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As opposed 0 the exodus ofthe non-Muslims from West Punjab, which lef. no Hindus or Sikhs shore the Hindusin ast Bengnt mimbered 12 million"? East Bengali politicians raiatained a stady stance onthe issue of provincial autonomy ané rejected plans for a centralised form of government, Despite its share in population at $5 per cen, East Bengal had a share of only 10 ‘per cont and 13 per cent in the army an the bureaveracy respectively In verious commissions of ingury, the Planing Commission st well asthe departments of the federal goveronent ond public corpo rations wider Ayub, the share of ihe Bengaie emined less than one shi!” Foreign aid was disprosortionatly allo. cated, 77 pee cent to West Pakisian and nly 23 per ert ta Bast Pakistan Twas tlaimed thot the aiserminniory pattern of the iter wing trade, combined wth the tiferental pate of the aid fle, ted 0 S ne crane of rescuers worth US $2.6 Dillon from Bas to West Pakistan the two decades after Independence. rom the language riots of 1952 nthe various dismissals of elected governments in Dbaka in the 1950s tothe worsring pies of regional disparity He 19608, The Bengali aatlonalisas led to the breakaway of Est Pakistan in 1971. Simin tary. the two Mash points of Pakltun Tuionaism were rooted inte dismissal Dr resignetioninprotet of poveramiens in Beshawar in 1947 enc 1973 respec- tively, The establishment never reconciled swith the Congress Background of Ghar Kan and his eoverer, Simla, the Baluch anions opposed the allegedy forsed annexation af Boluchisian with Pakisian in 1947. The dismissal of the elected governmentofthe National Awami Pay in Quete in 1973 led to the snort severe and susined eilitant movement mong ihe Balueh from 1973 10 1977 "fhe Paxton and Baluch movements reve subsided in rece yeas. at east in terms of mass agitation and worker mili taney. Not so with the wo rival move trem of the Sindhis and Che mohjis in the province of Sinch, whieh share their stievances wita the other ethnie moves Tents interes ofthe dismiss of elected governments, the save of langinge, and the ls of polticlspaceso Puneb, These rrovemeats dra estentaly onthe most ‘Sgnifcant determinant of polities fs the immediate post-independence years, rarely, the stenonenon of migration. "The Sindhi nationalism was a dite reac- Aion tothe give! of mioas of refugees from Incia, A breakaway faction of the Muslim League, led by GM Syed, = poused the cause of an independent "Sindhudest afer the refugees care end domized Sindh, and afer Karachi wat separated from the province in 1948 asthe {eptalofPakiston. Nearly halfoftnenew!y Signed land, je, 1.32 milion sees of aieulturl Tone thet wos brought under tuitvetionbyvericusbarages, was lot. ted to buresverats end rlicary aces, Economic and Political Weekly November 28, 2002 eoeceoeceoeovpecoa Gov esveeueseosneeooeoseens @e ® eo e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ° s s e e e e e ° e e bach Punjsbis and Mohali,” Similarly, the cultural and linguistic aspirations of the Sindbis were crvared by wha was condemned as Porjahi imperialism. The Sinchi Iengoage was discouraged as & language of fxereey and higher education infaveurof Unto. Tee One-Usit( 1955-70) thresvenedto wipe outhe separate cultural idomity of the Sindhis. After the inemigration of the mainly Usdu-specking, ‘Mslims fom India, tho genessilysetled in the cities, the educational instinurions, press end cultural activities became Undu-based, The first furry of reoction ‘among the Sinchs tothe perceived mahajir domination was based on a defensive strategy of cultural pessrvation.