PROTECTING LARGE MOTORS

CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAO DE
PROTEO DE SISTEMAS ELTRICOS

CEP 07 PROTEO DE MOTORES DE GRANDE PORTE
PROTEO DE MOTORES DE GRANDE PORTE
Eng. Ricardo Abboud

Maio de 2006
Seo 1
Fundamentos Motores
Tipos de Motores
Motores de Induo
Rotor Gaiola de Esquilo
Rotor Bobinado
Motor Sncrono
Motores de Induo
z
Operam 1% - 3% Abaixo da
Velocidade Sncrona
120 f
2 p
z
Drenam Corrente de Excitao do

Sistema (FP Atrasado)
Drenam de 3 a 7 vezes mais

Corrente Quando Partindo
3
Ncleo do Estator
z
Feito de Vrias Camadas de

Lminas de Ao Silcio (Baixas
Perdas)
Ranhuras Estampadas Para

Acomodao dos Enrolamentos do
Estator
Lminas de Ao Fixadas Atravs de

Viga Metlica ou Sistema de
Longarinas
O Rotor
The figure shows examples of the most used rotor types in AC three-phase
induction machines.
In the wound rotor, windings of copper or aluminum are wound around the iron
core attached to the shaft.
In the squirrel cage rotor case, the rotor conductors are not wound wires but bars
assembled in a shape similar to a squirrel cage.
Rotor Gaiola de Esquilo
O Estator
Laminao do Ferro
do Estator
Polaridade da fora magnetomotriz

produzida em um dado instante pela
corrente trifsica dos enrolamentos do
estator
The figure shows an example of an induction machine stator. The stator is a piece
of iron generally made of stacked laminations with a shape similar to the one
shown at the left side of the figure. The insulation between laminations help to
avoid the circulation of parasitic currents that might overheat the metal.
Copper conductors are wound within the stators slots in a very specific way,
depending on the type of motor. A three-phase induction motor has windings for
the three phases; A, B and C.
Three-phase currents are applied to the stator windings. In a two-pole machine,
the stator currents will produce a magnetic field (H, B) with maximum intensity
along an imaginary axis, as the one shown in the figure. The magnetic field has a
north pole, marked N in the figure and a south pole, symbolized with an
uppercase S. This magnetic field rotates due to the varying AC currents and its
angular speed, number of poles and intensity depend on the magnitude of the
currents and on the windings design. The figure at the right shows the position of
the magnetic field axis at a particular instant.
Note: The magnetic flux lines shown in the figure are for illustration purposes
only. They do not include the real non-linearity introduced by the discontinuities
of the mechanical design.
Campo Magntico do Estator Gira na

Velocidade Sncrona
10
The two-pole induction machine of the figure is shown without the rotor. The
currents in the rotor come from an ac three-phase source with a frequency f
in Hz.
In this figure, the magnetic field axis is shown moving counterclockwise. The
flux lines are not shown to simplify the drawing.
The angular speed of this axis is called the synchronous speed and depends
on the number of poles of the machine. The angular synchronous speed for a
machine with p poles can be calculated as:
ns = 120f /p (in revolutions per minute, or rpm)
or
s = 2ns /60 = 4 f /p (in radians per second, or rad/s)

ns=synchronous speed in revolutions per minute
s = synchronous speed in radians per second
10
Esquema Motor com Rotor Gaiola

de Esquilo
Gap de AR
Anis de Curto
Barras
Condutoras
Estator
Eixo
Rotor
Enrolamento
do Estator
11
The figure at the left shows a schematic view of a metallic squirrel cage. The
figure at the right shows a cross section of the induction machine with the squirrel
cage attached to the rotor. This is a schematic portrait of the machine and some of
the dimensions are not to scale. For example, in practice, the air gap between
stator and rotor is much smaller than it looks in the figure.
Why does this motor start moving?
As stated previously, the three-phase currents in the stator produce a rotating
magnetic field. This changing magnetic field induces voltages in the shortcircuited bars of the rotor, and the corresponding currents appear in these bars.
These currents also produce a magnetic field which interacts with the existing
rotating field. The resulting force on the mechanical structure of the rotor causes
the rotational movement.
11
Example of Stator and Rotor Slots

Cavidades do Rotor
Barras Condutoras
12
The squirrel cage induction motor rotor core is constructed with laminations of
stacked steel. The rotor bar slots are stamped out of these laminations.
The laminations are compressed together and, in a cast rotor, are filled with
molten aluminum to form rotor bars, end rings & cooling fans. Rotors may also
be fabricated using aluminum or copper bars.
The rotor end rings connect the rotor bars together. In a cast rotor, the end rings
are formed as part of the casting. In a a fabricated rotor, the end rings are brazed
to the rotor bars.
The left-side figure shows a more realistic cross-section of an ac machine. The
figure shows one possible design, out of several, for the rotor slots and the
corresponding cage bars.
12
O Rotor Gira a uma Velocidade Menor

que a do Campo do Estator
13
Induction motors operate slower than synchronous motors. The per-unit

difference between the rotor speed and the stators magnetic field speed is known
as the slip, and is denoted by the letter s. Mathematically:
s = ( s - r )/s = 1 - r /s = 1 nr /ns
This slip is dependent on the design and application of the motor. It can vary
significantly. Typical values oscillate between 1 and 3%.
Thanks to this speed difference, an imaginary observer on the rotor would see the
stator created by the stator currents as if it were moving at speed s - r .
According to Faradays law, the stator field will induce voltages in the rotor with
an angular electric frequency approximately equal to:
el,rotor = s - r = ss
These voltages produce ac currents with the same frequency which create another
magnetic field. The rotors magnetic field is then pushed by the stator magnetic
field, making the rotor move. Notice that the rotor has to move at a different
speed than the stator magnetic fields speed, otherwise, according to Faradays
law, there will not be induced voltages in the rotor. Due to this difference in
speeds, the induction machine is also known as the asynchronous machine.
In the synchronous machine, the rotor and the stators magnetic field spin at the
same speed. This is possible because in the synchronous motor, the rotor field is
produced by an excitation current provided by an external dc source.
13
Corrente de Plena Carga

(Full Load Amps FLA)
Corrente com o Motor em Operao na Tenso,

Carga e Fator de Potncia Nominais
Corrente Nominal (FLA)
FLA =
746 HP
3 V FP
FLA =
736 CV
3 V FP
14
14
Fator de Servio
z
Informa a Capacidade de Sobrecarga

Contnua do Motor
Um motor com FS de 1.0 no deve ser

sobrecarregado
Um motor com FS de 1.15 pode ser

sobrecarregado com 1.15 * FLA
15
15
Corrente de Rotor Bloqueado

z
Corrente drenada quando o motor

energizado e o rotor est parado
Correntes de trs a sete vezes a

corrente de plena carga (FLA)
Algumas vezes fornecida como um

cdigo KVA
LRA - Locked Rotor Amperes

16
16
Cdigos KVA Rotor Bloqueado

Designao
A
B
C
D
E
F
KVA / HP
0 3.15
3.15 3.55
3.55 4.0
4.0 4.5
4.5 5.0
5.0 5.6
G
H
5.6 6.3
6.3 7.1
17
17

Designao
J
K
L
M
N
P
R
S
KVA / HP
7.1 8.0
8.0 9.0
9.0 10.0
10.0 11.2
11.2 12.5
12.5 14.0
14.0 16.0
16.0 18.0
18
18

Designation
T
U
V
KVA / HP
18.0 20.0
20.0 22.4
22.4 AND UP
19
19
Clculo da Corrente de Rotor

Bloqueado
z
I = (A * 1000 * HP) / (V * 1.73)
A = Multiplicador KVA / HP
V = Tenso Nominal
HP = Potncia Nominal em HP
20
20

Bloqueado
z
I = (A * 1000 * CV) / (V * 1.73)
A = Multiplicador KVA / CV
V = Tenso Nominal
CV = Potncia Nominal em CV
21
21

Bloqueado
z
I = (A * 1000 * KW) / (V * 1.73)
A = Multiplicador KVA / kW
V = Tenso Nominal
KW = Potncia Nominal em kW
22
22
O que Tempo de Rotor Bloqueado

a Frio?
z
Perodo de tempo no qual o

motor pode permanecer com o
rotor travado sem que haja dano
trmico, estando o motor
inicialmente na temperatura
ambiente
23
23
O que Tempo de Rotor Bloqueado

a Quente?
Perodo de tempo no qual o

motor pode permanecer com o
rotor travado sem que haja dano
trmico, estando o motor
inicialmente na sua temperatura
de operao
24
24
Tempos Seguros de Travamento
Tempo usualmente limitado pelas

barras do rotor ou pelos anis
O limite trmico uma curva I2t
Informaes encontradas na folha

de dados do motor
25
25
Tempos Seguros de Travamento

Temperatura
TD
Temperatura
Dano
TD
TOP
TA
Dano
Operao
Ambiente
tempo
Tempo de Rotor Travado a Frio

Cold Safe Stall Time
(CST)
tempo
Tempo de Rotor Travado a Quente
Hot Safe Stall Time
(HST)
26
The cold safe stall time is defined as the time that a motor can be in a locked rotor
condition without incurring injurious heating when the motor is started from rated
ambient temperature. This start condition occurs when the motor has completely
cooled down to ambient. This initial condition allows for the longest start time
since the motor has available all of its thermal capacity.
The hot safe stall time is defined as the time that a motor can be in a locked rotor
condition without incurring injurious heating when the motor is started from
operating temperature. This start condition occurs when the motor has been
stopped after operating long enough to reach rated operating temperature. This
initial condition allows for less start time than the cold safe stall time since some
of the motors thermal capability has been used.
26
Limites Trmicos Motores

CLASSE DE ISOLAO:
H
180
165
180
140
100
155
145
130
120
125
105
80
60
40
40
40
Ponto Mais Quente

Elevao
Ambiente
20
0
27
The graph is an example showing the methodology for determining the motor
temperature limits. The motor thermal limit is based on the sum of ambient
temperature, motor temperature rise, and a allowance for hot-spot. The motor
insulation system is commonly the limiting element.
Industry standards (NEMA) define specific classes of insulation that provide
specific temperature limits based on constituent materials, i.e. Classes B, F, and
H.
These limits serve to establish the motor thermal limit time vs current curves.
27
28
28
Conjugado Rotor Bloqueado

