European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

Part-66

PREFACE
These notes have been written specifically to meet the EASA Part-66 syllabus and to answer the
questions being asked during the examinations.
The EASA Part-66 syllabus for each sub-module is printed at the beginning of each of the chapter
in these course notes and is used as the learning objectives.
We regularly have a review of our training notes in order to improve the quality of the notes and of
the service. So, if you discover within these course notes, any errors or typos, or any subject which
is not particularly well, or adequately explained, please tell us, via our instructors or our secretary.
We will be sure to review your feedback and incorporate any changes necessary.

AUTHORITY
It is IMPORTANT to note that the information in this book is for study/training purposes only.
When carrying out a procedure/work on aircraft/aircraft equipment you MUST always refer to the
relevant aircraft maintenance manual or equipment manufacturers handbook.
You should also follow the requirements of national/international regulatory authority and published
company policy as regards local procedures, recording, report writing, documentation etc.
For health and safety in the workplace you should follow the regulations/guidelines as specified by
the equipment manufacturer, your company, national safety authorities and national governments.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Copyright. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any other means whatsoever: i.e. photocopy,
electronic, mechanical recording or otherwise in whole or in part without the prior written
permission of Part-66 Free

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Module 9A Human Factors

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Applicability: B1

KNOWLEDGE LEVELS
Basic knowledge are indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against
each applicable subject.
The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows:
LEVEL 1
A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject.
Objectives:

The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using
common words and examples.
The applicant should be able to use typical terms.

LEVEL 2
A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
An ability to apply that knowledge.
Objectives:

The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as
appropriate, typical examples.
The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical
laws describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics
describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed
procedures.

LEVEL 3
A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and
comprehensive manner.

Objectives:

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The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other
subjects.
The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical
fundamentals and specific examples.
The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the
subject.
The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings
and schematics describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using
manufacturer's instructions.
The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements
and apply corrective action where appropriate.

Module 9A Human Factors

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EASA PART-66

MODULE CONTENTS AND LEVELS

SubModule

Subject

Level

9.1

General

9.2

Human Performance and Limitations

9.3

Social Psychology

9.4

Factors Affecting Performance

9.5

Physical Environment

9.6

Tasks

9.7

Communication

9.8

Human Error

9.9

Hazards in the Workplace

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.1
General

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Table of Contents

Module 9.1 General ___________________________________________________ 5

The Need To Take Human Factors Into Account _______________________________________ 5
What is "Human Factors"? _________________________________________________________ 5
The SHEL Model __________________________________________________________________ 7
Incidents and Accidents Attributable To Human Factors / Human Error ____________________ 9
Examples of Incidents and Accidents _______________________________________________ 11
Incidents and Accidents - A Breakdown in Human Factors ______________________________ 13
Murphy's Law ___________________________________________________________________ 14
Dr James Reason ________________________________________________________________ 15

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.1

General

LEVEL
2

The need to take human factors into account;

Incidents attributable to human factors/human error;
Murphy's law.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.2
Human Performance and Limitations

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Table of Contents

Module 9.2 Human Performance and Limitations __________________________ 5

Human Performance as Part of the Maintenance Engineering System _____________________ 5
Vision ___________________________________________________________________________ 7
The Basic Function of the Eye _____________________________________________________ 7
Components of the Eye ___________________________________________________________ 8
Factors Affecting Clarity of Sight ____________________________________________________ 9
Physical Factors _______________________________________________________________ 11
Environmental Factors __________________________________________________________ 12
The Nature of the Object Being Viewed _____________________________________________ 12
Colour Vision __________________________________________________________________ 13
Vision and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________________________ 14
Hearing ________________________________________________________________________
The Basic Function of the Ear _____________________________________________________
Components of the Ear __________________________________________________________
Impact of Noise on Performance ___________________________________________________
Hearing Impairment _____________________________________________________________
High and Low Tone Deafness _____________________________________________________
Hearing Protection______________________________________________________________
Presbycusis ___________________________________________________________________
Hearing and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer _______________________________________

15
15
16
18
18
19
19
19
20

Information Processing ___________________________________________________________

An Information Processing Model __________________________________________________
Sensory Receptors and Sensory Stores _____________________________________________
Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________
Decision Making _______________________________________________________________
Memory ______________________________________________________________________
Motor Programmes _____________________________________________________________
Situation Awareness ____________________________________________________________
Information Processing Limitations _________________________________________________
Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________
Decision Making, Memory, and Motor Programmes ____________________________________
Summary _____________________________________________________________________

