Formula Sheet for Comprehensive Exam, Electromagnetic Systems

Sp 2011

EE540 Microwave Devices and Systems

1. Maxwells Equations
Differential Form

E =

Integral Form

B
t

E . dL = t . dS
S

D
H = J +
t

H . dL = I + t . dS

.D = v

D.dS =

vol

v dv

.B = 0

B.dS = 0
S

(Notation and symbols follow the convention in Elements of Electromagnetics, 5th ed., M. N. O. Sadiku)
2. Plane Waves

1
Eo

v=
= =

Ho

2 2
= 2 1 = e j
=
= e j = 1 +
S = EH
2 + 1
2 + 1

3. For Lossy Media Permittivity =

and
= ' j " = o ( r ' j r " )

Loss Tangent
tan =
'
1 2

Propagation constant
and
' 1 +

2 '
8 '
4. Propagation in Good Conductor
Propagation Constant

= + j = (1 + j ) f

and

Skin Depth

1
f

5. Transmission Line Theory

Telegraphers Eqns.

d 2Vs
= 2Vs
2
dz
Z0 =

6. Coaxial Line

= ( R + jL)(G + jC )
( R + jL )
(G + jC )

Z + Z 0 tanh l
Z in = Z 0 L

Z 0 + Z L tanh l
Z Z0
L = L
ZL + Z0

Z + jZ 0 tan l
Z in = Z 0 L

Z 0 + jZ L tan l
2 '

C=
and L =
ln(ro / ri )
ln(ro / ri )
2

C=

7. Open-Wire Line

'
and
cosh (d / 2r )
1

L=

+ cosh 1 (d / 2r )

4 4

(Notation and symbols follow the convention in Microwave Engineering, 3rd ed., D. M. Pozar, John Wiley & Sons)
8. Smith Chart Equations
2

1
r
r L + 2i =

1 + rL

1 + rL
9. Microstrip Line

e =
Z0 =

Z0 =

and

( r 1) + i 1 = 1
x L xL

r +1 r 1
1
+
2
2
1 + 12d / W
60 8d W
ln
+

e W 4d

for W/d 1

120
e [W / d + 1.393 + 0.667 ln (W / d + 1.444) ]

W
8e A
for W/d < 2
= 2A
d
e 2
2
1
0.61
W
}
= B 1 ln(2 B 1) + r
ln( B 1) + 0.39
2 r
r
d

for W/d 1

for W/d > 2

377
Z0 r + 1 r 1
0.11
0.23 +

and
B=
+
2Z 0 r
60
2
r + 1
r
k ( 1) tan
R
d = 0 r e
Np / m, and c = s Np / m where, R s = 0 / 2
2 e ( r 1)
Z 0W

where, A =

10. Waveguides

11. Z-Parameters

12. Y-Parameters

V1
V
2
.

.
.

VN

Z11Z12 ...........................Z1N
Z Z ...........................Z
2N
21 22
.

Z N 1Z N 2 ..........................Z NN

I1
I
2
.

.
.

I N

Y11Y12 .......................Y1N
Y

21

YN 1...........................YNN

I1
I
2
.

.
.

I N
V1
V
2
.

.
.

V N

[V ] = [ Z ] [ I ]

or

or

[ I ] = [Y ] [V ]

13. S-Parameters

V1 S11 S12 S1N

V2 S 21

V N S N 1 ......................S NN
Sij =

V1+
+
V2
.

.
.

V N+

or

[V ] = [ S ] [V ]

Vi
VK+ = 0 for k j
+
Vj

14. ABCD-Parameters

15. Impedance Matching with Lumped Elements

X=

B=

1 X L Zo
Z
+
o
B
RL
BRL

RL ( Z o RL ) X L

X=

XL RL / Zo R 2 L + X 2 L ZoRL
2
R2L + X L

B=

( Z o RL ) / RL
Zo

16. Single Shunt Stub Tuning

Y = G + jB

G=
B=

RL (1 + t 2 )
R 2 L + ( X L + Zot ) 2
R 2 L t ( Zo X Lt )( XL + Zot )
Z o ( R 2 L + ( X L + Z ot ) 2
2

X L RL [( Z o RL ) 2 + X L ] / Z o
RL Z o
XL
t=
For R = Z
2Z o
d
1
d
1
For t 0
For t < 0
=
tan 1 t
=
( + tan 1 t )
2
2
ls
1
Y
lo 1 1 B
=
tan 1 ( o )
=
tan ( )
Open Circuited Stub:
Short Circuited Stub:
2
B
2
Yo
For RL Zo

t=

17. Single Series Stub Tuning

Z = R + jX

R=

GL (1 + t 2 )
G 2 L + ( BL + Yot ) 2

G 2 L t (Yo BLt )( BL + Yot )

