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CXENL09ALR5X_BL01CV.indd 4

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8Zaahid
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Copyright by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted
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ISBN 978-0-15-362053-9
ISBN 0-15-362053-6
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

805

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08


 









1
VOCABULARY
cell
organism
microscopic
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
protist

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A cell is the basic unit of

structure for living things. All
living things, or organisms,
are made up of cells.

Things that can only be seen

with a microscope are called
microscopic.

CXEFL07ARD510_LLR.indd 2

First Pass

1/12/10 3:05:19 PM

XZaacjXaZjh

XZaabZbWgVcZ

Every cell has a thin covering

called a cell membrane. It
protects the cell and holds it
together.

The nucleus directs all the

cells activities. Most cells have
a nucleus.

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Cytoplasm is the jellylike

material between the cell
membrane and the nucleus.

A protist is a single-celled
organism. Some protists are
plantlike and some are animallike.

READING FOCUS SKILL

B6>C>9:66C99:I6>AH
The main idea is what the text is mostly about.
Details are pieces of information about the main idea.
Look for examples of different kinds of cells and
details about how they are alike and different.

8Zaah
Each of the living things you see every day is made of cells.
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living
things. Most animals and plants are made up of huge numbers
of cells. Almost all cells are microscopic. They can be seen
only with a microscope.

Tell what the basic unit of structure and

function of all living things is called.


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EaVciaZV[XZaa

CXEFL07ARD510_LLR.indd 4

First Pass

12/8/09 10:10:33 AM

6c^bVa8Zaah
Every cell has tiny parts called organelles. These keep the
cell alive and working. For example, every cell is covered by a
cell membrane. This organelle protects the cell and keeps its
contents together.
Most cells have a nucleus that controls the cells activities.
Other organelles are suspended in the cells cytoplasm.

Name one organelle found in an animal cell. Tell

what the organelle does.

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EaVci8Zaah
Plant cells have two organelles that animal cells do not have.
A plant cell has a cell wall that helps support the cell. Plant cells
also have chloroplasts that help the plant make food.

Tell one detail that makes a plant cell different

from an animal cell.

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Cell Structures
Organelle

Function

Kind of Cell

Nucleus

directs a cells activities

plant and animal

Chromosome

inside nucleus; contains

plant and animal

information about cell

Cell membrane

holds a cell together and

plant and animal

separates it from its

surroundings
Cell wall

supports and protects a plant

plant

cell
Cytoplasm

a jellylike substance

plant and animal

containing chemicals that

help the cell stay healthy

Chloroplast

makes food for the cell

plant

Vacuole

stores food, water, or wastes

plant and animal

Mitochondria

release energy from nutrients

plant and animal

H^c\aZ"8ZaaZYDg\Vc^hbh
A protist is one kind of single-celled organism. A protist has
a nucleus and organelles. Some protists are plantlike. They
have cell walls and chloroplasts. Other protists have no cell
walls or chloroplasts. They are more animal-like.

Tell one detail that makes a protist more plantlike

than animal-like.

Egdi^hih

Review
8dbeaZiZi]^hbV^c^YZVhiViZbZci#
1. A ______ is the basic structure of all living things.

8dbeaZiZi]ZhZYZiV^ahiViZbZcih#
2. Most cells have a ______ that controls the cells
activities.
3. Plant cells have ______ and ______ that animal cells
do not have.
4. A protist is one kind of ______ organism.

2
VOCABULARY
tissue
organ
organ system
digestive system

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A tissue is a group of cells

that work together for a
certain function. Muscle is a
kind of tissue.

An organ is several kinds of

tissue working together for
the same function. The lungs
are organs.

An organ system is a group of organs that

work together to do a job for the body. Your
digestive system is an organ system. It helps
the body get nutrients from food. This
diagram shows the digestive system.

READING FOCUS SKILL

8DBE6G:6C98DCIG6HI
To compare and contrast is to show how things are
alike and different.
Look for ways that tissues, organs, and organ systems
are alike and different.

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Each cell in your body is able to carry out its own function.
But your bodys cells also work together. Cells that work
together to perform a certain function form a tissue. There are
four kinds of tissue in your body.
Your skin is made of epithelial (espuhsTHEEsleesuhl) tissue.



