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In Technical Standards for Gates and Penstocks in japan, the critical buckling pressure is prescribed
as follow. It is based on the paper by Amstutz in 1953.
((AMSTUTZ,E. Das Einbeulen von vorgespannten Schacht-und Stollenpanzerungen, Schweizerische
Bauzeitung,71,1953,N.16,p229.)by Amstutz in 1953.)
a. Equation for defining the axial stress at the moment of buckling (N )
(
N
k0
+
rm
Es
)(
1 + 12
rm 2 N
t2 Es
)1.5
= 3.36
rm F N
t
Es
(
)
1 rm F N
1
2 t
Es
(1)
rm
t
N
rm F N
1 + 0.35
t
Es
(2)
Es
1 s 2
F
F =
1 s + s 2
= 1.5 0.5
1
(1 + 0.002 Es /F )2
(3)
d. Gap between outer surface of steel pipe and inner surface of backfill concrete
k0 =
(s T + g a /Es )r00
1 + g
If compressive stress v is acted in the steel pipe, k0 /rm shall be changed to v /Es .
pk
D0
t0
t
Es
s
rm
r00
N
F
Es
F
k0
s
T
g
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
(4)
2.
According to the paper by Ernst Amstutz Buckling of pressure-shaft and tunnel linings: Water Power
November 1970, the critical buckling pressure of embedded steel pipe is defined as follow.
In this paper, not only the cases of perfect circular pipe but also the case of the pipe with imperfections
such as initial deflection and oset of the joint are described.
2.1 Basic formula for perfect circular pipe
Following assumptions are introduced as the basis of the analysis in order to derive the critical buckling
pressure of embedded steel pipe.
Assumption by Amstutz
1
Displacement of steel pipe in outer direction is restricted by the backfilled concrete.
2
Steel pipe has completely elastic body and backfilled concrete is considered as a rigid body.
3
Deflection mode of steel pipe is approximated as trigonometrical function.
4
Reduction of restriction by the gap between concrete and external surface of the steel pipe, or
Increase of restriction by the pre-stress is considered.
5
The compressive stress of external surface (uniform compression + bending stress) of the pipe is
equal to the yield stress of steel pipe at the moment of buckling.
6
Since steel pipe considered is embedded in rock zone, restriction by Poissons eect is considered
for elastic modulus and yield stress of the steel pipe.
(Es is increased to Es using Poissons ration s .)
7
Since ultimate bending strength of the steel is greater than initial yield bending strength, critical
strength of the pipe is increased using coecient of supporting eect.
(F is increased to F using Poissons ratio s and coecient for supporting eect .)
a. Equation for defining the axial stress at the moment of buckling (N )
(
k0
N
+
rm
Es
)(
)1.5
(
)
rm 2 N
rm F N
rm F N
1 + 12 2
=
2
1
2
t Es
t
Es
t
Es
(5)
rm
t
N
rm F N
1 + 2
t
Es
(6)
Es
1 s 2
F
F =
1 s + s 2
= 1.5 0.5
1
(1 + 0.002 Es /F )2
(7)
cos()
1 cos()
(8)
( r )2
m
N
t
Es
)
(
1
[ cos() sin()]
=
[
]
sin2 ()
2
= sin() cos() +
sin
()
cot()
sin2 ()
(10)
(12)
=
1 + 12
(9)
(11)
(0 < 5 /2)
where, means the half angle of deflected range, and unit is degree.
(13)
r =
r
r
D
D
3 2/2 1
3 2/2 1
2.3 Eect of oset at the welded joint
Additional bending stress due to additional moment caused by oset at the welded joint is considered.
And the equations to calculate the critical axial stress N and buckling pressure Pcr are modified as
follow.
Additional moment M and additional bending stress are expressed as follow.
M = F
s
N
2
= 3
s
N
t
m=1+3
s
t
It means that equation (5) and equation (6) is modified using parameter m.
(
k0
N
+
rm
Es
)(
1 + 12
rm 2 N
t2 Es
)1.5
pk =
= 2
rm
t
rm F m N
t
Es
(
)
rm F m N
1 2
t
Es
rm F m N
1 + 2
t
Es
(15)
D + D
N F
90
- 6
s
-?
-
-
-
-
N F
D D
90
(14)
6
t
3.
Estimation of critical buckling pressures using TSGP formula and Amstutz formula (1970)
The values of , and depend on the value of N and are not constant in Amstutzs formula (1970).
However, they are constant values in TSGP (Technical Standards for Gates and Penstocks) in japan as
follow.
= 1.68
= 0.25
= 0.175
It can be understood comparing equation (1) and (2) with equation (5) and (6). These values were
shown in the paper by Amstutz (1953), and these were derived based on geometrical consideration.
The result of comparison of critical buckling pressures using TSGP formula and Amstutz formula
(1970) are shown below.
3.1 Conditions of estimation
The relationship between the value of the ratio (radius / shell thickness) and critical buckling pressure
were estimated using two formulas. In this study, design pipe diameter D0 was varied and design shell
thickness of pipe was fixed as the value of t0 = 30mm.
Conditions for estimation is shown in Table1.
Table1
General conditions
t0 = 30mm
D0 /2t0 = 35 140
Es = 206, 000M P a s = 0.3
= 1.0
T = 20 C
Yield point and allowable stress
Material HT100 SHY685 SM570
F
885
685
450
a
400
330
240
Initial imperfection
Initial deflection
D0 /300
Oset at welded joint 0.05 t0
= 1.5mm
s = 1.2 105 / C
g = 1.0
SM490
315
175
SM400
235
130
Assumed
Japanese standard
3.2 Result
Estimated results are shown in Fig.1Fig.2.
In Fig.1, the eect of initial imperfection is indicated using Amstutzs formula (1970), and the dierence between Amstutzs formula (1970) with initial imperfections and TSGP formula in japan is shown
in Fig.2.
In these conditions, initial imperfection does not have large influence to the critical buckling pressure.
Moreover, the formula by TSGP in japan gives the result of safety side as compared with the Amstutzs
formula (1970) with initial imperfection.
12
11
10
9
8
F=685 MPa
7
F=450 MPa
F=315 MPa
F=235 MPa
Application limit
4
3
2
1
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
D0 / 2t0
Fig.1
12
Standard in japan
Amstutz with initial imperfections
11
F=885 MPa
9
8
F=685 MPa
7
F=450 MPa
F=315 MPa
5
4
F=235 MPa
Application limit
10
3
2
1
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
D0 / 2t0
Fig.2