Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
~ J ~.."J I
;;JJ I
'bring up'
4.Sr,f ~
J!.e ~~)'I ~~ I ~
'take off'
,'fall through'
Kamal Khalaili
, 'moneY)
'de' raiSe \
prOV\ ~.
o neY
,"1\,0) ~,.)J)
pld up the m
(J
' - ' . b nefactor
enerous e
the cash~o~tneschet1\~. tWO da'js to put up
~ ou have on 'i
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J! .1.:.1:-.; ( , .l:.- ~~;Si ,i ~ ~ .u.-:- I, , ~ ~~~ ~ ~.,;.
~ ~\ .:.,.. ~f ~i ~J . ~) I, ..\J I ~~ J~t..,.. ~.."J I ;;Jl 1
~.J i);I) 1 ~ I ~~~I .;.;L...LS:J~ i.)..,- .?T J \.:;~i, 0!;U:' 1~
.~.."J I ~';
bar' endure
to\erate~ e ,
~, ,
~
-.J
J;-
,~ ~
Co
. . ' n'\nert\ne
nce
\liar
\ refuse to P
t of nOise
v \onger .
with a \0
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to put up
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from the nelg
CONTENTS
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
AGREE
BACK
BE
BEAR
BLOW
BREAK
BRING
CALL
CARRY
CATCH
CLEAR
COME
CUT DO
DRAW
FALL
GET
GIVE
GO
HAND
HANG
HOLD
KEEP
KNOCK
Page
4
5
9
10
11
16
17
19
23
28
30
33
34
35
41
45
48
50
53
62
65
74
75
77
81
85
Page
LAY
LEAVE
LET
LOOK
MAKE
PASS
PAY
PULL
PUT
RUN
SEE
SET
SHOW
STAND
TAKE
THINK
THROW
TURN
WEAR
WORK
English-Arabic
Glossary
Key to Exercises
88
91
94
96
102
107
109
111
115
123
130
132
137
139
143
151
154
156
162
164
169
185
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
o~,~~,
cf
compare
e.g.
for example
esp
especially
~~) -~~J
etc
et cetera
I?,
i.e.
that is
imper = imperative
0);
-J-t.i
~
J~
f) -o?"
~ '\$1
/~I~
.J..aj ~ ':J
insep
inseparable
neg
negative
jJ\~
opp
opposite
pass
passive
sb
somebody
sep
separable
sth
something
.J..aj~
L. c :.
usu
usually
'"U~
vi
intransitive verb
vt
transitive verb
J~\~
L.
.:.
'"
,o~l&.
Jd
..lVJ-.'
\ j':J
INTRODUCTION
The structure of English compared to Arabic is very different. Although
in many ways grammatically simple, English does present considerable
problems to the Arabic-speaking student, particularly in its colloquial
use of verbs followed by prepositions or particles - the phrasal verb.
Everyday English has always relied heavily on such basic verbs as put,
take, get, make, bring, let, and can form many combinations of these verbs
with one or more prepositions or particles. These look deceptively easy
to the foreigner at first sight, but their meanings can be radically different from what one might expect. Could anyone, for example, guess the
meaning of such a phrase as put up with, purely from its constituent
words?
The aim of this book is to illustrate the different meanings in context
of a practical and representative selection of the most useful and widely
used phrasal verbs - both in spoken and written English. It contains 44
sections, each devoted to a principal verb and the numerous combinations it can make with different prepositions or particles. Each phrasal
verb is annotated grammatically, given a definition in straightforward
English, with two examples to fix the context, then translated into the
appropriate Arabic equivalent, given this context.
Completion exercises at the end of each section give student and
teacher 'extra material to practise the correct and appropriate usage of
these phrases. A key to these exercises is provided at the back of the book.
Because a wide range of vocabulary is necessary to illustrate the full use
of the phrasal verbs, an English-Arabic glossary has been provided at
the back of the book. It contains about 400 items, each with an Arabic
translation and a page reference indicating the point where the word
first appears with a specific meaning in the text.
English Phrasal Verbs in Arabic makes no claim to be comprehensive or
academically rigorous; it is designed rather to be of the maximum possible use, either in class or for private study, to a broad cross-section of
students in school or higher education in the Arabic-speaking world.
~ ~)'-:-t ~.rJ\ ~\
~ ~\}\
)-\
J ~\ ~; ~
phrasal verbs -:
~.)~~ ~L:J\ ~ o~ y~
\'J
4:j:K;\'\
L. ~J -
J j..tV
"':';\J') \r\ Ji
..l:-W I ~
Ji 0i
~~
phrasal verbs
Lr.il,v
4.:li-
~ ~I ~I;JI ~
JJ \rl
4.k}l J~
put up with
Ji
~ ~ ': J I~ ~~I
0i
J1 ~i
0i ')Ji \.;:>iJ
phrasal verbs
"I..,.....
U.rJ 1
JvilI.l>U
J ~ If ~ J\;
.....
...:,;bJ.k...a11 ~
'N
"-"0 ..1
Jd JS' .)jj
lS.f>:.J
.~..ul lk~1
0lS'1,)1
.'.
..
.f.
.)lS'\~1 L. ~~
.;II
0
6.:~1
Key to Exercises
AGREE
CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS
agree to
vt insep
accept; consent to
j?
,--,j\/ ~
vt insep
be unanimous about
~\
Why can't you two ever agree on anything?
They agreed on the course of action to be taken.
Has the date for the next meeting been agreed upon yet?
j?
agree with
1 vt insep
(lI)\ J ~) ~\J
1 agree with everything you have said so far.
Many people did not agree with the speaker on the last
point he made.
I'm afraid 1 can't agree with you in this matter.
agree with
2 vt insep
~\ ~~lb
His story doesn't quite agree with that of the other witness*, does it?
agree with
3 vt insep
approve of
',i\ . 1...>./
~\\
./
*All
English words in the text marked with an asterisk appear, with a translation into
Arabic, in the English-Arabic glossary at the back of the book.
~.:-4
J ~rll
~~; ~ .J.:>:- j ( )
- L:.':;I
0)
agree with
4 vt insep
i~ ':) '~\J
Indian food does not agree with me .
The tropical* climate does not agree with David.
9
EXERCISE 1
L"J J i
be about to
vi
be on the point of
0i ~J ~
.t:l l ~ Ji ~r if
Jjl:.;
heavily.
He won't back down unless'he is forced to do so.
be after
vt insep
~ O?;.
Jki
e-
It's too late to back out now; I'm afraid we shall have to
go through with it.
He backed out of the agreement, because he knew the
others would not abide by it.
want; seek
~
~I) ,~ ,~IJJ ~
10
back out
vi
EXERCISE 2
BE
back on to
vt insep
~)
back down
vi
~IJ)I Jl
give support to
1
2
3
4
BACK
back away
vi
back up
vt sep
be along
vi
come; arrive
~J
,Ji
be away
vi
(.t:l l ~I )
~I if) ~l&.
be back
vi
, CJ
vi, vt imep
be off
be late; be delayed
if ~
,j.r=-l:..
be off
vi
be down on
vt imep
vt imep
vi
be on
I
:
1 vi
(.~\
1 vi
if) ~Jf-4
~ ..lil>- JI ~~
be in favour of
J .,l,. .Y
~
go; leave
j~\
,~~
I'm sorry I can't keep the appointment with you; I'm off
to Paris tomorrow.
12
f!
2 vi
~..rj-,(~
The meeting is on again in spite of all the setbacks.
be out
I vi
.~\ ~I
~I j ~~y..rj-
be inaccurate; be wrong
2vi
0~ ,~~
() lk..rj- ,~lt
I
I'
be for
3 vi
be depressed; be dejected
~ '\~
Jonathan is a bit down because he failed his driving
test.
be cancelled
2 vi
be out
be on strike
3 vi
~\if~~
The miners are out again.
Most of the workers at that factory were out during
the last two weeks.
13
be out of
vt insep
have no more of
~ ~ J i ~J.l t..
:4
be up to
1 vt insep
be out to
vi
be determined to
~~
Robin is all out to pass his final examinations.
The government is out to curb inflation .
be over
vi
be finished; be ended
~\,~\
be up to
2 vt insep
~~
be up to
3 vt insep
be up to
4 vt insep
LSi""
be finished with
with
vt insep
~ ~\J\
be out of bed
~ ,~\.ril\ ~ ~~
The children were up at five this morning.
He must be up by now. It's nearly twelve o'clock.
beup
2 vi
(~)\) ~\ J\ ~\
14
(~}ki\ ~.,:-l\)
Jl
c!f
be depending on
~~p
You can either punish him or let him off. It's entirely
up to you.
It's not up to me to decide on these matters.
be engaged in (some mischievous act)
(J~ Ji ~L;, ~) ~~ J~
EXERCISE 3
ti
be equal to
be through
~ .J~li
He has made a terrible mess of the job. I'm afraid he is
not up to it.
When she was younger, she was up to walking ten miles
a day.
be capable of
15
12 The choice is not entirely ...... me, I'm afraid. I'll have to consult
my partner.
13 We should be ...... this job by Friday at the latest.
14 She was . . . early this morning to do the packing.
15 You don't seem to be fond of Stuart. You're always ...... him.
bear with
vt insep
BEAR
EXERCISE 4
bear down
(up)oo
vt insep
.J-
~~\ ,~ ~\
bear out
vt sep
confirm; support
bear (up)oo
vt insep
BLOW
blow io(to)
vi, vt insep
Ie-
J.li
~' .
It must be very hard for her to bear up against the
death of her only child.
I know how disappointed you must be feeling, but do try
to bear up, won't you?
J)i ,~ j...a;\
arrive unexpectedly
c!j .ti- ~ ~~
John blew in last night to tell us about his promotion.
Guess who's just blown into my offi~e.
16
1 Your remark doesn't bear ... the matter at issue, I'm afraid.
2
3
4
5
6
7
..lJ-i ,wi
. ,i '
This story of yours bears out his innocence beyond all
doubt.
Is there anyone who can bear you out on this?
My friend Hill will bear out everything I have told you.
bear up
vi
blowout
vi, vt sep
blow over
vi
be extinguished; extinguish
t.J,i
,~\
~ .i~
The crew of the ship were greatly relieved when th~
storm finally blew over.
There is no need to worry about it; the whole thing will
soon blow over.
17
blow up
1 vi
blow up
2 vi
BREAK
break away
I vi
~,~ ,~\
blowup
4 vt sep
...\.4j
blowup
3 vi. vt sep
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
break away
2 vi
renounce; abandon
!J;
'd' ~
~\;'4 ';A. ,~
reprimand; scold
~I,~I
blow up
5 vt sep
secede
break away
3 vi
~ '~J
,~I
blow up
6 vt sep
enlarge
(.C:lI 0JY)
fi'
break down
cease to function
1 vi
(~\TI) ~
My car has broken down again and badly needs servicing.
These machines will break down if they are left without
proper maintenance.
EXERCISE5
Use synonyms in place of the underlined phrasal verbs:
1 The mother blew her son ~ for answering her back.
18
break down
be discontinued
2 vi
(~~Jwl) ~j
19
break down
3 vi
break off
1 vi
destroy by breaking
4 vt sep
;s~~
break off
2 vt sep
classify
5 vt sep
(wL:j Jl) ~
~
If you break these statistics down, you'll see that 50% of
those unemployed are under the age of twenty.
J\
break in
1 vt sep
(~l..a. ~J)
(~..l:ll)
Eli
1 vi, vt insep
break off
3 vt sep
2 vt insep
~ ~ ,~? J>-~
begin suddenly
.'