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l^i]Ze^i]Za^Vai^hhjZ#

10

Most of your bodys mass is made of muscle tissue. Muscle

tissue contracts and relaxes to move the skeleton.
Tendons and ligaments are connective tissue. Tendons
connect bones to muscles. Ligaments connect bones to bones.
The bones and cartilage of your skeleton are connective tissue,
too.
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Nervous tissue is found in the brain, in the spinal cord, and

in nerves. Nervous tissue carries signals to all parts of the body.
This helps it function smoothly.

Compare muscle tissue and connective tissue.




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11

Dg\Vc
Cells work together to form tissue, and tissues work together
to form organs. An organ is several kinds of tissue working
together for the same function.
Your heart is an organ. It pumps blood to all parts of your
body. The heart is made mostly of muscle and connective
tissue. Nervous tissue carries signals from the brain to the
heart to keep it beating.

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The lungs are organs, too. They are made of several tissues.
The tissues work together to take oxygen from the air and
move it into the blood.

Tell how a tissue and an organ are alike and

different.
12

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Organs that work together to do a job for the body are
called an organ system. There are ten major organ systems in
your body. Systems work together to keep your body alive and
healthy.

Tell the difference between an organ and an

organ system.

Cells to Systems
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13

9^\Zhi^kZHnhiZb
The digestive system takes nutrients from the food that you
eat. The cells of the body use the nutrients for energy, growth,
and repair.
Digestion starts in the mouth. Food is broken down into
smaller pieces as you chew. Glands in your mouth produce
saliva. Chemicals in the saliva begin breaking down some food.
From the mouth, the food travels into the stomach. Acid and
other chemicals in the stomach break down food.

How does saliva compare to stomach acid?

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14

From the stomach, partly digested food moves into the

small intestine. There digestion is completed. The small
intestine is lined with tiny tubes called villi. The villi have many
blood vessels. Nutrients move into the blood vessels of the
villi. Then the nutrients are carried throughout the body.

How has food been changed from the stomach to

the small intestine?

K^aa^

Review
8dbeaZiZi]ZhZXdbeVgZVcYXdcigVhihiViZbZcih#
1. All tissue is made up of ______.
2. Tendons and ligaments are both ______ tissue.
3. Tendons connect ______ to ______.
4. The heart and the lungs are both ______.
5. The heart ______ blood throughout the body. The
lungs take ______ out of the air.

15

3
VOCABULARY
circulatory system
respiratory system
skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
excretory system

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Ldg`
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The circulatory system

transports oxygen, nutrients,
and wastes throughout your
body.

16

The respiratory system

exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide with the air.

The skeletal system gives your

body structure. It protects your
organs.

The muscular system includes

muscles and tendons that
move bones.

The nervous system enables

you to sense and react to your
environment.

The excretory system removes

liquid wastes from your body.

17

READING FOCUS SKILL

H:FJ:C8:
To sequence is to put things in the order in which
they happen.
Look for ways to sequence the processes that occur in
the systems of the body.

8^gXjaVidgnHnhiZb
The circulatory system is
made up of the heart, blood,
arteries, capillaries, and veins.
The heart gets blood from the
lungs. It pumps it to the body.
At the same time, it gets
blood from the body. It
pumps it to the lungs.
Blood leaves the heart
through arteries. Arteries
lead to small blood vessels
called capillaries. Capillaries
connect to veins. Veins return
the blood to the heart.
Red blood cells carry oxygen
to all of the bodys cells.


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What happens when

blood leaves the heart?
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18

GZhe^gVidgnHnhiZb
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between your body and the air.
The body gets the oxygen it needs when you breathe.
The air travels down the trachea, or windpipe. In your chest,
the trachea branches into two large tubes. These lead to the
lungs.
In the lungs, the tubes branch into smaller tubes. At the
ends of these tubes are tiny air sacs called alveoli. These are
surrounded by capillaries.
In the alveoli, oxygen in the
lungs is exchanged for carbon
dioxide in the blood. The
blood carries the oxygen to all
igVX]ZV
the cells of the body. Carbon
dioxide is exhaled.

Tell what happens to

the air you breathe
after it enters the
lungs.