(Locked Rotor Torque)
Desenvolvido quando o motor

est com o rotor travado,
tambm conhecido como
conjugado de partida
29
29
Conjugado Mnimo
(Pull Up Torque)
Menor conjugado desenvolvido

pelo motor ao acelerar desde a
velocidade zero at a
velocidade correspondente ao
conjugado mximo
30
30
Conjugado Mximo
(Break Down Torque)
Maior conjugado desenvolvido

pelo motor, sob tenso e
freqncia nominal
31
31
Curva do Conjugado
32
32
Modelo de Steinmetz
Dependente do Escorregamento
MOTOR DE INDUO
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE SEQNCIA POSITIVA
jXestator
Restator
jXrotor(s)
Imotor(s)
Vmotor
jXmag
Rrotor(s)
Irotor(s)
Simplificao para anlise da partida

jXestator
Vmotor
Aquecimento
Rrotor(s)*[(1-s)/s]
Potncia de
Sada do
Motor
jXrotor(s)
Restator
Imotor(s)
Irotor(s)
jXmag
Rrotor(s)/s
33
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor is shown in diagram above. The

rotor resistance, and therefore the motor terminal impedance, is a function rotor
speed or Slip (s).
At T = 0, beginning of motor starting, all the rotor power will produce heat until
the rotor starts to turn. Due to skin effect, the rotor resistance value is three times
the running value. The value of power (heat) going into the rotor, therefore, is
approximately 108 times running value:
[Rr (Ir)2] = 3 * (6)2 = 108
During starting, a conservative consideration is that the motor is adiabatic,
meaning all heat energy is being absorbed and no heat is being dissipated.
33
Impedncia Dependente do
Escorregamento
Rotor R, X, Z and Stator Z
0.3
0.24
Zr ( s)
Zmot ( s )
PU Current
Rr ( s )
Xr ( s )
0.18
0.12
0.061
0.001
0.
8
0.
4
0.6
0.
2
0 (s)
PU Slip
34
The graph above shows that the motor and its rotor impedance is at a minimum in
the locked rotor state when the slip s=1.
As the motor begins to accelerate to rated speed, the motor and the rotor
impedance increase with the decreasing slip value. The rotor resistance also
decreases linearly with the decrease in slip.
34
Torque Acelerante
Torque
2xFLT
Torque a Plena
Tenso
e To
Curva d
10
20
Torque
Acelerante
1xFLT
Carga
rque da
40
60
70
30
50
Porcentagem da Velocidade Scrona
80
90
n 100
35
When motor torque produced is greater than load torque the motor and driven equipment
accelerate.
Accelerating Torque = Motor Torque Load Torque
Ta = Tm - TL
When load torque is greater than motor torque produced the motor and driven equipment
decelerate.
Decelerating T = Load Torque Motor Torque
T represents motor accelerating or decelerating torque and is equal to the difference between
the load and motor capability torque curves.
In the case of a motor starting, if the acceleration torque is considered constant, the time required
to go from zero speed to the rated speed can be calculated as:
J dm/dt = Ta
dt = (J/Ta) dm
If the left term of the above equation is integrated between 0 and the acceleration time, ta; and the
right hand term is integrated between 0 and the rated speed, r, the result is:
ta = (J/Ta) r (seconds) with J in kg m2, Ta in N m and r in rad/sec.
In Imperial units, this may be written as:
ta = (WK2) n/(308 Ta) with WK2 in lb ft2, Ta in lbf ft2 and n in rpm.
35
Impacto da Impedncia da Fonte na

Tenso de Partida
Rs
Zth
jXs
Rr(s)
Is
Vth
jXm
Vestator
Equivalente
do sistema
Vestator =
Z m ( s)
Vth
Z th + Z LR ( s )
jXr(s)
Ir
Rr(s)[1-s]/s
Quanto maior a
impedncia da
fonte menor a
tenso Vestator
36
During the start, the rotors speed changes from zero to the rated value. This implies the slip
changes from s=1 to the rated value which is typically between 1% and 3%. Therefore, the motor
impedance changes to the locked rotor value to the running value. The motors impedance can be
written as a function of the slip as:
Zm(s)
The motor is connected to a power system which does not provide a perfectly regulated voltage at
1.0 per unit. If the system is represented by its Thevenin equivalent circuit, as shown in the above
figure, the voltage at the motors terminals will actually be the systems voltage, Vth, minus the
voltage drop in the Thevenins equivalent impedance, Zth.
The strength of the power system is related to the magnitude of the available short-circuit current.
This implies that a stronger system will have a smaller Zth, and therefore, less of a voltage dip
during motor starting.
Where:
RS=
stator resistance
XS=
stator reactance
Rr(s)=
rotor resistance as a function of slip
Xr(s)=
rotor reactance as a function of slip
Vstator = stator voltage
36
Impacto da Queda de Tenso no

Conjugado e na Partida do Motor
37
The torque produced by the motor depends on the voltage applied to the motor.
The figure shows several torque vs speed curves of the 5000 hp motor used in
previous examples. Each curve corresponds to a different value of the source
impedance. The voltage shown in the figure corresponds to the initial voltage
applied to the motor terminal during the start. From the figure, we can see that the
acceleration torque is smaller for less voltage. For the three first cases shown, the
motor will start. It will not start with 0.59 per unit initial voltage. The following
approximate expressions help to explain these facts in mathematical terms:
Approximate Full Voltage Start or terminal voltage of the motor:
Vstator= Xlocked rotor / (Xlocked rotor + Xsource) * Vsource
Since the starting torque is approximately proportional to the terminal voltage
squared, a machine with 80 % of the starting torque at 100 % voltage will have 64
% torque at 80 % voltage.
The acceleration time, assuming constant acceleration torque was approximated
previously as:
ta = (WK2)n/(308Ta)
We can see that, the smaller Ta is, the larger ta will be.
37
Impacto da Tenso Reduzida no

Tempo de Acelerao do Motor
Corrente, I
6xFLA
Vestator1=1.0
Vestator2=0.9
Vestator3=0.8
ta1
ta2
ta3
tempo
38
As indicated on the previous page, a reduced acceleration torque will cause a long
acceleration time. This means that the machine will be subject to the large start
current for long periods of time, producing overheating of the motor and eventual
damage. The figure shows an explanatory plot of the starting RMS current vs time
for different values of motor terminal voltage.
The figure indicates that the smaller the voltage available at the motors stator,
the larger the time required for the motor to reach its working speed and current.
A longer acceleration times may imply a larger amount of heating energy,
measured in terms of I2t. Motor protection devices must be designed and set to
prevent the possible damage that the heating energy can cause.
The curves shown above are generally presented with the time in the vertical axis
and the RMS current in the horizontal axis, in order to compare them with
thermal limit curves and protective device curves.
38
39
Most motor manufactures will provide the customer with time vs current starting
data as well as thermal damage information in a graphical form. If the manufacture
does not provide this graphical representation, the SEL 5802 Motor modeling
program will generate a graph from known information about the motor and load.
39
40
The motor manufacture may also provide the customer with torque vs speed and
current vs speed curves. The SEL-5802 program will also calculate these curves
from the same information needed to calculate the time vs current curves.
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
Mtodos de Partida
Direta (Across the Line)
Autotransformador
Chave Estrela-Tringulo
Partida Eletrnica (Soft-starter)
44
44
Partida Direta
Corrente de partida depende do

motor da tenso da linha e da
impedncia da fonte
Usualmente alta corrente e

acentuada queda de tenso
45
45
Partida com Autotransformador

z
Tenso disponvel para partida reduzida

atravs de um autotransformador,
consequente reduo na corrente
Conjugado de partida reduzido por um

fator maior que a corrente
Para uma partida com 85% V, corrente

reduzida por um fator de 0.8, conjugado
reduzido por um fator de 0.66
46
46
Partida com Chave Estrela-Tringulo

z
Tenso disponvel para partida

reduzida a 58% de Vn.
Corrente e conjugado de partida

reduzidos para 33% do valor obtido
com partida direta
Conexo dos enrolamentos do

motor modificada de estrela para
delta (tringulo) aps a partida
47
47
Partida Eletrnica
(soft-starter)
z
Conjunto de Tiristores (SCR)
ngulo de disparo de cada par

de SCRs controlado
eletronicamente para aplicar
uma tenso varivel na partida
do motor
Diminuio da corrente e do
conjugado de partida
48
48
Motores Sncronos
z
Construdos como geradores
Corrente de campo prov a

excitao
Velocidade constante,
independente da carga
Corrente a vazio extremamente

baixa (5%)
49
49
Sistema de Excitao do Motor

Sncrono
Brushless
Anis Coletores
e Escovas
50
Os motores sncronos necessitam de uma fonte de campo (enrolamento do rotor), que

usualmente suprido atravs de anis coletores e escovas (excitatriz esttica) ou atravs
de uma excitatriz girante sem escovas (brushless).
Motores Sncronos com excitatriz do tipo esttica so constituidos de anis coletores e escovas que
possibilitam a alimentao de corrente dos plos do rotor atravs de contato deslizante. A Corrente
Contnua para alimentao dos plos deve ser proveniente de um conversor e controlador esttico
CA/CC. A excitatriz esttica atualmente est sendo muito utilizada em aplicaes com variao de
velocidade atravs de Inversores de Freqncia.
Motores Sncronos com sistema de excitao brushless possuem uma excitatriz girante, normalmente
localizada em um compartimento na parte traseira do motor. A excitatriz funciona como um gerador
de corrente alternada onde o rotor que fica localizado no eixo do motor, possui um enrolamento
trifsico e o estator formado por plos alternados norte e sul alimentados por uma fonte de
corrente contnua externa. O enrolamento trifsico do rotor conectado a uma ponte de diodos
retificadores. A tenso gerada no rotor retificada e utilizada para a alimentao do enrolamento de
campo do motor. A amplitude desta corrente de campo pode ser controlada atravs do retificador
que alimenta o campo do estator da excitatriz. Os motores sncronos com excitao brushless
possuem um custo de manuteno reduzido devido ao fato de no possurem escovas. Por no
possurem contatos eltricos deslizantes, eliminando a possibilidade de faiscamento, os motores
sncronos com excitao do tipo brushless so recomendados para aplicaes em reas especiais com
atmosfera explosiva.
50
Motores Sncronos
z
Alto rendimento
Pode corrigir fator de potncia

da rede
Caractersticas de partida
especiais
Manuteno reduzida
(Brushless)
51
Caractersticas Especiais de Partida - Grandes moinhos de bolas para minrio de ferro e moagem
de cimento e compressores so alguns exemplos de aplicaes onde requerido alto conjugado de
partida (150 a 200 % do conjugado nominal). Devido s limitaes do sistema de alimentao,
normalmente se desejam baixas correntes de partida (rotor bloqueado). A combinao de alto
conjugado com baixa corrente de partida pode ser melhor atendida pelo motor sncrono sem afetar
as caractersticas de funcionamento em regime. A reduo da corrente de partida, normalmente pode
ser alcanada por um projeto especial dos enrolamentos do estator e amortecedor. A opo de
partida com reduo de tenso, tambm uma alternativa utilizada para reduzir a corrente, porm
com reduo do conjugado.
Velocidade Constante - Independentemente das variaes de carga e desde que a carga se
mantenha dentro da limitao do conjugado mximo (pull-out) do motor, a rotao mdia do motor
sncrono se mantm constante. Isto se verifica pelo fato dos plos do rotor permanecerem travados
em relao ao campo magntico girante produzido pelo enrolamento do estator. Desta forma o motor
sncrono mantm a velocidade constante tanto nas situaes de sobrecarga como tambm durante
momentos de queda de tenso, respeitando-se os limites do conjugado mximo (pull-out). Em certas
aplicaes , como em mquinas de moinho de polpa de papel, a velocidade constante resulta na
uniformidade superior e qualidade do produto produzido.
51
Motores Sncronos
z
Alto rendimento
Pode corrigir fator de potncia