'. 1
~~ J ~
(wliJWI)
&
,(~)
JJi
detach
(~~ ~ ~)~
The child broke off a piece of chocolate and gave it to his
sister.
break out
1 vi
start suddenly
break out
2 vi
break through
penetrate
terminate; sever
Many African countries have broken off diplomatic relations with Israel.
l>.i
break down
break in
~\ji) ~I;-I
I'm going to break down the door if you won't let me in.
2 vi
(j-JI
vi, vt insep
(L. 0tS:.. ~) ) ~~
If he tries to break out shoot him.
Three men broke out of this prison last week.
break up
1 vi
21
break up
2 vi, vt sep
;s,~,~
The ship broke up on the rocks.
We broke up the old car and sold it as scrap.
break up
3 vi, vt sep
bring about
vt sep
J) ,~ ,J~ <~\
brine back
1 vt sep
J!
~~i '~.J.>.i ,~
return
.)\&.i
'C;)
J;.;\
EXERCISE6
briag back
reintroduce
2 vt insep
~~ ~
1 They suddenly broke ... their conversation when they saw me coming.
2 When do you break ... for Easter*?
3 I want you to break ... these figures and tell me how much we have
spent on housing schemes*- alone.
4 When did the Second World War break ... ?
5 The bus broke ... on the way to Glasgow, and we were stranded there
for hours.
6 Will you please stop breaking ... while I'm talking!
7 When he learnt of his son's tragic death, the old man broke ... and
cried.
8 During the recent riots* many department stores were broken ...
and looted *.
9 Fifty people were killed when a fire broke ... in the building.
10 During the American Civil War, eleven states broke ... to form the
Southern Confederacy.
11 The prisoner broke ... of gaol by climbing a nine-foot wall.
12 Judith has broken ... her engagement to Anthony.
13 If we don't break ... the fight, someone will get hurt.
14 I tied the horse to a tree, but he managed to break . . . .
15 Someone broke ... my office and stole the papers.
j>-.)\
3 vt sep
22
cause to happen
We sincerely hope that these talks will bring about a
reconciliation between the two countries.
It was the Watergate affair that brought about the downfall of Richard Nixon.
disperse; scatter
The meeting broke up at about eleven.
The police.used tear-gas* to break up the demopstration.
break up
4 vi
BRING
(o)lk) .~i
Twenty of the enemy's fighter aircraft have been brought
down by ground-to-air missiles *.
briagdowo
cause to fall
2 vt sep
(~Pl) ~i
These unpopular measures* could bring the government
down.
briagdown
3 vt sep
(f-JI) ~ Ji J)
The government intends to bring the price of bread
down to fifteen pence a loaf.
23
bring forth
vt insep
. .
~ jl ~~I
bring off
2 vt sep
produce; yield
~f
'(~~) ).;\ )
bring on
vt sep
c."k
bring forward
2 vt sep
bring in
1 vt sep
(~}I J\ ~).:ll) \~
(0jlt
tJr4)
bring in
2 vt sep
.. .
C~ (I JI ~I
~ ~ 'R\ '~J
convince; convert
J~I
'e
~i
bring over
vt sep
pronounce (a verdict)
~~\ "~\
bring off
1 vt sep
bring out
2 vt sep
yield; produce
).;JI (0#1)
cause; induce
bring in
3 vt insep
bring out
1 vt sep
\~ ,(~l>-~I) J>-~I
,l4;i
make earlier
The committee has decided to bring forward the date of
the conference to next May.
In view of this emergency*, our meeting is to be brought
forward from the 20th to the 13th April.
bring forward
1 vt sep
rescue
bring round
1 vt sep*
(l4 0~4
Jl) ~i _~ ji
25
bring round
2 vt sep*
restore to consciousness
("Wl ~) ~J Jl o,:)~i
bring up
3 vt sep
J~\
'ei
bring to
vt sep*
bring under
VI sep*
subdue; control
~i 'Uk
The rebels must be brought under at all costs.
Germany was brought under Fascist rule.
bring up
1 vt sep
rear; raise
L:.;i ,~)
To bring up a family of six must cost a lot of money
these days.
Those children are very badly brought up.
He lWlS brought up to obey his elders and betters.
bring up
2 vt sep
)t;i Ji
persuade; convert
bring through
vt sep*
(4.1L.)
bring round
3 vt sep*
raise; mention
vomit
~\
EXERCISE 7
A Use synonyms in place of the underlined phrasal verbs:
1 New measures are being brought in to deal with tax* evasion.
2 I wish you'd stop bringing up this subject every time I see you.
3 The sudden outbreak of cholera has been brought about by the recent
floods.
4 What verdict did the jury bring in?
5 When his mother died, Charles Dickens was brought up by his
sister.
6 Living in such squalid* conditions brings on all kinds of diseases.
7 Bring the laundry round to my house.
8 I think they ought to bring back corporal* punishment.
9 Owing to the surplus* of butter its price has been brought down
considerably.
10 That publishing firm has brought out a new science encyclopaedia*.
B Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles. In
some examples more than one answer is possible:
1 It shouldn't be difficult to bring him ... to our way of thinking.
2 He was badly injured in a car accident, but special attention and good
nursing brought him . . . .
3 A reconnaissance* plane was brought ... by anti-aircraft artillery *.
4 These new products bring ... a good deal.of money.
5 We are bringing ... his collection of essays next month.
6 New land is being brought ... cultivation*.
7 She fainted in a crowded bus, but was quickly brought ... with a
brandy.
8 Please bring the book ... to me when you've finished with it.
9 They have brought ... yet another important business deal.
10 The MP was so concerned about the matter that he intended to bring
it ... in Parliament.
,,.tt
26
27
CALL
call back
1 vi, vt sep
catlin
2 vt sep
telephone back
4..,At ~t>:.. ~ b j ~ ~I
The operator called back while you were out.
I'll call you back as soon as I know the results.
call back
2 vt sep
call off
vt sep
o~yJI ~ ~ ,~~\
require; demand
Jl
~~ ~\J:.-..I ~~
Such delicate matters call for considerable tact and
skill.
The good news calls for a celebration.
The . Home Secretary is calling for an inquiry into
allegations of corruption in the police department.
call for
go and fetch
2 vt insep
(~~ J i ~) )L..a.> ~ ~~
callout
1 vt sep
vt insep
J~ u~ i) 'L>~lj
callout
summon to strike
~~~;U ~~
Following their abortive talks with the government, the
Union officials decided to call the workers out.
call up
1 vt sep
telephone; ring up
summon to a place
l I~) ~~I
(.t:l
28
2 vt sep
Will you please keep quiet while I call out the results.
The teacher called out the names of the pupils before
starting the lesson.
cancel; abandon
We had to call off the procession because of the bad
weather.
They called the deal off at the very last minute.
The search for the missing aircraft was finally called
off.
The ambassador has been called back for urgent consultations with his government.
call for
1 vt insep
1-1\., 0 \>.
0:
~ . ..r.
,LA;~ 4J
LA-:\
.U-
2 vt sep
call (up)on
1 vt insep
carry forward
visit briefly
~ f
vt sep
,)j
call (up)on
invite; request
JL,~ ~
~ i li ,\S~I
She had a difficult part to play, but she carried it off
extremely well.
carry off
2 vt sep
carryon
1 vi
2 vi
away.
30
carry on
CARRY
vt sep
continue; proceed
She was asked to stop talking and carry on with her work.
Sorry if I interrupted you. Please carry on!
I tried to start a conversation with him, but he just
ignored me and carried on reading his paper.
carry away
handle
1 vt sep
.I
carry off
EXERCISE 8
(\~) J\ ,~) ~)
2 vt insep
carryon
behave
3 vi
~"j~
If you carry on in that way, you'll get yourself a bad name.
31
carryon
4 vt insep
.
.
(;';~\.s!) lS..r:- 1 ~(~) )bl
carry out
vt insep
carry through
1 vt sep
. .
CATCH
catch on
I vi
execute; perform
'"
(i
catch on
understand; comprehend
2 vi
!J)~i ,~
She is a very shrewd* woman. Trust her to catch on to
what they are doing.
catch out
~.J.i
vt sep*
through.
,.
2 vt sep*
~
oJs.~
His dogged* determination did not fail to carry him
through.
*
They prayed to God to carry them through their ordeal .
trap; trick
~ Jb.1 't~
Are you trying to catch me out with these smart questions
of yours?
You'd better be careful with him, or he'll catch you
become popular
tL::. ~ Cl)
out.
catch up
(with)
vi, vt sep*
!J)~i ,~
J.:l
EXERCISE 9
EXERCISE 10
1- Vera has been ill for some time now. It'll take her a few weeks to
event.
"d
t*
7 Their son carries ... the business of a hotelIer at a seasl e resor ~
8 He carried ... like a child at the party.
32
33
CLEAR
clear away
1 vi
disappear; vanish
clear away
remove
2 vt sep
(J~) ~ J\)
When we had finished eating, the waitress cleared away
the dirty plates.
The workers started clearing the debris* away shortly
after the explosion.
clear off
go away
1 vi
j~\
2 vt sep
~~
He had accumulated* so many debts that he could not
clear them off.
If you intend to clear offthis old stock you'll have to sell it
cheaply.
1 vi
clear out
2 vt sep
t!
I/Il.
e_
(~\) ~
clear up
2 vt sep
J\) ~~)
She spent all morning clearing up the children's playroom.
After the party, some guests stayed behind to help clear
up the mess.
clear up
3 vt sep
~ ~j>- ~~J
Before we go any further, I'd like to clear up this matter
once and for all.
The mystery of the kidnapped* heiress* was never
cleared up.
EXERCISE 11
The gang cleared off when they saw the police coming.
We were so glad to see the clouds clearing away.
I'll clear out this desk for you, and you can put your things in it.
We waited for the weather to clear up before we resumed our march.
You've got no right to hunt on my land, so clear off.
Who is going to clear up this rubbish?
We still have this point to clear up before we can go on to consider
the next one.
8 Having finished eating our lunch, we cleared away the dishes.
fe_.
~WU2J
She cleared out one of the cupboards to let her roommate use it.
COME
come about
vi
clear out
3 vt sep
~> ~Vi
Go and clear those kids out of my room.
He was cleared out of the pub for causing a disturbance.
34
~~ ~~\
clear out
clear up
1 vi
.happen; arise
L:.;~j...a.>~0...l>
come across
vt insep
comedown on
vt insep
come at
2 vt insep
come back
vi
come in
1 vi
come in
2 vi
come in
3 vi
come down
1 vi
come down
2 vi
obtain
J..a->
(~lJ-I) ~) ,(r-JI) ~
The price of bread is expected to come down soon.
The cost ofliving is always going up; it never comes down.
lower oneself
'"
W; J~
36
come into
vt insep
become fashionable
(~}I) ~)~
~1"PIJy
Had the Socialists come in they would probably have
taken tougher measures against inflation.
When the Labour government came in, the country was
already in a difficult financial situation.
~~ ~c:-)
come by
vt insep
J>~
~~
return
enter
I knocked on the door and was asked to come in.
Come in, please!
attack; assault
The man came at me with a big knife.
~~,,~ "~J
come at
1 vt insep
scold; punish
inherit
0 jJ
He came into a large sum of money when his uncle died.
She has deserted most of her old acquaintances* since
she came into a fortune.
come off
1 vi
become detached
$I,,~I
come off
2 vi
take place
'f
0..l>
When does the wedding come off?
Her proposed visit to France never came off.
Steve's birthday party came offvery well indeed.
37
comeoff
3 vi
be successful
(.C:lI ;jJ~I) ~
come out
4 vi
progress; develop
~ ~i~
How's Freddy coming on in his new job?
