDL3. : The larger and more buoyant
HDL2 subfraction is associated with protecting against heart disease that the small, dense HDL3.1264
VLDL contains the highest amount of triglycerides, and is a blood fat that can be used for energy or stored as fat.
VLDL cholesterol is considered a type of bad cholesterol - elevated levels are associated with an increased risk of
coronary artery disease and also with insulin resistance.1265 It is important to keep triglycerides as low as possible
in the blood because elevated levels of triglycerides and high VLDL levels are associated with an increased risk
of coronary artery disease.1266 One of the primary factors increasing triglycerides and therefore VLDL is increased
intake of sugars, especially if that intake goes on to cause insulin resistance.1267
The VAP test separates out VLDL particles and measures the amount of the subfractions VLDL3-C and
VLDL1+2-C. VLDL particles vary according to size and density, with small, remnant VLDL particles (VLDL3) being a
stronger predictor of heart disease and Metabolic Syndrom risk than the large, buoyant VLDL1+2.
A VAP test also includes intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). IDL is a VLDL remnant particle, meaning it is
generated during the breakdown of VLDL. IDL has been linked to having a high risk for atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol is influenced by important aspects of an individuals health, creating complex and sometimes harmful
conditions to the vascular system, heart and brain, beyond elevated cholesterol alone. Some of these factors
include:
Diet Foods high in sugar and refined carbohydrates, like white breads and pastas, and processed foods, like
lunchmeats, can lead to a whole host of problems that go on to contribute to impaired immunity, inflammation,
obesity (notably increased belly fat), and high levels of oxidized LDL cholesterol.1268 This happens because insulin
resistance and inflammation develops from eating these kinds of foods. Insulin resistance triggers the accumulation
of visceral (belly) fat. Increased belly fat is associated with more health problems than fat deposited in other areas
of the body, like on the hips or thighs.
Blood Sugar Regulation Problems Type 2 diabetes is reported to increase the manufacture of cholesterol in the
body, indicating that insulin resistance may be a link between glucose and cholesterol metabolism.1269 Diabetes,
for instance, elevates glucose (sugar) levels in the blood. This increase in sugar can enhance the glycation (when
sugar binds to cholesterol or protein to form a product with oxidative properties) and increase the inflammatory
properties of oxidized LDL cholesterol. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are also reported to be associated
with high triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol levels.1270 This is in agreement with findings that obese individuals
and those with type 2 diabetes actually make more cholesterol than those who are not obese.1271,1272,1273
Intestinal Balance We coexist in mutually beneficial relationship with a complex array of bacterial flora that reside
in the intestines.1274 The healthy intestine not only allows absorption of nutrients from our foods, but also acts as a
barrier that protects us against potentially damaging foods, bacteria, and yeast. Impairment of the normal intestinal
barrier, through environmental stressors (such as heavy metals and chemical preservatives), poor dietary habits,
food allergies, chronic stress, and a wide array of drug therapies result in the loss of the flora balance and will lead
to the expression of uncontrolled inflammation called dysbiosis.1275 The chronic inflammation associated with
dysbiosis can increase oxidative stress and lead to lipid imbalances and other problems associated with metabolic
syndrome.1276
P/252
Homocysteine Homocysteine is an amino acid normally found in the body in small amounts. Thats because
its quickly converted to other harmless amino acids such as methionine and cysteine. Excess homocysteine can
sometimes form during the breakdown of dietary proteins, and elevated homocysteine levels in the blood are one
of the most serious risk factors for heart disease.1277
Researchers have discovered that too much homocysteine can lead to an increase in oxidized (LDL) cholesterol,
may increase the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and may also cause the blood to clot more
easily (which can lead to stroke or heart attack).1278 High levels of homocysteine may also be a risk factor in
developing Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, kidney disease and cancer.1279
Certain B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B6, B2 and vitamin B12) are necessary to convert homocysteine into its
harmless derivatives, and several studies have reported that supplementing with these B vitamins significantly
lowers homocysteine levels in the blood.1280 B vitamins are part of Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM
multivitamin/mineral supplement, and you should take these vitamins daily.
Stress Chronic stress leads to oxidative stress and oxidized LDL. When excessive levels of cortisol (the stress
hormone) are produced over long periods of time, it promotes inflammation. Chronic inflammation due to stress
can lead to increased oxidative stress and cholesterol imbalances.1281 Stress hormones raise glucose (blood sugar)
and insulin levels, reduce the production and activity of thyroid hormones, increase body weight, impair immune
balance, and cause imbalances in sex hormones.1282
Sex Hormone Imbalances Studies report that men with the lowest levels testosterone have the highest risk
for atherosclerosis. On the other hand, men with the highest levels of testosterone were most protected against
atherosclerosis.1283 Its also been reported that men with low testosterone levels can increase the prevalence of
metabolic syndrome, which includes imbalances in cholesterol levels, weight gain, high blood pressure, erectile
dysfunction, insulin resistance, and obesity.1284
As men age and testosterone declines, their body composition takes on more visceral fat (belly fat), which leads
to more estrogen being produced (yes, men and women make the same sex hormones, just in different amounts).
As estrogen levels increase in men, their ability to dissolve blood clots decreases. Balance in estrogens is also
of importance in maintaining cholesterol at appropriate levels and heart health. There is evidence that beneficial
estrogens (called 2-hydroxyestrones) may prevent plaque formation in the arteries and act as powerful antioxidants
to reduce oxidation of LDL cholesterol.1285 These estrogens can be formed by eating a healthy diet high in insoluble
dietary fibers such as lignins found in flaxseeds, bran, beans, and seeds.1286 Second, dietary fiber improves the
composition of intestinal bacteria, which is critical in estrogen metabolism. Dietary fiber intake increases serum
concentrations of serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a protein that binds to estrogen.1287 This helps to
reduce levels of free estrogens and the chance of developing estrogen receptor positive cancers like most breast
cancer. Dietary fiber also decreases the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.
Environmental Factors Exposure to environmental chemicals (heavy metals, pesticides, chemicals used in
manufacturing and found in foods) may disrupt the balances of our nervous system, endocrine (hormonal) system,
and immune system and increase oxidative stress. This leads to an increase in inflammatory signaling, which then
leads to changes in metabolism and eventually to Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 diabetes. 1288 This increased
oxidation in the body can lead to cholesterol problems, especially oxidized LDL (the bad cholesterol). Endocrine
(hormonal) disruptors include chemicals found in everyday products such as plastic bottles, metal food cans,
detergents, flame retardants, paints and sealants, food, toys, cosmetics, shampoos, and pesticides.1289
Thyroid Imbalances A slightly under-active thyroid called subclinical hypothyroidism, and is a major risk factor in
heart disease. In the Rotterdam Study cited above, researchers found that older women with no obvious signs of
low thyroid activity were almost twice as likely to have blockages in their arteries by cholesterol as women without
this condition. And, they were also twice as likely to have had heart attacks.1290
P/253
Low thyroid hormone levels have been linked to increased oxidized (bad) LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular
risks.1291 As part of our normal metabolism, the burning of oxygen and glucose causes free radicals. When thyroid
function is too low or too high, excessive free radical production takes place, more free radicals are produced,
which can oxidize LDL cholesterol and initiate plaque formation all contributing to increases in cardiovascular
diseases like stroke and heart attack. Thyroid hormones also help regulate insulin and also signal the liver to
increase the breakdown of cholesterol.1292 When thyroid hormones are low, carbohydrates and fats become
stored as body fat. This fat storage happens because the cells are not being directed to burn them for energy, and
cholesterol is broken down normally.
Sleep Problems It is known that restricted sleep, such as only 4 or 5 hours nightly, contributes to the
development of insulin resistance, which can lead to weight gain and chronic inflammation.1293 A lack of sleep
can also affect cholesterol levels, causing an increase in the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and the resulting
complications that follow over time. A small study found that the effect of 5-day sleep deprivation had a profound
negative effect on cholesterol metabolism.1294 Other studies have found that sleep apnea (also called obstructive
sleep apnea or OSA) increases oxidation, causing and increase in triglycerides.1295 Taking 3-6mg of melatonin one
hour before bedtime can help regulate sleep cycles.
Drug Use Prescription medications for lowering cholesterol such as the statin drugs like simvastatin (Zocor)
and lovastatin (Lipitor) can deplete coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) from the body.1296 CoQ10 is a nutrient that is very
important for your body, and most especially for your heart.1297 The body naturally produces CoQ10, which is
necessary for cells to produce energy from the food. CoQ10 is also an important antioxidant that decreases
damage from free radicals.1298 If youre taking a statin drug to lower your cholesterol levels something
millions are doing - then you should also be taking a CoQ10 supplement to compensate for its depletion (100150mg at bedtime).
What are steps you can take to improve Lipid values?


++Make sure to take the Life Time Fitness Men or Womens AM/PM Multivitamin.
sugars), also lead to high oxidative stress and release of stress hormones (such as cortisol), which initiates
the inflammatory signaling pathways.1299,1300 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental stress,
helping balance metabolism.
++Increase omega-3 fatty acids in foods. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in cold-water fish like halibut and
salmon, walnuts, plant foods and wild game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in
the body. When omega-3 fats are consumed in adequate amounts it lowers health risks, especially for heart
disease, and new studies are suggesting that adequate intakes may even help prevent obesity.1301,1302
++If you eat fish such as tuna, there may be a concern over heavy metal contamination. The Center of Science
and the Public Interest (CSPI), a nutrition advocacy organization in Washington, D.C., issued a warning that
pregnant women should not eat more than two 6-ounce servings of canned tuna per month since tuna
contains high levels of mercury.1303 Avoid eating tuna more than once a month especially fresh tuna steaks
in addition to other fish particularly high in mercury such as pike, swordfish, shark, and walleye.
P/254
intestines.1306 The probiotic friendly intestinal bacteria also synthesize B vitamins and folic acid, important for
the heart.
food restaurants.
++Magnesium from nuts and seeds to help control blood pressure and reduce blood vessel spasm
servings a day.
++Trans-fats should be eliminated from the diet. Trans-fats are supplied by hydrogenated vegetable oils used in
most processed foods in the supermarket and in many fast foods.
++Moderate alcohol intake, especially from red wine, also lowers cardiovascular disease risk but dont drink
to excess because that can have very negative effects on your metabolism.1307 Alcohol can also raise your
triglycerides substantially, so if you drink the night before a Lipid Panel, more than likely your triglycerides will
be high.
found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances have higher levels of oxidative stress
than those that get regular sleep.1308
++Quit smoking or tobacco use. Tobacco use is reported to increase inflammation.1309
++Exercise also decreases your risk of developing heart disease. Regular exercise helps balance metabolism
and improves cardio-respiratory endurance, insulin sensitivity, blood sugar levels, weight control, and HDL
cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein, the good cholesterol) levels while decreasing LDL cholesterol (lowdensity lipoprotein, the bad cholesterol) levels.1310,1311 At a minimum, most of us should be exercising at
least 30 minutes daily, 3-5 days a week, if tolerable. It is best to combine cardio training some form of
exercise that safely increases your heart rate with weight training to help build muscle mass in order
to maximize insulin receptor function and glucose control. Find a knowledgeable certified trainer or physical
therapist to evaluate you if you havent exercised in a long time. It is better to find out what your weak spots
are than to just jump in like a weekend warrior, and end up injured and unable to exercise at all!
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1312
P/255
1 capsule 3 times
daily
++Choleast is a combination of red yeast

rice and coenzyme Q10.
++Choleast helps support cardiovascular
function by improving blood lipid levels
and replenishing the antioxidant nutrient
coenzyme Q10.1314
Kyolic Reserve
1 capsule (600mg),
1-3 times daily

supplement.

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1321
health.1322,1323
interaction.1324
Choleast
P/256
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Life Time Fitness

with dinner

1327,1328
P/257
PLATELET
COUNT
Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are formed from cells
in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. Platelets are
part of the clotting (blood coagulation) system of the body.
They are activated at the first sign of injury to a blood vessel
or tissue. Platelets are sticky and can clump together, or
aggregate, to form a blood clot, which can stop the flow of
blood in a damaged area. Platelets are the smallest blood
cell and the lightest, allowing them to be pushed by blood
flow into the blood vessel wall.
Platelets carry certain compounds in the blood stream,
including serotonin (the calming brain chemical).
Approximately 2% of serotonin is stored in platelets. Platelets
also carry L-tryptophan, the amino acid that helps make
serotonin, melatonin and niacin.1329 Platelets mediate
inflammation, by secreting cytokines, or chemicals that
increase inflammation.
Platelet defects can be considered either as a decreased
number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), as increased
(thrombocytosis)or as defective platelets. One of the most
common causes of platelet disorders is the use of aspirin.
Aspirin blocks thromboxane, one of the steps required for
platelets to stick together, which is why aspirin is used in
those with the tendency to form blood clots that can lead to
heart and blood vessel problems.
Pages 258-265
P/258
Back to TOC
PLATELET COUNT
Reference Values
Platelet Count
140.0 415.0 10E3/uL
Why is a Platelet Count needed?

