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(x) = (x)
x0
(x ) U ()
(x) scalar
(2)
(3)
with
~2
= t2
= t2 4
= 2
= p2 .
The Klein-Gordon equation can be derived out of Boosts from the rest frame
equation of motion:
(E 2 m2 )(x) = 0 unique
(4)
The most fruitful approach to Elementary Particle Physics is via the action
principle.
Lagrange density of a free scalar eld:
L(x) =
1
[ (x) (x) m2 2 (x)] .
2
(5)
Action S :
Z
S[]
=
=
d4 x L(x)
Z
1
d4 x (x) (x) m2 2 (x)
2
(6)
or
S
=0
(x)
with
(y)
= (4) (x y)
(x)
and
(y)
= y (4) (x y)
(x)
(7)
( )
(8)
with
(9)
kx = k x
with
q
k = m , k = = ~k 2 + m2 .
2
So, there are positive and negative (!) energy solutions! (Compare Srednicki
p. 25)
General solution: linear superposition of plane waves.
Z
(x) =
d3 k 1 ikx ~
e (k) + eikx (~k) with , C
3
(2) 2
(10)
Z
(x) =
R
d4 k
(2)4
eikx (~k) + eikx (~k)
(k2 m2 )(k0 )
with
k=
~k
.
(11)
QFT =
rel. invariance M
2
E = m + p~
wave mechanics
2
t2
+m
=0
QM
Hilbert space, commutation rel. |0i , |~ki
QM
J,
L
e.g. H,
x, t), (~
x, t), A (~x, t)
(~
Hilbert Space
Fock space:
vacuum, single & multiple particles states
|0i , |~
pi , |~
p, ~k, . . . i
h|H|i
Matrix elements
x, t)|0i
h 0 (~k)|(~
[x, p] = i(~)
Commutation Relations
i
d3 k 1 h ikx ~
ikx ~
e
a
(
k)
+
e
a(
k)
(2)3 2
(12)
Inserting (12) into the canonical Commutation Relation [(~x, t), (~y , t)] results
in
h
i
a(~k), a (~k 0 )
i
h
a(~k), a(~k 0 )
Fock space
|0i: normalised vacuum state: h0|0i = 1 with
a(~k) |0i = 0 .
(13)
(14)
t |0i = 0
(16)
d3 k
f (~k) a (~k) |0i
(2)3 2
(17)
hk 0 |ki =
Annihilation:
a(~k) |i is a state, where a particle with momentum k is removed from the state
|i.
Example with a general particle state |f i (see equation (17)):
Z
d3 k 0 1
= a(~k)
f (~k 0 ) a (~k 0 ) |0i
(2)3 2 0
Z
d3 k 0 1
=
f (~k 0 )
[a(~k), a (~k 0 )]
{z
}
|
(2)3 2 0
a(~k)|f >
(2)3 2 (3) (~
k~
k0 )
|0i
see (13)
(18)
2f (~k) |0i
Symmetries :
By partial integration of equation (5) one gets:
Z
S[] =
d4 x L(x) =
1
2
d4 x (x)[ m2 ](x) .
(19)
(x )
0 0
with
x + a
= (x)
=
T g = g
and
Unitary Representation: U (, a)
(x) = 0 (x0 ) = U (, a) (x0 ) U (, a)
U (, a) (x) U (, a)
= (x0 )
= (x + a)
(21)
On Fockspace:
U (, a) |0i = |0i
0
~
U (, a) a (k) U (, a) = eik a a (~k 0 )
with
k 0 = k
x0 = P x
with
1
1
P =
1
1
Unitary Representation
U (P ) (x) U (P )
= P (x0 )
U (P ) (~x, t) U (P )
= P (~x, t)
(23)
P = +1
P = 1
e.g. 0
Parity:
~x
p~
~
p
~x
(24)
= L0 (x) + L0 (x)
1
1
=
(x) m2 (x) V (~x)2 (x)
|2
{z
} | 2 {z
}
L0 (x)
L0 (x)
L0 (x)
(25)
1
= V (~x)2 (x)
2
L0 (x) is the Lagrange density of a free scalar eld. L0 (x) is the Lagrange
interaction density.