da rede
Caractersticas de partida
especiais
Manuteno reduzida
(Brushless)
52
Alto Rendimento - Alm de considerarmos o custo inicial na aquisio do motor sncrono, devemos
considerar os ganhos que podem ser obtidos pelos baixos custos operacionais. Quando basicamente
se considera o rendimento na escolha do motor, um motor sncrono com FP=1.0 usualmente a
soluo. Sendo a potncia reativa (kVAr) desnecessria, e aplicvel somente a potncia real (kW), a
corrente de linha minimizada,resultando em menor perda I2R no enrolamento do estator. Uma vez
que a corrente de campo requerida a mnima praticvel, haver menor perda I2R no enrolamento
de campo da mesma forma. Com exceo das situaes onde um alto conjugado requerido, a baixa
perda nos enrolamentos do estator e de campo permitem que o motor sncrono com FP=1.0 seja
construdo em tamanho inferior aos motores sncronos com FP= 0.8 de mesma potncia. Assim, os
rendimentos do motor sncrono com FP=1.0 so geralmente superiores aos do motor de induo de
mesma potncia.
Correo do Fator de Potncia - Os sistemas de potncia de energia eltrica so baseados no
somente em potncia ativa em kW gerada, mas tambm no fator de potncia na qual ela fornecida.
Penalidades podem ser aplicadas ao consumidor, quando o fator de potncia da carga est abaixo de
valores especificados. Estas penalidades (multas) ocorrem devido ao fato de que baixo fator de
potncia representa um aumento da potncia reativa (kVAr) requerida e conseqentemente, um
aumento da capacidade dos equipamentos de gerao e transmisso de energia eltrica. Nas
indstrias, geralmente predominam as cargas reativas indutivas, que so os motores de induo de
pequeno porte ou de rotao baixa, as quais requerem considervel quantidade de potncia reativa
(kVAr) consumida como corrente de magnetizao. Para suprir a necessidade da rede de potncia
reativa, alm da possibilidade de utilizao de bancos de capacitores, os motores sncronos so
freqentemente utilizados com esta finalidade. O fator de potncia dos motores sncronos pode ser
facilmente controlado devido ao fato de possuirem uma fonte separada de excitao, e desta forma,
podem tanto aumentar a potncia sem gerao de potncia reativa (motor com fator de potncia
unitrio), ou tambm gerar potncia reativa necessria (motor com fator de potncia 0.8). Desta
forma, o motor sncrono, dependendo da aplicao, pode fornecer a potncia til de acionamento
necessria com reduo benfica da potncia total do sistema.
52
Motores Sncronos
Operao Sobrexcitado
z
Fator de potncia capacitivo
Aumenta a fora do
acoplamento magntico
Aumenta o conjugado mximo

em sincronismo (pull-out torque)
Aumenta a estabilidade
53
53
Partida do Motor Sncrono

z
Fonte de excitao de campo

removida, inserido resistor de
partida (ou resistor de descarga)
Aplica-se a corrente de campo

quando a velocidade est
prxima da sncrona
54
O principal mtodo utilizado para partida dos motores sncronos a partida assncrona
atravs da gaiola de esquilo com o enrolamento do rotor curto-circuitado ou conectado a
uma resistncia usualmente chamada resistncia de partida ou resistncia de descarga.
Atravs da partida assncrona, o rotor acelera a uma velocidade muito prxima da
velocidade sncrona, com um pequeno escorregamento em relao ao campo girante. Neste
momento, aplica-se uma corrente contnua no enrolamento do rotor, levando o motor ao
sincronismo. Nas mquinas com escovas, utiliza-se um rel de aplicao de campo,
enquanto nos motores brushless, utiliza-se um circuito eletrnico de disparo instalado junto
de um disco girante. A funo deste circuito eletrnico e do rel de aplicao de campo
gerenciar a seqncia de partida do motor sncrono, desde o fechamento (curto-circuito) do
rotor at a aplicao da corrente no campo.
54
55
O rotor pode ser construdo com plos lisos ou salientes dependendo das caractersticas
construtivas do motor e da aplicao. Consiste nas partes ativas giratrias compostas da
coroa do rotor, o enrolamento de campo e o enrolamento amortecedor. Os plos de campo
so magnetizados atravs da corrente direta da excitatriz ou diretamente por anis
coletores e escovas; eles engrenam magneticamente pelo entreferro e giram em
sincronismo com o campo
girante do estator. O rotor do motor sncrono de plos salientes compreende em eixo,
roda polar e plos. Os plos so fabricados com chapas de ao laminado que so fixadas
atravs de barras de ao que so soldadas nas extremidades.As bobinas de campo so
feitas de fios de cobre esmaltados ou barras de cobre planas. Aps bobinados e
impregnados, os plos so fixados ao eixo ou a roda polar, atravs de parafusos, por cima
ou por baixo do plo, ou conectados por meio de rabo de andorinha. O enrolamento
amortecedor est alojado nos plos e feito de barras de cobre ou outro material
dependendo do projeto do motor. Aps montagem final e impregnao, o rotor completo
balanceado dinamicamente em 2 planos.
55
Enrolamento Amortecedor
56
Enrolamento amortecedor - Est alojado em ranhuras localizadas nas sapatas polares

do rotor de polos salientes ou a superfcie externa do rotor de polos lisos. constitudo de
barras que atravessam a ranhura e so curto-circuitdas nas extremidades formando uma
gaiola. O enrolamento amortecedor atua na partida do motor sncrono, como tambm
garante estabilidade de velocidade perante a variaes bruscas de carga.
O enrolamento amortecedor, que funciona como a gaiola do motor de induo, o
responsvel pela partida e acelerao do motor sncrono. Desta forma, os conjugados de
partida e sincronizao variam com o quadrado da tenso aplicada e a corrente de partida
proporcional a tenso aplicada, como no motor de induo.
56
Seo 2
Fundamentos da Proteo de
Motores
Viso Geral dos Requisitos e das
Funes de Proteo de Motores
57
57
Motor de Induo Reparado
58
This photograph shows a repair of a stator winding fault on an induction

motor used as a fan drive. Clearly the evidence of the fault can be seen on
the housing. Due to the extent of this fault this most likely was a phase-toground event. (relatively minor damage) and if detected quickly, relatively
easy to repair.
58
Curto-Circuito Motor Sncrono
59
This photograph shows the results of a multiphase fault on a synchronous motor.

Note the extent of the damage and the obvious question, Did this motor have
appropriate and adequate protection with proper settings? As is obvious, observing
the results this motor is not easily repaired and likely needing to be replaced.
59
O Qu Falha?
De acordo pesquisa 1985 EPRI & IEEE
Mancais (40 50%)
Estator (25 35%)
Rotor (<10%)
Outras Falhas
60
60
Faltas
z
Faltas Terra
Tipo de Aterramento do Sistema
Tipo de Falta (arco, impedncia, slida)
Faltas entre Fases
Bifsicas
Trifsicas
Entre Espiras
61
Ground faults occur most frequently in electrical systems. As discussed earlier, the
type of system grounding controls the level of ground fault current and damage. It
also effects the level of ground fault detection sensitivity. Another controlling
element is the type of fault and whether or not the fault has an impedance, that is
arcing or bolted.
Other electrical parameters that effect the magnitude of the fault current are the
following; stiffness of the source, the size and length of the motor cables, the
grounding impedance (for line faults to ground), the location of the fault in the
motor winding, and the type of fault phase or ground.
Motor internal faults are usually line-to-ground, or line-to-line with or without
involving ground. Generally three phase faults occur near the terminals and do not
involve ground. Motor design can impact the likelihood of certain types of faults.
Turn faults are dielectric failure of turn and/or strand insulation that can cause
overheating and lead to subsequent faults to ground or to other phases.
61
Faltas
z
Motor Sncrono
Faltas no Enrolamento de Campo
Falha da Corrente de Campo (Ruptura)
Falta Terra
Curtos no Enrolamento de Campo
Perda de Excitao
62
Unique to synchronous motors are the field winding and dc excitation system. The
field winding can fail to ground and this condition should be detected even though it
is a floating dc system (ungrounded). Field winding shorts can occur and can lead
to circulating current, overheating and ultimately catastrophic failure of the field
winding and other components. Loss of excitation is another condition that should
be detected. It can have detrimental effects on both the motor and power
distribution system. The synchronous motor may be providing Vars to support
system voltage. With the loss of excitation, the motor becomes inductive and
absorbs reactive power from the power distribution system. In addition the bus and
possibly the power distribution system voltage becomes unacceptably low.
62
Operao Anormal
z
Sobrecargas Mecnicas
Carga Emperrada (Load Jam)
Mancais
Rotor Travado na Partida
(Alta Corrente, Alta Temperatura)
Temperatura Ambiente Elevada
Ventilao Restrita
Falha Sistema Refriamento
Manuteno (Falta de Limpeza)
Localizao (Sujeiras, etc.)
63
Thermal protection is required to detect and protect for the above conditions. For
mechanical overload some form of overcurrent or in microprocessor-based relays a
thermal model based protection is generally used. For long term non-load related
high temperature abnormal conditions some form of temperature detectors such as
RTDs are used.
63
Operao Anormal
z
Tenses de Alimentao Anormais
Tenso Elevada ou Baixa
Desbalano
Reverso de Fase
Falta de Fase (Alta Temperatura,

Seqncia Negativa
Travamento ou Falha para Acelerar (Partir)
Partidas Muito Frequentes (Jogging)