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ajc\h
WgdcX]^

19

H`ZaZiVaHnhiZb
Your skeletal system gives your body structure. It also
protects many of your organs.
The skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
Cartilage is spongy connective tissue. It cushions the ends of
many bones.
An adults skeleton is made up
of 206 bones. Ligaments are bands
of connective tissue that hold the
bones together.
Blood cells are made inside
the largest bones. The blood cells
pass from these bones into the
circulatory system.

Explain where blood cells

are made and how they
move throughout the
body.

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20

BjhXjaVgHnhiZb
Your muscular system is made up of three kinds of muscles.
The muscles that work with your skeleton to move your body
are called skeletal muscles.
Skeletal muscles work in pairs. One muscle contracts to
bend a joint. The other muscle contracts to straighten it.

Smooth muscle lines some

organs, including blood vessels
and digestive organs.
Cardiac muscle makes up the
wall of the heart. It contracts to
pump blood to all parts of the
body.

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bjhXaZ

Tell why the skeletal

muscles work in pairs.
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21

CZgkdjhHnhiZb
Your nervous system helps you sense your environment
and react to it. It directs the activities of other body systems. It
also connects all organs to your brain.
The nervous system has two parts. The central nervous
system is made up of the spinal cord and brain. It receives
and interprets signals from nerves throughout the body.
The peripheral nervous system
is made up of your sense organs.
Sensory organs contain special
nerves called receptors. Receptors
send signals to the central nervous
system about your surroundings.

Explain how receptors

would work if you were
to cut your hand.

22

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he^cVaXdgY

:mXgZidgnHnhiZb
The excretory system removes
liquid wastes from your body.
The kidneys filter wastes out of
the blood, forming urine. The
urine flows into the bladder.
When the bladder is full, urine is
eliminated from the body.

`^YcZn

jgZiZg

What happens after urine

leaves the kidneys?
WaVYYZg

Review
8dbeaZiZi]ZhZhZfjZcXZhiViZbZcih#
1. Blood leaves the heart through ______ , which lead
to small blood vessels called ______.
2. Air you breathe travels down the ______ , which
branches into two ______ , which each lead to a ______.
3. Urine flows from the ______ , through the ______ , and
into the ______.
23

GLOSSARY
cell (SEL) the basic unit of structure and function of living things.
cell membrane (SEL MEMsbrayn) the thin covering that surrounds
every cell.
circulatory system (SERskyoosluhstawrsee SISstuhm) the organ
system that transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout
your body.
cytoplasm (SYTsohsplazsuhm) the jellylike material inside a cell
between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
digestive system (dihsJESstiv SISstuhm) the organ system that takes
nutrients from food.
excretory system (EKSskruhstawrsee SISstuhm) the organ system
that removes liquid waste from the body.
microscopic (myskruhsSKAHPsik) too small to be seen without using
a microscope.
muscular system (MUHSskyoosler SISstuhm) the organ system that
includes muscles and tendons that move bones.
nervous system (NERsvuhs SISstuhm) the organ system that senses
your surroundings and controls other organs.
nucleus (NOOskleesuhs) the cell part that directs a cells activities.
organ (AWRsguhn) a group of tissues that work together to perform
a certain function.
organ system (AWRsguhn SISstuhm) a group of organs that work
together to do a job for the body.
organism (AWRsguhnsizm) any living thing.
protist (PROHTsist) a type of organism with a nucleus and organelles.
respiratory system (RESspersuhstawrsee SISstuhm) the organ
system that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
body and the air.
skeletal system (SKELsuhstuhl SISstuhm) the organ system that
protects the body and gives it structure.
tissue (TISHsoo) a group of cells that work together to perform a
certain function.

24

Think About the Reading

1. What can you do to help you remember what you have
learned in this book?
2. What questions do you have after reading this book?
How can you find the answers to your questions?

Hands-On Activity
1. Use different colors of clay to make a model of a plant
or animal cell.
2. Use strips of construction paper to label each of the
cells parts.
3. Use the model to explain how a cell functions.

School-Home Connection
Explain to a family member how the body is organized from
single cells to organ systems. Choose one of the bodys systems
as an example.

GRADE 5

Book 1
WORD COUNT

1228
GENRE

Expository Nonction
LEVEL

See TG or go Online

Harcourt Leveled
Readers Online Database
www.eharcourtschool.com

ISBN-13: 978-0-15-362053-9
ISBN-10: 0-15-362053-6
>

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