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Chapter 9 (Pg. 148-154)

9.1
Cell cycle: stages that take place when a eukaryotic cell divides and the time the
daughter cells also divide

Cell gets larger and DNA and # of organelles double when cell abt to divide
Two Part of cell cycle: interphase and mitotic stage
Interphase
- Most of cell cycle in Interphase
- Cell performs normal function
- Duration varies by cell
- very busy and prep for mitosis occurring
-

Three Stages: G1, S, G2

-

G1

- Before DNA replication

- cell recover from previous division
- cell grow, increase # of organelles, store materials needed for DNA replication
- Nerve and Muscle cell do not go through cell cycle
- go into G0 > perform everyday process, no prep for cell division
- completion of cell cycle tightly controlled
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- S
- Dna replication happens
- 1 chromosome= 1 double helix -(S)-> chromosome=2 identical double helix
- each double helix: chromatid
- two identical chromatid: sister chromatids
- sister chromatids attached @ centromere before pulled apart
-

G2

- create protein that helps with cell division

Mitotic State
- include mitosis (nucleic division) and cytokinesis (cell division)
- mitotic spindle separate chromosome into 2 separate daughter cells
- divison of cytoplasm done= 2 new daughter cells

Control of the Cell Cycle

- signal: control activities of cell
- Growth Factors
- receive @ plasma membrane
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- tell cell to finish cell cycle

- cell cycle check point:
- 3 cell cycle check points indicate whether parts of cycle stop or continue
- cyclins: internal signal proteins that must be present for the cell to go from 1
stage to the next

- G1 checkpoint
- p53 (protein & weight of protein 53 kilodaltons) stop cell cycle if DNA damaged
- attempt to repair DNA
- High levels of p53> cell apoptosis: cell suicide
- RB (retinablastoma) interpret growth signals and nutrient availability
- G2 checkpoint:
- if DNA not finish replicating
- prevent M stage starting before S stage finish
- another chance to fix damage DNA
- M checkpoint:
- stop if chromosome not attached to mitotic spindle correctly > may prevent
accurate separation of chromatids

- Apoptosis
- programmed cell death
1. cell rounds up> lose contact with neighbors

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2. nucleus fragments
3. cell membrane blisters
4. cell fragments engulf by white blood cells or nearby cells

- caspases: enzyme catalyze cell death

- always present in cell
- kept in check by inhibitors
- Apoptosis and Cell division
- Cell division increase # , apoptosis decrease # of somatic cells (normal body
cells)

- prevent tumor and limit spread of virus

9.2 The Eukaryotic Chromosome

chromosome made of DNA and mostly protein (histone)
5 main types of Histone molecules: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, & H4
H3 and H4 amino acid sequence doesn't vary much
1. DNA wrapped around core of 8 histones (2 of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) >
nucleosome: DNA and histone
2. string fold into zigzag structure: histone H1 help coiling

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3. loop back and forth into radial loops> euchromatin: active chromatin w/ gene
that are being transcribed
4. heterochromatin: part of DNA that highly compact
5. protein scaffold condense chromosome further

9.3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Chromosome Number
not in cell division: DNA > chromatin
chromatin condense into chromosome
Diploid (2n): total # chromosome found in all cell of individual, 2 chromosome
Haploid (n): found in gametes, only one chromosome of each kind
Chromosome Duplication
2n divide to make identical daughter and parent cells
occur during S phase
each chromosome have 2 identical molecules
each double helix: chromatid (2 identical chromatid= sister chromatid)
sister chromatid attach at the centromere
kinetochores: protein complex on either side of centromere
Cell division: sister chromatid separate at centromere

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Division of centromere
centrosome: microtubule organizing center of cell
divide before mitosis
contain centrioles
organize mitotic spindle
begin to break apart when spindle fibers form

Phases of Mitosis
2. Prophase

chromatin condense and chromosome visible

nucleolus disappear

nuclear envelop break down

spindle starts to form

microtubule radiate to cell membrane from centromere > aster

2. Prometaphase

kinetochores appear

extend from pole to chromosome

chromosome not in alignment

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3. Metaphase

centromere/ chromosome are lined up in center of cell

metaphase plate: indicate where next cell division start
4. Anaphase

2 sister chromatid separate > 2 daughter chromosome

daughter chromosome pulled apart as the kinetochore spindle fibers disconnect
5. Telophase

spindle disappear
new nuclear envelope form
chromosome become chromatin
nucleolus reappear
2 daughter nucleus with identical chromatin
6. Cytokinesis

Different in plant and animal cells

Plant Cells
build new cell walls btw daughter cells
flattened disk appear btw 2 daughter cells
golgi apparatus make vesicle that fuse at the region of the disk forming cell plate:
new plasma membrane

cell plate expand until fuse with old membrane

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membrane release molecule that form primary cell wall

filled with middle lamella
Animal Cell
cleavage furrow: indentation on plasma membrane btw two daughter cells
band of actin filament (contractile ring) tighten and constrict area between 2
daughter cells

2 daughter cells pinched away from each other