QM revisited: interaction picture
i
(26)
= |ii adiabatic
= |f i
t0 =
T
2
(27)
= 1+
(i)
|
dt0 H 0 (t0 )
t0
{z
}
+ (i)2
t0
dt0
t0
t0
= T exp{i
(28)
dt0 H 0 (t0 )}
t0
(29)
(1 i t H 0 (t)) |ti
(30)
t+
H 0 (t)
(31)
(32)
(33)
We have
Af i
(34)
V 2 (~x) 0 .
Then
Z
hf | S |ii = f i i
d4 x
1
V (~x) 2 h~k0 | (x) |0i h0| (x) |~ki .
2
(35)
The factor 2 in (35) stands for the two permutations of a and a, included in
(~x), which contribute. They are: a a and aa , because there is neither an
overlap between three particles and one particle nor between one and 0, the
annihilated vacuum state |0i.
Furthermore
f i
(36)
= h0|
with
o
d3 k 0 1 n ik0 x ~ 0
ik0 x ~ 0
e
a
(
k
)
+
e
a(
k
)
a (~k) |0i
(2)3 2 0
h0| a = (a |0i) = 0
follows
Z
d3 k 0 1 ik0 x
e
h0| [a(~k 0 ), a (~k)] |0i
h0| (x) |~ki = h0|
(2)3 2 0
Z
d3 k 0 1 ik0 x
=
e
2 (2)3 (3) (~k ~k 0 )
(2)3 2 0
(37)
= eikx
and similarily
(38)
Interpretation:
Amplitudes for annihilating/ creating particles with momentum ~k/ ~k0 at spacetime point x.
We infer:
Af i
Z
0
= hf | S |ii = f i i d4 x V (~x)eik x eikx
Z
Z
00
0
0
~0 ~
= f i i dt
d3 x V (~x)ei(k k)~x ei(k k )x
=
f i 2 i (k 00 k 0 ) V (~q)
(39)
with
V (~q)
Z
=
d3 x V (~x)ei~q~x
~q = ~k ~k 0 . 3-momentum transfer
(40)
Interpretation revisited:
1. State ~k scatters at V (~x) with 'strength' V (~q) into state ~k0 where ~q = ~k~k0 .
2. Energy is conserved as k0 = k00 .
Final remark:
Relation between the scattering amplitudes in momentum space and the
form/ range of potential in space(-time):
Example:
V (~x)
V (~q)
1
1
1 ~x2
exp
2 l2
(2)3/2 l3
1
= V0 exp l2 ~q 2
2
= V0
(41)
(42)
1
: (~x, t)(~x, t)(~x, t)(~x, t) :
4!
10
(43)
1
: : |1, 2i
4!
1
h4, 3| a a a a |1, 2i 4 3 2 1
4!
4
aa
h4, 3|
(44)
Fourier representation of :
Z
=
ipx 1
1
(a1p i a2p ) +eipx (a1p i a2p )
d
p
e
{z
}
|
2|
2
{z
}
(45)
:=ap
:=bp
with:
b p , bp0
=
a p , ap0
=
eq.
44
L0
L
In general:
(2)3 2p 3 (~
p p~0 )
(2)3 2p 3 (~
p p~0 )
= (x)( m2 )(x)
= m2
(46)
(47)
= L0 + L0
L0 = L0 [ ]
(48)
with
= 0 .
(x) (x) ei
L[] L[ ei ] = L[]
(49)
j = 0 equation of motion
(50)
Noether theorem:
11
with
L
= 1 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 )
= i [ ( ) ( )]
Z
Q =
=
=
Q =
(51)
d3 x j 0
Z
Z
hZ
i
d3 x
d
p(eipx bp + eipx ap ) dk ik0 (eikx bk eikx ak )
Z
Z
i
p
dk (eikx bk + eikx ak ) ip0 (eipx bp + eipx ap )
d
Z
d
p (ap ap bp bp )
(52)
0
L
L
+
L
L
=
+
L
= 0
=
| {z }
=
and
Q =
=
Z
d3 xj 0 = +
No boundary terms.
12
d3 x i j i = 0