The roses are coming on well.
come on
2 vi
i~ 'J.>
,0
.~.~
come out
2 vi
i,.~-h
come over
vt insep
come round
I vi
R~t!~E'
(~~I) J~
visit casually
~ y4
,)j
You can come round any time you like. We'll always be
delighted to see you.
Why don't you come round for a drink this evening?
~ 0';; JI Jk
Every time I ask him about something, he comes out with
some funny answers.
She came out with a long story to explain why she did not
turn up for work.
~)I) ~ JI JY
The garden grew more and more colourful as the flowers
were coming out.
When do the buds come out?
His new book will come out in about two weeks' time.
This fashion magazine comes out every fortnight.
38
say; utter
blossom
(~I) ~Ij
come out
with
vi insep
(imper.) hurry up
,ol:"c.
come out
5 vi
begin; arrive
Winter came on rather late this year.
The rain came on quite unexpectedly, and we were all
drenched*.
We managed to reach the village before darkness came
on.
come on
3 vi
t~ ~0~ ,~I
The truth about his criminal past eventually came out.
Their secret is bound to come out sooner or later.
When it came out that he had been involved in the
scandal, he resigned his office*.
come round
regain consciousness
2 vi
(~~ ~) ~ ) JL;i
If she doesn't come round soon I'm going to call for an
ambulance.
How long was the old lady unconscious before she came
round?
39
come round
to
vt insep
come through
vi, vt insep
adopt; accept
~y.) ~\
One day you'll come round to my way of thinking.
He came round to our point of view when he realized we
were right.
(\.., ji;
(f.ra
~)
JlA;
~(~ ~)
come to
1 vi
come to
2 vt insep
~J~ ~
t.
come under
vt insep
. ~ J.
"'~CJ
....\j \
~~~
I haven't been able to find ajob yet, but I hope something
will come up soon.
come up
2 vi
equal; match
40
~ Ji ~i~ ~ff
He came up with some good suggestions to improve
working conditions at the factory.
I don't suppose Edward will come up with any sparkling*
ideas, do you?
EXERCISE 12
How did he spend the money he inherited under his father's will?
When does the price of fruit usually drop?
Did the film you saw the other day match your expectations?
How did the accident happen?
How is the new-born baby progressing?
Do you remember when the bikini first became fashionable?
Which political party gained power at the last general election*?
In which month do daffodils* normally blossom?
When did you return from your holiday abroad?
How did he obtain all this money?
J:'f-'
come up to
vt insep
offer; produce
be classified under
Books on animals come under'zoology'* in this catalogue.
What heading does this article come under?
come up
1 vi
come up with
vt insep
CUT
cut away
vt sep
remove by cutting
t!
~~~\ ~&
The gardener cut away the old branches from the trees.
The surgeon* cut away the diseased tissue* with infinite*
precision.
41
cut back
1 vt sep
cut off
2 vt sep
reduce
'"
...
~,~
cut down
1 vt sep
prune; cut
'"
'"
~J..;.,~
The gardener cuts the hedge back two or three times a
year.
Those rose-bushes ought to be cut back more often.
curtail; reduce
'"
'"
~ ,~
cut out
1 vt sep
'"
consume less of
1 !J~I
cut out
2 vt sep
.:.r Jli
cut out
3 vt sep
interrupt
tl!
sever
~ '?
,&
~lll J i ~~~I)
(.t}1
&
(~;) ~ ,~
She cut out some pictures from the magazine and pinned
them to the wall.
The tailor cut out a suit from the roll of cloth.
'Jli
disconnect
The Company has cut off our gas supply.
He was very annoyed when he was cut offin the middle of
his phone call.
&
cut off
3 vt sep
,J.r
isolate
cut out
4 vt sep
stop; cease
<
-...:uJI 'if ~
Why don't you cut out all this nonsense* and listen to me
for a change?
I'm sick and tired of your moaning*. Just cut it out, will
you?
J ~ \.J-~ 0l5'
That young lady is cut out to be a teacher.
I really don't think I'm cut out for this sort of work.
William and Elizabeth seem to be cut out for each other.
leave out; omit
!J;
,~l>.
cut out
5 vt sep
:.r
~j J i ~
cutup
1 vt sep
~~ ~ 'JJi
away with.
do away with
2 vt insep
kill; murder
~\
'J;i
distress; upset
0'i ')J5'
do by
vt insep
treat
~~
A good boss is one who always does well by his employees.
Do as you would be done by. (proverb)
criticise; attack
('"":'"~ ,Jj\
do down
1 vt sep
EXERCISE 13
They will cut off our electricity supply if we don't pay the bill.
The seamstress cut out a dress and started sewing it.
It is very impolite to cut in while others are speaking.
She cut the meat Jill with a sharp knife.
However hard he tried he could not cut out smoking.
We are using too much electricity; we shall have to cut down on it.
I feel completely cut off from the outside world.
She was, very cut up at the news of her friend's death.
I can't see him as a lawyer; he doesn't seem to be cut out for that
profession.
10 This article is far too long; you should cut out one or two paragraphs.
j ~ '\~
He's always doing his colleagues down in public.
do down
2 vt sep
V'&
The butcher cut up the cow he had slaughtered.
cutup
3 vt sep
do away with
1 vt insep
The mother cut the cake up and gave the children a piece
each.
cutup
2 vt sep
DO
~ Jl::>-\
'?-
The salesman did her down over the price of her coat.
He's the kind of man who would do his own mother
down.
do for
1 vt insep
~ ~\
'\..l->-
Mrs. Smith has been doing for him since his wife died.
do for
2 vt insep
~ ~ ,~? ,;~
The country was done for after the earthquakes.
The old man had been ailing for some time, but it was
pneumonia that finally did for him.
44
45
do in
1 vt sep
kill; murder
do with
1 vt insep
Jl:;S:.1 ~y
j.
I ~~
~,~
A
do with
2 vt insep
do out of
vt sep*
do up
1 vt sep
~)J~
While you do out the cellar, I'll tidy up the living-room.
That cupboard has not been done out for months.
~ ~~
(~) :'j~
He took advantage of her naivety* and did her out of
a large sum of money.
The shopkeeper did me out of 50 pence.
c!J I ~I
do with
3 vt insep
do with
4 vt insep
~ ~I JI J.W
I don't know exactly what sort of job he has, but it is to
do with computers*.
She's very interested in anything to do with Roman art.
&
f'11 j
J 0D' 'L ~W J 0D'
I have nothing whatever to do with these men.
We have reason to believe that he has something to do
with the bank raid.
renovate; modernize
,)~ 'f)
,&i
do without
vt insep
manage without
if~1
Children can't do without the help of their parents.
Surely the country can do without fanatics* like you.
EXERCISE 14
do up
2 vt sep
do up
3 vt sep
fasten; button
,~)
Hang on a minute while I do up my shoelaces.
Could you do my dress up at the back, please?
))j
,~ ,~
1
2
3
4
47
7
8
9
10
DRAW
draw in
1 vi
draw in
2 vt sep
draw in
3 vt sep
draw out
3 vt sep
draw up
1 vi
draw up
2 vt sep
..i::>- I
.'
'I"...)
draw up
3 vt sep
.l:>.
.'
t~ ,~i
set in line
(~~\) ~
prepare; draft
~j '~J
J:,~J
I"...)
involve
She strongly objected to their evil plans and would not let
herself be drawn in.
attract
Jlki ~ J~
This debate* has been drawn out long enough.
You have drawn out your essay too much. Next time try to
make it brief.
prolong
J J \.k;
EXERCISE 15
get sb to talk
~.?:
F- ~
We tried to he friendly with the girl, but she was too shy
to be drawn out.
He's that quiet type of person who needs to be drawn out.
48
49
FALL
fall apart
vi
fall back on
vt insep
vi, vt insep
\ .
r- ...l.,aj
~) ~ \ ~
l.f' \-lj'
fall for
be deceived by
2 vt insep
~ t~\ ~(~\) ~ ~\
I never thought you would fall for that old trick.
Every girl seems to fall for his smooth talk.
retreat; withdraw
~L\;
As the enemy troops advanced we fell back.
The defeated army fell back in utter disarray *.
fall in
1 vi
have recourse to
~ ~~\ ~Jl ~\
It's always good to have a friend to fall back on.
If the worst comes to the worst we can fall back on
mother to lend us the money.
fall behind
vi
1 vt insep
"'ifUC:J
fall back
fall for
fall in
2 vi
(~~\) ~\
(j)~ ,(~)~
fall in with
1 vt insep
meet by chance
~..L.o ~
j:I\
.~j~~
jy>t
fall in with
2 vt insep
fall down
vi
fall off
1 vi
u~ ~\J ~~
He says he is quite willing to fall in with the scheme.
They have finally fallen in with our proposals.
diminish; dwindle
J~L,a; ~ ~l;
falloff
deteriorate; worsen
2 vi
fallout
1 vi
0\ ~\ JI ~~~ ,0..l>
Everything fell out just as we had anticipated*.
It fell out that nobody was in the house the night she
was murdered.
quarrel; disagree
2 vi
~\ ,?l!.;
She has fallen out with her sister over some trivial*
matter.
When thieves fall out honest men get their own.
(proverb)
opp. fall in (2)
3 vi
fall through
vi
miscarry; fail
~
j.:J
'JA.>I
vt insep
vt insep
~ ~ ,~IA
The bandits* fell on the convoy* at sunset.
Enemy troopsfell upon us from all directions.
EXERCISE 16
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles:
1 The quality of the goods we now receive has fallen .... It is not what it
used to be.
2 I'm afraid I can't manage the meeting tonight, but I'll fall ..... .
whatever decisions you take.
3 As fresh fruit was not available we had to fall ...... tinned*
fruit.
4 I'm sorry to hear that Anthony and Edward have fallen ... They
were such good friends.
5 She fell ... from the roof and broke her neck.
6 He fell ... that girl as soon as he saw her.
7 Attendance at these classes has fallen ... since the new teacher took
over.
8 He fell ... with the rent when he was out of work.
9 We fell ...... some interesting people from Mexico while on holiday
in Spain.
10 It fell ... that I was passing by when I heard the woman screaming.
11 The project* to build a new sports centre has fallen ... for lack of
adequate* funds.
12 The old shed fell ... during last night's gale.
V J i i~
be classified under
... J. (.J~\
Which heading does this item*fall under?
Itfalls under (the heading of) 'petty* cash'.
52
attack; assault
start; begin
No sooner had they got home than they fell to bickering*.
He fell to wondering what to do with himself.
fall under
vtinsep
happen; occur
fallout
fallout
fall (up) on
GET
get about
1 vi
Jj-
,~
about.
Nowadays people get about much more than they used
to.
53
get about
2 vi
t~ ~~\
get along
4vi
It got about that she was having an affair* with the postman.
The news got about that he was emigrating to Canada.
A rumour* got about that the wedding had been cancelled.
get across
vt sep*
convey; communicate
~i ~~Ji
He may be a very competent scientist, but he's certainly
poor at getting his stuff across (to the class).
The speaker was trying hard to get his point across (to
his audience).
get ahead
vi
get at
1 vt insep
get at
3 vt insep
imply; suggest
jl
J.\ J\ ~
L-
L-
progress
get at
4 vt insep
How are you getting along with your French lessons?
We are getting along well with the job.
get along
manage
3 vi
.J~ ) oJ.r\ ;~
I don't know how you expect me to get along without
money.
You shouldn't worry too much about us. We'llgetalong
somehow.
54
~J
jl
get at
2 vt insep
i~ ~~
~ ,j~1 ,~~
reach
She placed the books on the top shelf where the children
could not get at them.
go; depart
(~L)~I
Judith and her room-mate do not seem to get along well
together.