Measuring Platelets is part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP).
The test assesses the number of platelets in your body. A platelet count can help determine if you have blood
clotting problems a bleeding disorder or a bone marrow problem. Platelet counts can vary throughout the day, with
levels highest at midday.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report Platelet Count ranges?
What does a low Platelet Count mean?
A low level of platelets is also called thrombocytopenia. Internal bleeding can occur when a platelet count falls
below 10,000 platelets/uL. A low platelet count can be caused by:
++Long-term bleeding problems, like stomach ulcers
++Anemia
++Chronic infections (can lead to bone marrow problems)
++Autoimmune disorders like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
++Kidney problems
++Spleen problems (leads to accumulation of platelets in the spleen and decreases platelets in the blood)
++Nutrient deficiencies, including vitamin B12 and folate
++Immune imbalances
++Environmental toxins like heavy metals (lead, mercury)
++Heavy alcohol consumption
++Cancer, including leukemia (leads to bone marrow problems)
++Pregnancy
++Blood transfusion
++Incorrect blood collection by the laboratory can cause platelets to clump and falsely appear to be low in
number.
++Genetic disorders, including Willebrands disease (leads to less sticky platelets)
++Some medications, including
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Aspirin
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Naprosyn,
Aleve), indomethacin (Indocin)
Quinidine
P/259
Anticonvulsants drugs, including phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), valproic acid (Depakene,
Depakote)
Thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide)
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Sulfonylurea antidiabetic drugs, including chlorpropamide (Diabenese) and glipizide (Glucotrol) and glyburide
(Diabeta, Micronase)
Antibiotics, including vancomycin, cephalosporins (cephalexin or Keflex), penicillins and sulfa drugs
(sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or Bactrim)
H2 blockers, including cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac) and famotidine (Pepcid)
PPI (proton pump inhibitors) including nizatidine (Axid), omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole(Prevacid),
rebeprazole(Aciphex), pantoprazole(Protonix) and esomeprazole(Nexium, the purple pill)
Ticlodipine (Ticlid)
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
Diazepam (valium)
Nitroglycerine (Nitrostat)
Chemotherapy
Symptoms of a low platelet count include:
++Easy bruising
++Bleeding into the skin that appears as a rash of pinpoint-sized reddish-purple spots (petechiae), usually on the
lower legs
++Increased and prolonged bleeding from cuts, gums, nose
++Blood in urine or stools
++Unusually heavy menstruation (menorrhagia)
++Excess bleeding during surgery or dental procedures
++
Many over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs contain aspirin and should only be used under the
supervision of a doctor if you have low platelet numbers. Aspirin-containing drugs include:
++Alka Seltzer
++Anacin
++ASA
++Bufferin
++Ecotrin
++Excedrin
++Fiorinal
++Percodan
What are steps you can take for a low Platelet Count?


++Decrease foods high in vitamin K that could lead to an increase in bleeding if platelets are low. The major
P/260
source of Vitamin K is green, leafy, vegetables kale, collards, spinach, and turnip greens are the highest.
Foods low in vitamin K include roots, bulbs, tubers, some fruits and fruit juices. Cereals, grains and other milled
products are also low in vitamin K, but watch your carbohydrate intake.
++Make sure to take a Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM Multivitamin/mineral to make sure you are
getting the right nutrients.
consumption.
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Chickens should also be cage
that reduce inflammation.
seafood.
servings a day.
intestines.1334
food restaurants.
P/261
iron levels.1335
stomach acid. Lower acid production can lead to low iron levels and lower vitamin B12 and folate.
++Stop smoking and do not drink alcohol.
should be eliminated. These contaminants can lower your immunity and can alter platelets.1336 Buy organic
foods where possible.
++Exercise in moderation. Exercise can help increase the bodys clotting mechanisms.1338
++Do not take over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers that contain aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve).
Decrease acetaminophen intake also if you take Tylenol containing products.
5-HTP Plus
1-2 capsules daily,

between meals

food cravings1339
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

* If cravings are present

Multivitamin AM/PM
P/262
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1341
(GSH).1342
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Time Release Iron

meals

6-to 8-hour period.

Isolate
What does a high Platelet Count mean?

A high platelet count is also called thrombocytosis. High platelet counts may have no symptoms, but can lead to
blood clots in the brain and heart if not addressed. Conditions that can lead to a high platelet count include:
++Living in high altitudes
++Strenuous exercise
++Spleen disorders
++Post-partum
++Bone marrow abnormalities can lead to both low and high platelet counts
++Blood loss can lead to both low and high platelet counts
++Infections can lead to both low and high platelet counts
++Chronic inflammation can lead to both low and high platelet counts
++Autoimmune diseases can lead to both low and high platelet counts
++High red blood cell counts (Polycythemia vera)
++Low iron - can lead to both low and high platelet counts1345
++High homocysteine and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels1346
++Cancer, including bowel cancer
++Drugs like erythropoietin (EPO), estrogen, steroids and oral contraceptives
What are steps you can take for a high Platelet Count?


++Use Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM Multivit/mineral to make sure you are getting the right
nutrients.
++Increase foods high in vitamin K. The major source of Vitamin K is green, leafy, vegetables - kale, collards,
spinach, and turnip greens are the highest.
P/263
seafood.
game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. Omega-3 fatty acids reported
to decrease platelet thromboxane production.1347 Fatty acid balance improves immunity.1348
++Dont drink alcohol or smoke.
++Exercise in moderation. Even moderate exercise can increase pro-clotting factors in the body, including
platelets, and lead to increased blood clotting.1350
P/264

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1352
(GSH).1353
(30gm)
Multi-Probiotic 4000`
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Time Release Iron

meals

6-to 8-hour period. Use with caution in
men
* If iron levels are low
Supplements
P/265
POTASSIUM
Potassium is one of the bodys three major electrolytes (the
other two being sodium and chloride) that are required in
fluid balance. Potassium is the primary electrolyte functioning
inside cells throughout the body. Potassium and other
electrolyte balance is performed with the hormones of the
adrenal glands and the anterior pituitary gland. Potassium is
readily absorbed through the intestinal tract, and excess is
excreted in the urine with the kidneys. Potassium in the body
is important for:
++Acid/Base Balance: Potassium is one of the main
electrolytes that helps control pH levels in body fluids.
++Blood Pressure: In part regulated by potassium. Low
potassium levels are associated with elevated blood
pressure.
++Electrical Activity: Potassium helps regulate electrical
activity, which in turn, regulates the activity of muscle
and nerve cells and the beating of the heart.
++Glucose: Conversion of glucose (sugar) to glycogen (the
stored form of sugar in the liver) requires potassium.
++Osmotic Pressure and Water Balance: Potassium is one
of the electrolytes that control these functions through
the activity of the sodium-potassium pump.
Pages 266-272
P/266
Back to TOC
POTASSIUM
Reference Values
Blood Potassium
(in millimoles per liter = mmol/L)
3.5 5.2 mmol/L
Why is a Potassium blood level needed?

A potassium level is tested routinely as part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). A potassium level is
important in evaluating heart, kidney, adrenal gland, muscle, and digestive system balance.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Test(s) Report a Potassium range?
What does a low potassium value mean?
A low level of potassium is also called hypokalemia. Low potassium can be caused by:
++Chronic stress can alter potassium levels and create imbalances.
++A diet high in sodium
++Dehydration (lack of fluids)
++Kidney problems
++Drug depletion, including
++Use of the herb licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) a component of licorice, called glycyrrhizin, can cause
pseudohyperaldosteronism, which leads to increased blood pressure, potassium loss, weakness and fluid
build-up (edema).1356
Symptoms associated with potassium deficiency include:
++Poor reflexes
++Muscle weakness
++Fatigue
++Dehydration
++Fluid build-up (edema)
++Constipation
++Dizziness
++Mental confusion
++Nervous disorders
P/267
++Albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil)

++Salicylates, including aspirin
++Bisacodyl
++Colchicine
++Corticosteroids, including prednisone, hydrocortisone
++Levodopa (L-dopa, Sinemet)
++Loop Diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix)
++Calcium Channel Blockers, including verapamil (Calan)
++Penicillins
++Sodium Bicarbonate
++Terbutaline (Brethine)
++Thiazide Diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazize
++Magnesium
++Vitamin C
++ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil), captopril (Capoten), benazepril (Lotensin) and enalapril
(Vasotec)
++Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs), including candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan
(Avapro), telmisartan (Micardis), valsartan (Diovan), losartan (Cozaar), and olmesartan (Benicar).
Drugs that can lower potassium levels include:
What are steps you can take for a low potassium value?


++Potassium is plentiful in the diet. Potassium-rich foods include fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, meat, and
dairy. A baked potato with the skin left on is very high in potassium. A vegetarian diet can lead to potassium
deficiency.
iodine added.
++Avoid foods high in sodium, like pre-packaged foods, fast foods, smoked and pickled foods, canned meats,
lunchmeats and chips.
++Low-sodium foods are eggplant, tomatoes, peanuts, onions, mushrooms, garlic, raisins and artichokes.
P/268
days a week is recommended. If you are sweating a lot, use electrolyte replacement drinks. However, you have
to watch the sugar content and the chemical preservatives and sweeteners in these.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass
performance1363

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/269
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1365
(GSH).1366
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
levels1370

Isolate
What does a high Potassium value mean?

A high potassium level is called hyperkalemia. High potassium usually occurs due to a drug interaction. In
most individuals, excess potassium intake is either excreted or stored in the intestines as a reservoir for future
use. However, potassium toxicity (hyperkalemia) can result from kidney problems, in which case serum levels
rise because the kidneys cannot adequately excrete potassium. Imbalanced adrenal glands can also cause
hyperkalemia. The symptoms of hyperkalemia include mental confusion, numbness of the extremities, labored
breathing and deteriorating cardiac activity.
Symptoms of high potassium levels include:
++Nausea
++Fatigue
++Numbness/tingling
++Increase breathing (respiration)
++Muscle aches, weakness
++Kidney problems
P/270
What are steps you can take for a high potassium level?

++Decrease potassium-containing foods, like bananas, raisins, prunes, apricots, dates, dairy (milk, cheese,
yogurt), strawberries, watermelon, citrus fruits, juices (including tomato, orange, grapefruit), spinach, greens,
mushrooms (especially portabella), soy products, pumpkin, nuts (pistachio, almonds, peanuts), beets, beans,
turkey, fish (such as salmon and cod) and beef.
++Foods low in potassium include apples, grapes, lemon, blueberries, carrots, and cruciferous vegetables
(cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower)
++Decrease protein intake from meats; increase protein from beans.
++Do not use a salt substitute. These contain potassium and can increase your level of potassium.
++Stop smoking and drinking alcohol.
++Increase water intake stay hydrated; a minimum of 2 liters of filtered water daily is recommended.
++Exercise appropriately, 30 minutes daily at least 3 times a week. Swimming, yoga and dancing are also good
Supplements
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/271
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1374
(GSH).1375
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods

Isolate
P/272
PROGESTERONE
Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone made from
cholesterol. Progesterone works in conjunction with estrogen
as the main sex hormones responsible for the menstrual
cycle in women and helps prepare the body for pregnancy.
Progesterone levels rise during the middle of the cycle, while
estrogen increases in the first half of a menstrual cycle.
Progesterone helps to prepare the uterus for implantation
with a healthy fertilized egg and supports pregnancy in its
early stages. If no implantation occurs, progesterone levels
drop, and another cycle begins.
Progesterone serves as a precursor not only to DHEA,
testosterone and estrogen, but also to cortisol, the stress
hormone. Progesterone receptors are also found in high
concentrations in the brain, where it acts to protect nerve
cells and supports the myelin sheath that covers neurons.
It also helps to relax the nervous system and improve sleep.
In addition, because progesterone stimulates bone growth,
it can help to maintain bone health, which is very important
in aging women and men.
Pages 273-282
P/273
Back to TOC
PROGESTERONE
Reference Values
Blood progesterone values
Men
Normal Range
0.2 1.4 ng/mL
Women
Premenopausal Follicular
0.2 1.5 ng/mL
Premenopausal Luteal
1.7 27.0 ng/mL
Premenopausal Ovulation
0.8 3.0 ng/mL
Pregnant (1st trimester)
8.8 48.6 ng/mL
Pregnant (2nd trimester)
12.4 75.8 ng/mL
Pregnant (3rd trimester)
58.5 222.3 ng/mL
Postmenopausal
0.1 0.8 ng/mL
Why is a Progesterone level needed?

Progesterone levels are used to help determine sex hormone balance. The relationship between progesterone,
estrogen (estradiol and estrone), DHEA and testosterone is very important in a balanced metabolism. Progesterone
levels in ovulating women change naturally during the monthly cycle, increasing after ovulation.
Note: If you are taking biotin (vitamin B7) in amounts greater than 5mg daily, you should stop taking the biotin at
least 8 hours before testing.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Progesterone range?
What does a low Progesterone value mean?
Excessive estrogen and deficient progesterone leads to estrogen dominance in both men and women. Too
much estrogen has been associated with heart disease, obesity, the development of certain types of cancer, like
breast and ovarian, ovarian cysts, PCOS or polycystic ovary disease, fibrocystic disease and uterine fibroids in
women.1378,1379,1380 For women in peri-menopause (the transition phase), progesterone levels usually drop faster
than estrogen. By naturally increasing 2-OH estrogens (the good estrogens) through diet and natural hormonal
replacement (where warranted), the ovaries are stimulated to make more progesterone and ease the transition into
menopause. Symptoms of low progesterone include:
P/274
++Anxiety/Depression
++Trouble sleeping
++Fibrocystic breasts
++PMS
++Premenstrual headaches
++Bone loss
Chronic stress may decrease progesterone levels and lead to estrogen dominance. The body makes the stress
hormone cortisol from progesterone, so higher stress levels leads to more cortisol being produced, which depletes
progesterone levels.1381
A similar problem occurs in men with excess stress as well. When cortisol depletes progesterone, men cant
make as much testosterone, since progesterone converts into testosterone as well.
Environmental toxins can also lead to low progesterone. Plastics and some pesticides, called xenoestrogens, can
lead to excess estrogen levels and lowered progesterone.1382 These toxins are found in the foods we eat, air and
water supply as well as naturally in the environment. Other factors associated with low progesterone levels include
insulin resistance, poor dietary habits (like excess carbohydrates and refined sugars), and insufficient exercise.1383
Progesterone production decreases due to low levels of thyroid hormone, the use of antidepressants, chronic
stress, deficiencies in the vitamins A, B6, C, or zinc, and a diet high in refined sugar and saturated fat.
What are steps you can take for a low potassium value?