64
Abnormal voltages can cause problems with the motor, the driven equipment, and
the other motors on the power distribution system. Generally motors should be
operated at 5 percent of rated voltage Voltages outside of this range have
detrimental effects. The motor can be overloaded for low voltage and overexcited
or for extremely high voltages, can lead to dielectric failure. For low voltages the
torque is adversely effected which in turn impacts the driven equipment and can
lead to a voltage collapse on the bus or power distribution system.
Open phase conditions lead to single phasing that creates unbalance, negative
sequence currents, high temperatures and likely stall for a loaded motor. For a
starting motor subjected to an open phase, the motor is likely not to accelerate.
64
Proteo Curto-Circuito
Disjuntor Magntico
Fusvel
Rel de Sobrecorrente
65
65
Elementos de Sobrecorrente
z
Sobrecorrente de Fase
Usado quando o
contator/disjuntor adequado
para interrupo da corrente de
falta
Sobrecorrente Residual
Soma das correntes dos TCs de

fase, usado em sistemas
solidamente aterrados
66
66
Elementos de Sobrecorrente
z
Sobrecorrente de Neutro
Detecta faltas terra no cabo e

no motor usando um TC toroidal
Frequentemente a corrente de
falta terra limitada por um
resistor no neutro do
transformador
Grande sensibilidade para

deteco de faltas terra
67
67
Proteo de Sobrecorrente
52
(3)
50/51
50N/51N
68
This slide shows the connection of the phase and residual ground overcurrent
protection using traditional component relays.
68
Falsa Corrente Residual Durante a

Partida
69
This slide shows the false residual current caused by saturation during the off-set in
the motor starting current. A residually connected ground fault protection method
can be caused to incorrectly operate due to this false residual. Time delay or other
mitigation approaches may needed to be used.
69
Proteo de Sobrecorrente de Terra
52
51 51 51
50G
70
The connection diagram for overcurrent relays and a ground fault sensor.
The fluxes cancel for high phase current and saturation is avoided.
A low ratio CT can be used as a ground fault sensor. Using a 50:5 ratio CT with an
overcurrent relay set to 1 amp achieves a 10 amp primary sensitivity. The
connection of the ground sensor is shown on the next slide.
70
71
71
Componentes da Corrente de Falta

R
E
I = I F ( PRIM ) = E / Z
X
= tan1
i P (t ) = 2 I sen (t + ) e sen ( ) =
= 2 I cos t e (para mx. assimetria )
72
We start with the expression of the instantaneous fault current for a simple R-L
circuit. Note that there is a sinusoidal part and an exponentially decaying DC offset.
The condition for maximum asymmetry is happens when = 90.
72
Se No Ocorrer Saturao
I RL t
e cos(t)
N
Amperes
is =
Tempo (segundos)
73
If no saturation occurs, the secondary current will be a perfect replica of the primary
current.
73
Para um Burden Resistivo sem

Saturao
R t
v = IFZB e L cos(t)
Tempo (segundos)
74
This slide shows the voltage at the resistive load for an asymmetrical fault current
with the volt-time area (integral) shown shaded. We can see that the asymmetrical
part of the voltage encloses considerably more area and would require more core
area to avoid saturation, since:
N = BAN
74
TENSO DE EXCITAO (RMS)
Curva de Excitao Tpica
CORRENTE DE EXCITAO
(A)
75
For a multiratio current transformer, manufacturers provide all the curves in the
same plot.
In the example shown, for the 2000/5 ratio, the ANSI knee point is approximately
200 Volts, and the full saturation voltage is close to 500 Volts.
75
Integral Tenso-Tempo
z
Se a Resistncia do Secundrio for

Negligenciada, a Tenso do Burden (v)
Relacionada s Espiras do Ncleo N e
Taxa de Variao do Fluxo
d
v vS = N
dt
Integral Tenso -Tempo
N = BAN = vdt
76
These equations show that the area under the voltage waveform is proportional to
the core flux.
76
O Offset DC Causa Saturao do TC
Amps
Amperes
200
ITC_SEC
CT_SEC
100
0
-100
Cycles
Ciclos
10
12
14
16
77
77
Correntes Filtradas
50
I RATIO
I
Amps
Amperes
RELAO
I
I CT_SEC
TC_SEC
-50
Cycles
Ciclos
78
7
78
Degrees
Graus
Amps
Amperes
Magnitude da Corrente e Erro do

ngulo
50
40
30
20
10
0
Current Magnitudes
Magnitudes
das Correntes
IRATIO
I
RELAO
I
ICT_SEC
TC_SEC
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
0
2
3
4
5
ErroAngle
do ngulo
Error
3
4
Ciclos
Cycles
79
The error propagates beyond the relay filters and also beyond the phasor estimation
routines.
Most modern relays operate on the fundamental component of the measured current.
The upper plot shows the ideal current magnitude from a non-saturated CT; versus
the current from the saturated CT.
79
Saturao de TCs e Filtragem

Adaptativa
z
Os rels dos servios auxiliares de usinas

de energia eltrica so submetidos a
correntes de falta que excedem 200 vezes o
valor nominal do TC (40 kA, X/R = 20).
Os cubculos padronizados permitem TCs

com relao baixa (C50,100:5).
Os rels tm ajustes do instantneo de 80 A.

80
80
Aplicao em Motor da Barra Auxiliar
GER
Barra Auxiliar
51 50 80 A
Inst
100:5
40 kA L-L
600 hp
81
This slide shows a generator auxiliary bus, where the 100:5 CT is subjected to 40
kA for a line-to-line fault in the cable of a 600-hp motor.
The motor relay settings are:
Motor Current
135 A
FLA
6.7 A
LRA
40 A
50H
80 A
81
Diagrama com os Sinais Medidos
Max
Freqncia de Amostragem
Converso
A/D
Filtro
Anti-Aliasing
Filtro
Digital
TC Auxiliar
do Rel
TC
Primrio
82
This slide shows how a signal in the relay progresses from an analog signal to a
digital signal. The A/D converter is a limit in the processing of high current signals.
82
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
TC 100:5, C100, 2 kA Simtrica

Corrente do
TC
Sada do
A/D
Filtro Coseno
CICLOS
Trip 80 A
83
This slide shows a symmetrical fault current at 20 times the CT primary rating.
Because the fault is symmetrical, the CT can support the voltage across the burden
without saturating. At the same time, the acquisition of the fundamental magnitude
by the Cosine filter reaches the 80 A trip level in 1 cycle.
83
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
TC 100:5, C100, 2 kA, X/R = 11.31

Corrente do
TC
Sada do
A/D
Filtro Coseno Trip 80 A
CICLOS
84
This slide shows an asymmetrical fault current at 20 times the CT primary rating.
In this case, the CT saturates because the CT cannot support the burden voltage of
the sine wave current and the dc component. Once saturation occurs, the Cosine
filter can no longer measure the ratio current, and the acquisition of the fundamental
magnitude takes 3 cycles to reach the 80 A trip level.
Note also that the first offset current lobe has reached the limit of the A/D converter.
84
TC 100:5, C100, 16 kA, X/R = 11.31

Sada do
A/D
Trip 80 A
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Corrente do
TC
Filtro Coseno
CICLOS
85
The acquisition of the magnitude for the asymmetrical fault of 160 times the CT
rating requires 3 cycles.
85
TC 100:5, C100, 32 kA, Simtrica
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Corrente do
TC
Filtro Coseno
Sada do
A/D
Trip 80 A
CICLOS
This slide shows a symmetrical fault at 320 times the CT rating, where the
magnitude acquisition falls short of the trip threshold.
86
86
TC 100:5, C100, 32 kA, X/R = 20

Trip 80 A
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Corrente do
TC
Sada do A/D Filtro Coseno
CICLOS
87
The magnitude acquisition for the asymmetrical fault of 320 times CT rating also
cannot reach the 80 A trip threshold.
87
Detector de Pico Bipolar

TC
Primrio TC Auxiliar
do Rel
Filtro
Anti-Aliasing
Tabela das
ltimas 16
Amostras
Converso
A/D
Valor
Absoluto
Detector da Amostra
de Valor Mximo
Detector da Amostra
de Valor Mnimo
Diviso por 2
a
a
2
I PICO
88
This slide shows the block diagram of the bipolar peak detector with low transient
overreach.
88
Filtro Adaptativo Coseno-Pico

TC
Primrio TC Auxiliar
do Rel
Valor
Absoluto
Detector da Amostra
de Valor Mximo
Detector da Amostra
de Valor Mnimo
Diviso por 2
a
2
I PICO
Medio da Magnitude da
Componente Fundamental
(Filtro Co-seno)
Detector de Distoro
por Saturao
Tabela das
ltimas 16
Amostras
Converso
A/D
Filtro
Anti-Aliasing
Pickup
Instantneo
I50 PU
Entrada do
Elemento
Instantneo
+
Estimativa da
Magnitude da
Corrente de
Entrada
3/4
ciclo
2
amost
89
This slide shows a block diagram of the Cosine-Peak Adaptive filter.
89
ndice de Distoro Simples

Um tipo simples de ndice de distoro mede a
relao da soma das harmnicas P pela
fundamental.
P
D1 =
k =1
A1
90
This is the equation of the distortion index.
90
ndice de Distoro Simples
Usando a fundamental, segunda e

terceira harmnicas, o ndice de
distoro :
DI =
A1 + A 2 + A 3
A1
91
The ideal distortion index uses only the first, second, and third harmonic to
determine the level of distortion.
91
Filtro Adaptativo Coseno-Pico
O ndice de distoro computado amostra

por amostra e comparado a um limite de
distoro.
Se a distoro exceder o limite, a medio

efetuada a partir do detector de pico bipolar.
De outra forma, a medio efetuada a

partir do filtro Coseno.
92
92
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Saturao Elevada, 20 kA, X/R = 11.31
Sada do
A/D
Corrente no
TC
CICLOS
This slide shows a case of deep saturation.
93
93
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Trip do Detector de Pico Bipolar, 20 kA, X/R = 11.31
ndice de
Distoro
Limite de Distoro
Trip 80
A
Filtro
Coseno
Filtro de Pico
CICLOS
94
In this case, the distortion index remains above the distortion threshold, and the
instantaneous trip is provided by the peak detector in 1 cycle.
94
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Sem Saturao, 4 kA, X/R = 11.31

Corrente no
TC
Sada do
A/D
CICLOS
95
95
CORRENTE SECUNDRIA
Trip do Filtro Coseno, 4 kA, Simtrica
ndice de
Distoro
Limite de Distoro
Trip 50
A
Filtro de Pico
Filtro
Coseno
CICLOS
96
96
Elementos Diferenciais
z
Diferencial de Fase
Geralmente Usado em Grandes

Motores
Diferencial Auto-balanceado
Motores de Mdia Tenso
Detecta Faltas Entre Fases e Pode

Detectar Faltas Terra
Proteo de Fase Dividida
Detecta faltas entre espiras

97
97
Princpio Bsico Proteo

Diferencial
z
Corrente entrando igual corrente

saindo
Se verdadeiro, sistema normal
Se falso, sistema sob falta
Ou, o que entra igual ao que sai

98
98
Sistema Normal
1 p.u.
1 p.u.
Dispositivo
Protegido
99
99
Zona de Proteo
z
Definida pela localizao dos

Transformadores de Instrumentos
(TCs)
Dispositivo
Protegido
100
100
Proteo Diferencial
101
Connection of the machine differential relay.