X =
Yo (G 2 L + ( BL + Yot ) 2
2
B
BL GL [(Yo GL ) 2 + BL ] / Yo
t= L
For G = Y
t=
2Yo
GL Yo
d
1
d
1
For t 0
For t < 0
=
tan 1 t
=
( + tan 1 t )
2
2
lo
1
Z
l
1 1 X
=
tan 1 ( o ) Short Circuited Stub: s =
tan ( )
Open Circuited Stub:
2
X
2
Zo

For GL Yo

18. Double Stub Tuning

B = B
1

(1 + t )G Y

Y0

Y0 Y0 G L (1 + t

L 0

)G t

GL2t 2

t
+ G L Y0

2 2
L

GL t

The open circuited stub length is found as:

l0

The short circuited stub length is found as:

ls

B

Y0
1 1 Y0
tan

2
B
1
2

tan 1

where B= B or B
1

19. Quarter-Wave Matching Transformer

= 2 m
2

f 2( f 0 f m )
2f
4
=
= 2 m = 2 m
f0
f0
f0

Z=

Z0Z L

= 2

2 Z0ZL
4
m
cos 1
2

1 m Z L Z 0

and

20. Three Port and Four Port Microwave Components

Three Port Network (such as T-Junctions)

[S] =

S11
S
21
S31

1
1
1
+
=
Z1 Z 2 Z o

S12
S 22
S32

S13
S33
S33

N-way Wilkinson Power Dividers

1+ K2
K3

Z 03 = Z o

Z 02 = K 2 Z 03 = Z 0 K (1 + K 2 )
1
R = Z0 (K + )
K

Four Port Network (such as Directional Couplers)

Coupling

C = 10 log

P1
dB
P3

Directivity

[S] =

S11
S
21
S31

S 41

D = 10 log

S12
S 22
S32
S 42

P3
dB
P4

S13
S 23
S33
S 43

Isolation

S14
S 24
S34

S 44

I = 10 log

P1
dB
P4

EE541 Electro-Optics
Formula adopted from the textbook, Optoelectronics and Photonics, Principles and Practices, Prentice
Hall, S. O. Kasap, (2001).
E = h
E(r, t) = Eo cos (t k r + o)
v = = (r o o)- 0.5
n = c/ v
vg = d/ dk
I = v r o Eo2/ 2
tan p = n2 / n1
R = (n2 - n1)2 / (n2 + n1)2
T = 4 n2 n1 / (n2 + n1)2
t = 1
sin = 1.22 / D
d sin = m , m = 0, 1, 2, ---(4n1a cosm) / m = m
No sinM = (n12 n22)0.5
V = 2a (n12 n22)0.5/
M = 1 + Int(2V / ) for small V
M V2/2 for large V
/ L (n1 n2) / c
dB = 10 log (Pin/ Pout) / L
external = Pout(optical) / IV
int = [Po(int)/ h]/ (I / e)
N / N = exp[- (E E ) / k T]
= 2 (1.386 k T / Mc2) 0.5
g = - 0.5 ln(R R ) / L
L = m / 2n, m = 1, 2, 3 --- =(I / e)/ (P / h)
R=I /P
= en ( + )
i = [2e(I + I ) B] 0.5
SNR = Signal Power / Noise Power
I = eG A (l + W + L )
I = -I + Io [exp(eV/ nk T) 1]
FF = I V / I V
n () -2 = cos2 ()/ n 2 + sin2 ()/ n 2
2

th

ph

ph

ph

ph

ph

sc

oc

 = 2L (n n )/
I = I sin2 (0.5 V/ V )
e

/2

EE 641: RF Wireless Communication Systems

List of Commonly Needed Expressions and Relationships
I. Fundamentals of RF Wireless Communication Systems
1. Spectral Efficiency spec = Data rate Rb (bits/sec) / Transmission bandwidth B (Hz)

2. Power Efficiency pow = Radiated power Prad (Watts) / Power drawn from source PDC (watts)
S

C = B log 2 1 + bits/sec
3. Shannons channel capacity
N

II. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiators

1. Maxwells Equations
( H )
=E =+ = = ,
t
2. Wave Equation

( E )
,
t

.E

.H

2
E + 2 E = 0,
H + 2 H = 0
3. Wave impedance of the medium
2

= / = 120 rel / rel

4. Propagation constant of the medium
= + j = j ( 2 ) ,
if = r + j i, then = + j

= j [ r(1 j i/ r ) ]

5. Phase velocity of the electromagnetic waves in the medium

(ohms) = ( /) = 120 = 377
6. Poynting Vector
S=E H
7. Radiation Intensity due to a source at the origin
U(r, , ) = r2 . S (r, , )
8. Power radiated from a source at the origin

Prad = U ( , ) sin d d
=0 =0

9. Far Field condition

Conditions of Far Field :