® ‘Tne demane for restoring the Sindhi Jhaguage (oils sighiful place became the rallying grouod for Sindhi nationalism, resuling inthe Sindhi Language Bill of 1972. The hill declared! Sindhi to be the official langusge ef Sindh. The sabse- ‘quent language riots uelleé Sind nation- lism si fuser, Polidealy. the Sindhi rutionalist frees, led by G M Syed, ‘opposed the centralisation of power inthe Tans of the Federal government and the ‘merger of Sindhinto One-Uni.ttderended Tull provincial autoromy end proportion: fate representation of the Sindhis fm the bureaucracy, wherethey accounted for only 217 percent 3s opposed to the mobs a 333 per cent2 Successive waves of ‘migratios io Sindh sent shock waves among the Sindbis, who feared the pros- pects of becoming & minority in thelr own, ‘homeland, According to the 1981 census, ‘hay wore $5.7 per cen in Sindh, 36.3 per ‘sen in urban Sindh ard only 3.8 per ceat Jn Karachi sity. ‘The controversial 1998 census largely Kefe that ratio Intact. Howe ‘eves, the Sindhi fear thet the last decade -and half may have worsened beis postion sail farther in demographic terms. The 1979 execution of A Beutto, who hailed from Sindh, worked as 2 catilyst among, ‘the Singhs who le the 1983 agitation in, ‘the county from the plaformofihe Move ment orRestocationa Democracy (MRD). ‘At one end, the movement included the BPP, with its core area of support lying in Siadh bur is federalist polities fdentfied withthe whole of Pakistan. At the other end, there ere partes, such a6 theself proelaimes Mendst-Leninist Pay *Singhi Awami Tehri’, widhaclear al list agenda, Various factions ofthe ‘Jive Sindh Mohar’ aecupied:be politic! space between the two ends. The continuing. vunder-representation of the Sinchis in services, business andlaw enforeingagen- ies and he prospect of reparision of the Binels from Saengladesh, which is feared to contribute to the demographic ib tances furster, tas keptthepot of Sindhi ationalism boing in the yese 2002. The Sindhi Association of North America (SANA) and tre World Sindht Congress provided platforms for Sindhi naionalsra broad, At home, the mainstream pany, the PPP, hod it lnpest votebank among, the Sindhis, largely because it provided a ‘window of opportunity forthe Sindbis 10 aniculate their incevests i, what they perecived (0 be, the Punjabi-dorsinated State, Under General Pervez Musharza s {overnment, the Singhi nationalists cea tinue to be alienated due to 2 leek of cffective representation in the wilitary bburewacetie establishment, Tie issue of sn equitable share of Indus waters for ‘Sindh broughtallhemajorforeescogether fn 2000-200, ‘Themohalirmoverentisuniquein many ‘ways, The Pakhnan, Bengalis, Sindhi and Baluch movements emerged in commun ties that were never part ofthe Gominaat elite, But the mofajcs were initially ominant in the sate system and only progressively lost thei grip over power. During te frst quaner ofa century ater fndependence, they were 3 pet cent of the population of the united Pakistan, ‘but had 21 per cont of the jobs.2® The: Gujarat-speaking moka (som Bombay in India contollod seven ofthe 12 biggest industrial houses, As a privileged minor lay, che mohafirs operated at the national level and abherred sub-national identities hhased on language, region and culture. However, the 1979 elections opened sp fhe stale to mass participation in many areas, Thsledtothepoltcisasonof ethno linguistic identities fn ol! provinces other than Punjab. The Sindhi-led PPP's ule {A9TL-T1) triggered the assertion of the haji idenuty, which foand expression Sn the oumation of the MQM, which was called “Mohair Qeumi Maha’ before i changed its tame to "Muttahida Qoumi Mahar’, Soocessive Waves of migration into Karachi from