++Healthy foods that can help improve the conversion of estrogen into good metabolites and away from bad
metabolites include insoluble dietary fibers such as lignin found in flaxseeds, bran, beans, and seeds.1385
++Dietary fiber improves the composition of intestinal bacteria. Dietary fiber intake also increases serum
concentrations of SHBG, a protein that binds to estrogen. This helps to reduce levels of free estrogens and
the chance of developing estrogen receptor positive cancers like most breast cancer.1386 Dietary fiber also
decreases the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast cells.
However, make sure to use organic milk and dairy, as hormones found in dairy cows can imbalance hormone
levels. Snack on almonds or Brazil nuts.
P/275
++Buy organic foods where possible. Currently the foods that are on the most-contaminated list are peaches,
apples, sweet bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, pears, spinach,
and potatoes.
act to reduce inflammation and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately. Make sure to use
organic milk and dairy, as hormones found in dairy cows can disrupt hormone levels.
++Over-consumption of simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and grains result in adverse influences on sex
hormone balance.1389
Supplement.
++Minimize or eliminate fast food completely, or opt for salads with grilled meats now offered in most fast food
restaurants.
++Remember to consume adequate liquids between meals to help maintain both proper digestion and hydration.
Six to eight 8-ounce glasses of high-quality water per day is the goal.
have found that those individuals with insomnia and other sleep disturbances develop hormonal imbalances
and even gain weight.1394
P/276
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.1396
Feminine Herbal Balance
1-2 capsules daily
++Feminine Herbal Balance is a blend of

standardized Chasteberry (Angus Castus,
Vitex), standardized Black Cohosh and
standardized Kudzu root, which help
balance female hormonal levels and
decrease negative symptoms associated
with menopause and PMS.
++Black cohosh has positive effects on
menopausal symptoms including hot
flashes; may decrease risk of breast
cancer1397
++Vitex has both progestogenic- and
estrogenic-like activity.1398

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/277
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
balance hormone levels1405
Relora Plex
P/278
Apply cream to
inner thighs or
inner arms. Rotate
between sites.
++TransDermaPro is a cream that contains

micronized natural progesterone from wild
yam. TransDermaPro helps support
healthy progesterone levels in women.
TransDermaPro progesterone
cream
++Menstruating
(Ovulating)
Women:
Apply 1/8 tsp.
once or twice
daily as needed,
from day 14
through day 28
where day 1 is
the first day of
menstrual flow.
++Perimenopausal
Women:
Apply 1/4 tsp.
once or twice
daily as needed,
from day 7
through day 28
where day 1 is
the first day of
menstrual flow.
++Menopausal
or NonMenstruating
Women:
(30 cycle) Apply
1/4 tsp. once or
twice daily for
25 consecutive
days.
Ultra-D Tox
1 capsule 2 times
daily; take for 2-3
weeks

toxins
P/279
with dinner

Life Time Fitness

1406,1407
What does a high Progesterone value mean?

Too much progesteronecan cause breast tenderness, depression, fatigue, low sex drive, vaginal dryness, and
more. High progesterone levels may indicate pregnancy. Synthetic progestins are found in birth-control pills,
in hormones given during menopause for replacement therapy, or in medications to correct abnormal bleeding
problems during menses. Taking these medications may lead to an increased progesterone level.
If the progesterone to estrogen ratio is too high, you will store fat and tend toward insulin resistance.1408 Too much
progesterone can lead to:
++Elevated cortisol
++Increased cravings
++Reduced growth hormone
++Reduced immune function balance
What are steps you can take for a high Progesterone level?


++There are healthy foods that can help improve the conversion of estrogen into good metabolites and away
from bad metabolites. These foods include insoluble dietary fibers such as lignin found in flaxseeds, bran,
beans, and seeds.1409
++Buy organic foods where possible. Currently the foods that are on the most-contaminated list are peaches,
apples, sweet bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, pears, spinach,
and potatoes.
act to reduce inflammation and help your hormone receptors to function appropriately.
P/280
to your diet.
++Over-consumption of simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and grains results in adverse influences on sex
hormone balance.1410
have hormonal imbalances.1412
Supplement.
food restaurants.
imbalances.1415
P/281
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.1417

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1 capsule 2 times
daily; take for 2-3
weeks

toxins
Life Time Fitness

with dinner

Supplements
1423,1424
P/282
PROTEIN, TOTAL
Proteins in the blood help transport various compounds in
the body, including lipids, hormones (thyroid, sex, stress),
vitamins and metals like copper and iron. Proteins also
make enzymes and help regulate cellular activity of the
immune system. Two proteins, albumin and globulin, are
the major proteins found in the blood. Other proteins in
the blood include lipoproteins (help transport cholesterol
and triglycerides), serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG,
transports sex hormones), transferring (transports iron)
and prothrombin (involved in blood clotting). Proteins are
metabolized in the liver, except for gamma globulin.
Albumin is a protein made in the liver from dietary protein.
Albumin makes up about 60% of total blood plasma proteins.
Its functions include helping maintain fluid volume and fluid
balance in the body and as an antioxidant. Many substances
bind to albumin for transport in the blood, including amino
acids, bilirubin, calcium, cortisol, free fatty acids, magnesium,
prescription and non-prescription drugs, and the thyroid
hormone thyroxin.
Globulins are proteins found in the blood that are the
basis for antibodies, glycoproteins (protein-carbohydrate
compounds), lipoproteins (proteins involved in fat transport),
and clotting factors. Globulins, together with albumin, make
up your total protein on the blood test lab results. There are
4 types or subsets of globulins alpha-1, alpha-2, beta and
gamma. Both alpha and beta globulins are carrier proteins
they deal with much of the binding of substances in the
blood to protein, including lipoproteins, thyroid hormones,
sex hormones, drugs, vitamins, minerals and clotting factors.
Gamma globulins are part of the immune system.
Pages 283-287
P/283
Back to TOC
PROTEIN, TOTAL
Reference Values
Total Protein blood
(in grams per deciliter = g/dL)
6.0 8.5 g/dL
Why is a Total Protein level needed?

A total protein level is part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). This test determines the level of proteins
(including albumin and globulin) that you have in your blood. Individuals with liver and/or kidney problems,
infections and chronic inflammation are at highest risk for developing protein levels that are consistently out of
range. In addition, individuals with gastrointestinal disorders who do not absorb nutrients properly or who have
chronic diarrhea can develop abnormal protein levels.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report the Total Protein value?
What does a low Total Protein value mean?
Low total protein level can indicate that you have liver and/or kidney imbalances, stomach or intestinal problems,
youve been drinking too much water or you may need extra protein in your diet due to poor digestion. Low
levels of globulins can mean that your immune system is imbalanced, you are undernourished or you have liver or
kidney problems. Some drugs, like anti-ulcer medications, can lead to low acid in the stomach and low protein
absorption. Proton pump Inhibitors and H2 blockers are the 2nd largest category of drugs being prescribed in the
U.S., and many of these drugs are easily available over-the-counter (OTC). Lower protein can have a significant
impact on every thing from immune function to maintaining lean muscle mass. These drugs include:
++Ranitidine (Zantac)
++Nizatidine (Axid)
++Famotidine (Pepcid)
++Omeprazole (Prilosec)
++Lansoprazole(Prevacid)
++Rebeprazole(Aciphex)
++Pantoprazole(Protonix)
++Esomeprazole(Nexium, the purple pill)
P/284
What are steps you can take for a low Total Protein value?

syndrome.1425 Inappropriate dietary fat intake, excessive intake of soft drinks (due to high fructose corn
syrup), insulin resistance caused by eating too much refined sugar and carbohydrates and increased oxidative
stress due to a poor diet combine to increase fat in the liver. Losing weight will help improved liver function
tests.
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass
performance1426

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/285
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1430
(GSH).1431
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
500 - 750mg, 1-2

times daily
++Liver support
the liver1434

Isolate
What does a high Total Protein value mean?

Total protein levels in the higher range may indicate that you have gastrointestinal imbalances, chronic
inflammation, liver/kidney problems, dehydration, or a possible vitamin A deficiency. High globulin levels may
indicate that your immune system is being overworked, possibly due to a chronic infection, chronic stress and
inflammation.
What are steps you can take for a high Total Protein value?


food restaurants.
++High-fiber foods, including fresh vegetables and beans, should be part of the diet. These foods should
and decreases the effects on insulin and blood sugar and inflammation. These foods also provide important
benefits, such as antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Make sure to include green, orange, and
P/286
yellow fruits and vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits. Cocoa is also a significant
source of antioxidants - so enjoy some low-sugar dark chocolate. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these
foods may help protect against inflammatory chemistry and also help regulate immune function.1440
++Decrease protein intake, including eggs, meats, fish, shellfish, beans; nimal fat (saturated fat), which boosts
blood cholesterol levels and leads to inflammatory chemistry, should be minimized. Saturated animal fats from
animals exposed to growth hormones may also lead to health conditions, such as hormonal imbalances and
cancer. Choose lean meats from quality sources, skinless poultry, and nonfat or low-fat dairy products.
++Improve vegetable intake, especially those high in vitamin A, including:
sweet potatoes
carrots
beets
broccoli
spinach
winter squash
kale
peas
red peppers
tomato juice
apricots
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1443
L-glutamine
500mg 2 grams
daily in divided
doses
immune function1445

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/287
PSA
PSA, or prostate-specific antigen, is a protein produced
in part by cells in the prostate and ordinarily is found in
small amounts in a mans blood. The prostate is a small
gland about the size and shape of a walnut that is below
the bladder. The prostate produces and releases the liquid
component of semen and helps transport sperm during
ejaculation. As men age, problems with the prostate
can occur, including an enlarged prostate and prostate
cancer. When prostate cells begin to grow and become
overcrowded, they produce more and more PSA. PSA acts
to suppress the growth of the prostate cells by cutting off
blood supply.
Pages 288-294
P/288
Back to TOC
PSA
Reference Values
Blood PSA value
(In nanograms per milliliter = ng/mL)
Normal Range (Men)
0.0 4.0 ng/mL
Why is a PSA level needed?

A PSA test determines the level of prostate-specific antigen in the men. PSA testing is generally used to screen
for prostate problems. The medical community generally screens for PSA levels in men over 40 to help determine
if prostate imbalances are occurring, including infection, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer.
The PSA is generally performed along with a digital rectal exam. Cancerous (malignant) tissue in the prostate will
generally produce more PSA than healthy tissue, so high levels of PSA can be of concern. High levels can also
occur however, after recent ejaculation and in hormonal imbalances.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a PSA level?
What does a low PSA value mean?
Men who are obese tend to have lower PSA levels, which is thought to be due to the increased blood volume
in these men that leads to a more diluted level of PSA in the blood.1447 Medications to treat an enlarged prostate
and some dietary supplements taken for prostate health can lower PSA levels, which may mask the presence of
prostate problems. Medications (and supplements) that can decrease PSA levels include:
++Finasteride (Propecia)
++Dutasteride (Avodart)
++Minoxidil (Rogaine)
++Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)
What are steps you can take for a low PSA value?


P/289
++Use healthy fats like olive oil, grapeseed oil, nuts and seeds, and organic butter which should be limited to 1
to 2 servings a day. Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
++Zinc is important for prostate health.1450 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary sources of zinc are lean
meats, liver, eggs, and seafood (especially oysters, but make sure they are from a good source). Whole grain
breads and cereals are also good sources of zinc, but limit your carbohydrate intake as this can lead to insulin
resistance, blood sugar imbalances and weight gain.
++Selenium is important for prostate health.1451 Increase foods that contain selenium, including seafood, garlic,
liver, eggs, dairy products, and some vegetables including cabbage, celery, cucumbers, and radishes. Brazil
nuts have the highest amount of selenium. Food processing causes substantial loss of selenium. For example,
whole wheat bread has twice the selenium as white bread, and brown rice has 15 times more selenium than
white rice. Human breast milk contains six times more selenium than cows milk. A cows milk diet for infants
can contribute to low selenium levels and depressed immune systems in infants.
food restaurants.
++Limit exposure to pesticides or toxic substances that may be present in foods. Buy organic foods where
possible.
also provide important benefits, such as antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Make sure to
include green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus
fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance hormone levels.1453
hormones.
++Exercise and other physical activities are essential in managing stress. At least 30 minutes of exercise daily, 5
P/290

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1459
health.1460,1461
interaction.1462
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels1465
What does a high PSA value mean?

In men, there is an age-related increase in estrogen accumulation in the prostate gland. The higher the levels,
the more enlarged the prostate can become. In addition, estrogen accumulation in the tissues can cause PSA to
increase.1466 Interestingly, PSA production can be inhibited by 2-methoxy-estradiol, a good metabolite of estradiol
in men and women. So keeping estrogen levels and estrogen metabolism in balance is important for keeping
PSA levels down as men age. Excess estrogen in men can be caused by dietary factors also, such as eating a
diet high in refined carbohydrates and sugars and being exposed to pesticides and hormones in foods can lead to
hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance and diabetes.1467
P/291
What are steps you can take for a high PSA value?