It's very easy to get along with the new boss; he's a most
charming man.
(~) ~~I
55
get away
escape punishment
with
~~\~~
vt insep
get in
1 vi
You really think you can get away with telling such obvious lies, don't you?
Some people can get away with murder.
get back
1 vi
return
,;)~
get in
2 vi
"C)
rC'-wer; regain
~~\
0),;) ,,~
I want you to get his statement down in writing.
Have you got it all down, Mrs Briggs, or shall I repeat it
for you?
c
get off
2 vi
(~ l;~)
J>-,;)
be involved in
J c!..J Ji
.1)j
(ell ~f ~) Jj
,,~;
escape punishment
~~\~~
Next time you won't get offwith just a warning; you'll
probably end up in prison.
He was very lucky to get offwith only a small fine*.
apply oneself to
c
.1l.:.,jJ
0j>-\ ,,~\
~
" (~) \....lJ
56
get off
1 vi, vt insep
depress
The bad news is getting me down.
You mustn't let this thing get you down. Just try to forget about it.
get down to
vt insep
'~ ,
,,~\
)
They'll soon get into debt if they are not careful with their
spending.
Those boys are always getting into mischief.
I'm afraid he got into trouble with the police.
get down
2 vt sep*
~)l; J\ ~\
back at him for this.
get down
1 vt sep
~L~'j\
,
As all the doors and windows were shut, the dog c6uld
not get in.
We could not get into the house as it was locked and we
had no key with us.
",;)y....,\
~\ J~ ~J
It was nearly midnight when they got in.
What time do you expect her to get in?
arrive home
get on
1 vi, vt insep
57
get on
2 vi
get on
3 vi
get over
1 vt insep
J \,..\Aj
get on for
vt insep
get out
1 vi
V'~~I
get over
2 vt insep
get over
3 vt sep*
get out of
2 vt insep
<
JW
~~ ,~i
get round
1 vt insep
cajole; wheedle
t..8-\) ~~ ~i
The little girl got round her mother to buy her a new
dress.
I'm banking* on you, Janet, to get round big daddy to
lend us the money.
escape from
<
~ ~f JI)
The rabbit got out of its cage because I had left the
shutter open.
The convict* has got out of gaol by climbing a ninefoot wall.
avoid; shirk
~ ~) ~ff
The boy tried to get out of going to school by feigning*
illness.
No one should be allowed to get out of paying his share
of the bill.
You just can't get out of paying your debts.
58
)l
~ ~J\
The news has got out that they were secretly engaged.
Their secret is bound to get out sooner or later.
get out of
1 vt insep
recover from
As a little boy, Geoffrey could not get over the loss of
his parents.
It took Lisa a few weeks to get over her illness.
get out
2 vi
Jb
grow old
~\
overcome; surmount
,~~
get round
2 vt insep
J:li
,~
tJ
,~
get round to
vt insep
1 __
Lal
u-: \'"
~q
.Y ~J
I always wanted to clear out tl;1e cellar, but have never
got round to it.
When I finally got round to buying tickets for the show
they were all sold out.
59
get through
1 vt insep
complete; finish
~\ ~{\
I'm afraid I can't lend you the book now. I haven't got
through it yet.
Will you be able to get through this pile of letters by
tomorrow morning?
get up
3 VI sep
pass; be successful in
(0~\ j)
~J ,~
We're getting up a party for Diana's birthday, so I
4 VI sep
get through
2 vi, vt insep
organize; arrange
r!-
dress
.. . ~.i. ~;
He got himself up as a clown for the fancy-dress ball.
The young ladies were got up in their best clothes.
get through
3 vi
o.)~\ ~~ ~~ Jl,a.j':J\ ~ ~
I couldn't get through (to him). The line was engaged
all the time.
get through
4 vt insep
~\ 'JAji
He'll soon get through his savings if he goes on spending so recklessly.
The widow got through her late husband's money in
just over a year.
get up
1 vi, vt sep*
get up
2 vi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
~i ~~\ ,~\.;J\ ~ ~
1 Unless Oliver works very hard he won't get ... his final exams.
2 She never quite got ... the shock of being deserted by her husband.
3 Thanks to his diligence, Gilbert got ... of the rest of the class.
4 How are you getting ... with your thesis?
.
5 Let's get the washing-up ... before we go to the cmema.
6 A car stopped in front of the house, and a smartly dressed lady
got ....
7 Work and worry are getting me ....
8 I'd better be off now; it must be getting ...... ten o'clock.
9 I always wanted to paint the windows, but have never got ..... .
it.
10 You shouldn't let him get ...... a mean trick like that.
stand up
~J
'rli
61
GIVE
give away
1 vt sep
give away
3 vt sep
,0l>-
give in
2 vt sep
~\)~,~
,4
cease to function
(;J~\) ~
F or no apparent reason, the car engine suddenly gave
out.
give out
3 vt sep
distribute
UJ
A boy standing in the street gave out leaflets* to people
passing by.
The invigilators* gave out the exam papers to the
students.
surrender; yield
give out
4 vt sep
. .
~\ 't~\
submit; tender
\Jj
'C)
'rL
62
give 00'..
2 vi
return
~) ,~~\
give in
1 vi
give out
1 vi
V\,~
UJ
The spy* said he would rather die than give away his
country.
He said that he was not a foreigner, but his accent gave
him away.
give back
vt sep
give on to
vt insep
distribute; present
emit; produce
Oil refineries give off a lot of fumes *.
Burning rubber gives off an unpleasant smell.
~\ ~J ~i '~J
He gave away his entire fortune to charitable foundations*.
My aunt has given her old clothes away (to the poor).
give away
2 vt sep
give off
vt insep
give out
5 vt insep
= give off
63
give up
1 vi
.
o~}\ ,~
give up
2 vt insep
stop; abandon
:f' ~\) ~
The old man did not give up horse-riding until he was
sixty.
I tried to give up smoking, but without success.
He gave up the study of Greek long ago.
give up
3 vt sep
:f'
J jt:.; 'C_r~jy,J \ J 1) ~
The fugitive* could not stand being on the run for so long
and decided to give himself up (to the police).
He gave up his seat on the train to an elderly man.
The President refused to give up the documents on
grounds of national security.
give up
4 vt insep
S The news of the president's assassination was given out on the radio
shortly before midnight.
6 This electric fire doesn't give out a lot of heat.
7 He gave away all his money to a charity.
8 Steam engines give off a lot of smoke.
9 One of us here must have given away the secret.
10 He seems determined not to give up his claim to the property.
11 Their villa gives on to the river.
12 They have given up all hope of finding any survivors of the air crash.
13 When did you give in your essay?
14 Oh, you du give up too easily, don't you?
1S The minister himself gave away the prizes.
GO
&0 abottt
1 vi
~u, ,~ ,J~
These men always go about in gangs.
10 aboIIt
2 vi
circulate
relinquish
(~'J\)
&
,!J;
':f'
tt i
give up
5 vt sep
devote
~,I.f.?
The teachers gave up the last hour of their meeting to
discussing the problem of truancy *.
The priest's life was given up to the worship* of God.
10--
3 VI insep
1 I pleaded* with him to let the boy come with us, but he refused to
give in.
2 She gave back all the money she had borrowed from me.
3 Just as we were about to reach our destination the petrol gave out.
4 You must give up eating sweets if you want to get slim.
~
approach; tackle
J tr!
,~~
EXERCISE 18
tl,.!, ,?\
go about with
vt insep
~ ~l)
,.r.1$.
,,~~
6S
go after
1 vt insep
go along
vi
go along with
1 vt insep.
go after
2 vt insep
try to get
go against
oppose; be contrary to
1 vt insep
L Jl:.;
go against
be unfavourable to
2 vt insep
if~\
Luck went against our team in the end and we lost the
game.
They realized only too late that the war was going against
them.
accompany
~\~~\)
go along with
2 vt insep
,
0JL.; JI ~IJ
,~~ ,~l:>-
(~ ~) J.-.oIJ ,J ~I
You will learn more about the work as you go along.
~I)J ~
These two young men are going after the same girl.
He's going after the first prize. I know he wouldn't settle
for less than that.
go around
vi
go at
attack; assault
1 vt insep
~~
The crazed man went at me with a knife.
go at
2 vt insep
.bl:..i"
J~
(.1 __ 11
U-
J)
Y :.
proceed; continue
1 vi
(J)~\ !~
go away
vi
2 vi
make progress
)L...,
'iJ..Q;
Cl)
,~~ ,~~I
return
1 vi
~~
'L-")
go back
2 vi
go down
I vi
revert
(~ ~y)
Jl
~~
go down
2 vi
Jl
~)l; C)
Jl ~
go back on
vt insep
(Q..oY\5")
J C) (, (o~J)
go beyond
vt insep
exceed; surpass
go by
I vi
go down
3 vi
pass by
go down
4 vi
go for
I vt insep
.r
".r
go by
3 vt insep
be guided by
~ ~;....,\ ) J..1;....,\
One cannot always go by appearances, can one?
We have very little evidence to go by.
68
J.I..
,,~
be received (well/badly)
(~~\
Ji
'jy,i)
:fJ
attack
r-~
The dog went for the intruder and chased him out of the
building.
The wounded bull went for the matador.
go for
2 vt insep
elapse
fall; drop
go by
2 vi
Jt! (, jJ~
His account of what had happened went beyond credibility.
The good results went beyond our wildest dreams.
~\
go back
3 vi
sink
go to fetch or get
(~~) ~) )~~ ~~
You look very ill, Morris. Shall I go for the doctor?
I am going for a drink. Will you join me?
go for
3 vt insep
i"~1_:\
What I have said about William goes for the rest of you,
too.
I want everybody to leave this room, and that also goes
for you, Barbara.
69
go in for
1 vt insep
Jl r-l4j
,(oIJ~)
j !t':'''::'1
go off
4 vi
go in for
2 vt insep
go off
5 vi
fall asleep
~
yl
'i~
continue; last
ib
,~I
,jj;.;
'~....l:>-
go on
1 vi
~,~
JL., ' (
go into
vt insep
on!
It looks as though this war will go on forever.
go on
2 vi
)~ 'is?. '~....l:>-
go off
1 vi
go off
2 vi
go out
1 vi
go bad; deteriorate
iS~; ,~
,..,w
~\,~I
The meat you bought the other day has gone off.
Don't eat that steak. It's going off.
Her work has gone off very much lately.
70
= keep on about
be fired; explode
The gun went off accidentally, and wounded him in the
thigh.
The boy was seriously injured when a firework* went off
in his face.
go off
3 vi
go on about
vt insep
go out
2 vi
J~\~ '~y~
Mini-skirts went out a few years ago.
This method of printing is gradually going out.
go out
3 vi
be extinguished
,l.a.k;\
out.
The fire went out as I forgot to poke* it.
71
go over
1 vt insep
'c:: IJ
,~
The auditor* went over the accounts carefully.
Let's go over the details of the plan once more.
We went over the house for almost two hours and decided
..:r.1s-
go under
vi
= go down (1)
go up
1 vi
increase; rise
go over
2 vt insep
go round
vi, vt insep
search
~
The customs* officer went over my luggage, item* by
item.
The police officer went over the suspect * very thoroughly,
but did not find any hidden weapons.
be sufficient (for all).
(~)L;tl5"'0l5"'
go up
2 vi
go with
vt insep
go through
2 vt insep
go without
vt insep
,~~ ,-&li
~I ,~i
He has already gone through the money he inherited from
his uncle.
You would wonder how much food this little boy could
go through.
complete; bring to a finish
~i ,~i
I realize it is not going to be such a profitable deal, but
all the same we must go through with it.