Differential relays match current in versus current out of the motor.
Trip for low-magnitude faults during normal loads.
Do not trip falsely for high magnitude external faults.
The CTs in differential scheme are subject to high external fault current with high
X/R ratios where saturation occurs.during the off-set of the asymmetrical fault
current Differential relays require identical current transformers on the terminal and
neutral side in order to produce identical wave forms during the saturation.
101
z
Os dois terminais do enrolamento do

motor servem como enrolamento
primrio de transformadores de
corrente
Alta sensibilidade para deteco de

faltas usando apenas elementos de
sobrecorrente
Cabo do disjuntor at o motor no

includo na zona de proteo
102
102
52
87
87
87
103
This slide shows the connection of a self-balancing differential relay.

Both ends of the motor winding serve as the primary winding of the current
transformers
This scheme has a high level of sensitivity to internal faults using only an
overcurrent relay.
In this scheme the cable from switchgear to motor is not included in the zone of
protection.
103
Diferencial de Corrente de Fase Dividida
87
104
This slide shows the split-phase current differential scheme for turn fault protection.
The ratio of the CTs at the generator neutral terminal is twice that of the CT ratio at
the generator terminal. This is in order to balance out the current difference during
normal generator operations.
This split-phase current differential scheme can also protect the generator against
winding-phase faults; and for low-resistance grounded units, it provides winding
phase-ground fault protection.
104
Autobalanceado de Fase Dividida
50
105
The other way of protecting the generator from turn-to-turn faults is to use
overcurrent elements with core-balanced CTs and pass the two winding leads
through the CT in the opposite direction. During generator normal operation, the
currents in both windings are equal and therefore the CT current outputs are close to
zero and the overcurrent protection element doesnt pick up.
If one of the two windings has a turn-to-turn fault, the current flows in both
windings will not be equal and cancel out in the core CT. The sensitive overcurrent
element will pick up and trip the generator.
One important consideration of this protection scheme is the emergency winding
cut-out repair.
105
Elemento de Desbalano de
Corrente
z
Elemento tipo % Atua com Tempo

Definido
Desbalano de Tenso de 5% no
Terminal Causa um Desbalano de
Corrente de Aproximadamente 30%
Propicia uma Proteo Adicional Alm

do Elemento Trmico
106
106
Correntes de Seqncia Negativa
Giram no Sentido Contrrio ao da

Rotao do Motor
O Fluxo Produz Correntes de 120 Hz

Induzidas no Rotor
O Efeito Pelicular Aumenta a

Resistncia do Rotor
107
107
Efeito Trmico da Corrente de

Seqncia Negativa no Rotor
108
Another condition that can specifically damage the rotor is the presence of
negative-sequence current in the stator. This current is caused by source
imbalances, series faults, bad contacts, etc.
The negative-sequence current in the stator produces an additional rotating
magnetic field in the motors air gap. This additional magnetic field rotates at the
same synchronous speed, but in the opposite direction as the original positivesequence field.
As the rotor moves at a speed close to the synchronous speed, an imaginary
observer, standing on the rotor, will see the negative-sequence field moving at
about twice the synchronous speed. The rotor will experience additional induced
voltages and currents in the conductor and iron parts whose frequency is
practically twice the synchronous value.
108
Distribuio de Corrente nas Barras

do Rotor
Rotor Bar
Starting
S' = S = 1
Rotor Bar
Rotor Bar
Running
S' = S = 0.01
Unbalance
S' = 2 S
S = Slip
S' = Rotor Current Frequency
This diagram shows how the frequency of the rotor current affects the conductor
cross-sectional area occupied by the current.
The frequency of rotor current produced by positive-sequence stator current
ramps down from nominal system frequency to nearly zero as the motor is started
(equivalent to slip = 1 and 0.01).
The frequency of rotor current produced by any negative-sequence current stator
current during the running condition will be nearly 2 per-unit. This current flows
in the outer portion of the rotor bar due to skin effect.
This translates approximately into the locked-rotor-resistance of three times the
resistance at running, and six times for the negative-sequence component of the
current.
109
Modelo de Steinmetz
Dependente do Escorregamento
MOTOR DE INDUO
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE SEQNCIA POSITIVA
jXs1
Rs1
jXr1
Im(S)
Vm
jXm1
Rr1
1 S
Rr1
S
Ir(S)
MOTOR DE INDUO
CIRCUITO EQUIVALENTE DE SEQNCIA NEGATIVA
jXs2
Vm
Rs2
jXr2
Im(S)
jXm2
Rr2
Ir(S)
S 1
Rr 2
2S
110
The equivalent circuit of an induction motor is shown in slide above known as the
Steinmetz model. The rotor resistance, and therefore, the motor terminal impedance
is a function of rotor speed or Slip (S). At T = 0, beginning of motor starting, all the
rotor power is going to heat until the rotor starts to turn, due to skin effect the rotor
resistance value is three times the running value. The value of power (heat) going
into the rotor therefore is approximately 108 times running value (Rr *(Ir)2) = 3 *
(6)2 = 108.
During starting a conservative consideration is that the motor is adiabatic system,
meaning all heat energy is being absorb and no heat is being dissipated. This
approach is used in SEL Motor Relays for Starting Thermal Protection.
110
Proteo de Desbalano e Falta de

Fase
z
Desbalano e falta de fase so

fenmenos similares, diferentes em
grau
A componente de seqncia negativa

pe em risco o motor, causando
aquecimento severo do rotor
111
Unbalanced supply voltage will cause unbalanced motor currents. Note that an
open-phase condition is a severe case of unbalance condition.
It really is the negative-sequence component of the motor currents that causes a
rapid heating in the rotor.
111
Exemplo de Desbalano de Tenso de 5%

z
Va = 2174 @ 0 Graus
Vb = 2402 @ -120 Graus
Vc = 2296 @ 115 Graus
Vmdia = 2291 Volts
Desbalano = -5.1%
112
112
(continuao)
Va = 0.905 @ 0 pu
Vb = 1.000 @ -120 pu
Vc = 0.956 @ 115 pu
Vmdia = 0.954 pu
Desbalano = -5.1%
113
113
(continuao)
V1 = 1/3 (Va + a Vb + a2 Vc)
V2 = 1/3 (Va + a2 Vb + a Vc)
V1 = 0.953 /- 1.67 pu
V2 = 0.055 / 150 pu
V0 = 0.0 / 0 pu
114
114
(continuao)
Considerando:
z
Z1 = 0.93 / 25.8 pu
Z2 = 0.14 / 82.5 pu
115
115
(continuao)
I1 = V1 / Z1
I2 = V2 / Z2
I1 = 1.025 /- 28 pu
I2 = 0.394 / 68 pu
116
116
(continuao)
I1 = 294 /- 28 Amps
I2 = 112 / 68 Amps
Ia = I1 + I2 + I0
Ib = a2 I1 + a I2 + I0
Ic = a I1 + a2 I2 + I0
117
117
(continuao)
Ia = 306 @ -6 Graus
Ib = 398 @ -154 Graus
Ic = 212 @ 75 Graus
Imdia = 305 Amps
Desbalano = -30.5%
118
118
119
119
Current Unbalance Element Logic

Inputs
|IA|
|IB|
Avg.
lav
%UB = (|Iav-lm|/FLA) 100 %
|IC|
Enable
Max .Dev.
lm
%UB = (|Iav-lm|/lav) 100 %

Enable
Settings
FLA
46UBAD
0.25
Relay
Word
Bits
46UBA
46UBA
46UBTD
46UBT
0
46UBT
120
IA = Phase Current
IB = Phase Current
IC = Phase Current
FLA = Full Load Amps Setting
46UBA = Phase Current Unbalance Alarm Setting
46UBT = Phase Current Unbalance Trip Setting
Avg. = Average
Iav = Average Phase Current Magnitude
Im = Magnitude of Current Having Max. Deviation from Iav
46UBAD = Phase Current Unbalance Alarm Delay
46UBTD = Phase Current Unbalance Trip Delay
120
121
121
Proteo de Desbalano e Falta de

Fase
52
46
49 49 49
51 Locked Rotor
50 50 50
122
This slide shows a negative-sequence overcurrent relay, along with phase

overcurrent relays for locked rotor protection. Modern microprocessor based relays
typically integrate these functions in one package.
122
Proteo Trmica
z
Rotor Travado Partida
Sobrecarga em Operao
Desbalano em Operao
Partidas Freqentes ou Prolongadas
Perda de Eficincia do Sistema de

Resfriamento
123
123
Partida e Rotor Travado

z
Motor Drena Aproximadamente Seis

Vezes a Corrente de Plena Carga (FLA)
Aquecimento Gerado Pode Ser 100

vezes Superior a Condio Normal de
Operao
Caracterstica Deve Permitir a Partida e

Emitir Trip para Rotor Travado
Trip em 1030 Segundos, Depende do

Motor
124
124
Proteo do Motor em Operao
Carga Maior do que o Fator de Servio

Causa Aquecimento I2R Excessivo nos
Enrolamentos do Estator
Corrente de Desbalano Provoca

Aquecimento Excessivo do Rotor
125
125
Perda de Eficincia do Sistema de

Resfriamento
Falha Sistemas de Ventilao
Reduo da Entrada de Ar
Detectado Usando Medio

Direta de Temperatura (RTDs)
126
126
Mtodos de Proteo Trmica

z
Elemento Bimetlico
Elemento de Sobrecorrente de
Curva Inversa
Elemento Trmico (Modelo

Trmico Integrado ao Rel
Microprocessado)
127
127
Elemento Bimetlico
z
Aquecimento I2R abre contato para

desconectar o motor
Caracterstica de reset no
relacionada com a caracterstica de
resfriamento do motor
No responde para desbalanos
Sensvel temperatura ambiente

dentro do painel
128
128
Elemento de Sobrecorrente de
Tempo Inverso
z
Prov proteo de sobrecarga e

rotor travado
Caracterstica de reset no
relacionada com a caracterstica
de resfriamento do motor
No responde para desbalanos

129
129
Modelo Trmico
Prov proteo de sobrecarga,

rotor travado e desbalano
Caracterstica de operao de
acordo com as caractersticas
do motor
130
130
Modelo Tmico Melhor que