PSA levels can rise due to infection or inflammation of the prostate. Ejaculation can increase PSA levels as well.
Testosterone and anabolic steroids can also increase PSA levels.

++Use healthy fats like olive oil, grapeseed oil, nuts and seeds, and organic butter, which should be limited to 1 to
2 servings a day. Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
++Zinc is important for male reproductive health.1470 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary sources of zinc are
food restaurants.
++Exposure to pesticides or toxic substances that may be present in foods should be eliminated. Buy organic
foods where possible. Currently the foods that are on the most-contaminated list are peaches, apples, sweet
bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, pears, spinach, and potatoes.
hormone balance.23 High glycemic foods also lead to chronically high oxidative stress and release of stress
hormones (such as cortisol), which can imbalance hormone levels.1474,1475
and citrus fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance hormone levels.1476
++Avoid animal protein that has been raised with hormones whenever possible. Chicken should also be cage-
P/292
Supplement.
++Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep a night for the average adult.
Supplements
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1482
health.1483,1484
interaction.1485
P/293
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels1488
Saw Palmetto Max-V
For men: 1 capsule

2 times daily.

P/294
RBC INDICES
Including MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW
RBCs deliver oxygen to tissues and support life. They also
carry carbon dioxide (CO2, as bicarbonate) from the cells
back to the lungs for expiration. RBCs are rich in hemoglobin,
the iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen.
Hemoglobin is what gives red blood cells their color (red).
Red blood cell indicesare tests used to give information
about the hemoglobin (oxygen carrying molecules) and the
size of the red blood cells (RBCs). Usually, these tests are
performed as part of a CBC or complete blood count, which
includes RBCs, white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin,
hematocrit, platelets, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH),
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean
corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width
(RDW). If RBCs or hemoglobin are not functioning properly,
then anemia can develop. Anemia is a reduction or alteration
in RBCs resulting in the inability of hemoglobin to carry
oxygen to the tissues.
Pages 295-301
P/295
Back to TOC
RBC INDICES
Including MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW
Reference Values - RBC Indices
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
(Measured in femtoliters = fL)
80 98 fL
Note: Less than 80 and more than 100 should be monitored by your doctor.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)

(Measured in picograms per cell = pg/cell)
27 - 34 pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

(Measured in grams per deciliter = g/dL)
32 36 g/dL
Note: Greater than 37g/dL should be monitored by your doctor.
Red cell distribution width (RDW)

(Measured as percentage = %)
11.7 15 %
Why are RBC indices needed?

Measuring RBC indices are part of your complete metabolic panel (CMP). RBC indices measure MCV, MCH
and MCHC. Mean corpuscular volume, or MCV, measures the average size of your RBCs. Mean corpuscular
hemoglobin, or MCH, refers to the concentration of oxygen carrying hemoglobin inside your red blood cells. Mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or MCHC, is a ratio (expressed as a percentage) of hemoglobin inside your
red blood cells compared to the RBC cell size. Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of the volume of the
red blood cell.
RBC levels indicate the number of red blood cells in the body and can help indicate how well your body is taking
oxygen to the tissues. RBC indices also help determine the shape and the size of the red blood cells. RBC indices
help determine if you are anemic. Usually, RBC indices are performed along with red blood cells (RBCs), white
blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets. Below is a summary of RBC indices and effects on red
blood cells.
P/296
Increased in B12 and folate

deficiencies; decreased with
iron deficiency anemias
MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)
Same as MCV
MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

Concentration)
Can be decreased if MCV

decreased; increased if too
much hemoglobin is inside
the red blood cell (RBC)
RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)
Can be altered in anemia and

other RBC disorders. The calculation for RDW = (standard
deviation of MCV divided by
the mean MCV) x 100.
MCV (Mean corpuscular Volume)
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report RBC indices and ranges?
What do low RBC indices mean?
Low RBC indices can mean the ability of the RBC to carry oxygen to tissues is decreased. Low RBC indices
can help determine if anemia is present. Anemia is a reduction or alteration in RBCs resulting in the inability
of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues. Anemia can cause fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath,
dizziness and other symptoms. Anemia can result in fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness and other
symptoms.1490 Anemias can also lead to chronic inflammation, nutrient deficiencies and heart problems.1491 A
decrease in red blood cells are normally seen during pregnancy, generally due to excess fluid which dilutes RBC
testing results, and menstruation.
hemoglobin, low RBC numbers, bone marrow problems, low thyroid hormones, alcohol abuse and liver problems,
drugs like chemotherapy, heavy metal toxicity and nutrient deficiencies like folate and B12. Normocytic anemia is
when the number of RBCs are low, but their size is normal. This can be due to blood loss, increased destruction of
RBCs in chronic diseases or bone marrow failure.
of iron is low, leading to a decrease in the formation of oxygen carrying hemoglobin and small RBCs.
damage.
P/297
not RBCs.
What are steps you can take for low RBC indices?


consumption.
intestines.1494
iron levels.1495
++Stop smoking.
P/298
where possible.
++Drink less water. Overhydration can lead to dilution of the blood and lower RBC levels.
Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1500
(GSH).1501
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Time Release Iron

meals

6-to 8-hour period.
What do high RBC indices mean?

High RBC indices generally indicate vitamin deficiencies, including B12 and folate or an inherited disorder. The
mean corpuscular volume (MCV) can be increased if your RBCs are larger than normal (called macrocytic),
including anemia caused byvitamin B12 deficiency and altitude sickness. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin
(MCH) can be also be increased in macrocytic anemias associated with vitamin B12and folate deficiency.
What are steps you can take for high RBC indices values?

P/299
++Use Life Time Fitness Men and Womens AM/PM Multivit/mineral to make sure you are getting the right
nutrients.
seafood.
++Be careful with alcohol consumption and avoid smoking.
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1505

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/300
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1508
(GSH).1509
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks


Isolate
P/301
RED BLOOD
CELL (RBC)
Red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) are made in bone
marrow of large bones and are the most commonly found cell
in the blood. About 2 million RBCs are produced every second
in the average adult and each cell matures in about 7 days.
RBCs deliver oxygen to tissues and support life. They also
carry carbon dioxide (CO2, as bicarbonate) from the cells
back to the lungs for expiration. RBCs are rich in hemoglobin,
the iron-containing molecule that transports oxygen.
Hemoglobin is what gives red blood cells their color (red) and
shape. Temperature of the body and pH are critical for the
binding of hemoglobin to oxygen. If there is a reduction or
alteration in RBCs or hemoglobin, then anemia can develop.
Anemia is a reduction or alteration in RBCs resulting in the
inability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues.
After the oxygen is used by the tissues, CO2 is produced.
CO2 is then picked up by the hemoglobin in RBCs and taken
back to the lungs for exhalation into the air. RBCs contain an
enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, which metabolizes CO2 into
bicarbonate. Bicarbonate helps control the pH in your blood and
is later excreted either via your lungs or your kidneys.
As RBCs age and are less able to carry oxygen, they
become susceptible to destruction by cells of the immune
system, which then take the unusable RBCs to the liver,
spleen and bone marrow. This process is usually in balance
with the creation of new RBCs in the bone marrow. Some
parts of the RBCs are recycled, including iron and biliverdin
(a metabolized part of part of the hemoglobin molecule).
The iron is picked up by the carrier protein transferrin and
taken other parts of the body for use. In the liver, biliverdin is
changed into bilirubin, a yellow, toxic breakdown product of
hemoglobin (see LTF Bilirubin Panel).
Pages 302-308
P/302
Back to TOC
RBC INDICES
Reference Values
RBC Blood Level
4.1 5.6 x 10E6/uL
Normal Range (Adult Female)
3.8 5.1 x 10E6/uL
Why is an RBC level needed?

An RBC level is part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). RBC levels indicate the number of red blood
cells in the body and can help indicate how well your body is taking oxygen to the tissues and if anemia or nutrient
deficiencies are present. Usually, an RBC test is performed along with white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin,
hematocrit, platelets, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
and mean corpuscular volume (MCV).
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a RBC range?
What do low RBC levels mean?
Low RBC levels can mean the ability of the RBC to carry oxygen to tissues is decreased. Since the major function
of RBCs are to use iron for oxygen transport by hemoglobin, low RBC levels mean low iron levels, which can
result in anemia, or a reduction or alteration in RBCs resulting in the inability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the
tissues. Anemia can result in fatigue, headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness and other symptoms.1512 Anemias
can also lead to chronic inflammation, nutrient deficiencies and heart problems.1513 A decrease in red blood cells
are normally seen during pregnancy, generally due to excess fluid which dilutes RBC testing results.
are rigid and shaped like a sickle, causing damage to blood vessels that can lead to strokes, pain, and
tissue damage.
P/303

not RBCs.
Low levels of RBCs can be found in the following conditions:
++Anemia
++Trauma/burns
++Bleeding ulcer
++Pregnancy
++Menstruation
++Overhydration
Drugs that can decrease RBC levels include:
++Chloramphenicol
++Quinidine
What are steps you can take for low RBC levels?


P/304
seafood.
consumption.
additives. Studies have found that nitrite or nitrate treated meats such as bacon, sausage, smoked foods, and
lunch meats increase the risk of cancer.1514,1515 High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is used to sweeten many
intestines.1516
iron levels.1517
++Stop smoking.
P/305
where possible.
Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1524
(GSH).1525
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Time Release Iron

meals

6-to 8-hour period.
P/306
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

Ultra-D Tox
What does a high RBC value mean?

High levels of RBCs can be caused by:
++Smoking
++Dehydration
++Polycythemia vera a condition of excess RBCs generally due to bone marrow problems
Drugs that can increase the RBC count include:
What are steps you can take for high RBC values?


++Decrease meat consumption. When eating protein, use high-quality protein, like lean meats, bison, fish,
chicken, turkey or ostrich.
immunity.1528
P/307
++Stop smoking
Supplements
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1530

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1533
(GSH).1534
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/308
SHBG
Sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG) is a protein made in
the liver that binds to sex hormones in the blood, including
testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol.
Most of these hormones are bound to SHBG or to albumin
(another protein in the blood), and only a small fraction of
the hormone is unbound, or free. It is the free form of
the hormone that is available for use by the body. SHBG
binds to the free hormone, decreases the amount of free
hormone and inhibits its function in the body. SHBGs role is
to store sex hormones in the blood and slowly release them
in case there is a deficiency of the hormone.
Pages 309-316
P/309
Back to TOC
SHBG
Reference Values
Blood (in nanomoles per liter = nmol/L)
Normal Range (Men):
All ages
14.5 48.4 nmol/L
Normal Range (Women):

17 50yrs
26.1 110.0 nmol/L
Postmenopausal, untreated
14.1 68.9 nmol/L
Why is an SHBG level needed?

The SHBG level is used to calculate free (unbound) testosterone levels and give a more complete picture of
hormonal balance in men and women. Elevated testosterone causes SHBG levels to decrease, while high
estrogen stimulates SHBG production and increases the levels. SHBG can also be affected by thyroid hormone,
liver function, insulin and obesity.1537 Certain pesticides called endocrine (hormone) disruptors can lead to hormonal
imbalances and alter SHBG levels.1538
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a SHBG value?
What does a low SHBG value mean?
Low levels of SHBG and total testosterone in men are associated with metabolic syndrome increased
inflammation, insulin resistance, belly fat and obesity, elevated blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol and
triglycerides.1539,1540 SHBG levels are decreased by high levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
SHBG levels respond to extreme changes in body weight, decreasing in obese patients.1541 Low levels of SHBG
are also associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes.1542 Anabolic steroids can decrease SHBG also.
Low SHBG in women may be found in hirsutism (excess hair growth), PCOS (polycystic ovary disease) and heart
disease.1543
What are steps you can take for low RBC indices?

P/310
++Use healthy fats like olive oil, grapeseed oil, nuts and seeds, and organic butter which should be limited to 1 to
2 servings a day. Avoid heating the oil, but its great on salads and sprayed on foods.
food restaurants.
hormones (such as cortisol).1549,1550
and citrus fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance hormone levels.1551
Supplement.
hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours
P/311
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance1555

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1560
health.1561,1562
interaction.1563
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels1566
P/312
++1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000
IU) daily,
depending on
vitamin D3 lab
value
++If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a
month
++Bone support
Vitamin D 1000
What does a high SHBG value mean?

As men age, their serum hormone binding globulin (SHBG) starts to increase leading to a decrease in free
testosterone. In men who have elevated levels of SHBG, low levels of free testosterone will usually result,
which can lead to imbalances in metabolism, including bone loss, muscle weakness, weight gain, poor memory,
depression, low sex drive (libido), decreased erections and prostate problems.1568 At the same time, their
estrogen levels start to increase.
Men make more estrogen as they age due in part to an enzyme called aromatase that converts much of their
remaining testosterone into estradiol.1569 Much of the rest of the testosterone is bound to SHBG, which becomes
bio-unavailable. As long as free testosterone is low and relative estrogen (estradiol and estrone) is high, a man
will store fat around his belly, hence the pot belly.1570 Belly fat cells can create aromatase, thereby decreasing
testosterone even further and increasing estradiol. High estradiol in men is associated with abdominal fat, chronic
inflammation, enlargement of the prostate and cardiovascular risk.1571,1572
High levels of SHBG in women may be found in those taking oral contraceptives or in pregnancy.
What are steps you can take for a high SHBG level?