He says that he can't go through with the marriage.
72
suit; match
i~~ ,~t;
round.
go through
1 vt insep
go through
with
vt insep
explode
"1
~
The bridge went up with a deafening bang.
The helicopter crashed and went up in flames.
go through
3 vt insep
,;)Ij ,~)
forgo; do without
J-~\
We can't go without sleep for much longer.
It looks as though we shall have to go without a holiday
this summer.
If you can't afford to buy a new suit now, you'll just have
to go without.
EXERCISE 19
A Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles. In
some examples more than one answer is possible:
1 He went ...... this exam last year, but failed it.
hand on
vt sep
= hand down
hand out
vt sep
J) ~ UJ
There was a young woman in the street, handing out
leaflets to passers-by.
hand over
vt sep
deliver; surrender
JJ~
,rL
EXERCISE 20
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct particles:
HAND
hand back
vt sep
,C:;)
hand down
vtsep
~)JI
'Jl:.;
hand in
vt sep
HANG
hang abor.t
1 vi, vt insep
~,~
We spent almost an hour just hanging about, waiting for
you to come.
Did you notice any suspicious-looking men hanging
about the building at the time of the robbery?
submit; tender
rL ,\:u
74
1 As so.on as I've finished marking your papers I'll hand them ... to
you.
2 This legend has been handed ... from father to son.
3 Over a thousand copies of the sales brochure have now been handed ....
4 When the customs officer asked to see my passport I handed it ... to
him.
5 She handed ... her notice yesterday and is leaving at the end of the
month.
hang about
2 vi
75
hang around
vi, vt insep
hang back
vi
~I
o~ ~p 0.l.~ ~i
\':J:J}
hang up
2 vt sep
delay; hinder
J~
,;:.i
hang up
I vi, vt insep
,j;.:;1
Jam.
depend on
EXERCISE 21
~..jjj J i ~I
vt insep
~~JI~
I'd hang on to that oil painting if I were you. It might be
worth a lot more in a year or two.
We must han, on to' whatever we have.
hang together
I vi
I The trouble with John is that he can never hang ...... his jobs for very
long.
2 Those two men have been hanging ... the place all morning. I wonder
what they are up to!
3 If you'll hang ... a minute, sir, I'll go and check our files.
4 It all hangs ... now. I can see why they left in such a hurry.
5 No one hung ... when we asked for volunteers.
6 Work on the railway track has been hung ... for several weeks because
of the heavy snow.
7 It all hangs ... whether he is willing to back our claim.
8 The family hung ... well during that crisis.
HOLD
be consistent
2 vi
~Li
'r>-Y\;
hold back
I vt sep
control; restrain
(L--UI) ~ ~r:? ~ ~
The police could do nothing to hold back the angry
crowds.
She was so upset about it that she could not hold back
her tears.
77
hold back
withhold; delay
2 vt sep
hold on
I vi
hold on
2 vi
hold on to
suppress; oppress
2 vt sep
c!'~
vt insep
vi
hold out
I vi
vt sep
~4-~~) ~
hold out
2 vi
hold off
suppress; restrain
4'~
hold over
vt sep
Ji
d...i J i J.W
last; continue
~I ,\b
keep at a distance
~J
,~
continue to resist
~,~
.ri ,~)
,~i
The last item on the agenda will be held over until the
next meeting.
The decision to close down the factory has been held over
until April.
(.C:lI )JI) ~I
I hope the rain will hold off until after the match.
2 vt sep
,~I
hold forth
J+i
This information will have to be held back from the witnesses until after the trial.
There will be angry protests from the transport workers
if their wage increases are held back for much longer.
hold down
I vt sep
hold to
vt insep
adhere to
'-:"' ~ ,\?I
I think we ought to hold to our original plan.
He has never held to his principles very firmly.
79
hold together
vi. vt sep
hold up
1 vt sep
,~\ ,~L.Q.j
We can only hope that the country will hold together
during this crisis.
If he can't hold the Party together, no one can.
...b-J
;:.i ,Jk
'J~i
hold up
2 vt sep
~\~~Ji
The police are reported to be looking for three men who
vt insep
keep at
vt insep
keep away
vi. vt sep*
keep back
I vi, vt sep
~ JiIJ ,~
keep back
2 vt sep
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
80
..r. l7
(~) ~I JI ~I
(~) ~I JI ~I
j>-i ~ f
We were certain she was keeping something back from us,
but we didn't know exactly what.
For the time being, all the names of the witnesses will
have to be kept back.
I simply couldn't hold ... my anger. The whole thing was outrageous*.
The Catholic Church does not hold ... divorce.
The train was held ... by fog for almost two hours.
Lazy, restless people can't hold ...... their jobs.
Hold ... a minute! Can't you see I'm busy?
I don't hold ... all this talk about women's* lib and sex* equality.
They were held ... at gun point by three masked men.
The garrison held ... for two weeks before surrendering.
Does he still hold ... what he said last time?
The family has always held ... in difficult times like these.
If you want me to help you, then don't try to hold the truth ... from
me.
h ., .
We have been held ... by this dictator long enoug ; It s tIme we got
rid of him.
Ji
The firemen asked the crowd to keep back from the burning building.
Keep back, or I'll shoot!
The policemen could do nothing to keep the jubilant*
fans back from the pitch.
EXERCISE 22
1
2
3
4
~ iJI~
delay; hinder
We were held up in a traffic jam for nearly one hour.
Mail delivery has been held up for a few days as a result
of the post office workers' strike.
hold with
KEEP
keep back
3 vt sep
Jk
,;:.i 'J~i
keep down
I vt sep*
2~~
The conquered peoples were kept down by cruel, restrictive laws.
81
keep down
keep low
keep otT
2 vt sep
~ (.ell j~\rl) ~i
2 vi, vt sep
~I 'if ~I
'Keep off the grass!' (sign displayed in public parks).
This barbed wire is meant to keep trespassers* off.
keep on
vi
keep from
vt insep
.'
keep in
1 vt sep
(~I) t..r-:>
The schoolmaster kept in all the pupils who had not done
their homework.
keep in
restrain; suppress
2 vt sep
t'~'~
keep in with
vt insep
keep otT
1 vi
82
keep on
about
vt insep
4-k
~~
keep on ,at
vt insep
keep out
vi, vt sep
(.t:l l )all)
~I
Fortunately, the rain kept off the whole afternoon and
we were able to finish our game.
if
Jb
tJI
~~ ~
eli
i :.;;
Ie."-"
)~~ (~~)~)
'-'
~
You should keep in with your boss if you expect any
further promotion.
When she won a fortune on the pools* all her friends and
relatives tried to keep in with her.
L .-
1~Jb
Don't keep on telling me what to do; I'm perfectly
capable of making my own decisions.
Why do you have to keep on bothering me?
keep out of
vt insep
not interfere in
y~ ':J
keep to
vt insep
adhere to
~ ~
,\?I
keep up
1 vt sep
maintain; continue
\Jb)
~i ,~IJ
keep up
3 vt sep*
o~
~II
_. ~l> y,~ (. C
-i
<.YWe can no longer afford to keep up this'big house, so we
may have to sell it and buy a smaller one.
. )
~
KNOCK
knock about
1 vt iruep
\jJI i f o~i
&L.
knock about
2 vt sep*
'l~
Jy?
,~lb
) ;,;~
The baby was sick last night and kept us up until the
small hours.
We'd better be off now; we don't want to keep you up.
keep up with
vt iruep
10 You will soon finish this work if you keep ... it for a few more days.
11 We have been kept ... in our training programme by shortage of
qualified staff.
12 The shopkeeper has kept ... his reputation* by selling first-class
goods.
13 You should keep ... doing anything that might antagonize* him.
14 The teacher kept Elizabeth ... yesterday for being late.
15 The rebellious tribes could only be kept ... by cruel measures.
0>-,
JI 4.;~ .u..~
EXERCISE 23
o~IJ ~.r:-
knock back
2 vt sep
knock down
I vt sep
knock down
2 vt sep
\~ ~~
knock out
1 vt sep
sell at an auction
3 vt sep
~\ ~\)~ (~) l~
The auctioneer* knocked the painting down to an art
4 vt sep
~\)~) J)
stop work
1 vi
~\ i f ~j
We usually knock offat about five o'clock.
What time do you knock offfor lunch?
knock off
cause to fall
2 vt sep
..kA..,., \ ~ ~J \
You'd better keep an eye on the child, or he'll knock that
vase off.
The unfortunate jockey* was knocked off his horse and
broke his arm.
knock off
3 vt sep
J)
~li ~~ ~~
knock up
1 vt sep
knock up
2 vt sep'
rouse; awaken
~
~\~~
Tell the maid to knock me up at eight sharp.
People don't like being knocked up in the middle of the
night.
prepare quickly
~
~.r. J&.\
knock up
exhaust
3 vt sep*
~J,~)
I don't want you to knock yourself up like that.
What's the matter, Jim? You look quite knocked up.
compose hurriedly
~(~)~
I'm not surprised he got a low mark for his essay. He
knocked it off in less than an hour.
She knocked off an article for a magazine in about two
hours.
knockoff
deduct
4vtsep
~'~
I'll knock off 40p if you want to buy the book.
The shopkeeper knocked four pounds off the bill.
86
~(wJU\
knock out
oJjji
2 vt sep
~J
render unconscious
EXERCISE 24
7.
8.
9.
10.
The salesman agreed to knock five pounds ... the price of the radio.
I was completely knocked ... after that long journey.
The boxer regained his title by knocking his opponent* ... .
I have to get up early tomorrow, so could you please knock me ... at
six?
lay down
3 vt insep
.
( ~~)
".
~
A man who lays down his life for his country is certainly
worthy of praise.
Th~s was a cause* which they believed was just, and for
whlch they were prepared to lay down their lives.
LAY
lay in
lay aside
1 vt sep
vt sep
. . t:'J
abandon; disregard
2 vt sep
~~ ~C>I
lay otT
dismiss temporarily
1 vt sep
l:iy (~WI)
laid aside.
lay aside
3 vt sep
~?.:lI))J
lay down
place down
1 vt sep
lay down
impose; prescribe
2 vt sep
~J ~rJ ~~)
The bank has laid down certain conditions on which
the loan may be granted.
He is that type of person who likes to lay down the law.
The rules of procedure in a conference are laid down to
deal with any point of order.
88
The factory has laid offsome two hundred workers during the last three months.
More and more people are bei", laid off every day as a
result of the present economic depression *.
~j>-
Make sure you lay in plenty of food and drink for the
week-end.
W~ laid in a large supply of sugar before it went up in
pnce.
store
lay otT
2 vt insep
desist from
if ~Ji ~I
If only you'd lay offsmoking for a while, I'm sure you'd
feel much better.
Layoff teasing that cat, Janet!
lay on
1 vt sep
..
supply; provide
~ .,.L.I JI .:lJj
arrange; organize
2 vt sep
~ ,~i
They have laid on a splendid concert for their distinguished visitors.
We are laying on a party for Joanna's birthday.
89
lay on
3 vt sep
apply; spread
<tll 01A..u1
.y ~) ~
lay up
3 vt sep
spend; disburse
<~L.) ~r
) ~i
~I.;JI ~)i
A really bad attack of 'flu can lay you up for days.
He was laid up for two months with a broken leg.
make unconscious
(. C:l1
plan; arrange
layout
4 vt sep
~,..kk.>.
The gardener laid out the flower-beds* very neatly.
The printer lays out the pages of a book.
EXERCISE 25
(~\)~
LEAVE
lay up
1 vt sep
store; stock
?~\
'?