Sobrecorrente
z
No leva em conta aquecimento causado

por correntes abaixo do pickup
Tempo de reset baseado em tempo fixo
A temperatura do motor no derivada das

correntes medidas
Caracterstica de resfriamento do motor no
emulada.
No leva em conta a capacidade trmica

inicial (U0) para uma nova partida do motor
131
Overcurrent relays have been applied with inverse-time overcurrent protection for
many years because the inverse time-overcurrent characteristics are very similar in
shape to thermal limit curves. The overcurrent curve reciprocal integration method
yields the correct time-to-trip value for only one initial condition based on the
overcurrent curve used for the Thermal Limit Curve Hot.
When using overcurrent elements for thermal protection consider the single initial
condition as the reset state. For overcurrent methods the linear rate of rise from the
reset state to the trip level is a fixed slope. The decay to reset is an exponential
curve based on the thermal time constant. Both the rise-to-trip point and the decayto-reset yield no effective Thermal Capacity Used data.
131
1000
Sobrecarga
100
Corrente em
Operao
Tempo em
Segudos
Condies de
Partida e Rotor
Travado
Rotor
Travado
Corrente
de Partida
10
132
4
6
8
Corrente em Mltiplos da
Corrente Plena Carga
10
132
Elemento Trmico Bsico
Valor do
Trip Trmico
U
Fonte
de
Calor
Trip
Trmico
133
133
Elemento Trmico de Partida do

Motor
Nvel de Trip
IL2 To
U
Fonte de Calor
3 (I 12 + I 22)
Relay
Word
Bit
49T
134
134
Elemento Trmico do Motor em Operao

Nvel de
Trip Trmico
I12 + 5 I 22
Relay
Word
Bit
49T
135
135
Causas Rotor Travado
Falha Mecnica
Falha Mancal
Tenso de Alimentao Baixa
Fase Aberta
136
Locked rotor or failure of a motor to accelerate when it is energized can be caused by

several types of abnormal conditions which include mechanical failure of the motor or load
bearings, low supply voltage, or an open circuit in one phase of the three phase voltage
supply.
136
Desempenho Rotor Travado

z
Desempenha como um
transformador carregado com
resistncia no secundrio
Correntes de trs a sete vezes a

corrente de plena carga (FLA)
Resistncia do rotor maior

devido ao escorregamento e
efeito pelicular (Skin Effect)
137
When a motor stator winding is energized with the rotor stationary, the motor performs like
a transformer with resistance-loaded secondary winding. Typically, stator winding currents
may range from three to seven or more times rated full-load value depending on motor
design and supply system impedance. During starting, the skin effect due to slip frequency
operation causes the rotor resistance to exhibit a high locked rotor value which decreases to
a low running value at rated slip speed.
137
Aquecimento Rotor Travado

z
Aquecimento por I2R no rotor

pode ser 108 vezes maior que a
condio normal de operao
Motor pode tolerar uma

condio de rotor travado por
um tempo limitado
I2t Define a capacidade trmica

138
Using a typical locked rotor current of six times rated current and a locked rotor resistance
of three time the normal running value, the I2R heating effect is estimated at 62 x 3 or 108
times that at normal current. I2R defines the heating effect and I2t defines the thermal
capability. Consequently, an extreme temperature must be tolerated for a limited time to
start the motor.
138
MOTOR TAVADO
139
This slide shows that when load torque exceeds the motor torque the current rises
and the speed decreases. Where the motor torque and the load torque are equal the
motor speed will stabilize in theory but in practice the motor usually stalls. The
excess load torque is the difference in the load torque and the motor torque. The
load torque will decrease as the motor slows causing the excess load torque to
decrease.
This conditions approaches the condition for a motor with a locked rotor or failure
to start and can be protected with the same protective functions.
139
Danos Rotor Travado
Condutores do rotor podem fundir
Stress Trmico pode deformar

condutores
Isolao do estator pode ser

afetada
140
To provide locked rotor or failure to accelerate protection, the protective device must be set
to disconnect the motor before the stator insulation suffers thermal damage or the rotor
conductors melt or suffer damage from repeated stress and deformation.
140
Proteo Rotor Travado

z
Deve desconectar motor antes

que danos ocorram
Deve permitir a partida do motor

durante condies normais
Deve coordenar com protees

a montante
141
141
Proteo Rotor Travado Baseada I2t

z
I2t Define Capacidade Trmica
I2t Limite = (LRA)2 * LRT * TD
LRA = Corrente de rotor travado (pu)
LRT = Tempo de rotor travada (seg)
TD = Dial de tempo rel

142
I2t Limit = (LRA)2 * LRT * TD

Where:
LRT = Lock Rotor Time Hot
LRA = Lock Rotor Amps (pu)
TD = Time Dial
142
Proteo Rotor Travado

Baseada I2t
tp = ((LRA)2 * LRT * TD) / (Current)2
tp = Tempo para trip
143
Time Curve = I2t Limit / (I)2

Where:
I = Current (pu)
143
Exemplo Proteo Rotor Travado
FLA = 286 A
LRA = 1930 A
LRT = 15 Segundos
TD = 1
144
144
Exemplo Proteo Rotor Travado
LRA = 1930 / 286 = 6.75 pu
LRT = 15 segundos
TD = 1.0
I2t Limite = (6.75)2 * 15 * 1 = 683
145
LRA = 1930 / 286 = 6.75 pu

I2t Limit = (6.75)2 *15 * 1 = 683
145
Rotor Travado Tempo Para Trip Com

2.5 * FLA
2.5 * FLA = 715 Amps
tp = (683) / (2.5)2
tp = 109 segundos
146
Time at 2.5 * FLA = 683 / (2.5)2 = 109 sec
146
147
147
Alta Inrcia na Partida

z
Algumas Cargas podem requerer

tempo de partida longo
O tempo de partida pode exceder

o tempo limite de rotor travado
Pode ser permitido devido

resistncia dependente do
escorregamento
148
High inertia loads, such as induced draft fans, require long accelerating times.
The starting time may exceed the allowable locked-rotor thermal limit. This
is permitted because the rotor resistance is a function of slip and decreases as
the motor accelerates. The accelerating (starting) time may exceed the
allowable locked-rotor time without excessively heating the rotor..
148
Alta Inrcia na Partida

z
A resistncia dependente do
escorregamento diminui
conforme o motor ganha
velocidade.
Potncia decrescente permite

tempo adicional para partida.
149
The starting current at zero time of an induction motor nearly equals the lockedrotor current magnitude but has a lesser heating effect during the start. This is
because rotor resistance is a function of slip and the rotor resistance decreases as the
motor accelerates to rated speed.
149
Alta Inrcia na Partida Proteo

de Rotor Travado
z Aplicar chave de velocidade
(elemento 12) para
supervisionar o ganho de
velocidade do motor,
desconectar motor se no
acelerar
z
Chave de velocidade tambm

pode ser usada em conjunto
com elemento de sobrecorrente
150
When using traditional relays for these applications several approaches are used.
These include:
1. Include a motor zero-speed switch (12) that supervises an additional overcurrent
relay 51 (START) set to protect the motor against a locked-rotor condition.
2. Apply a distance (mho type) relay, device 21, to supervise the time-overcurrent
relay device 51(START).
150
Locked Rotor Protection (High

Inertia)
52
(3) 49
(3) 51
50N/51n
Chave de
Velocidade
151
Two overcurrent relays are used. A zero-speed switch needs to be supplied

with the motor. This speed switch is used to detect acceleration of the motor.
It is used to supervise the locked rotor protection (51 Stall).
151
Lgica da Funo Chave de

Velocidade
Relay
Word
Bits
SPDSDLY
STARTING
Relay
Word
Bits
SPDSTR
SPEEDSW
0s
STARTING = Motor is Starting

SPEEDSW = Speed Switch Input
SPDSDLY = Speed Switch Delay

SPDSTR = Speed Switch Trip
152
152
153
153
154
154
Proteo Baseada nos RTDs

z
Detecta a Temperatura dos

Enrolamentos e do Mancal
Detecta a Perda de Eficincia do

Resfriamento
Falha no Sistema de Resfriamento
Temperatura do Ambiente Elevada
155
155
O que um RTD?
z
Resistor com um Valor Precisamente

Conhecido e um Coeficiente de
Temperatura de Resistncia Positivo
Medida que T Aumenta, R tambm

Aumenta
156
156
Tipos Comuns de RTD

z
Platina 100 Ohms
Nquel 120 Ohms
Nquel 100 Ohms
Cobre 10 Ohms
157
157
Tipos Comuns de RTD
Platina: Custo Elevado, Usado Onde

For Necessria uma Alta Preciso
Nquel & Cobre: Custo Mais Baixo,

Encontrados Mais Freqentemente
158
158
Medio da Resistncia
Rel
+
Entrada
do RTD
-
RTD
COM
SHLD
Bloco de Terminais
no MCC
Bloco de Terminais
no Motor ou
Prximo a Ele
159
159
Maximum Lead Resistances

z
100 and 120 Ohm RTDs: 25

Ohms
10 Ohm Copper: 3 Ohms
Maximum RTD Lead Length

Depends on RTD Type and
Wire Gauge Used
160
160
Localizao dos RTDs

z
Winding: No Enrolamento do Estator
Bearing: Medio da Temperatura do

Mancal
Ambient: Temperatura do Ar de
Entrada ou do Ar de Sada do
Radiador
Other: Invlucro da Bomba,

Temperatura Ambiente
161
161
Classes de Temperatura
Baseado no Material Isolante
B = 130C
F = 155C
H = 180C
162
162
Trip Voting dos RTDs
O Rel Monitora as Temperaturas e as

Condies dos RTDs
Indica RTDs Abertos ou Curto- Circuitados
Se o Trip Voting estiver Ativado, um Trip de

RTD Somente Poder Ocorrer se Dois ou
Mais RTDs em Boas Condies Tiverem
Suas Temperaturas de Trip Ultrapassadas
163
163
164
164
165
165
Perda de Carga / Carga Travada

(Load-Loss / Load Jam)
z
Detecta a Perda de Carga por

Subcorrente ou Mnima Potncia
Trip de Segurana se a Carga for

Desacoplada
Detecta a Carga Travada Usando

Sobrecorrente de Tempo Definido
Trip Para Proteo Trmica do Motor
166
166
Carga Travada (Load Jam)

z
O Motor Est em Operao
Load Jams (O Rotor Pra de Girar)
O Motor Perde a Velocidade
A Corrente de Fase Aumenta at o Valor de

LRA (Locked Rotor Amps - Corrente do
Rotor Travado)
167
167
Carga Travada (Load Jam)
Ajuste o Pickup em 2 x FLA (Full Load