R 2D2 /
R >> D
R >>
10. Fields due to a Hertzian Dipole of length z and current I, placed at origin along z axis.
E(r, , ) = Er(r, , ) ar + E (r, , ) a + 0 a

Er (r , , ) =

I z 2
cos
cos
e j r
j
2
2
( r )
( r )3

j I z 2
sin j sin sin
E (r , , ) =
e j r
+
+
4
r
( r ) 2 ( r )3
H (r , , ) =

j I z 2 j r sin sin
e

4
r ( r )2
D( , ) =

Directivity

Rrad = 80

Radiation resistance
11. Half-wave Dipole

3 2
sin
2
2

Rrad = 73
D = 1.76 = 2.15 dB

III. Receiving Antenna Characteristics

PG
PG
2
t t
t t
A
=
Gr
eff
4 d 2
4 d 2 4

1. Friis Equation

Pr =

2. Effective Area

Pav
Aeff ( , ) @
Sinc ( , )

3. Reciprocity Theorem

G=

4
Aeff
2

Pn,av = kTB

4. Noise power available from a resistor

5. Noise temperature of antenna

Tant

1
=
4

=0

sin d

d D( , )TB ( , )

=0
10

ant

6. G/T Ratio G/T = [ 10 log G ] / T

ant

dB/K

IV. Physical Model of Wave Propagation

1. Reflection Coefficient
For E field parallel to ground

For E field in plane of incidence

Eref P
EincP

Eref
Einc

2 cos trans 1 cos inc

2 cos trans + 1 cos inc

2 cos inc 1 cos trans

2 cos inc + 1 cos trans

2. Transmission Coefficient
For E field parallel to ground

TP

For E field in plane of incidence T

EtransP
EincP

22 cos trans
2 cos trans + 1 cos inc

Etrans
2 2 cos inc
=
Einc 2 cos inc + 1 cos trans

3. Power received under free-space propagation (Friis equation) :

Prec

= Gt Gr
Ptr
4 R

4. Power received due to perfectly reflecting ground with antennas at heights h t and hr :
2

Prec
ht hr
= Gt G r

Ptr
4R 4R
5. Normalized diffraction parameter

=h

2( d 1 + d 2 )
d 1 d 2

6. Excess Path Loss due to diffraction from single knife edge

V. Empirical Models of Wave propagation

1. Delisle model of path loss in urban environment

10

4.27 10 17

r 4 ( f /1MHz ) 2
hbs2 hmob

for hmob < 10m

4.27 10 16

r 4 ( f /1MHz ) 2
hbs2 hmob

for hmob > 10m

L=

2. Ikegamis model of excess path loss between two edges separated by d s :

L=

( f /1MHz ) {(ho hmob ) /1m}2

186 (d s /1m)

3. Okamura Hata model for VHF/UHF (150 MHz to 1 GHz)

L(dB ) = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 ( f c /1MHz ) 13.82 log10 hbs a(hmob ) + (44.9 6.55log10 hbs ) log10 r C
Where

8.29 [log10 (1.54 hmob /1m) 1.1

for l arg e city and f c 300MHz
a (hmob ) =
3.2 [log10 (11.75 hmob /1m) 4.97
for l arg e city and f c > 300MHz
1.1 log10 [( f c /1MHz ) 0.7] ( hmob /1m) 1.56 log10[( f c /1MHz ) 0.8]
for small city
0
5.4 + 2 [log10 ( f c / 28MHz )]2
and C =
40.94 + 4.78 [log10 ( f c /1MHz )]2 18.33 log10 ( f c /1MHz )

for Urban area

for Sunurban area
for Open area

VI. Statistical Model of Wave Propagation

1. Rayleigh density function for received signal amplitude
y<0
0

2
y
f Y ( y) = y

exp
y>0
2
2

2. Exponential density function for received signal power

1
f P ( p) =
exp( p / 2 2 ) u ( p)
2
2
3. Rician distribution in the presence of a strong signal

fX(x) = ( x /

) exp [ - (x2 + A2)/ 2

] . Io ( x A /

4. Error Probability in the absence of Fading

PE =

1
erfc
2

S
1
= erfc
N
2

ES
NO

5. Error Probability in the presence of fading for Rayleigh-distributed signal

PE =

1
(S / N )
1

2
1 + (S / N )

11

G=

6. Diversity Gain

( S / N ) for diversity system

( S / N ) for sin gle channel
f D = f carr

7. Doppler Shift Frequency

v cos
c

VII. Channel Characterization

1. Given the power delay profile P( ),

Average delay

P( )

< TD >=

P ( )d

0
0

Power delay spread D (t ) =

[ (t ) TD (t )]

P( ) d

P ( ) d
0

2. R.M.S. Delay spread rms = D

or, Multipath spread TMUL = 2 D

3. Coherence time Doppler spread relationship:

Tcoh 1 / 2fD

4. Coherence Bandwidth r.m.s. Delay Spread Relationship

Bcor

1
2 rms

VIII. Multiple Access and Cellular Systems

1. Minimum signal-to-interference Power Ratio (for hexagonal cells with -th power law)
R
S
[ 3N c R ] / 2
=
I min ( N c 1)
2. Erlangs B formula for the probability of call blocking with N available duplex channels, as a
function of total caller traffic intensity of U erlangs:
UN

P[ Blocking ] =
N!