(~\~)~
I've had to lay up my car; I simply can't afford the petrol.
These ships have been laid up for repairs.
90
vt sep
!oJ;
,~\ ,~\
I don't quite see how you can leave aside the fact that the
man is a crook*.
Let us leave this matter aside for the moment, shall we?
leave behind
1 vt sep
(~l>-) ~ ,o~\JJ ~
Next time you come to see us, remember not to leave
Marilyn behind.
She left her luggage behind in the train.
I can't give you a lift today, as I have left the car behind.
91
leave behind
outstrip
2 vt sep
.i.
(,~
leave out
omit; skip
2 vt sep
~i ~~i ~j.i>
stop; cease
~~(,~\ (,~j
Before we can print this book, you will have to leave out
all the four-Ietter* words.
It would be a great pity to leave this material out.
You left out one crucial point, didn't you?
lea,e out
exclude (from)
3 vt sep
(~)~\
Make sure you don't leave out anyone from the invitations.
He has been left out of the team, after all.
all night.
Last time, we left off at the end of Less~n Four:
Leave offarguing you two, and get on wIth the Job.
leave off
2 vt sep
cease to wear
leave over
I vt sep*
(~;) ~ ~ ~\
Now that the winter months are over, we can leave off
our woolen garments.
In this cold climate, winter clothing cannot usually be
left off before May.
leave on
1 vt sep
postpone; -defer
"
,
~) (,~\
remain
'"
~,~
When they had finished eating, there was hardly any food
left over.
EXERCISE 26
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct particles:
lea,e on
2 vt sep
~ (.~\ JjJI) ~\
Don't leave the television on when you are not watching
h.
11 . h
lea,e out
leave outside
1 vt sep*
92
93
LET
let down
1 vt sep
. '"
(r-!JI) y) 'J~
letdown
3 vt sep
let out
1 vt sep
allow to go out
if~; 'Vi
W ~i ~
.-
,J.b:let out
2 vt sep'
~~ 'J>-~i
let out
3 vt sep
.1JJ
~p
~L; ,~~
I' II let you off this time if you promise never to do it again.
~ C4 ~~i
(4}) LJ
The dress is not a bad fit, but it needs letting out a little
round the waist.
involve sb. in
disclose; divulge
Please keep this information to yourself. Don't let it
out to anyone else.
I should like to know who let out the secret.
allow to enter
~I~i
fail; disappoint
Jlbi ,~
She ~new who the, culp.rit* was, but she did not let on.
Don t let on that I ve gIven you a pay rise. I don't want
the others to know about it.
(4}) Jyk
let in
vt sep
let on
vi
lengthen (a garment)
Your dress is too short and needs to be let down several
inches.
explode; discharge
In England it is traditional that children let off fireworks on November 5th.
He let the gun off accidentally and wounded himself in
the thigh.
lower
let off
2 vt sep
let out
4 vt insep
utter
(.E I ~)
Jlki
abate; stop
~j ,~ ,IJA
The storm raged all day, showing no signs of letting up.
'Has the rain let up yet?' 'No, it's still pouring down'.
95
let up
2 vi
look at
examine; inspect
~\; ~J\~
2 vt insep
J.~ ~~
We can't afford to let up, now that we've nearly accomplished our task.
He worked at it all day; he never let up for a moment.
3 vt insep
EXERCISE 27
look at
4 vt insep
vt insep
take care of
look away
vi
t:.: i
J Ic~
J
96
.r=-'YI
o~'Y'
look behind
~I))I
j)ai
Jl
~I
2 vi
~U.I J! o)t>J4 ~I
Looking btIcIc, I suppose we are no better off than we
were twenty-five years ago.
.
People like to look back on the good old days.
vi
,Jhj
I vi
look down
~
j}J J i foi
look back
~J ~~ Jail>. ,~~I
gaze at
When he entered the room the girl was partially undressed, and they both looked away in embarrassment.
,J!)ai
LOOK
look after
l>i)
1 Caroline has put on so much weight that she has had to let . .. all
her clothes.
2 We mustn't let ... about where they are hiding.
3 He was very lucky to be let ... with a warning and no other punishment.
4 If the pain doesn't let ... and he can't sleep, give him a sedative.
5 Miraculously, no one was hurt when a bomb was let ... inside the
shopping centre.
6 The news must have been let ... to the Press by some officials in
this department.
7 I thought I could rely on your discretion, but you let me ....
8 You are letting yourself ...... a lot of unnecessary trouble.
9 To lengthen a skirt is to let it ... .
10 The door-keeper won't let ... anyone who hasn't got a membership
card.
view; see
look downwards
~i Jl)ai
He leaned over the window-sill and looked down at the
trees below.
The little girl looked down shyly and would not speak to
anyone.
97
look down on
vt imep
look on
be a spectator
l~ jI
1 vi
,}.:>-I
look for
1 vt imep
look on
2 vt imep
d' ~JI ~
expect
look on to
vt imep
look out
2 vi
look into
vt imep
(.C:lI
ojj~ ~)
Jki
watch for
~ i fj..:>1 ,~;
d'~~ ~
We've been looking out for a new house for the last two
months, but haven't found anything suitable yet.
The police said that they would look into the matter at
once.
Your complaint is being carefully looked into.
98
investigate; examine
J\
look outwards
oJ,l>:. 0) ~ j o)j
J JA>- J i )2.;
j.ri Ji Jki
.)-l:>
rJ e-
overlook; face
look in
vi
,?I
J>.
look out
1 vi
~I ,~j
consider; regard
Some people look on him as a hero; others as a traitor *.
He is looked (up Jon as the greatest novelist of his time.
look for
2 vt imep
,JAL.::.
look out on
vt imep
look on to
99
look over
vt sep
inspect; examine.
~ 0)2.;
yi
,~ 'Li~
look round
1 vi
look round
2 vi, vt insep
(lj~)j ,~ ~
look to
2 vt insep
1 vt insep
JY\>.
look up
1 vi
look up
2 vi
2 vt insep
c::IJ'~ ,~
~
If they can afford a new house things must be looking up
for them.
Thank goodness the weather is looking up.
visit (a person)
(~)j
4 vt sep
c:: IJ
'.:.r
look to
look up to
1 vt insep
~ ~\ J i ~I
100
improv~
3 vt sep
lookup
look upwards
He lay down on the bed and looked up at the ceiling.
She didn't even look up from her book when I came into
the room.
:r )2.;
look through
~ ~\ ~J! ~\
He is hardly the right person to look to for advice.
'You can always look to me for help', said the father to
his son.
vt sep*
~~~\
oj;.;
~l
j;.;
vt insep
~ ~\ ~J~\ ~ iJ~\
She looks up to people with plenty of money.
Teenagers* usually look up to pop* stars.
101
EXERCISE 28
make away
with
vt insep
Look ... on your way home. I have something important to tell you.
If you go swimming there you must look ...... sharks.
The police are looking ... three men who broke out of gaol yesterday.
If you don:t have her number with you look it ... in the telephone
directory.
We are looking ...... seeing you again, Geoffrey.
Look . .. ! There is a car coming.
When I passed her in the street she just looked ... pretending not to
see me.
The old actress looked ... wistfully* on her youth.
She heard a noise behind her and looked ... to see what it was.
They are very snobbish* and look ...... the working-class.
5
6
7
8
9
10
make for
1 vt insep
vt insep
make for
2 vt insep
l>.r:-
make off
vi
make at
vt insep
attack; lunge at
~~
The man made at me with a big knife.
102
yi
4.>:j
,..L.,aj
J1
~i )i l>~i
J) ,)
~)~
make off
with
vI insep
decamp with
~......
.I)
..
~.r
make out
write; complete
1 vt sep
(O)~\) ~ ,(41li) ~i
,(4)
,~)\1
pursue; chase
;1
'J:i
MAKE
make after
J~\ ,~i
kill; murder
cate.
make out
2 vt sep
if~\
'r
j , . . . 4,j~ ~l1.;
She makes herself out to be wealthier than she really is.
He made out that he had no previous knowledge of the
deal.
He is not so bad as he is made out to be.
103
make out
3 vt sep
understand
makeup
3 vt sep
:.r
make out
4 vt sep
makeup
4 vt sep
distinguish; discern
~ ,~
make up
5 vt insep
decipher
~\J ./~
,...;
o,.\} .f
fo
w::.u.\
_
l~. J
U-
makeup
6 vt sep
i J
j) ,~i
~i ,~ '0'
Thirty-three different countries make up the British
Commonwealth.
The human body is made up of millions of cells.
make over
vt sep
complete; supplement
make out
5 vt sep
d'.Y
~ '("\J~)~\
The chemist made up the doctor's prescription.
She made up a bundle of old clothes and sent it off to
a charity.
makeup
7 vt sep
tailor; sew
makeup
1 vi, vt sep
.1\>.J~
C~ll\ ~\ ,~)\ ~j
A young girl like you shouldn't need to make up.
It takes my wife ages to make up her face.
He doesn't like women who are heavily made up.
makeup
2 vt sep
invent; fabricate
J.l;>-\
'J4l 'tf>' \
104
makeup
8 vi, vt sep
(\.tJ\>.) ~~ ,~~
After their quarrel they kissed and made up.
It's time you made up that silly quarrel.
Have Paul and Jean made it up yet?
Has Paul made it up with Jean yet?
105
makeup
9 vt sep
~ ,yJI
..w:.
'~ 'J}
vt insep
vt insep
pass away
1 vi
~ ~
,uL.
:.r d:'.Y
Jl ~J )
:;:;j
pass away
2 vi
EXERCISE 29
pass by
1 vi, vt insep
&-::k
,Jlj
go past
pass by
ignore, overlook
2 vt sep*
:.r
~ ,~~
1 The audience largely consisted of very young men and women. (use
the passive)
2 There was so much noise that I could not understand what the
speaker was saying.
3 I don't believe a word of what he said. I think he invented it all.
4 The dictator has killed most of his opponents.
5 His handwriting is very difficult to decipher.
6 The bandits pursued us on horseback.
7 We could just discern the ship on the horizon.
8 As soon as they finished work they headed for the local pub.
9 I haven't much money on me. Do you mind if I write you a cheque?
10 A year before he died grandfather transferred the business to me.
11 The boys ran away when they caught sight of me.
12 He is not so stupid as some people maintain.
13 Unlike children, adults don't settle their quarrels quickly.
14 The cashier has decamped with almost five hundred pounds.
15 I hope this cheque will compensate for all the trouble you have gone
through.
16 Good working conditions lead to increased productivity.
disappear; vanish
The old cultural values seem to have passed away.
Let us hope our difficulties will soon pass away.
106
die
compensate for
You must work very hard now to make up for all the
time you have wasted.
You had better make up for the damage you have
caused.
makeup to
PASS
pass down
vt sep
pass for
vt insep
'Jt;
~JJ\
These folk songs have been passed down from generation
to generation.
We didn't buy this silver ourselves; it was passed down to
us by great-grandfather.
be accepted as; be taken for
).
\:J;
JI
pass oft'
1 vi
pass oft'
2 vi
(t~l) ~ J i
Jlj
I am glad your headache has passed off.
The pain will pass off quickly when you have taken
this medicine.
pass up
vtsep
pass on
1 vi
pass on
2 vi
Jl~1
We've discussed this subject long enough; I think we
should pass on to a different one.
Let us pass on to the next item on the agenda, shall we?
communicate; convey
~J
,6
EXERCISE 30
Use synonyms in place of the underlined phrasal verbs:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PAY
pay back
I vt sep
pass out
vi
passover
1 vi
108
(.~I ~) tL.;i
You should never have passed up such a good deal.