21
21
22
22
23
24
26
26
27
27
29
30

Claustrophobia, Physical Access and Fear of Heights _________________________________ 31

Physical Access and Claustrophobia _______________________________________________ 31
Fear of Heights ________________________________________________________________ 31
Other Phobias _________________________________________________________________ 32

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.2

Human Performance and Limitations

LEVEL
2

Vision;
Hearing;
Information processing;
Attention and perception;
Memory;
Claustrophobia and physical access.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.3
Social Psychology

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Table of Contents

Module 9.3 Social Psychology __________________________________________ 5

The Social Environment ___________________________________________________________ 5
Responsibility: Individual and Group _________________________________________________ 6
Motivation and De-motivation _______________________________________________________ 9
Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ 9
External and Internal Motivation ____________________________________________________ 9
Reward and Punishment: Effects on Behaviour _______________________________________ 10
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs _____________________________________________________ 11
De-motivation _________________________________________________________________ 12
Peer Pressure ___________________________________________________________________ 15
Experiments in Conformity _______________________________________________________ 15
Countering Peer Pressure and Conformity ___________________________________________ 16
Culture Issues ___________________________________________________________________ 17
Safety Culture _________________________________________________________________ 18
Social Culture _________________________________________________________________ 19
Engineering a Just Culture (Dr.Reason) _____________________________________________ 20
The Blame Cycle _______________________________________________________________ 22
David Marx Scenarios ___________________________________________________________ 25
The Substitution Test ___________________________________________________________ 27
The Blame Scale _______________________________________________________________ 28
Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 28
Personality Types ________________________________________________________________ 29
Five Factor Model ______________________________________________________________ 29
"Accident Prone" _______________________________________________________________ 30
Team Working ___________________________________________________________________
The Concept of a Team _________________________________________________________
Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Working _______________________________
Important Elements of Team Working_______________________________________________

31
31
31
32

Management, Supervision and Leadership ___________________________________________

The Management Role __________________________________________________________
The Supervisory Role ___________________________________________________________
Characteristics of a Leader _______________________________________________________

35
35
36
37

Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) __________________________________________ 39

CRM and MRM ________________________________________________________________ 39
The Dirty Dozen _______________________________________________________________ 41

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Module 9.3 Social Psychology

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.3

Social Psychology

LEVEL
1

Responsibility: individual and group;

Motivation and de-motivation;
Peer pressure;
Culture issues;
Team working;
Management, supervision and leadership.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.4
Factors Affecting Performance

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Table of Contents

Module 9.4 Factors Affecting Performance _______________________________ 5

Fitness and Health ________________________________________________________________
Pre-employment Disposition _______________________________________________________
Day-to-Day Fitness and Health _____________________________________________________
Positive Measures _______________________________________________________________

5
5
6
7

Stress ___________________________________________________________________________ 9
Causes and Symptoms ___________________________________________________________ 9
Domestic Stress _______________________________________________________________ 10
Work Related Stress ____________________________________________________________ 10
Stress Management ____________________________________________________________ 11
Time Pressure and Deadlines ______________________________________________________ 13
The Effects of Time Pressure and Deadlines _________________________________________ 13
Managing Time Pressure and Deadlines ____________________________________________ 14

Page 3

Workload - Overload and Underload ________________________________________________

Arousal ______________________________________________________________________
Factors Determining Workload ____________________________________________________
Overload _____________________________________________________________________
Underload ____________________________________________________________________
Workload Management __________________________________________________________

15
15
17
17
18
18

Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work ______________________________________________________

What Is Sleep? ________________________________________________________________
Circadian Rhythms _____________________________________________________________
Fatigue ______________________________________________________________________
Shift Work ____________________________________________________________________
Sleep, Fatigue, Shift Work and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________

21
21
23
24
27
28

Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse________________________________________________

Alcohol _______________________________________________________________________
Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 ____________________________________________
Alcohol and Sleep ______________________________________________________________
Alcohol and Attention ___________________________________________________________
Medication ____________________________________________________________________
Drugs ________________________________________________________________________
Non-Prescribed Drugs ___________________________________________________________

33
33
34
40
41
42
43
43

Diet and Nutrition ________________________________________________________________

Eating Habits/Patterns___________________________________________________________
Culture _______________________________________________________________________
Nutrition ______________________________________________________________________
Glycaemic Index (GI)____________________________________________________________
Drinking Habits ________________________________________________________________
Dehydration ___________________________________________________________________

45
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45
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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.4

