Engineering mechanics

The science that considers the

effects of forces on rigid bodies

Force

What exchanges or tends to change

the state of motion of a body

External effects

1.shear
2.moment
3.torque

Internal effects

Type of effect; Refers to stress

Resultant force

a single force that represents the net

effect of a force system

Moment of a force

Measure of the: tendency to rotate at a point

force, moment arm rotation, and moment
center

Free body diagram

A drawing of the structure/part of

the structure under consideration

Types of supports

1.cable
2.roller support
3.pin or hinge support

Equilibrium

state or condition in a body

wherein resultant is zero

Conditions of equilibrium

1.resultant is zero
2.the sum of moments about any point in
system is zero

Moment arm

distance between the axis of rotation and the

perpendicular of the line of action of a force

Components of a force

Fx-F x cos and Fy- Fx sin refers to

the ______________

Statics

The part of mechanics that considers the

effects of and the distribution of forces on
rigid bodies which are and remain at rest

Rigid body

A definite amount of matter whose parts are

fixed in position relative to one another

Concurrent force system

A type of force system wherein the lines of

action of forces meet at a common point

Method of joints

Finding the reactions at each

support

Method of sections

Utilizes the principle of moments and the

resolution of a force into its components

Axial force

This component measures the pulling

or pushing action over the section

Shear force

These are components of the total resistance

to sliding the portion to one side of the
exploration section

Torque

This component measures the

resistance to twisting the members

Bending moments

These components measure the resistance

to bending the member about the Y or Z
axes

Stress

Unit strength of a material

Concentrated load

Load acting on a particular point

Uniformly distributed load

(Rectangular loading) uniform

magnitude

Uniformly varying load

(Triangular loading) distributed load

which uniformly varies with the distance

Simple beam or simply supported

beam

Supported by a roller and a hinge

at both ends

Overhanging beam

Supported by a roller and a hinge with

one or both extending beyond supports

Cantilever beam

(beam) Supported by a fixed

support at one end only

Fixed or restrained beam

Type of beam having fixed support

at both ends

Propped beam

...

Continuous beam

type of beam With three or more

supports

Mechanics

Science of mechanics treats on forces,

motion and the effects of forces on the
bodies which they act

Applied mechanics

Concerns mainly on the applications of the

principles of mechanics to the solution of
problems commonly encountered

Structural system

A system of structural components that makes up a

structure. It is interconnected as to provide rigidity and
resist the effect of forces whether directly or indirectly

Structural system components

These are structural elements such as

beams, girders, columns, trusses, etc

Statics

Deals with forces and effect on

rigid bodies at rest

Dynamics

Deals with motion and with the effects

forces acting on rigid bodies in motion

Kinematics

Study of motion without consideration of

forces causing the motion

Kinetics

Study of forces acting on rigid bodies in

motion and their effect in changing such
motion

Force

Influence on a body producing a

change in shape or movement

Compressive force

An applied force which produces

compression in an elastic material

Tensile force

An applied force which produce

tension in an elastic material

Vector

A quantity possessing both magnitude and direction

represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to
the magnitude. Force, velocity, acceleration, moment

Scalar

Quantity having magnitude only.

Ft, kg, newton

Characteristics of a force

Magnitude
Line of action
Point of application
Direction

Applied or contacting forces

Forces that refers to the push or

pull produced by mechanical effort

Acting force

Force acting directly on a body

Reacting force

Generated by the action of one

body to another

Non-applied or non contacting

force

Gravitational pull, magnetic force

or inertia force

Coplanar

Condition where all forces lie on

one plane

Parallel force system

Non-concurrent forces having

parallel lines of action

Concurrent

Where the lines of action of all the

forces intersect at a common point

Non-coplanar

Forces do not lie on one plane

Non-concurrent

Lines do not intersect at a

common point

Collinear

All forces in a parallel system act

along a single line of action

Triangle method

Graphic technique for finding the vector sum of 2 concurrent

forces by displacing one force vector parallel to itself
completing the triangle with a vector that represents the
resultant force

Parallelogram law

System of determining the resultant force of 2

concurrent forces obtained from the diagonal at a
parallelogram having adjacent sides which represent the
2 force vectors being added