++Dietary fiber improves the composition of intestinal bacteria, reduces beta-glucuronidase. This helps to reduce
levels of free estrogens and the chance of developing estrogen receptor positive cancers like most breast
cancer.1574 Dietary fiber also decreases the conversion of testosterone into estrogens in fat and breast
cells. 1575
P/313
sweet bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, lettuce, imported grapes, pears, spinach,
and potatoes.
hormones (such as cortisol), which can imbalance hormone levels.1576,1577
Supplement.
food restaurants.
imbalances.1580 Reduced sleep can lower testosterone production, and negatively affect other hormones like
thyroid hormone.1581
P/314
DIM
2 capsules daily

and wasabia, which help support healthy
metabolism.1584

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1588
(GSH).1589
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

toxins
Supplements
P/315
Life Time Fitness

++1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000
IU) daily,
depending on
vitamin D3 lab
value
++If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a
month
++Bone support
with dinner

Vitamin D 1000
1593,1594
P/316
SODIUM
Sodium is one of the bodys three major electrolytes (the other
two being potassium and chloride). Sodium is the primary
extracellular (outside the cell) electrolyte in body fluids.
Most Americans consume enormous amounts of sodium,
from 10 to 35 times more than the recommended daily
intake. Dietary sodium is easily absorbed from the intestine,
carried by the blood to the kidneys where it is either filtered
out and returned to the blood or excreted. Sodium in the
body is essential for:
++Blood Pressure regulation: In regulating body fluids, sodium
has a major role in the regulation of blood pressure.
++Muscle and Nerve Action: Sodium ions play a critical role
in the transmission of electrochemical impulses for nerve
function and muscle contraction.
++Acid/alkaline Balance: Sodium helps regulate the acid/
alkaline balance (pH) in the blood and lymph fluids.
++Cellular Permeability: Sodium helps control and operate
the sodium/potassium pump. This helps make the cell
walls porous and able for the transport of materials (like
blood sugar, other minerals and vitamins, oxygen) across
cell membranes.
++Sodium helps regulate the transport and excretion of
carbon dioxide (CO2).
Pages 317-324
P/317
Back to TOC
SODIUM
Reference Values
Blood Sodium
(Measured in millimoles per liter = mmol/L)
135 - 145 mmol/L
Why is a Sodium blood level needed?

A sodium level is tested routinely as part of your comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). A sodium level is
important in evaluating heart, kidney, adrenal gland, muscle, and digestive system balance.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Sodium range?
What does a Low-sodium value mean?
A low level of sodium is also called hyponatremia. Low-sodium can be caused by starvation, chronic stress,
excessive vomiting, severe diarrhea, and excess perspiration, in conjunction with a lack of water.
Symptoms of sodium deficiency include:
++Muscle weakness, cramps
++Diarrhea
++Fatigue
++Headaches
++Low blood pressure
++Poor concentration, confusion
++Memory loss
++Dehydration
++Loss of appetite
Sodium deficiency is rare in humans. The following drugs can cause a depletion of sodium, which may increase an
individuals need for sodium:
++ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil), captopril (Capoten), benazepril (Lotensin) and enalapril
(Vasotec)
++Salicylates, including aspirin
++Loop Diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix)
P/318
What are steps you can take for a Low-sodium value?

++Thiazide Diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazize

++Colchicine

++Table salt is the most concentrated source of sodium. Protein foods generally contain more sodium than
vegetables and grains. Fruits contain almost no sodium.
++Decrease potassium-containing foods, like bananas, raisins, prunes, apricots, dates, dairy (milk, cheese,
yogurt), strawberries, watermelon, citrus fruits, juices (including tomato, orange, grapefruit), spinach, greens,
mushrooms (especially portabella), soy products, pumpkin, nuts (pistachio, almonds, peanuts), beets, beans,
turkey, fish (such as salmon and cod) and beef.
++Foods low in potassium include apples, grapes, lemon, blueberries, carrots, and cruciferous vegetables
(cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower)
++Limit alcohol consumption, especially beer.
hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours.1595
++Decrease your exercise level if you are overdoing it. Sodium loss in over-training is common.
++If you are sweating a lot, use electrolyte replacement drinks. However, you have to watch the sugar content
and the chemical preservatives and sweeteners in these.
P/319

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.
10gm daily in
divided doses for
1 week, then 5gm
daily

muscle mass
performance1598

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1600
(GSH).1601
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/320
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily
* Use if stress is present

amurense).
balance
cortisol levels1605
Relora Plex
What does a high Sodium value mean?

High sodium levels are also called hypernatremia. Higher levels are far more common than lower levels, again,
largely because of diet. A high sodium level is related to increased blood pressure (hypertension) and an increase
in heart related problems including stroke.1606,1607 An elevated blood pressure reading is generally considered to be
greater than 120/80 mmHg.
Some causes of high sodium levels include:
++Dehydration
++Heart problems
++Too much salt in the diet
++Vomiting/diarrhea
++Thyroid imbalances
++Kidney problems
++Chronic Stress
Symptoms of high sodium levels include:
++Weight gain
++Confusion
++Thirst
++Dry lips, mouth and eyes
++Low-calcium and potassium levels
++Mood swings
++Restlessness
++Fluid build-up (edema)
++High blood pressure
P/321
What are steps you can take for a high Sodium level?

++According to the Food and Nutrition Board, a daily sodium intake of less than 2400 mg per is recommended
for adults.
++A DASH diet is recommended. The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) trial found that a diet
emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry, fish, nuts, and low-fat dairy products substantially
lowered blood pressure in those with elevated levels.1608
iodine added.
++Avoid foods high in sodium, like pre-packaged foods, fast foods, smoked and pickled foods, canned meats,
lunchmeats and chips.
++Low-sodium foods are eggplant, tomatoes, peanuts, onions, mushrooms, garlic, raisins and artichokes.
++Avoid prepackaged dinners and smoked, pickled or cured meats like jerky, hot dogs, ham and canned meats
they are high in sodium
++Avoid the fast foods, since they are very high in sodium.
++Limit snack foods like chips and pretzels; eat unsalted nuts or unsalted popcorn
++Do not drink soft drinks or sodas. Soft drinks generally not only have high sodium levels, but also they are
sweetened with high fructose corn syrup or artificial sweeteners.
++Increase potassium and calcium rich foods, like leafy vegetables, such as brocolli, kale, collards and turnip
greens, nuts (unsalted), sweet potatoes, fruits like apricots or figs (bananas are really high in sugar, so stay
away from them if possible)
++Minimize the amount of cheese you eat (Monterey, mozzarella and ricotta are Low-salt cheeses)
++Read labels carefully; look for the sodium content expressed in milligrams that is listed on the Nutrition Facts
label
++Focus on buying low-sodium foods that have 140 milligrams or less of sodium per serving and make these
your staples
++Increase water intake stay hydrated; a minimum of 2 liters of filtered water daily is recommended.
++Drink green tea daily instead of coffee.
++Exercise appropriately, 30 minutes daily at least 3 times a week. Swimming, yoga and dancing are also good
P/322

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Isolate
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1613
(GSH).1614
(30gm)
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
Ultra-D Tox
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

Ubiquinol-QH
1 capsule (100mg)
daily

Supplements
P/323
with dinner

Life Time Fitness

1618,1619
P/324
TESTOSTERONE
Testosterone is a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol
and produced in the male testes. Testosterone is known
as an androgen, or male hormone. Its production is
stimulated and controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) made
in thepituitary gland located in the brain the more LH,
the more testosterone. Testosterone is also produced in
smaller amounts by theadrenal glands in both males and
females, and in the ovaries of females. In males, testosterone
stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics,
including enlargement of the penis, growth of body hair,
muscle development, and a deepening voice, and is present
in large amounts in males during puberty and in adult males
to regulate the sex drive and maintain muscle mass. In
women, testosterone is converted to estradiol, the main sex
hormone in females. Testosterone in women is important
for bone strength, development of lean muscle mass and
strength and libido.
The effects of the sex hormone testosterone on the prostate
in men are mainly due to DHT, the active metabolite of
testosterone produced by the action of an enzyme called
5-alpha reductase type II. 5-alpha reductase type I is the
predominant enzyme in the skin, and is responsible for the
local action of DHT on hair follicles which can lead to male
pattern baldness.1620 Androgens circulate in the blood
bound to proteins, especially sex hormone binding globulin
(SHBG) and albumin. A trace amount of these steroids
circulate in the unbound form in the blood and are referred to
as free testosterone. This is the active form.
Pages 325-334
P/325
Back to TOC
TESTOSTERONE
Reference Values
Free Testosterone
Blood (in picograms per milliliter = pg/ml)
Normal Range (Men):
Ages 20 - 29
9.3 26.5 pg/ml
Ages 30 - 39
8.7 25.1 pg/ml
Ages 40 - 49
6.8 21.5 pg/ml
Ages 50 - 59
7.2 24.0 pg/ml
Ages >59
6.6 18.1 pg/ml

Ages 20 - 59
0.0 2.2 pg/ml
Ages >59
0.0 1.8 pg/ml
TOTAL testosterone
Blood (in nanograms per deciliter = ng/dL)
Normal Range (Men):
Ages 13 - 17
28 1110 ng/dL
Adult
280 800 ng/dl

Adult
6 82 ng/dl
Why is a Testosterone level needed?

Testosterone occurs in the blood as bound and free. Bound testosterone is linked to a protein, either sex hormone
binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Free, or circulating, testosterone is unattached to blood proteins and are
available for use by the body. A total blood testosterone level measures the bound and free testosterone. The
purpose of a free testosterone level (in saliva) is to correct the total testosterone level for the effect of the binding by
SHBG. Mens testosterone levels will be highest in the morning.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Testosterone value?
P/326
What does a low Testosterone value mean?

The aging process naturally lowers testosterone levels in men (called andropause, or male menopause) and
women. Testosterone is made from DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone), a steroid hormone precursor. Recent studies
have found that by age 35 as many as 25% of males will have lowered testosterone levels.1621 Low testosterone
levels have been reported in as many as 38.7% of men over 45 years.1622 This decline in male sex hormones and
associated hormonal imbalances can play a role in developing insulin resistance and diabetes, thyroid imbalances,
heart conditions, Alzheimers disease, osteoporosis, immune problems and even cancer. A study found that lower
testosterone levels, even in the low normal range, increase the risk of developing heart problems.1623 Another study
found a link between low levels of testosterone and increased risk for mortality (death) from all causes in adult men
of all ages.1624 A low testosterone level in men may also lead to a decreased sex drive and erectile dysfunction,
lack of concentration, decreased sperm count, bone loss and loss of muscle mass.
As men age, their testosterone becomes further broken down to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5-alpha
reductase. Studies have found that men with low circulating testosterone have higher levels of DHT, which can
lead to male pattern baldness and an increase in the risk of developing prostate problems, weight gain and other
metabolic imbalances including high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, weight gain, high blood pressure, insulin
resistance and blood sugar imbalances.1625,1626 Some men genetically make more DHT, which leads to male pattern
baldness and prostate inflammation (hyperplasia). What makes matters worse is that the testosterone that doesnt
get turned into DHT is available to be converted to estradiol by the enzyme, aromatase. High levels of estrogen
in men can cause reduced levels of testosterone, an increase in SHBG (which binds the free, active testosterone),
fatigue, loss of muscle tone, increased body fat, loss of libido and sexual function and an enlarged prostate.
As men age, their available free testosterone is bound by sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). This leads to
increases in insulin resistance, and that triggers obesitymost commonly seen as a pot belly. 1627 In men, too
little testosterone has been linked to insulin resistance and vitamin D deficiency.1628
Other factors like stress, smoking, and excess alcohol intake can also lower testosterone concentrations.54
Stress and the release of the stress hormone cortisol is a major contributor to a decline in testosterone.1629 Sleep
disturbances can disrupt the normal testosterone rhythm in men.1630 Low testosteronehas also been linked to
osteoporosis. Two out of ten cases of osteoporosis are now in men.1631 Finally, low testosterone can lead to
memory and cognitive problems.1632
Medications that can decrease testosterone levels include:
++Leuprolide (Lupron Depot)
++Flutamide (Eulixin)
++Nilutamide (Anandron)
++Spironolactone (Aldactone)
++Finasteride (Propecia)
++Dutasteride (Avodart)
++Minoxidil (Rogaine)
++Corticosteroids, including prednisone, methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone
The testosterone levels of women tend to decline with age also. During perimenopause and menopause, a decline
in the production of testosterone occurs in most women. A hysterectomy can lead to a decline in testosterone
P/327
also. Testosterone deficiency may also be a key factor for heart problems in aging women or women who have had
hysterectomies, and increase the risk of breast conditions such as cancer.1633,1634 Symptoms of low testosterone
in women include less energy, brittle hair, less bone and muscle strength, immune imbalances, weight gain and a
diminished sexual drive.1635,1636
What are steps you can take for a Testosterone level?