India, from the Upeountry, from the interior of Sindh and from the neighboucing countries in the 1940s and 1950s, 1960s, 19708 and 1980s respectively ledio thecompetition for jobs and access to civic amenities. Tn Karachi, 4 number of inguisie groups competed for businesses, jobs and social amenities. In thls ey, there wore approximately 5.5 million Urdu (and Gujarati) speaking Econom and Political Weekly Noversber 2.9, 2002 people, 2 aillion Punjabis, 15 milion Pathans Gneluding Afghons), wo calion foreigners Gaclucing [anians, agi. Sr Lanksns, Thais, Bangladeshis, Busmese, Filipinos and others) and tess than & million Sindbis and Baluch.”” The perva- siveethni idiom definedthis competition. ‘The mabajirs developed sentiments of tiveness vie-cvis the later migrancs and ered & movement in pursuit of their separate rights and distinc! demiy. ‘From the mid-(980s onwards, the MOM ‘commanded a lacge and commitisd ele torare, H culated a blind fain in is leader Altaf Hussain and followed an almost text-book apgroseh to party brganisntion. largely based on heclessical Communist Party model. The MQM has a commissarial structure wich & rigid hierarchy anddliseipline. Someotits work cersadoptedrnlitantmears ofseting sooces with political opponents in the sieets end ‘extoriing moxey fromthe public. The party struggled against the implementation of thepercelvedeiseriminatory aspects ofthe ‘sola system for jobs and admissions in educational insGiutions, I Geranded c= patriation ofthe Biers (tie mohajis from, he provinge of Bier in India) whe were stranded in Bangladesh afer 1971. The ‘MOM wan the 1987 local bodies elections fang the 1988, 1990, 1993 and 1997 elecs tions at Sigher levels. 'n 1992, the army cracked dows on the (MQM. Iclaimed titi had unearthed the party's torture cells, camps fr taining of terrorists and pians for the fonnation of a separate state Jinnahpur. he army on- ‘couraged the formation of a breakaway faction of the MQM called Hakiki, which never took off After the army operation (1992-84), faliowed by «bref police and angers operation (1995-96) that created 1s much hostiity-as it contained, the MOMs political nctvity wes somewhat reduced. However, he cohalics eontnus to be agicated cue ths state's failure to provide good civic amenities and urban planning as wel as Ueir declining sora, cultural and politcal representation public tife.2¥ fp 2002, che military cispen- ‘sation Jed by General Musharraf inclodes several mohajirs in command positioxs, ‘ncludingthe president himself Thisimight serve, to some extent, (0 mitigate the alienation of the mokajirs from the polit cal sysiem of Pakislan, Altay Hsain's leadership, through remote control from tis postion in exile In London, has suf- fered in terns of cirect contact withthe reality on the ground, The relatively high 4537costof agitation polities focpary workers $el Mebammat Aimed, My CMe aoe, au Pins Pian. Pres hrs in terms of human life has siso damy 1960, 9 toes. p 268. iisnsctnoan Nematode YE ng. ao ening 1 Sch aa ont ee in safely Pakistan’, Saul Ania, vok xvili, 1985, p 178. of Partition: Refugees and Ageiculuaral thatthe mmohalie movement has passes 7 Mi pp 8087. ‘Reselemen a dic 17-6". Sth sa, te Oa er are 4 RGD Spock ras A i Sm sl a Mutary Gere wed Soeeiy im Pakistan, 18 M Anisurchrtn. yt td Wor Poti’ & rewidiom, which caneconeiethe MQM Mosman, 200, Prologue, iv Probl ate Peicl Beran of Resemel Drponisoional interests with se ely 0 Sammie it tert! 9 ea, Se Ce Het Y 1B Myrevcne Sapien DemeciaieTieay’ p18 Wien Maer nd Ergun Onbudun (ota 19 Rouran Jehan, Pion Fare fy Natal Conclusion Merete Deslgingcnaes, Brean, New Yor 1972, 30. p98 Son iney Bese 13A7" pres. 20 "Why Canines fa aghast Dicom Lister ftom tse otscrains hat 11 Meter Wi, ais roe sn PLoS - 1 in le Im Oe cecledeuraln 42 2! 