N
m =0

Um
m!

12

S sig ( f ) | H BP ( f f ) |2 df
ACI =

3. Adjacent channel interference ratio :

S sig ( f ) | H BP ( f ) |2 df

IX. Noise and Interference

1. Power spectral density of noise at the output of a noiseless linear filter with frequency response
H(jf) excited at its input with a random signal of power spectral density S x(jf) :
Sy(f) = |H(jf)|2 Sx(f)
2. Noise bandwidth (or noise-equivalent bandwidth) of a filter with frequency response H(jf):
| H ( jf ) |2 N o df
Beq =

No

2. Noise figure of a linear system:

F=

Sin / N in
Sout / N out

Tn ,source =Tref

3. Equivalent noise temperature T eq = (F 1) Tref

or, Noise figure F = 1 + (Teq/Tref)

4. Noise figure of a passive filter at temperature T p: F = 1 +

Tp
1
1
Gav
Tref

5. Combined noise temperature of a cascade of n linear systems, Ttot = T1 +

Or, combined noise figure, Ftot = F1 +

T3
T2
+
+ ....
Gav ,1 Gav ,1Gav ,2

F 1
F2 1
+ 3
+ ....
Gav ,1 Gav ,1Gav ,2

X. Nonlinear and Intermodulation Distortion

For a memory-less nonlinear system with transfer characteristic
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + ignorable higher-order terms
1. When excited with a harmonic signal of amplitude V amp,
Gain compression

3
Gnonlin a1 + 34 a3Vamp
=
Glin
a1

13

Second-harmonic generation

Vamp|@2f = a1 Vamp2

2. When excited with two harmonic signals of frequencies f 1 and f2, with equal amplitudes Vamp
Amplitude of intermodulation signal (at each of 2f 2 f1 and 2f1 f2) : VIMD = a3 Vamp3
Intermodulation power ratio: IMPR

VIMD2 / (a1Vamp)2 = (a3 / a12) Vamp4

Third-order intercept (TOI) point, referred to the input:

PTOI = Input Power ( a1Vamp)2 |@IMPR=1 = 2a13 / 3a3
DR = [ PTOI / No ]2/3

3. Dynamic range

EE645 Antennas and Propagation

(Notation and symbols follow the convention in Antenna Theory and Design, 3rd ed., C. A. Balanis, Wiley)
Notation and symbols follow the convention in Elements of Electromagnetics, 5th ed., M. N. O. Sadiku)
1. Antenna Fundamental Parameters

2
D
4
Pt
W0=
4r 2

Gd ( , ) = 4

Ae =

U ( , )
Prad

D = (4 Umax/Prad)

Prad= U d = 020 U sin d d

= ecdt ecdr (1- | t |2 ) (1- | r |2 ) Dt(t,t) Dr(r,r)

| t . r |2

where t is the unit vector of the incoming wave

r is the unit vector of the antenna ( polarization vector)
= ecdt ecdr (1- | t |2 ) (1- | r |2 )

| w . r |2

where
w = polarization unit vector of the scattered waves
r = polarization unit vector of the receiving antenna
2. Hertzian Dipole Antenna
Along z -axis

Ers =

1
I o dl
j
cos 2 3 e jr
2
r
r

I dl
j 1 jr
Hs = o sin
+ 2 e
4
r
r

Es =
Rrad

j 1
I o dl
j
sin
+ 2 3 e jr
4
r
r
r

dl
= 80

3. Half-Wave Dipole Antenna

Along z- axis

Azs =

I o e jr cos( ( / 2) cos )
2r sin 2

jI o e jr cos(( / 2) cos )
Hs =
2r sin
14

Es = Hs
4. Small Loop Antenna
Along xy-plane (S=N

) with N-turns

jI o S
j 1 jr
sin
+ 2 e
4
r
r
1
jI o S
j
H rs =
cos 2 3 e jr
2
r
r
Es =

Hs =

j 1
jI o S
j
sin
+ 2 3 e jr
4
r
r
r

Rrad = (320 4 S 2 ) / 4
5. Array Antennas

1
( d cos + ) e j / 2 and
2

AF= 2 cos

N
2
=

sin
2
sin

| AF|

where

= d cos +

15