++Zinc is important for male reproductive health.1639 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary sources of zinc are
food restaurants.
++On the other hand, over-consumption of simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and grains, causes unfriendly
flora to grow in the GI tract. These foods also raise blood glucose and insulin levels, resulting in adverse
influences on sex hormone balance.23
P/328
++Dietslow in protein in elderly men may lead to elevated SHBG levelsand decreased testosterone bioactivity,
leading to metabolic imbalances.1644 You may want to consider adding a protein drink to your diet.
hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours.1646 Reduced sleep can lower testosterone
production, and negatively affect other hormones like thyroid hormone.1647
DHEA (dehyroepiandosterone)
5 - 50mg daily;
depending upon
laboratory results
++Supports DHEA and testosterone levels
DIM
2 capsules daily

metabolism.1650
P/329
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1654
health.1655,1656
interaction.1657
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels1660

Complete
P/330
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
balance DHT and testosterone.1662
1 capsule 2 times
daily with food
++Testo-Gain is a synergistic combination

of phytoandrogens, androgenic
adaptogens & other herbs designed
to helppromote optimal testosterone
function.1663
* Use if stress is present
Testo-Gain
Vitamin D 1000
++1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000
IU) daily,
depending on
vitamin D3 lab
value
++If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a
month
Relora Plex
++Bone support
P/331
with dinner

Life Time Fitness

1665,1666
What does a high Testosterone value mean?

High levels of testosterone in men are usually seen in athletes or those who use testosterone (steroid) hormones.
Symptoms of high testosterone in men include:
++Acne
++Aggressive Behavior
++Heart Damage
++Impotence
++Insomnia
++Liver Problems
++Low Sperm Count
++Shrinking Testicles
High testosterone in women can lead to hormonal imbalances, including estrogen deficiency.1667 High testosterone
levels in women can lead to male pattern hair growth (hirsutism), especially on the face and chest. Other problems
with high testosterone levels in women include increased libido, increased muscle mass, redistribution of body fat,
enlargement of the clitoris, deepening of the voice,male pattern baldness and/or increased perspiration. Obesity
and high testosterone in women are key features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).1668
High DHEA levels can signal hormonal imbalances due to adrenal gland problems. In women, overproduction of
DHEA can increase testosterone levels and cause menstruation to stop. High DHEA can lead to development of
male characteristics, including excessive facial or body hair, male pattern baldness, muscularity or a deep voice.
A high DHEA level in women has been linked to PCOS or polycystic ovary syndrome.1669
++Medications that can increase testosterone levels include:
++Drugs for erectile dysfunction, including sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), vardenafil (Levitra)
++Androgen replacement therapy, including testosterone
++Estrogen therapy
++Anticonvulsants
++Barbiturates
P/332
What are steps you can take for a high Testosterone level?

++For women, increase soy consumption, like tofu and soymilk, if there is no allergy. An increase in soy
consumption has been found to lower testosterone.1670
food restaurants.
fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance hormone levels..1674
hydration. Six to eight 8-ounce glasses of high-quality water per day is the goal.
P/333
Saw palmetto MAX-5
For men: 160mg 2

times daily, standardized to 30%
fatty acids


Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1682
health.1683,1684
interaction.1685
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
hormone levels1688
* For men
Supplements
P/334
THYROID
PROFILES
The thyroid gland plays an enormous role in weight control. This tiny gland
in your neck produces the thyroid hormones that set the basal metabolic rate
of the body. Thyroid hormones regulate how each cell converts calories from
food or stored fat into energy. When thyroid hormone production is impaired
or interfered with, it limits energy production. Thats why fatigue is the primary
symptom of thyroid insufficiency, with weight gain quickly following. Estimates
are that as many as 1 in 10 people suffer from some type of thyroid disorder.1689
Hypothyroidism (low thyroid) is by far the most common. In fact hypothyroidism
is second only to diabetes as the most common endocrine disorder.1690
Thyroid hormones are made under the direction of the hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland in the brain. Initially, the hypothalamus responds to a metabolic
change, such as low body temperature, by releasing thyrotropin releasing factor
(TRF), which then signals the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH.) TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to then make thyroid hormone
by using iodine (which the thyroid gland captures from the bloodstream and
stores for ready use when needed) and tyrosine, an amino acid we obtain from
proteins in our diet.
The thyroid produces and secretes three major hormones: thyroxine (T4),
triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin. Calcitonin is important in calcium and
phosphorus levels. Thyroid hormones influence almost every cell of the body.
The thyroid gland has a crucial role in metabolism, fat burning, and oxygen
utilization, as well as gastrointestinal and neuromuscular function.
T4 is the primary thyroid hormone produced in the thyroid gland; it is made when
four molecules of iodine combine with the amino acid tyrosine. T4 circulates in
the blood in two forms: (1) T4 bound to proteins, which prevents the T4 from
entering the tissues that need thyroid hormone and (2) free T4, which does enter
the target tissues and causes an effect. The free T4 component is the most
important to determine how the thyroid is functioning. The amount of TSH that
the pituitary produces and lets into the blood stream depends on the amount of
T4 in the body. If there is little T4 in the blood, then the pituitary produces more
TSH to let the thyroid know to produce more T4. Once the T4 levels go up, then
the pituitary decreases production of TSH.
Triiodothyronine, or T3, is made with 3 molecules of iodine and tyrosine. As
they are made, they are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout
the body getting delivered to the cells. A small amount of T3 is made directly in
the thyroid, but the majority is made in other tissues of the body, where specific
enzymes (called diodinase enzymes) remove one molecule of iodine from
circulating T4. To exert its effects, T4 is converted to triiodothyronine (T3) by the
removal of an iodine atom. This occurs mainly in the liver and in certain tissues
where T3 acts, such as in the brain.
Pages 335-346
P/335
Back to TOC
THYROID PROFILES
Reference Values
Serum T4, total bound and
free (Thyroxine)
T4
4.5 12.0 ug/dL (micrograms per

deciliter)
Free T4 (Thyroxine); > 19yrs
FT4
0.82 1.77 ng/dL (nanograms per

deciliter)
Serum T3, total bound and

free (Triiodothyronine); > 10yrs
T3
71 180 ng/dL (nanograms per

deciliter)
Free T3 (Triiodothyronine); >

19yrs
FT3
2.0 4.4 pg/mL (picograms per

milliliter)
TSH (Thyrotropin stimulating

hormone)
TSH
0.45 4.5 uIU/mL (micro

International units per milliliter)
T3 Uptake (binding capacity of T3RU

TBG)
24 39 %
Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody;

> 19yrs
0 34 IU/mL (International units per

milliliter)
TPO
Why is a Thyroid Panel needed?

Life Time Fitness tests for several components of the thyroid, including:
++Free T3
++Free T4
++TSH
++T3 uptake (T3RU)
++Total T4
++TPO
Thyroid hormones are the master hormones that make your metabolism function. They affect everything from
stomach acid production to absorption of nutrients like magnesium, B6, B12, and folic acid to making serotonin
receptors function properly in regulating mood and hunger.1691 But most importantly, thyroid hormones drive energy
production in every cell of your body. The thyroid hormone T3 is the key to the ignition switch that turns on the
power-generating abilities of your cells.1692
Typically, doctors will test the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and T4 levels, but fail to measure the hormone
T3. It is incredibly important to know this number, because T3 is the active thyroid hormone, the one that actually
attaches to the cells and drives your bodys energy production.1693 Even if the other thyroid numbers are normal,
this can still be low. Many practitioners are finding an alarming number of people with normal TSH and T4 who
have low T3.1694
P/336
++T4, total (thyroxine): T4 converts to active T3. This is a measurement of the total amount of T4 you have in
your blood stream and helps determine if a thyroid imbalance is present. A large portion of this total amount
is bound by protein molecules and is unavailable for use by the body, which is why your free T4 should be
measured as well.
++Free T4 (free thyroxine): This is the thyroid hormone that is not bound to protein and can be converted to T3.
Regular T4 can be normal, but if you dont have adequate free T4, you do not have the form of the hormone
that can become active. It is quite possible to have adequate T4 and normal (typically at the upper end of the
normal range) TSH readings but still have all the symptoms of low thyroid, including fatigue.
++If you are suffering from fatigue, it is very important to test for Free T4 and Free T3.
++Free T3 (triiodothyronine): It is very important to know this number because T3 is the active thyroid hormone,
the one that actually attaches to the cells and drives your bodys energy production. Even if you have normal
levels of Free T4, your levels of Free T3 may still be low if your body is not adequately converting Free T4 to
Free T3. Minerals including magnesium, selenium, and iron are needed to help with the conversion of T4
to T3.
++TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone): A TSH level is used to evaluate the activity of the thyroid gland. TSH
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Imbalances in thyroid metabolism can alter the levels of
TSH. A high TSH level can occur in thyroid disorders and if taking too little thyroid hormone as a prescription
drug.
++T3 uptake (T3RU): T3RU or T3 resin uptake helps determine how much thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) is
available in your bloodstream. TBG carries most of the T3 and T4 in the blood. The higher the level of TBG, the
lower the value of T3RU.
++Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Antibodies: Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme normally found in the thyroid
gland and it plays an important role in the conversion of T4 to T3 in the body. A thyroid antibody test measures
the amount of TPO in the blood. A thyroid peroxidase test detects antibodies against TPO in the blood.
Another test for antibodies associated with the thyroid is the antithyroglobulin Ab test. TPO antibodies can
indicate thyroid tissue destruction, such as in autoimmune conditions like Hashimotos disease and thyroiditis.
Components of the Life Time Fitness Thyroid Testing include:
Other components of thyroid testing (not in LabCorp Testing):

++Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) - TBG is a protein that binds thyroid hormones in circulation and carries them
to their target tissues. A T3 uptake test (T3RU) can determine the level of TBG in the blood.
++Reverse T3 - When the body is under stress, instead of converting T4 into the active T3, the body makes
Reverse T3 (rT3) instead in order to conserve energy. RT3 is an inactive form of T3. rT3 has no effect on
metabolism because it is biologically inactive.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report Thyroid values?
++Energy and Metabolism Profile
P/337
Estimates are that as many as 1 in 10 people suffer from some type of thyroid disorder.1695 Hypothyroidism (low
thyroid) is by far the most common.
What do low Thyroid Hormone values mean?
Thyroid hormones tell the cells how fast to produce energy packets called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When
the thyroid hormones are balanced, there is plenty of energy available. Whey they are low, your energy production
decreases, which can leave you feeling tired during the day and unable to sleep well at night. When T3 is low,
you cant burn glucose and fatty acids like you should, so the energy-producing organs in the cells (mitochondria)
either get turned off or reduce their energy production.1696 That means more calories are converted into and stored
as fat.
Thyroid hormone imbalances can occur due to:
++Chronic stress
++Sleep disturbances
++Sex hormone imbalances
++Gastrointestinal imbalances
++Obesity
++Environmental toxicity, such as lead, mercury, phthalates, plastics and pesticides
++Poor food choices, including high in refined sugar and simple carbohydrates and inflammatory foods like
artificial colors, preservatives, sweeteners and high fructose corn syrup
Thyroid imbalances are often related to stress. The stress hormone cortisol can interfere with proper thyroid
function.1697 During times of chronic stress and the release of cortisol, thyroid hormones can become imbalanced,
leading to a reduction in your ability to burn fuel by lowering metabolism as much as 40%.1698
Thyroid health and energy production also rely on a balanced endocrine (hormonal) system, which includes the
sex hormones. Low thyroid function inhibits the production of pregnenolone, which is needed to make other
sex hormones like progesterone, testosterone and estrogen.1699 Low thyroid can down regulate sex hormone
production, but the balance of sex hormones also influences thyroid hormone production. High levels of estrogen
interfere with thyroid hormones, especially with the utilization of T3. It is important to consider the interplay
of the thyroid gland during the menopausal years in women. Keep in mind that some symptoms associated
with menopause are also symptoms of hypothyroidism, like depression, irritability, impaired memory or poor
concentration, and insomnia. It is possible to alleviate these symptoms by addressing them as a thyroid issue
before rushing to take prescription estrogen, which can lead to imbalances in metabolism.
An unhealthy digestive tract can also lead to low thyroid hormones from autoimmunity.1700 Imbalances in the
microflora of the gut (the good bacteria) can lead to overgrowth of the bacteria H. pylori in the gastrointestinal
system and induce chronic inflammation and thyroid hormone imbalances.1701 In addition, thyroid hormone
production can suffer simply because a person is not getting enough of key nutrients that are needed for thyroid
hormone production, like iodine, selenium and iron.1702 Less energy also decreases the amount of acid in your
stomach, leading to problems absorbing nutrients from foods. Food allergies from intestinal imbalances can also
contribute to thyroid problems, as does an unhealthy diet.1703
And finally, there are several toxins in the environment, including heavy metals (like mercury, cadmium and lead),
fluoride and chlorine in water, pesticides and chemicals (like plastics, perchlorates from jet fuel, food dyes, artificial
sweeteners and preservatives) that are known to interfere with thyroid hormones.1704,1705,1706 1707
Heavy metals may contribute to thyroid malignancies and interfere with the uptake of iodine by the thyroid cells. In
one study, the thyroid glands of 135 patients and 65 control subjects were evaluated for concentrations of several
P/338
Many studies have explored the relationship between maternal iodine and thyroid hormone levels and the
neurological development of the fetus. Maternal iodine deficiency and thyroid dysfunction, especially in the last
trimester of pregnancy, is a serious threat to fetal brain development.1709 A pregnant woman exposed to high levels
of mercury, therefore, may be placing her unborn child at greater risk for congenital neurological defects.
trace elements.1708 It was found that mercury (along with cobalt, silver, and rubidium) was consistently higher in
thyroid glands with cancerous nodules, while iodine concentrations were fifteen times lower. Lack of iodine can
result in insufficient T4 production and hypothyroidism.
Symptoms of low thyroid hormones include:

++Fatigue
++Weight gain
++Constipation
++Insulin resistance
++Cholesterol and triglyceride imbalances
++Decreased sex drive
++Dry skin
++Brittle nails
++Thin hair and eyebrows
++Feeling cold or having cold hands and feet
++Mood swings and depression
But what if your thyroid hormone levels tested by your doctor are within normal values, but you still have symptoms
of low thyroid? Remember, a good T4 level does not always mean the thyroid is functioning properly. A normal T4
value but symptoms of low thyroid can indicate a condition known as subclinical hypothyroidism.
Subclinical hypothyroidism is medically defined as the condition in which TSH is elevated but thyroid hormones
are not low. It has virtually the same symptom profile as hypothyroidism, yet remains undiagnosed and untreated
because blood tests are within normal clinical range. The problem may stem from the inability of target cells
to convert T4 to T3. The negative feedback mechanism fails because serum T4 remains within normal limits.
TSH is stimulated in response to drops in serum T4, not T3. A person who cannot make T3, the active thyroid
hormone, may experience as much as a 40% drop in metabolism, or basal metabolic rate. On the other
hand, overproduction of thyroxine can increase the normal metabolic activity by 100%. It is estimated that 15
to 25 percent of the population, approximately 43 to 72 million Americans, has some degree of subclinical
hypothyroidism.1710
Drugs that can decrease T4 levels include:
++Anti-thyroid drugs (propylthiouracil and methimazole)
++Interferon alpha
++Interleukin-2
++Lithium
P/339
++Drugs that can decrease T3 levels include:

++Lithium
++Beta blockers, including propranolol (Inderal)
Beta blockers, including propranolol (Inderal):
Drugs that can decrease T3RU values include:

++Oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
++Estrogen
++Thiazide diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide
++Opiates (morphine, oxycodone, Methadone)
++Pregnancy can also decrease T3RU levels.
What are steps you can take for low Thyroid values?