21 Repeat Fanning Comision Fourth perso er mslyodageeris” 2 Faadapltmeot te henna Fave-Yeor Pan 1970" in BP, Append .p 268 We ok in sheping the plies of Pak- Srpe dekterseeMetunmal wanes, 72 Shahid Kore, “Poasion te Reps BAe Grtie one hand, crested what was “Oymamies af Chora Pole in Pakizas” ond Prose fer Imegraon’n$ Abr Za san ane ey abimobajirsste, i ssoho Sany and Suraj Dex (es), (9) Regional nde le Noa! ee ewe Seca Pacts Sah a Ete, Guerin Vrs ahr 92 ethe commercial anc professional ches 3 2 Yl Sone eat ‘i ii conmes alk en a Men rama Sgr_ 32 i Sencar Don 78 kyon these communities. The Te Done 108. ps4, pI se Sllcosy of Indl conrbted 4 GwsnRenatyMeecsng zie Corti 24 air Amie, Elta Moves of ae pe cconarie polls cduerr Teal aca Regina ribrsand Pinan, Manabe, (8.872 aEutng or aconary nip Fank ano rls 1, 2 Cage Reve Magne coo, a piss status in favour of national seewity asthe ys Sr, Establishment Divison, Federat 26 Mohammed Waseem, Plies and te State, top priecty. Constitutional engineering, "° Secretariat, Goverament of Fakision, p18, ted by successive wilitary goveraments, —[lambad, 988 27 Becta Youth aac Papers Karachi te edosned or he centralisation of power (6 MalammadAyabKhan ’AShon Agprisaon 98S Si pase tnd Fue Problems of Pakitan”, 28 Arifficsn, Whats Karachi Really Fighting fo the hands of the fecal government, ATT ceiasan Aska Rizvi Mary Tor, Heras September 1985, pp $90 ‘Palimentarysovercignty wasthe great casually in this process, Political pares and electoral dynamies suffered accord ingly aspower was publicly idemfied with REVIEW OF WOMEN STUDIES the politicel executive ang bureaucracy smile he legislators were given asco . April 27, 2002 fry tle if all. The continuing doseina- seretiinnbintestage apparatuses and |] The New Segregation: Reflections on Gender and refleted through is majority in the 7 uly in Prmary Beton = Viale Rernactiandran, tional essembiy, thereby neutralising the ‘ast Saiee equal eesenttion of provnes inthe | Lier, Powe nd Fein = Mati Ghose Senate, remains a source of alienation for i ‘ Enolment, Dropout end Grade Completion the amaller provinces. The latest con HS Oe naps el Sepp seal tional forms proposed by the Mushorral Cag clen eee Ber Piel Sengupta Sa Guba fovermentaotoniy avoid addessng the} Gender and Cureslom ~ Dina Blog problems focing democracy in Pakiston | Pre-adolenm ics ix Municipal Schoolk Dut may also destabifize the federalist | in Mumbai = Vacha Kishor’ Project Teom framework of the state sill futher 21] jssing indigenous Bodies: Ecwestona Enterprise fan Viewran Moraliy i Mih190h Century ‘Address for correspondence: ean = Viren ee ‘waseemi07@hoimal.com Serb Dey Ynniaie ‘te Review of Women Studios appears twice yetrly a8 «supplement co the kt Notes issues of April and Osiober, Women and Philosophy (Ape 2001) Reservations tnd Women's Moveent (Ouiober 2000); Women, Censorship and Silence (Apri 1 FeedaalsseeConusFasien}951:Report | 2000); Barlerinsueshave focused on; Warnen and Ageing (October 1999) Gender 5 elie [eatin Tet Na (4 99 Neg Cce cah Metanmod Wise Priten Maraeoats ) Cutere (ober 1998): Women and Ladependance: Looking Back (Ap. 1998) Pakinar Pont in an Tubot and Gusher For copies wie 10 Gin ea Regia ane rion, Oxted Uibeey Boe 199. p 203 Circulation Manager 3 See yeti Jan The Se of ama Re, Economie and Political Weekly CCambigs, (980, gp HO Hiker! House, 284, Seahid Bhagatsingh Road, 4 Fords, ae Mobaromad Waseem, Poe ‘Mombai 400 001 lend te tte fr Pabst, saab, 1996, op 1. 4538 Economic and Political Weskiy November 29, 2002 @eeoeesoeoaeceeaveoeseoeeueseoneeeevesve @