Amps - Corrente Plena Carga)
Ajuste a Temporizao em 1 ou 2
Segundos
168
168
169
169
170
170
Proteo de
Subtenso/Sobretenso
z
Subtenso:
Aumento de corrente
Trip para evitar motor conectado quando do

religamento do alimentador
Sistema de excitao pode falhar
Partida muito longa ou sem sucesso
Dropout do Contator (70% 20%), no

adequado para proteo de subtenso.
Sobretenso:
Sobrexcitao, aumento corrente excitao,

aumento temperatura
Stress isolao
171
171
172
172
173
173
Proteo Contra Reverso de Fase

z
Uma reverso de fases ocorre quando a

tenso aplicada em uma seqncia de
fases contrria a que o motor foi projetado
para operar
Exemplo
Motor projeto para girar no sentido horrio
quando uma seqncia de fases ABC
aplicada
Motor ir girar no sentido anti-horrio quando
uma seqncia de fases ACB aplicada
174
Phase reversal would generally only occur after maintenance, emergency restoration
of overhead lines, or other activity which could cause phases to be rolled.
174
Proteo Contra Reverso de Fase

z
Trip rapidamente se detectado

rotao de fase est invertida
Pode causar srios danos

carga
Deteco sentido de rotao

baseada na tenso, rels que
no possuem medio de
tenso utilizam corrente
175
175
Phase Reversal Tripping
E47T (Enable Phase

Reversal Tripping)
SINGLEV = N
Voltage Option = Y
DELTA _Y = Y
|VA|
|VB|
|VC|
35V
|VAB|
|VBC|
60V
Relay
Word
Bit
0.5
47T
0.5 |V2|
|V1|
|IA|
|IB|
|IC|
0.03 ITAP
0.5 |I2|
Phase Reversal Element Logic
|I1|
176
Motores Sncronos
Perda de Campo:
Grande consumo de reativos
Fator de potncia baixo e indutivo
Utilizao de elementos direcionais

de potncia reativa e baseados na
medio do fator de potncia
177
177
+Q
PVARTP
PVARAP
P
+P
NVARAP
ALARM
NVARTP
TRIP
Lgica do
Elemento
VAR
Relay
Word
Bit
Q
VARDLY
RUNNING
0
Measured
Reactive
Power
Settings
Relay
Word
Bits
PVARAP
VARAD
VARA
0
NVARAP
PVARTP
VARTD
VART
0
NVARTP
178
178
179
179
Power Factor Element Logic

Relay
Word
Bit
55DLY
RUNNING
0
Measured
Power
Factor
PF Leading
Settings
55LDAP
Relay
Word
Bits
55AD
55A
0
55LGAP
55LDTP
55TD
55T
0
55LGTP
180
180
181
181
Proteo Sub/Sobrefreqncia
z
Subfreqencia causa
sobreexcitao do motor:
Aumento das correntes parasitas
Aumento perdas no ferro
Variao da freqncia causa

variao da velocidade do motor
Motor sncrono pode indicar perda

da fonte, desconectar para evitar
danos ao motor quando do
religamento
182
182
183
183
Proteo Antijogging (66)

z
Partidas/Hora Limita o Nmero de

Partidas do Motor Que Podem Ocorrer
num Perodo de 60 Minutos
Tempo Mnimo Entre as Partidas Evita

Que a Nova Partida Seja Imediata
Desenvolva os Ajustes Usando a Folha

de Dados do Motor
184
184
185
185
Proteo Anti-Backspin
Motores de bombas pode girar ao contrrio

aps o desligamento do motor
Perigoso partir o motor durante este perodo
Simplesmente bloqueie a partida por um

tempo determinado aps a parada do motor
Deteco da tenso induzida

186
In some applications such as pumps the head causes the motor pump to reverse
direction after the motor is shutdown. It is not desirable to restart the motor during
this condition, excessive torques can be created that can damage the motor and
driven equipment. A time delay is used to not allow a restart until after the motor
and pump have stopped turning.
A more complex detection approach using motor back emf (voltage) has also been
used.
186
Lgica de Falha de Disjuntor
RWB
BFI
BFD
RWB
BFT
0
RWB
52A
SETTING
52ABF=Y
I1
0.02 x ITAP
+
-
187
The microprocessor-based motor relay has the ability to be programmed using the
embedded logic to provide a breaker failure scheme built into the relay so upstream
breaker trip initiation can be provided by using additional outputs for all trip
conditions
187
Falta no Alimentador
Rel
Rel
IF
G
Carga
Carga
Carga
188
For a feeder fault, all overcurrent protective devices located in the fault current path
should coordinate.
188
Coordenao de Sobrecorrente
Tpica
Tempo
Geral
Alimentador
Fusvel
Corrente
189
This figure depicts a traditional phase coordination between the substation main
breaker overcurrent relay, feeder overcurrent relays and fuses.
189
Falta na Barra
Rel
Rel
IF
G
Carga
Carga
Carga
190
If there is a fault on the bus, the main breaker relay has to wait for the inversetime delay before tripping the bus breaker.
190
Disjuntor Geral Opera Com

Temporizao Para Falta na Barra
Tempo
Geral
tmax
Alimentador
tmin
Imin
Imax
Corrente
191
When a bus fault occurs, the relay on the main breaker operates with the time delay
dictated by its TC curve. Depending on the fault current magnitude, the clearing
time will be between a minimum and a maximum value.
Is it possible to clear a bus fault more quickly? Yes.
191
Seletividade Lgica
Disjuntor do Alimentador
OUT1
FDR
Disjuntor Geral
OUT1
MAIN
52
TC
OUT2
FDR
52
TC
52a
input
52a
192
A microprocessor-based relay greatly simplifies the wiring and equipment

associated with the implementation of a FBT scheme.
NOTE: The paralleled combination of output contacts from each feeder relay would
drive the input on the main breaker relay.
192
Seletividade Lgica
Bloqueio
Partida
IN
50/51
50/51
Rel
Rel
Carga
IF
G
Carga
Carga
193
Use the microprocessor-based relays protective elements, timers, and logic to

control an output contact. Feeder-breaker contact closure is monitored via the state
of the main breaker relays input.
193
Ajustes da Funes de Proteo

z
Os slides seguintes fornecem um guia para

ajustes de acordo com o sugerido no
documento C37.96 IEEE Guide for AC
Motor Protection.
Estes valores so sugeridos na forma de

uma orientao geral e podem no ser
adequados para aplicaes especficas de
motores.
194
The next series of slides are from Clause 7 of C37.96 IEEE Guide for AC
Motor Protection. These values should be used with proper engineering
judgment and knowledge of the specific motor application.
194

z
Elemento 27 - Subtenso Tempo definido, para

quedas de tenso tipicamente ajustada em 80%.
Pode ser aplicada em lgicas de controle,
superviso, etc.
Funo 40 Campo Baixa corrente do campo

ou consumo excessivo de Vars. Ajuste tpico para
trip quando consumo de Vars est acima de 10%
da potncia nominal
195
195

z
Elemento 46 Desbalano de
corrente ou sobrecorrente de
seqncia negativa (50Q). Ajuste
tpico 15% de desbalano ou I2
acima de 15% In.
Elemento RTD Trmico Trip

quando a temperatura excede certo
limite. Geralmente ajustado 5C
abaixo da classe de temperatura do
motor.
196
196

z
Elementos 50 - Sobrecorrente
Ajuste alto Geralmente ajustado 165%

- 250% da corrente de rotor bloqueado
(LRA)
Ajuste baixo (temporizado)

Tipicamente ajustado entre 120% 150% de LRA, tempo de 0.1 segundos
197
197
Elemento 50G Sobrecorrente de terra

Ajustado de acordo com o sistema de
aterramento.
Solidamente aterrado: 20% 50% da

corrente nominal (FLA) tempo de 0.1 a 0.2
segundos
198
198

z
Elemento 55 Fator de potncia

Tipicamente ajustado para operar quando a
corrente est defasada por mais de 30 no
sentido indutivo, com teporizao adequada
para no responder a transitrios.
Elemento 81 Frequency Rejeio de

carga ou evitar reenergizao fora de
sincronismo (58.5Hz)
199
199
Diferencial auto-balanceado - Tipicamente

10% - 20% da corrente de plena carga do
motor (FLA), temporizao 0.1 segundos
Elemento 87 Diferencial Percentual

Tipicamente ajustado com inclinao
(slope) de 10 %
200
200
Date: JUL/26/2004
WEG Indstrias S.A - Mquinas
N: FD 20092-4/2004
Data Sheet
Dimensional Drawing
Three Phase Induction Motor - Squirrel Cage Rotor
9301.5146
Customer: WEG GERMANY GMBH

Customer reference: PILLER
Product code:
Line: HGF
Identification
Insulation class: F
Temperature rise: 80 C
Locked rotor time: 36 s
Service factor: 1.00
Duty: S1
Ambient temperature: 45 C
Altitude: 400 m
Protection Degree: IP55
Cooling: T.E.F.C. (IC 411)
Mounting: B3R
Vibration: SPECIAL 1.8 mm/s
Aprox. weight: 10200 Kg
Moment of inertia (J=GD/4): 138.5 kgm
Noise level: 85 dB(A)
Direction of rotation: BOTH
Starting method: DIRECT ON LINE (100%)
Coupling: DIRECT
Frame: 560B
Output: 1600 kW
Frequency: 50 Hz
Poles: 6
Rated speed: 992 rpm
Slip: 0.8 %
Rated voltage: 6600 V Connection:Y
Rated current: 167.2 A
Rotor voltage: Not aplicable
Rotor current: Not aplicable
Locked rotor current: 920 A
Locked rotor current (p.u.): 5.5
KVA/kW: 6.57
No load current: 39.12 A
Design:
Rated torque: 15403 Nm
Locked rotor torque: 70 %
Breakdown torque: 190 %
Performance Data
Output
50%
75%
100%
Load type:
Efficiency(%):
Power factor:
96.2
0.87
Resistant torque:
96
0.84
96.2
0.86
Load Data
FAN / IMPELLER
J(J=GD/4):3200 kgm
Starting time:
Notes/Accessories
- GROUNDING LUG IN THE TERMINAL BOX
- GROUNDING LUG IN THE FRAME
- SPACE HEATER 220 V , 300 W
- TEMPERATURE DETECTOR : PT100 02 PER PHASE 03 WIRES,
- TEMPERATURE DETECTOR : PT100 01 PER BEARING
03 WIRES,
- TEMPERATURE RISE: AT S.F. OF 1.00 = 80C
- MOTOR SUITABLE TO 3 COLD STARTS AT 95% R.V. ON THE FIRST
HOUR.
- TORQUE AND CURRENT Vs SPEED CURVE AT CM 10055/2004
- ELECTRICALLY INSULATED N.D.E. BEARING.
- SHAFT GROUNDING BRUSH.
Standards
Specification:
Test:
Noise:
Vibration:
Tolerance:
IEC 34-1
IEC 34-2
IEC 34-9
IEC 34-14
ISO 286
CERTIFIED
WEG MQUINAS
Edition
Performed
Checked
Date
Site
CELIONEIB
THIAGOK
JAN/8/2004
WM
Changes
4 Eliminated thermal damage curve reference
3 Changed weight and added DIMENSIONAL 9301.5146
2 No load current was 35.11A. Added thermal damage curve
Performed
ALEXH
CLEBERP
ALEXH
Checked
MAURICIOB
CELIONEIB
SARTORI
Date
JUL/26/2004
JUN/30/2004
JUN/25/2004
WEG Indstrias - Mquinas