++Make sure to take a Life Time Fitness Men or Womens AM/PM Multivitamin/mineral supplement daily.
++Life Time Omega-3 fatty acid daily is also recommended.
++Low thyroid can result in weight gain, constipation, anemia, poor utilization of essential fatty acids, and
inadequate conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A.1711
++Hypothyroidism is associated with a decreased production of hydrochloric acid (HCL) by the parietal cells
of the stomach, thereby decreasing digestion and absorption of nutrients. HCL provides the proper pH
environment for the digestion of proteins by the enzyme pepsin. With low HCL, the amino acid phenylalanine
(from which tyrosine is derived) cannot be obtained from food, and tyrosine is unavailable in adequate amounts
for the production of thyroxine (T4). Taking a digestive enzyme supplement is recommended.
++Other nutrients that are found in low values with low thyroid hormone levels include iodine, chromium,
selenium, zinc and tyrosine.
++Iodized salt is the most common source of iodine in the United States. Iodine-rich foods include seafood, sea
vegetables (seaweed, but make sure its tested for contaminants) and vegetables grown on iodine-rich soils.
++Food allergies alone can cause fatigue, or they can contribute to autoimmune thyroiditis. Before you discount
this idea too quickly as a possible cause of your fatigue, you should know that up to one in seven persons
may be intolerant to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. And up to one in four people may be
intolerant to lactose, a natural sugar found in cows milk.1712 There are seven foods that are reported to make
up 90% of all food allergies: peanuts, tree nuts like walnuts or almonds, shellfish, soybeans, eggs, wheat, and
cows milk.1713 Corn and tomatoes are other common allergenic foods. However, there are two other types
of reactivity to foods. One is called food sensitivity (described below) and the other is called food intolerance.
P/340
Food intolerance is when a person is incapable of digesting or absorbing a certain substance like lactose
or fructose.
++Stay away from artificial sweeteners, like aspartame (Nutrasweet), sucralose (Splenda). Splenda contains
a chlorine molecule that displaces iodine in the thyroid. Use stevia or if necessary, saccharine. Artificial
sweeteners have been linked to loss of concentration, headaches, immune and thyroid imbalances, weight
gain, blood sugar imbalances and even cancer.1714,1715
++Increase omega-3 fatty acids in foods. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in cold-water fish like halibut and
salmon, walnuts, plant foods and wild game, which are well documented to have anti-inflammatory effects in
the body. When omega-3 fats are consumed in adequate amounts it lowers health risks, especially for heart
disease, and new studies are suggesting that adequate intakes may even help prevent obesity.1716,1717
++If you eat fish such as tuna, there may be a concern over heavy metal contamination. The Center of Science
and the Public Interest (CSPI), a nutrition advocacy organization in Washington, D.C., issued a warning that
pregnant women should not eat more than two 6-ounce servings of canned tuna per month since tuna
contains high levels of mercury.1718 Avoid eating tuna more than once a month especially fresh tuna steaks
in addition to other fish particularly high in mercury such as pike, swordfish, shark, and walleye.
food restaurants.
++Fresh vegetables provides antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. Make sure to include green,
orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables - such as broccoli, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits. The
antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance inflammation and thyroid balance.1719
++Studies report imbalances in thyroid hormone levels when you are overweight or obese.1720 If you are
overweight or obese based on your BMI (body mass index), then we recommend Life Time Fitness
++You may want to consider adding a protein drink to your diet. There are several kinds of protein drinks on the
market, but many of these contain sugar and added chemical ingredients. Life Time Fitness Peak Performance
Whey Protein Isolate is an excellent source of high-quality, easily digestible protein. You can mix the protein
powder with a cup of fresh berries, a banana, or other fruit in a blender with rice milk or quality water.
++Dont use heartburn medicines with calcium carbonate, like Tums. This can disrupt thyroid hormones.1722
Also, laxatives with aluminum in them can imbalance thyroid hormones.
P/341
++ Get adequate rest about 7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep a night for the average adult. Several studies
disorder of sustained excitation of the bodys stress response system and lead to hormonal imbalances.1723
DHEA (dehyroepiandosterone)
5 - 50mg daily;
depending upon
laboratory results
++Supports DHEA and testosterone levels

++Check lab values first

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

anti-inflammatory nutrients.1729
with increased levels of CRP.1730,1731
inflammatory markers like CRP.1732

Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1729
health.1730,1731
interaction.1732
P/342
beverage, mix and
drink daily

source1733
helping to raise the levels of the antioxidant
glutathione (GSH)1734
(30gm)
Moducare
2 capsules 2 times
daily if thyroid antibodies are present

function. 1735
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
CRP levels1738
Thyro Mend
1 capsule, 2 times
daily with food

Tyrosine
500-1000mg daily
++Provides the amino acid tyrosine,

which is important in thyroid hormone
production.1740
Vegetarian Enzyme
1-2 tablets, 3 times

daily 30 minutes
before meals
++Vegetarian Enzyme contains a mixture

of vegetable-source enzymes which
help digest starches, proteins, fats, and
cellulose. Vegetarian Enzyme is used
after eating a meal to help support healthy
digestion.1741

Isolate
What does a high Thyroid value mean?

High thyroid hormone levels, called hyperthyroidism, may occur more frequently in women than men. The annual
incidence of hyperthyroidism in the United States is about one per a thousand women.1742
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine (T4), despite normal levels of TSH.
Hyperthyroidism can lead to:
P/343
++An increased basal metabolic rate

++Weight loss
++Sensitivity to heat
++Restlessness
++Decreased menstrual flow
++Rapid heartbeat
++Hand tremors
++Mental alertness
Hyperthyroidism denotes increased secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, which leads to a clinical
picture of thyrotoxicosis. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves disease, which accounts for 60%
to 90% of cases. Graves disease results from the production of antibodies directed against the TSH receptor.
These autoantibodies, referred to as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), cause continual stimulation of the
thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).1743
Mercury has been associated with elevated T3 and hyperthyroidism. In another study, direct administration of
mercury chloride into the muscles of rabbits caused immediate elevation of T3 and a dramatic drop in T4.1744
Pregnancy can elevate free T4 levels; TSH may also be slightly lower.1745 Drugs that can increase T4 measurements
include:
++Oral contraceptives (Birth control pills)
++Estrogens
++Opiates, including oxycodone, morphine and Methadone
Drugs that can increase T3 measurements include:
++Oral contraceptives (Birth control pills)
++Estrogens
++Opiates, including oxycodone, morphine and Methadone
In hyperthyroidism, T3RU values may be increased also, meaning less thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is available.
Drugs that can increase T3RU values include:
++Anabolic steroids, including testosterone
++Salicylates (aspirin, high doses)
++Warfarin (Coumadin)
++Steroid hormones, including prednisone and cortisone
++Valproic Acid (Depakote or Depakene)
What are steps you can take for high Thyroid levels?

P/344
++The Center of Science and the Public Interest (CSPI), a nutrition advocacy organization in Washington, D.C.,
issued a warning that pregnant women should not eat more than two 6-ounce servings of canned tuna per
month since tuna contains high levels of mercury.1748 Avoid eating tuna more than once a month - especially
fresh tuna steaks in addition to other fish particularly high in mercury, such as pike, swordfish, shark, and
walleye.
food restaurants.
fruits. The antioxidants and other nutrients in these foods may help balance hormone levels.1750
can imbalance hormone levels including the thyroid.1751,1752 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and
mental stress, helping balance metabolism.
P/345

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1758
health.1759,1760
interaction.1761
Moducare
2 capsules 2 times
daily if thyroid antibodies are present

function. 1762
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
hormone levels1765
Supplements
P/346
VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin known as the Sunshine
vitamin. Vitamin D is best known for its regulation, along
with parathyroid hormone, of calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. Vitamin D is primarily produced in the
skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol through solar ultraviolet
radiation.1766 Additional sources include the diet and oral
supplementation. Independent of source, all Vitamin D is
converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which is the
major circulating form in the blood. The kidneys produce the
final step to the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Most
Vitamin D is stored in the body as the 25-hydroxyvitamin D
(25-OH-D).1767 Vitamin D receptors have been identified in
virtually every tissue, including bone, kidney, skeletal, heart,
adrenal, stomach, liver, skin, breast, pancreatic, immune,
brain, prostate, ovaries, and testes.1768
Pages 347-353
P/347
Back to TOC
VITAMIN D
Reference Values
(in nanograms per milliliter = ng/ml)
Normal Range (Men):
10 - 55 ng/mL
Why is a Vitamid Blood Level needed?

A vitamin D level is important to determine if you have low or high levels of vitamin D. Low levels of vitamin D
are associated with an increased risk for nearly all major human health concerns, such as cancer, diabetes,
autoimmune conditions, cardiovascular problems, and metabolic imbalances.1769Vitamin D is important for
metabolism, including:
++Bones and Teeth: Vitamin D is involved in both the formation (mineralization) of bone, as well as in the
mobilization (de-mineralization) of bone.1770 The most active form of vitamin D, 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D, requires
the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are important for the development of bones and
teeth. Vitamin D combined with calcium is reported to be more effective than calcium alone in preventing bone
loss.1771
++Cardiovascular system: Vitamin D is important in blood pressure regulation and blood vessel health.1772
++Insulin regulation: Vitamin D is important in the secretion of insulin from the pancreas.1773
++Immune System: The active form of vitamin D enhances the immune system by stimulating the activity of
white blood cells called macrophages. Low vitamin D levels may lead to inflammation and increase the risk for
developing autoimmune conditions such as Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel conditions and
cancer.1774,1775 Low levels of vitamin D in children may be linked to food allergies and intolerances, possibly due
to impaired immune function and microflora (probiotic) imbalances in the digestive tract.1776
++Mood and cognitive function: Vitamin D supplementation may help improve mood and mild to moderate
depression in those with seasonal depression.1777
++Both Vitamin D2 and D3 levels are checked to help form your vitamin D level.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Vitamin D range?
++Comprehensive Vitamin D
++Cardio Metabolic Risk Premium Profile
What does a low Vitamin D value mean?
Low levels of vitamin D can result from inadequate dietary intake, insufficient exposure to sunlight, which reduces
the bodys synthesis of vitamin D, and kidney or liver imbalances, which inhibit the conversion of vitamin D to its
metabolically active forms.1778 Vitamin D does not occur in significant amounts in many foods but does occur in
P/348
small and variable amounts in milk, butter, cream, egg yolks, and liver, with milk fortified with vitamin D being the
major source of this nutrient in the United States. Although 1,25(OH)2 is the active form of vitamin D, when testing
patients for vitamin D status, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D is an expensive test and is not a good measure of vitamin D
status.1779
Low levels of vitamin D is reported in a number of health problems including cardiovascular, insulin resistance and
diabetes (both Type I and 2), auto-immune disorders, obesity, cancer and osteoporosis. It is estimated that 1
billion people worldwide have Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.1780 A large study that looked at school children
and adolescents in the US found that approximately 50.8 million had low levels of vitamin D. 1781 Age, season,
northern latitudes, liver and kidney function, obesity, poor dietary intake, dark skin tone and certain medications
(corticosteroids, phenytoin) all contribute to low Vitamin D levels.1782
Vitamin D is deposited into fat stores, where it becomes less available for use in the body. This is a suggested
mechanism leading to insulin resistance.1783 Vitamin D also helps improve immunity and has anti-inflammatory
effects that may indirectly help improve insulin sensitivity.1784 Blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes
has a seasonal variation, being worse in the winter, in part explained by variation in exposure to sunlight and
vitamin D levels.1785 Research suggests that low levels of vitamin D may contribute to or be a cause of metabolic
syndrome with associated hypertension, obesity, diabetes and heart disease.1786
In humans, low vitamin D has been strongly linked to heart and vascular problems including high blood
pressure1787, blood vessel problems1788, atherosclerosis, heart attack and stroke.1789,1790,1791,1792 In addition, low
Vitamin D is linked to death associated with heart problems.1793
Low levels of vitamin D can also lead to calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc deficiencies.1794 An estimated 10
million individuals in the US are estimated to already have osteoporosis and almost 34 million more are estimated
to have low bone mass, placing an estimated 55% of Americans at an increased risk for osteoporosis.1795 Of the
individuals with osteoporosis, approximately 80% are women and 20% are men. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to
poor bone mineral density.1796 Vitamin Ddeficiency is prevalent in the US, 60% ofnursing home residents and 57%
ofhospitalized patients being vitamin D deficient.1797,1798 Vitamin D supplementation has been reported to reduce
bone fractures by at least 20% in individuals aged 65 and older.1799
Vitamin D supports production of estrogen in men and women.1800 PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) has been
corrected by supplementation of D and calcium.24
Vitamin D plays a role in regulation of the immune system and chronic inflammation. Low vitamin D is associated
with several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, Sjogrens Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis
and inflammatory bowel conditions.1801,1802 Low levels of vitamin D are also associated with chronic pain, such as
fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue or peripheral neuropathy.1803
Low vitamin D levels are associated with mood disturbances and depression.1804 Activated vitamin D in the
adrenal gland regulates tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme necessary for the production of brain neurochemicals,
including dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. Older adults with low levels of vitamin D appear more likely to
experience declines in thinking, learning and memory. People with Parkinsons and Alzheimers disease have been
found to have lower levels of vitamin D.1805,1806
The following drugs can cause a depletion of vitamin D, which may increase an individuals need for the vitamin:
++Anticonvulsants including barbiturates, carbamazepine, fosphenytoin and phenytoin
++Bile acid sequestrants including cholestyramine and colestipol
++Corticosteroids
++Isoniazid
P/349
What are steps you can take for a low Vitamin D value?