Factors Affecting Performance

LEVEL
2

Fitness/health;
Stress: domestic and work related;
Time pressure and deadlines;
Workload: overload and underload;
Sleep and fatigue, shiftwork;
Alcohol, medication, drug abuse.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.5
Physical Environment

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Table of Contents

Module 9.5 Physical Environment _______________________________________ 5

Noise ___________________________________________________________________________ 6
Fumes __________________________________________________________________________ 7
Illumination ______________________________________________________________________ 9
Climate and Temperature _________________________________________________________ 11
Motion and Vibration _____________________________________________________________ 13
Confined Spaces ________________________________________________________________ 15
Working Environment ____________________________________________________________ 17

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.5

Physical Environment

LEVEL
1

Noise and fumes;

Illumination;
Climate and temperature;
Motion and vibration;
Working environment.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.6
Tasks

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Table of Contents

Module 9.6 Tasks ____________________________________________________ 5

Physical Work ____________________________________________________________________ 7
Planning ______________________________________________________________________ 7
Physical Tasks _________________________________________________________________ 8
Repetitive Tasks __________________________________________________________________ 9
Visual Inspection ________________________________________________________________ 11
Complex Systems________________________________________________________________ 13

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.6

Tasks

LEVEL
1

Physical work;
Repetitive tasks;
Visual inspection;
Complex systems.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.7
Communication

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Table of Contents

Module 9.7 Communication ____________________________________________ 5

Within and Between Teams _________________________________________________________ 5
Modes of Communication _________________________________________________________ 5
Transactional Analysis (TA) _______________________________________________________ 6
The Freudian Approach __________________________________________________________ 9
Verbal and Written Communication ________________________________________________ 11
Non-verbal Communication _______________________________________________________ 11
Communication Within Teams ____________________________________________________ 12
Communication Between Teams __________________________________________________ 12
Shift Handover _________________________________________________________________ 13
Communication Problems ________________________________________________________ 21
Work Logging and Recording ______________________________________________________ 23
Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency _____________________________________________________ 25
Dissemination of Information ______________________________________________________ 27

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.7

Communication

LEVEL
2

Within and between teams;

Work logging and recording;
Keeping up to date, currency;
Dissemination of information.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.8
Human Error

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Table of Contents

Module 9.8 Human Error ______________________________________________ 5

Error Models and Theories _________________________________________________________ 6
Design Vs Operator - Induced Errors ________________________________________________ 6
Variable Vs Constant Errors _______________________________________________________ 6
Reversible Vs Irreversible Errors ___________________________________________________ 7
Slips, Lapses and Mistakes ________________________________________________________ 8
Skill-, Rule- and Knowledge-Based Behaviours and Associated Errors _____________________ 10
The 'Swiss Cheese Model' _______________________________________________________ 14
Failures ______________________________________________________________________ 15
Three Common Mistakes in Aircraft Maintenance _____________________________________ 21
Summarising Error Types ________________________________________________________ 24
Types of Error in Maintenance Tasks________________________________________________ 25
Violation in Aircraft Maintenance ___________________________________________________ 25
Errors Associated With Visual Inspection ____________________________________________ 33
Implications of Errors (ie Accidents) ________________________________________________ 34
Avoiding and Managing Errors _____________________________________________________
Error Management _____________________________________________________________
Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA) ____________________________________________
Safety and Risk ________________________________________________________________

Page 3

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EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.8

Human Error

LEVEL
2

Error models and theories;

Types of error in maintenance tasks;
Implications of errors (i.e accidents)
Avoiding and managing errors.

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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1
Module 9A
Human Factors

9.9
Hazards in the Workplace

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Table of Contents

Module 9.9 Hazards in the Workplace ___________________________________ 5

Recognising and Avoiding Hazards __________________________________________________
Potential Hazards in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering __________________________________
Relevant Legislation an d the Maintenance Organisation's Responsibilities __________________
Engineer's Individual Responsibilities ________________________________________________
Safety in the Working Environment __________________________________________________
Safety when Working On Aircraft ___________________________________________________

5
5
5
7
7
7

Dealing With Emergencies _________________________________________________________ 9

Risk Assessment ________________________________________________________________ 11
What is risk assessment? ________________________________________________________ 11
How to assess the risks in your workplace ___________________________________________ 11

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Module 9.9 Hazards in the Workplace

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Applicability: B1

EASA PART-66

SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS

9.9

Hazards in the Workplace

LEVEL
2

Recognising and avoiding hazards;

Dealing with emergencies.

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