Polygon method

Graphic technique for finding the vector sum of a coplanar force

system of several concurrent forces by drawing to scale each force
vector in succession with the tall of each of the head of one preceding
it and completing the polygon with a vector that represents the
resultant force

Strength of materials

Extends the study of forces that was begun in

mechanics. Deals with relations between externally
applied loads and their internal effects on bodies

Theory of structures

Deals with the principles and methods by which the direct

stress, shear and bonding moment and the deflection art any
section of each constituent member in the structure may be
calculated

Moment

Tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about

a point or line, equal in magnitude to the product of the
force and the moment arm acting in a
clockwise/counter direction

Moment center

Point at which the axis of a moment

intersects the plane of the forces causing the
moment

Moment arm

Perpendicular distance from the line of

action of a force to the point or line about
which a moment occurs

Couple

Force system of 2 equal, parallel forces

acting in opposite directions and tending to
produce rotation

Moment of a force

Tendency to produce a rotation of the

body on which it acts about an axis

Static equilibrium

Condition in which forces in a state of rest

are acting in opposite direction of the same
magnitude

Force law of equilibrium

Implies a balance of opposing

forces within a system

Stress

Resistance to external forces

Strain

Subjected to an external force

Tensile stress

it is a type of stress that refers to

"Pull"

Compressive stress

Push

Normal stress

Perpendicular to stressed surface

Shearing stress

Parallel

Axial stress

External stress acting on a member parallel

to its major axis and member is of constant
cross section

Bearing stress

Compressive stress exerted on an

external surface of a body

Ultimate stress

Greatest unit stress a material can

withstand

Allowable stress

Portion of the ultimate strength

which may safely be used in design

Live load

Moving load on a structure, acts

downward

Dead load

Static load, downward

Dynamic load

Often with rapid change in

magnitude and location

Moving load

Kinetic load of a short duration due to moving vehicles

Occupancy load

Live on structure resulting from

the weight of people, etc

Wind load

Exerted by the kinetic energy of a

moving mass of air

Transverse load

Load applied perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis

Axial load

Tensile acting along the

longitudinal axis

Roller type support

Offers resistance in a direction normal to the

surface beneath the roller, does not resist
movement parallel to the supporting surface

Hinge type support

Prevents movement along the horizontal

and vertical directions but does not resist
rotation about the hinge

Link type support

Offers resistance in the direction

along the link and through 2 pins

Fixed-end type support

Type of support that resists rotation about

the support and to movements along the
horizontal and vertical directions

Section properties centroid

Center of one or two dimensional figure

about which the sum of the displacements of
all points is zero

Center of gravity

Point at which the entire weight is

considered concentrated

Center of mass

(Section property) Point at which

the entire mass is concentrated

Moment of inertia

Sum of the products obtained by multiplying

an element of mass by the square of its
distance from the axis

Radius of gyration

Distance from its moment of inertia axis at which the

entire area is considered concentrated without changing
the numerical value of its moment of inertia

Modulus of elasticity

The ratio of the shearing stress to the shearing strain

Modulus of rigidity

Coefficient of elasticity expressing the ratio

between shearing stress and strain produced
by stress

Truss

Structural frame based on the geometric rigidity

of the triangle and composed of linear members
subject to axial tension and compression

Creep

Property which causes some materials under

constant stress to deform slowly over a
period of time

Machinability

Readiness with which a material

yields to shaping with cutting tools

Strength

Resist stress without failure

Elasticity

Returns to original size

Stiffness

Resist deformation

Ductility

Drawn permanently through great

change

Brittleness

Opposite of ductility. Fail without

warning

Malleability

Undergoes great change in shape without

rupture

Hardness

Resist indentation or abrasion

Resilience

Material Property: Absorbs

Toughness

Absorb energy at high stress

Chord

Either of the 2 principal members

extending end to end

Web member

Connects upper and lower chord

Panel

Space between any 2 panel points

on a chord and joint

Panel point

Joint between 2 or more members

of a truss

Panel length

Space on the chord of a truss between 2

adjacent joints made of principal web
members

Span

Distance between supports