++Mineral oil
++Rifampin

++Take a separate vitamin D along with Life Time Fitness Men or Womens Daily Performance Multivitamin AM/
PM to ensure adequate intake. Vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) is the best type of vitamin D to take. Generally
recommended dosages, the DRI for vitamin D is 400 IU/day. However, experts at The Vitamin D Council
recommend taking 1000-5,000 IU/day for healthy adults and teens.
++Vitamin D does not occur in significant amounts in many foods. It occurs in small and highly variable amounts
in butter, cream, egg yolks, and liver. Milk fortified with vitamin D is the major source of this nutrient in the
United States. However, if you have an allergy to dairy, find other sources of vitamin D.
++Increase your intake of cold-water fishes like salmon, herring, cod, and halibut. These not only contain high
levels of vitamin D, they contain heart healthy omega-3 fatty acids.
++Increase intake of vitamin D containing foods such as milk and other dairy products. Snack on almonds or
Brazil nuts.
++Transfatty acids, found in margarine and shortenings used in most commercial baked goods, should be
avoided. These fats can interfere with the enzyme systems the body uses to convert vitamin D in the liver.1808
++Get out in the sun! Sunlight, specifically UV-B rays, stimulate the production of vitamin D. The current
suggested exposure of hands, face and arms is 10-20 minutes, three times a week. However, this
provides only 200-400 IU of vitamin D each time or an average of 100-200 IU per day during the summer
months.Supplementing vitamin D3 along with safe sun exposure is best.
++Because the body needs 30-60 minutes to absorb vitamin D from made from the sun, it is best to delay
showering or bathing for one hour after exposure. Use cholesterol-containing skin oils and wear appropriate
sun protection if you are fair skinned.
++Vegetarian and vegan diets generally are poor sources of vitamin D. So are low-fat foods and diets.1810
++Stop smoking.
++Exercise appropriately, 30 minutes daily at least 3 times a week. Studies report that appropriate vitamin D
levels are needed for exercise and muscle function.1811 Physical activity and fitness may help reduce risk of
osteoporosis and fracture and fall-related injuries in men and women.1812,18131814 Studies have also reported that
bone mineral density in postmenopausal women can be maintained or increased with therapeutic exercise.1815
Increase weight-bearing exercises, which include walking, cycling and weight training. These exercises can
help slow down bone loss or osteoporosis.1816 Swimming, yoga and dancing are also good activities to help
decrease stress.
P/350
Alpha lipoic acid
500mg 2 times daily
++Antioxidant1819
Cal/Mag 1001
1 tablet 2 times
daily
++Bone support
and glutamic acid.
chromium picolinate
1 capsule (300mcg
chromium) daily

tolerance1822

Complete
4 scoops (approx.
healthy beverage

blend.

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods
P/351
Vitamin D 1000
500-1000mg daily
++1-5 capsules
(1,000 5,000
IU) daily,
depending on
vitamin D3 lab
value
++If lab value 30
ng/ml or less,
then take 5,000
IU daily; if 30-40
ng/ml, then take
1,000 IU daily
both in addition
to your multivit;
retest in a
month
++Amino acid
contain tyrosine.
Tyrosine
++Bone support
What does a high Vitamin D value mean?

Vitamin D can be toxic. Excessive intake of this nutrient results in hypercalcemia, which causes calcium deposits
in soft tissues such as kidneys, arteries, heart, ears, and lungs. Signs of vitamin D toxicity include headache,
weakness, nausea and vomiting, and constipation.1831
What are steps you can take for a high Vitamin D level?


++Substitute green tea for your morning coffee. Use organic green tea (sencha preferred). Steep 1-2 teaspoonfuls
in a cup of hot water, strain, drink 2-3 times daily.
++Decrease vitamin D intake, including dairy products.
++Stay out of the sun as much as possible; wear sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) and cover exposed body parts
until vitamin D levels return to normal.
P/352
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

foods

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

Supplements
P/353
WBC
DIFFERENTIAL
WBC differential determines the level of white blood cells (WBCs) in
the body. WBCs help the body fight illness or infection. WBCs are
part of the immune system, and they recognize and fight things that
are foreign to the body. There are 5 types of WBCs. A differential
test determines the values for five types of white blood cells, also
called leukocytes, that appear normally in the blood, including:
++Neutrophils are the most common type of WBCs and
serves as our first line of defense against infection. The typical
response to infection, inflammation or serious injury is an
increased production of neutrophils, and in extreme cases
can be due to bone marrow disorders. Decreased neutrophil
levels may be the result of severe infection or other conditions,
such as responses to various medications, particularly
chemotherapy.
++Eosinophils are increased in response to allergic disorders,
inflammation or infection. Decreased levels of eosinophils can
occur as a result of infection. Decreases in eosinophil counts
are associated with stress and medications that decrease WBC
levels, including steroids and chemotherapy.
++Basophils can increase due to chronic inflammation, the
presence of a hypersensitivity reaction to food, radiation
therapy or some cancers. Basophils can digest bacteria and
other foreign bodies (phagocytosis) and also have some
role in allergic reactions. Decreased basophil counts are
associated with stress, allergic reactions, thyroid imbalances or
medications like steroids.
++Lymphocytescan increase in chronic inflammation, viral
infections, radiation therapy or certain cancers. Decreased
lymphocytes can lead to immune imbalances, including
autoimmune conditions like Lupus. Decreased numbers of
lymphocytes can be caused by immune deficiencies, kidney
problems, some cancers and steroid drug use.
++Monocytes respond to inflammation, infection and foreign bodies
by ingesting and digesting the foreign material. Monocytelevels
can increase in response to infection, chronic inflammation, and
certain cancers. A decreased monocyte level can indicate immune
imbalances, steroid use or bone marrow problems.
Pages 354-361
P/354
Back to TOC
WBC DIFFERENTIAL
Reference Values
(in nanograms per milliliter = ng/ml)
Normal Values (Adults):
White Blood Cell Count (WBC)
4.0 - 10.5 x10E3/uL
Neutrophils
40.0 - 74.0 %
Neutrophils, Absolute
1.8 - 7.8 x10 E3/uL
Lymphocytes
14.0 - 46.0 %
Lymphocytes, Absolute
0.7 - 4.5 x10 E3/uL
Monocytes
4.0 - 13.0 %
Monocytes, Absolute
0.1 - 1.0 x10 E3/uL
Eosinophils
0.0 - 7.0 %
Eosinophils, Absolute
0.0 0.4 x10 E3/uL
Basophils
0.0 - 3.0 %
Basophils, Absolute
0.0 - 0.2 x10 E3/uL
Why is a WBC Differential level needed?

A WBC differential test is also called a white blood cell count differential or just differential. The differential test
measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood to determine how
the immune system is functioning. The test is performed as part of your complete blood count (CBC) and may be
able to determine if you have immune imbalances, including infection and inflammation. The differential test can
determine your bodys ability to fight and get rid of the cause of an infection, such as bacteria, parasites or a virus.
What Life Time Fitness Lab Tests Report a Differential value?
What does a low WBC Differential value mean?
A low WBC level is also called leukopenia. Each component in the WBC differential can be independently low. A
low WBC differential reading can be due to an underactive immune system, allergies, chronic inflammation, and
vitamin deficiencies, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc, selenium, B vitamins. Low WBC levels can be caused by
some viral infections (such as HIV), bone marrow problems or drugs like chemotherapy. Low basophils can indicate
an allergic reaction. Medications that can decrease WBC levels:
++Chemotherapy
++Corticosteroids, including prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone
P/355
++Antibiotics
++Diuretics
++Anticonvulsants
++Antihistamines
++Antithyroid drugs
++Barbiturates
++Sulfonamides, including Bactrim (sulfamethoxizole/trimethoprim)
What are steps you can take for low WBC Differential levels?


can imbalance immunity.1835,1836 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental stress, helping
balance metabolism.
and chemical additives, saturated fats founds in fatty meats and dairy. These foods can imbalance immunity.
immunity.1837
food restaurants.
P/356
++Stop smoking.
L-glutamine
500mg 2 grams
daily in divided
doses
immune function1840

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.


Fish Oil
1-2 capsules, 2
times daily

metabolism.1842
interaction.1845
Moducare
1-2 capsules 2
times daily

function. 1846
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

immunity1847
foods
CRP levels1849
P/357
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

Ultra-D Tox
What does a high WBC Differential value mean?

A high WBC Differential is also called leukocytosis. Infections, stress, thyroid imbalances, inflammation or bone
marrow problems can increase WBCs. Eating a large meal can also lead to WBC increases as can exercise. A
high WBC differential means that some part of your immune system is activated. Drugs that can increase WBC
levels include:
++Allopurinol
++Aspirin
++Corticosteroids
++Quinine
++Triamterene
What are steps you can take for a high Differential level?


++Avoid common food allergens, including wheat, dairy, soy. Food allergies can cause inflammation and raise
WBC levels, which can lead to metabolic imbalances.1850
consumed in adequate amounts it lowers health risks, especially for heart disease, and studies report it
improves immunity.1851,1852
++Zinc is important for the immune system.1853 Increase your zinc intake. The best dietary sources of zinc are lean
meats, liver, eggs, and seafood (especially oysters, but make sure they are from a good source). Whole grain
breads and cereals are also good sources of zinc, but limit your carbohydrate intake as this can lead to insulin
resistance, blood sugar imbalances and weight gain.
++Selenium is important for immunity.1854 Increase foods that contain selenium, including seafood, garlic, liver,
eggs, dairy products, and some vegetables including cabbage, celery, cucumbers, and radishes. Brazil nuts
have the highest amount of selenium. Food processing causes substantial loss of selenium. For example,
whole wheat bread has twice the selenium as white bread, and brown rice has 15 times more selenium than
white rice. Human breast milk contains six times more selenium than cows milk. A cows milk diet for infants
can contribute to low selenium levels and depressed immune systems in infants.
P/358
food restaurants.
++Increase antioxidant-containing foods like green, orange, and yellow fruits and vegetables such as green
leafy vegetables, broccoli, peppers, carrots, cantaloupe, and citrus fruits (although fruit sugars should be
limited). Polyphenols in these foods are reported to improve immune function.1855
can imbalance hormone levels.1856,1857 Modifying the diet can help decrease physical and mental stress, helping
balance metabolism.
++Your protein requirements increase when youre under stress especially physical stress and illness. And
even if you dont feel ill, your body probably still needs some extra protein to heal the hidden damage
that act to reduce inflammation chemistry and help your immunity function appropriately.
stress hormone cortisol, particularly in the evening and night-time hours. Lack of sleep can cause immune
imbalances. 1858
++Stop smoking. Immunity is affected with tobacco smoke.1859
Supplements
L-glutamine
500mg 2 grams
daily in divided
doses
immune function1860

Multivitamin AM/PM
3 capsules in the
with dinner.

P/359
1-2 capsules daily

metabolism.1862
interaction.1865
Moducare
1-2 capsules 2
times daily

function. 1866
1 capsule, 1-3
times daily

immunity1867
foods
CRP levels1869
Relora Plex
2 capsules, 1-2
times daily

amurense).
balance
balance DHT and testosterone1871
* Use if chronic inflammation or

immune problems are present

Fish Oil
P/360
1 capsule daily, 1
hour before bedtime

cortisol levels1872
1-2 capsules 2
2-3 weeks

* Use if ability to fall or stay asleep

is a problem
Ultra-D Tox
Sleep Solve 24/7
P/361
ENDNOTES
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