Departamento de Engenharia do Produto
Customer : WEG GERMANY GMBH - PILLER
Model : HGF560B 1600kW 6600V 167.2A 50Hz 6poles 992rpm
Data sheet (FD): 20092/2004
Motor Torque, Current x Speed and Load Torque x Speed, see curve 10055/2004
Motor Inertia, 138.5 kg.m; Load Inertia, 3200 kg.m
Locked rotor time at 100%Un: a) 36.0s(hot); b) 42.0s(cold).
Locked rotor time at 95%Un: a) 41.0s(hot); b) 48.0s(cold).
Motor heating time constant (running): 130.0min.
Motor cooling time constant (stopped): 370.0min.
Starting time -> 100%Un:35s; 95%Un:44s
THERMAL DAMAGE CURVE
1 .10
1 .10
TIME (s)
100
10
0.1
0.01
1.5
2.5
3
3.5
CURRENT (p.u.)
4.5
OVERLOAD
LOCKED ROTOR (HOT)
LOCKED ROTOR (COLD)
STARTING CURRENT (100%Un)
STARTING CURRENT ( 95%Un)
Exec: Alexh
Verif: Sartori
- July 26, 2004 - rev.0.
5.5
Date: JUN/25/2004
Torque and Current x Speed
N: 10055-2/2004

Customer: WEG GERMANY GMBH
Customer reference: PILLER
Product code:
Line: HGF
Identification
1.9
5.5
1.71
4.95
1.52
4.4
1.33
3.85
1.14
3.3
0.95
0.76
2.75
2.2
0.57
1.65
0.38
1.1
0.19
0.55
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Current
Current ( 95 % ) Voltage
Torque
Torque ( 95 % ) Voltage
0.5
Speed (pu)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Current (pu)

Rated torque: 15403 Nm
Insulation class: F
Duty: S1
Power factor: 0.87
Efficiency: 96.2 %
Load (pu)
Torque (pu)
Frame: 560B
Output: 1600 kW
Frequency: 50 Hz
Poles: 6
Rated voltage: 6600 V
Design:
Load
Notes
- RUN UP TIME AT 100% R.V. : 35 s.
- RUN UP TIME AT 95% R.V. : 44 s.
- MOTOR INERTIA, J: 138.5kg.m
- LOAD INERTIA, J: 3200 kg.m;
Edition
Performed
Checked
Date
Site
EDSONJK
ALEXH
JAN/8/2004
WM
Changes
2 Updated motor and load torque curves. Changed run up time
1 CHANGED AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
Performed
Checked
Date
ALEXH
JAMESG
SARTORI
ALEXH
JUN/25/2004
MAY/24/2004
Date: OCT/26/2004
N: FD 32083-3/2004
Data Sheet
Dimensional Drawing
9301.6931
Customer: WEG ELECTRIC MOTORS CORP.

Customer reference: AEP-PSO NORTHEAST POWER STATIONS 3 & 4
Product code:
Line: MGP
Identification
Insulation class: F
Locked rotor time: 12 s
Duty: S1
Ambient temperature: 50 C
Altitude: 3300 ft
Protection Degree: WP-II
Cooling: SELF-VENTILATED (IC 01)
Mounting: F-1
Vibration: NORMAL 0.11 in/s
Aprox. weight: 36733 lb
Moment of inertia (J=GD/4): 13055 lb.ft
Noise level: 85 dB(A)
Direction of rotation: BOTH
Starting method: DIRECT ON LINE (100%)
Coupling: DIRECT
Frame: 12806
Output: 7000 HP
Frequency: 60 Hz
Poles: 8
Slip: 0.56 %
Rated voltage: 6600 V Connection:Y
Rotor voltage: Not aplicable
Rotor current: Not aplicable
Locked rotor current: 3351 A
kVA/HP: 5.47
No load current: 127.7 A
Design: .
Rated torque: 41100 lb.ft
Performance Data
Output
50%
75%
100%
Load type:
Efficiency(%):
Power factor:
96.5
0.89
Resistant torque:
96
0.83
96.5
0.88
Load Data
FAN / IMPELLER
J(J=GD/4):96100 lb.ft
Starting time:
Notes/Accessories
- SPACE HEATER 125 V, 350 W
- TEMPERATURE DETECTOR : THERMOCOUPLE TYPE E
02 PER PHASE 02 WIRES,
- TEMPERATURE DETECTOR : THERMOCOUPLE TYPE E
01 PER BEARING 02 WIRES,
Temperature rise: 70K at 1.0S.F. and 115K at 1.15 S.F.
CTs for differencial protection 800/5A, C200, 60Hz, 0.6kV.
Motor torque, current x rpm, load torque x rpm, see CMI-14724/2004.
Motor performance x output power, see curve CMI-14725/2004.
Standards
Specification:
Test:
Noise:
Vibration:
Tolerance:
MG1 - Part 10
MG1 - Part 12
MG1 - Part 9
MG1 - Part 7
MG1 - Part 4
CERTIFIED
WEG MQUINAS
Edition
Performed
Checked
Date
Site
LSCHEMMER
MARCELOPS
OCT/14/2004
WM
Changes
3 Preliminary changed
2 Ambient Temperature , Temperature detector, changed .
1 Acrescentado Peso
Performed
LSCHEMMER
LSCHEMMER
LSCHEMMER
Checked
MARCELOPS
RAFAELD
MARCELOPS
Date
OCT/26/2004
OCT/26/2004
OCT/14/2004
WEG Indstrias - Mquinas

Departamento de Engenharia do Produto
Customer : AEP-PSO NORTHEAST POWER STATIONS 3 & 4
Model : MGP12806 7000hp 6600V 531.9A 60Hz 8poles 895rpm.
Data sheet (FDI): 32083/2004.
Torque, current x rpm and load torque x rpm, see curve CMI-xxxxx/2004.
Motor inertia: 550_kg.m (13055_lb.ft); Load inertia: 4050_kg.m (96100_lb.ft)
Run up Time -> 100%Un:8.0s; 80%Un:21.0s
THERMAL DAMAGE CURVE
1 .10
TIME (s)
100
10
0.1
1.5
2.5
3.5
4
CURRENT (p.u.)
4.5
5.5
6.5
OVERLOAD
LOCKED ROTOR (HOT)
LOCKED ROTOR (COLD)
STARTING CURRENT (100%Un)
STARTING CURRENT ( 80%Un)
Exec: Alexh
Verif: Sartori
- October 11, 2004 - rev.0.
Date: OCT/11/2004
Torque and Current x Speed
N: 14724-0/2004

Customer: WEG ELECTRIC MOTORS CORP.
Customer reference: AEP-PSO NORTHEAST POWER STATIONS 3 & 4
Product code:
Line: MGP
Identification
2.1
6.3
1.89
5.67
1.68
5.04
1.47
4.41
1.26
3.78
1.05
0.84
3.15
2.52
0.63
1.89
0.42
1.26
0.21
0.63
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Current
Current ( 80 % ) Voltage
Torque
Torque ( 80 % ) Voltage
0.5
Speed (pu)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Load
Notes
Motor inertia 13055_lb.ft; Load inertia 96100_lb.ft.
Load torque at the end of starting: 90%of rated motor torque.
Run up time:
a) 100%of rated voltage, 8seconds;
b) 80%of rated voltage, 21seconds.
Consecutive starts: 2 from cold or 1 from hot.
Minimum waiting time for restarting: 90minutes.
Edition
Performed
Checked
Date
Site
SARTORI
EDSONJK
OCT/25/2004
WM
Changes
Performed
Checked
Date
Current (pu)

Rated torque: 41100 lb.ft
Insulation class: F
Duty: S1
Power factor: 0.89
Efficiency: 96.5 %
Load (pu)
Torque (pu)
Frame: 12806
Output: 7000 HP
Frequency: 60 Hz
Poles: 8
Rated voltage: 6600 V
Design: .

PROTECTING LARGE MOTORS

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PROTECTING LARGE MOTORS

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CURSO DE ESPECIALIZAO DE

PROTEO DE SISTEMAS ELTRICOS

PROTEO DE MOTORES DE GRANDE PORTE

Eng. Ricardo Abboud

Rotor Gaiola de Esquilo

Drenam Corrente de Excitao do

Drenam de 3 a 7 vezes mais

Feito de Vrias Camadas de

Ranhuras Estampadas Para

Lminas de Ao Fixadas Atravs de

Rotor Gaiola de Esquilo

Polaridade da fora magnetomotriz

Campo Magntico do Estator Gira na

s = 2ns /60 = 4 f /p (in radians per second, or rad/s)

s = synchronous speed in radians per second

Esquema Motor com Rotor Gaiola

Example of Stator and Rotor Slots

O Rotor Gira a uma Velocidade Menor

Induction motors operate slower than synchronous motors. The per-unit

Corrente de Plena Carga

Corrente com o Motor em Operao na Tenso,

Corrente Nominal (FLA)

Informa a Capacidade de Sobrecarga

Um motor com FS de 1.0 no deve ser

Um motor com FS de 1.15 pode ser

Corrente de Rotor Bloqueado

Corrente drenada quando o motor

Correntes de trs a sete vezes a

Algumas vezes fornecida como um

LRA - Locked Rotor Amperes

Cdigos KVA Rotor Bloqueado

Cdigos KVA Rotor Bloqueado

Cdigos KVA Rotor Bloqueado

Clculo da Corrente de Rotor

I = (A * 1000 * HP) / (V * 1.73)

Clculo da Corrente de Rotor

I = (A * 1000 * CV) / (V * 1.73)

Clculo da Corrente de Rotor

I = (A * 1000 * KW) / (V * 1.73)

O que Tempo de Rotor Bloqueado

Perodo de tempo no qual o

O que Tempo de Rotor Bloqueado

Perodo de tempo no qual o

Tempos Seguros de Travamento

Tempo usualmente limitado pelas

O limite trmico uma curva I2t

Informaes encontradas na folha

Tempos Seguros de Travamento

Tempo de Rotor Travado a Frio

Limites Trmicos Motores

Ponto Mais Quente

Conjugado Rotor Bloqueado

Desenvolvido quando o motor

Menor conjugado desenvolvido

Maior conjugado desenvolvido

Simplificao para anlise da partida

The equivalent circuit of an induction motor is shown in diagram above. The

Impacto da Impedncia da Fonte na

rotor resistance as a function of slip

rotor reactance as a function of slip

Vstator = stator voltage

Impacto da Queda de Tenso no