She passed up a marvellous opportunity to become an
actress.
~I ,~~ ,{-
passon
3 vt sep
= pass by (2)
pass of
3 vt sep
passover
2 vtsep
.))
She paid back the money she had borrowed from me.
I must pay Mr Jones back the 200 he lent me.
The loan will have to be paid back to the bank with 12%
interest.
~J..w,~~\
People often pass out in crowded places.
She nearly passed out when she heard the news.
= pass away (l)
pay back
2 vt sep
~~\JI~I
He paid her back for her infidelity by going out with
another woman.
I'll pay him back for this insult, you can be sure of
that.
109
pay for
vt insep
pay up
be punished for
(.~I~)
vi
~~
vt sep
t!'J
prove profitable
L>~i 'L-)
Buying second-hand machinery never pays offin the long
run.
The scheme has paid off rather handsomely.
payoff
2 vt sep
} --0
3 vt sep
(~)
2 vt sep
110
Don't you think it's time you paid him ... the money you owe him?
He'll have to pay ... this stupid mistake.
He received a cheque for 100 and paid it ... to the bank.
She paid him ... for the wrong he had done her.
It was a risky thing to do, but it paid ... in the end.
He paid his servants ... because they were not needed any longer.
I think you ought to pay ... and be grateful to him for lending you the
money in the first place.
8 The government pays ... millions of pounds each year in unemployment* benefits.
PULL
pull about
vt sep*
pull back
vi, vt sep
~~:;~ fi
'e-I}
,~I
It's doubtful whether they will ever pull back from the
land captured in the last war.
The commander pulled his men back under cover of
darkness.
(:;~) ~~ 'JAji
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
~~ ,(~~) ~wl.,.,
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles. In some
examples more than one answer is possible:
J5' ~~
EXERCISE3}
deposit in an account
~ l-.> j (:;~)
~ ~
pull down
1 vt sep
draw downwards
~i Jl ~~
She pulled down the blinds* to keep the sun out.
111
pull down
demolish
2 vt sep
\~
,~
pull out
1 vi
~I ()lh4.lI) )~\S:.
weaken; debilitate
3 vt sep*
~JI ~~I
pull out
withdraw (from)
2 vi
(~)~I
pull out
3 vt sep
ton.
pull in(to)
2 vi, vt insep
~~I ~~ ~ (o)l:-JI) ~J
Suddenly the car pulled in to the side of the road.
On our way to Cambridge we pulled into a lay-by* for
some coffee.
pull off
1 vt sep
c;l
'e
vi
d' (o)l:-JI)
0~l>
extract
t!J 1 &
2 vt sep
\il, ~ ~
~~)c ~ c
pull through
vi, vt sep*
~~I
J>:-
o~L..
'JI ,JW
vt sep
don; put on
lS~) ,~
pull together
I vi
...l-.PW
')j"G
'0J W
After this crushing defeat, the Party needs to pull together more than ever before.
We can come through this crisis if we all pull together.
113
pull together
2 vt sep*
0 /'
..
..:..lH.,
C.
c.:;;
JI I..\A
1 vi, vt sep
put about
spread; circulate
vt sep
(~~L::)'1) [})
~LI
'e
l
put across
vt sep*
,~
114
~ '~J\
put aside
I vt sep
L; l>-
. . t:'J.
She put aside her sewing to rest her eyes for a few
minutes.
Put your book aside and listen to me carefully.
EXERCISE 32
communicate; explain
The teacher knows his stuff* well, but he can't put it
across (to the class).
How can we best put our manifesto* across to the electorate*?
rebuke; reprimand
e: J
Ji ~
uproot; pluck
pull up
3 vt sep*
PUT
pull up
2 vt sep
13 The family has always pulled ... in difficult times like these.
14 The policeman signalled to the driver to pull ... to the side of the
road.
15 It was so cold outside he hurried to pull ... a warm sweater.
put aside
ignore; disregard
2 vt sep
~~ ~J.i ,~i
I can't put aside the fact that the man once committed
a murder.
In times of national crisis, party differences should be
put aside.
put aside
save
3 vt sep
)J '?~\
We've managed to put aside enough money for a holiday this summer.
I have a few hundred pounds put aside for emergencies.
115
put away
1 vt sep
~ ~\
.:,,151\ j
~~\
t:'J
put back
3 vt sep
put away
3 vt sep
yi
,~\
(li I.r.
J:i
put away
5 vt sep
put back
replace; return
1 vt sep
~yj
put back
2 vt sep
put down
I vt sep
place down
put down
2 vt sep
J!
~J ~I ~
c:!J
,..b.>-
(~\) Jji J i J)
lIease put me down at the next junction.
Ask the conductor to put you down at the Albert Hall.
put down
3 vt sep
~ ,~,~i
The army put down the rebellion* with ferocityllE.
The revolt* was savagely put down.
put down
4 vt sep
0;~ ,~
If I don't put down his address in my diary, I'm certain to
forget it.
He wants everything put down on paper.
The instructions were put down in black and white.
Please put the drinks down to me/to my account.
~~\ ~l&.\
put down
5 vt sep
move backwards
put d\Jwn to
vt sep*
(~WI)
;.i
116
put away
4 vt sep
,~ ,J~
put by
vt sep
;.i
put away
2 vt sep
delay; hinder
Jllf
i~
117
put forward
1 vt sep
move forward
put off
1 vt sep
(~WI) \~
Your watch is a bit slow; put it forward to the correct
time.
At the beginning of British summer time, clocks are put
forward one hour.
put forward
2 vt sep
put off
2 vt sep
r..ti ) vP.r
nominate; recommend
~
put in
I vt sep
'"
put off
4 vt sep -
jL.;i 'J>-~ i
.
(oJ) JAjI I,~
devote; spend
put off
5 vt sep
apply; submit
(. t:JI ~)
l:lk r..ti
'"
I.';;
v:~I)I)
JAii
tiki
'(.JjJI)
Don't forget to put off the lights before you go to bed.
Put that wireless off; I can't concentrate at all.
get rid of by delay or evasive shifts
J~ 'Jk~ ,~
He keeps putting offhis creditors with promises.
I'm not going to be put off with excuses any longer.
put off
6 vt sep
put in
3 vi, vt insep
'"
(~).;; '(J)~j
insert; add
You'll have to put in four lOp pieces before you can start
the machine.
This article is a bit too short. Why not put in a few more
paragraphs?
put in
2 vt sep
put off
3 vt sep
~ ~JI '~.J
He will put himself forward as a candidate at the next
election.
His was one of the names put forward for promotion.
discourage; deter
She wanted to do that course, but the teacher put her off
by saying how difficult it was.
Don't listen to any of that nonsense; he is only trying to
put you off.
put forward
3 vt sep
~) I,~I
(. t:JI l>l;il)
postpone; defer
..
.
disturb; distract
~i I,~)
Will you two keep quiet! You are putting me off.
The slightest thing can put him offwhen he is working.
put down (2)
put off
7 vt sep
put on
I vt sep
don; dress in
\S..Aj) ,,~
Take off that dirty shirt and put on a clean one.
The gentleman put his hat on when he left the house.
119
put on
2 vt sep
put on
3 vt sep
light; switch on
U~I)I) ~
'(J.,JI) ~i
Put the electric fire on, please; I'm feeling a bit cold.
She put on the radio to listen to the news.
gain (weight)
,(tjJ )
put out
4 vt sep*
put on
4 vt i~ep
assume ; affect
~I'~
He put on a posh accent to impress his visitors.
It was obvious to everybody that her grief was only put
on.
put on
5 vtsep
put out
I vt sep*
put througb
I vt sep
put througb
2 vt sep
.M.>-
,~;,
i ,La, i
put togetber
vt sep
~),~)
He was very much put out by her rude remarks.
Your mother feels rather put out about this incident.
120
~i ,~i ,Ai
assemble
~)
It's easier to take a clock apart than to put it together
again.
put out
3 vt sep*
conclude; complete
I'm quite confident that he'll put the deal through without any difficulty.
Weare hoping to put this scheme through by next
March.
extinguish
~It.\\
..k:L~. "
L.; _:'1-: ~ i
. y--'"
.r'J
If you will hold on, sir, I'll put you through to the
manager.
Put me through to the president. It's urgent.
put out
2 vt sep
VI
dislocate
put over
vt sep
r.J.i
~Ji ~i
She fell down the ladder and pllt her shoulder out
badly.
produce; stage
(~) \\.il ,(~~)
W;
put out
5 vt sep
~bjl
put up
I vt sep
raise
c!.J
He put ul! the l~dder and then took it down again.
The pupil put his hand up to ask a question.
121
build; erect
put up
increase; raise
4 vt sep
c!..J
put up
2 vt sep
~,~,~
3 vi, vt sep
J~
Jji ,(J.ti
J) J;
,~Ij
5 vt iruep
('J~) ~ '~Jj
A generous benefactor put up the money for the scheme.
You have only two days to put up the cash.
put up with
vt iruep
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
j-:>-I ~~ ~ ,~ ~
I refuse to put up with his impertinence any longer.
We have to put up with a lot of noise from the neighbours.
RUN
run across
vt iruep
1
2
3
4
5
122
~;s. ,~~~
EXERCISE 33
run after
vt iruep
chase; pursue
~ IJJ IS? '~J lb
run along
vi
run away
1 vi
escape; flee
~\ ~) ~~~
run away
with
6 vt insep
~~\ ~~~
elope with
run back
vt sep
run down
1 vi
"'.
L.;!
;-:'
...til."'"
..
.JJ '-'f""
consume; use up
~\~~\
C~:J\
Don't run away with the idea that you are indispensable*.
124
:.I~
'l!
~,)
:.;J ~~i
run down
2 vt sep
vb ,~~
A careless driver ran her down as she was crossing the
street.
He was run down by a taxi and was rushed to hospital.
run down
3 vt sep
run away
with
4 vt insep
.u~
I'll run the tape back when I've finished listening to it.
Can we have that bit of the film run back, please?
run away
with
3 vt insep
win easily
Their candidate* ran away with the election.
The Chinese players ran away with the table-tennis
tournament *.
run away
with
2 vt insep
~p~~~
leave; go away
Don't run away; I have something to show you.
Your daddy is busy, darling; run away and play in the
garden.
run away
with
1 vt insep
run away
2 vi
run away
with
5 vt insep
~ ,~ '\~
run down
4 vt sep
find; locate
~~ '~J
The police finally ran him down at a small hotel in
Paris.
We've had an awful lot of trouble running her down.
125
run down
5 vt sep
,. 0-'
~'JAf
run into
4 vt iruep
run in
1 vt sep
be a candidate for
J~~J
He ran for Mayor twice, but was unsuccessful on both
occasions.
He has finally made up his mind to run for President.
run out
1 vi
come to an end
run into
1 vt iruep
run into
2 vt iruep
run out
2 vi
run out of
vt insep
run over
1 vi, vt iruep
meet by chance
~ j:l I , j~ L,.:,
J .I , JIAJ
-'
~
~...:
~ ~ ) ~..ll L.
Jj;
overflow
~ ,~t;
I forgot to turn off the taps in the bath, and the water
ran over.
The milk has run allover the floor.
.u..l..o
~I,~I
collide with
~i~1
She lost control of her car and ran into a stationary *
van.
The two planes ran into each other on the runway *.
expire; terminate
My driving-licence runs out on November 18th.
When does your contract run out?
arrest; apprehend
~~,~I
The police ran him in for indecent * exposure.
Brian was run in for speeding last night.
/. -II /I~ ~
~)u::;',.
What are we going to do when our supply of food runs
out?
My patience is beginning to run out.
run in
2 vt sep
.bJj
drive (a new car) slowly and carefully to avoid straining the engine
If you want to run in your car properly you shouldn't
exceed 35 miles an hour.
'Running in. Please pass.' (notice on the back window
of a new car)
J ~J J i
You'll soon run into debt if you are not careful with
your spending.
I'm afraid your son has run into trouble with the headmaster.
be involved in
run over
2 vt insep
recapitulate; rehearse
'~L
J '-~.
c::
1)
J..r<:'" ~
I'll just run over the main points of the lesson again.
Let us run over that bit once more, shall we?
127
run over
3 vt sep
run up
2 vt sep
accumulate
(.~\ ~l- ~ ~
She ran up a large bill at the butcher's.
You have run up an awful lot of debts already.
run through
1 vt insep
j&- ~f'
ip Ji
Just run through this essay and tell me what you think
of it.
The teacher ran through his notes before starting the
lesson.
run through
2 vt insep
~~
run up
3 vt sep
sew quickly
~r.
.kl>-
run up
against
vt insep
J~ '~\J
We did not expect to run up against that kind of opposition.
He has run up against all sorts of problems.
,;,u.
impale; pierce
3 vt sep
Jj>
,~
J~ ~J
,t
2 vt insep
\~~j&-)~,J~
1 vt sep
raise; hoist
(~) ~)
The besieged garrison ran up a white flag as a sign of
surrender.
128
run
129
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
The policeman ran after the thief, but could not catch him.
The present agreement runs out in June.
This scheme will simply run away with our money.
It took me the whole afternoon to run down the reference.
Time is running out, and so we must hurry.
Don't put too much water in the tank, or it'll run over.
She has already run through the fortune she won on the pools.
see out
2 vt sep*
see over
SEE
vt insep
"JoiJ
see through
1 vt insep
see otT
I vt sep*
~ 'J):J ,~
He promised that he would see into the matter at once.
Perhaps you wouldn't mind seeing into it for me then?
J )tb11
J)
~~;
see through
2 vt sep*'
see through
3 vt sep*
'VI
US
'u:~
bring to a conclusion
,
off.
see otT
2 vt sep*
inspect
She thought she could fool me, but I saw through her
game immediately.
I saw through him at once. I knew exactly what he was
after.
(~I
..;~
~I o~lj J i ~ ~ !J):Ji
J! ib )
4..:It?
" ~I
f
~ ~J ~~I ~ ~
see about
see to
vt insep
~ ~fj~1 ~ o~\.....
He had always trusted that his friends would see him
through when he was in trouble.
I hope this small cheque will see you through.
attend to; take care of
_ f ~I
4..:It?
JJ i
I'll see to it you receive the cheque within the next few
days.
See to it that Mr Freeman is not disturbed.
The lift has broken down again. Have it seen to at
once.
131
set aside
1 vt sep
EXERCISE 35
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles. In some
examples more than one answer is possible:
1 I'll do the washing-up if you'll see ... the dinner.
2 A good host always sees his guests ... when they leave.
3 You are leaving tomorrow, are you? I'll come and see you ... at
the station.
4 You must see ... booking* seats for the play before they are sold
out.
S Take the dog and see those trespassers ... my land.
6 I'm not such a fool, you know! I can see ... your clever plans.
7 A party of foreign visitors came to see ... the factory this morning.
8 They are determined to see their struggle ... right to the end.
9 I wonder whether granny will see the month .... She looks very
ill.
10 We are seeing ... the question of extending his contract for a
further six months.
SET
set about
1 vt insep
begin; tackle
set about
2 vt insep
C.:,f-)
:r:-
132
set aside
2 vt sep
disregard; dismiss
~ J~
t ,~~ ~
annul; quash
~ ,~i
The appeal court set aside the judgement of the lower
court.
The verdict of the jury was set aside and the death
sentence commuted*.
set aside'
4 vt sep
set back
I vt sep
move backwards
(~WI ~J~)
;:.i
hinder; delay
/,;.i ,J ~i
The continuing industrial disputes could set back our
economic recovery considerably.
This will set us back some years.
attack
~~
. . ~J
She set aside her knitting when I came into the room.
He set his paper aside and listened to what she had to
say.
Jt?
They set about their work eagerly.
He doesn't have the slightest idea of how to set about
the job.
As soon as the ship entered dock* they set about unloading the cargo *.
set back
3 vt sep*
set down
1 vt sep
cost
'"
~
His birthday party set him back hundreds of pounds.
That new car must have set him back quite a bit.
133
set down
2 vt sep
set forth
vt sep
'~f ,~
set out
1 vi
set out
2 vi
begin; start
set out
3 vt sep
'"
.~
,,.j)
~
set out
4 vt sep
state; explain
~i '~f ,~
cause to start
~_Gj
,)si
0..iW~ (~~
} ~?\) ).1.\
This ring, madam, will set off your hand beautifully.
Her black hair was set offby the red dress she was wearing.
organize; display
~f'~
You haven't set out your essay very well, I'm afraid.
The goods were neatly set out on the stalls.
set to
1 vi
134
if
set off
4 vt sep
j~ ,~
cause to explode
f'-
setoff
3 vt sep
Jl
j>- ,IJ.:
~~
As he was walking down the street one night, two men
suddenly set on him and knocked him senseless.
He was set on and beaten up by a gang of boys.
attack
set in
vi
seton
vt insep
set up
1 vi
start a business
~..>~ ~ i~
At the end of the war, his father moved to Bournemouth
where he set up as an inn-keeper.
set up
2 vt sep
setup
3 vtsep
~ 'ili\
He set up a hot-dog* stall outside the football
stadium.
The army set up an observation post at the top of the
hill.
establish; institute
~
L.;:.,;\ ,~\,~
EXERCISE 36
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles. In some
examples more than one answer is possible:
Ask the driver to set you ... at the Odeon.
They set ... their reasons for refusing to support the motion*.
The League* of Nations was set ... in 1919.
This frame will set ... your painting very nicely.
A rare talent set Shakespeare ... from other Elizabethan poets.
We must get the shed fixed before the bad weather sets ....
They have been set ... with all the provisions they need for the
voyage.
8 I don't know how to set ... a job like this.
9 He set ... to break the world record for the high jump.
lOWe set ... at five and reached our destination before sunset.
11 The dinner set me ... eight quid*.
12 The policeman set ... in writing all the statements we made.
13 A gang of hooligans* set ... him and injured him very badly.
14 The recent outbreaks of violence could set ... the peace efforts considerably.
15. He gave up his job at the factory and set ... as a greengrocer.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SHOW
setup
4 vi. vt sep*
claim to be
~j 'if~\
show (a)round
vt sep
set up
5 vt sep
set up
6 vt sep
show in(to)
vt sep
~J>. ~I
When Mr Francis arrives show him in at once.
The secretary showed me into the manager's office.
We were shown into a large drawing-room by the butler *.
provide; equip
.R.-
'~Jj
136
achieve (a record)
(~l:i t.:)) ~
show off
1 vi
~l; 'y>-lA;
He just can't help showing off in pUblic.
I wish you would stop showing off, William!
137
show otT
2 vt sep
6 He keeps using French words just to show ... his knowledge of the
language.
7 You shouldn't have shown your mother ... in front of all those people.
exhibit; display
).;:\ IoR\
This dress shows off your figure very nicely.
The gold frame shows the painting offwell.
show otT
3 vt sep
display ostentatiously
-..T'f
She went to the dance just to show off her new clothes.
She likes to show her daughter off, doesn't she?
show out
vt sep
stand about
vi
arrive; appear
~ ,~~ ~~J
= stand about
stand aside
I vi
.,
'.:.e'"
10
:;<.--
u::-:
~~'.
~.
stand aside
2 vi
expose; unmask
embarrass; shame
~J ~y
,J..I.r.
~I~Y~J
We can't stand aside and let him do it all by himself.
Surely you don't expect me to stand aside and allow
this thing to happen.
show up
3 vt sep
stand around
vi
show up
2 vt sep
~ 'l_~,
"~
show up
1 vi
STAND
G ;' ./;'
~ ."~
stand back
vi
stand clear
I~ ~J .~I
EXERCISE 37
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles:
I
2
3
4
5
I waited for her for nearly one hour, but she didn't show ....
Don't keep the young lady waiting. Show her ....
The guide showed the tourists ... the ancient cathedral.
He'll probably stop showing ... if we don't take a~y n<?tic~ of ~im.
My secretary will show you .... It's easy to get lost m thIS bIg buIlding.
138
stand by
1 vi
be a mere bystander
~I~Y~J
Several people stood by while the two men were fighting.
We cannot stand idly by and watch people die of starvation*.
139
standby
2 vi
~~ ~b- j 0lS"'
stand for
3 vt insep
stand for
4 vt insep
stand in for
vt insep
~ ~JI i)IJ I
J;
stand off
vi
(~I j) ~L..:JI ~y ~ ~I
represent; mean
J~~)
stand out
vi
140
y.~ ~
.J:
~~ ~~~
Father wouldn't standfor any of that nonsense.
I won't stand for his impudence any longer.
keep at a distance
~..l.A.:~~J
be conspicuous; be prominent
~~ iJI.! JI ~)~
Vi ~ ell.aJ) ~I
The candidate has offered to stand down in favour of a
younger man.
He is not going to stand down for anybody.
stand for
1 vt insep
~;
<,..-
be a candidate for
He stood for Parliament in 1970, but was not elected.
At the last election he stood for Bristol.
stand over
1 vi
wait; be postponed
<
~G
~.
<
? .G
The last item on the agenda will have to stand over until
our next meeting.
141
stand over
2 vt insep
watch closely
ob~
~I\
stand up for
vt insep
defend; support
J~I loy- ~I~
L
withstand; resist
; ~ "i)L!
TAKE
be taken aback be startled; be surprised
vt sep*
.;
)
:.s,;
face boldly
ol~ -G:- I)
take after
vt insep
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
)1>. 11>.
10
~I
\0
"-:
L.;.
EXERCISE 38
~ ~~ H.:'~I
take apart
vt sep*
~\o~
. He took the radio apart and then put it together again.
The mechanic took the engine apart before repairing it.
take aside
vt sep*
~I}jl ~ o...i.>-I
142
143
take away
1 vt sep
remove
take down
1 vt sep
takeaway
2 vt sep
~'C>
Take away 4 from 9 and you get 5.
9 take away 4 is 5.
take back
1 vt sep
take down
3 vt sep
~\\ ~~~i
(~~
l>
take back
3 vt sep
( <\.4
0J~ ,~
dismantle
~,~
take down
5 vt sep*
humble; humiliate
~~ ~ ~ ,J~\
That young fellow is always bragging* about himself; he
needs to be taken down a peg or two.
'"%') ~
take for
vt sep*
believe or assume to be
IJ5" Jl>
J\ ~
I took her for her sister; they are very much alike.
Who do you take me for?
Do you take me for a fool?
~~lll ~ ~ .~;-~
Those pictures took me back to the war.
This kind of music does take one back, doesn't it?
144
retract; withdraw
I take back what I said yesterday, and I hope you will
accept my apology.
When she found out the truth, she came to me and took
her remarks back.
take back
4 vt sep*
take down
4 vt sep
) ~J...,.
The shirt which you sold me is too small. Will you take it
back?
The shopkeeper refused to take back the rotten eggs.
iJ.A ,J.A
L' ./
take back
2 vt sep
return
Will you do me a favour, Jim? Take these books back (to
the library).
(l!~ 0~ ~ ~) Jjl
She reached up to the top shelf and took down an
atlas.
He took down all the pictures from the walls when the
room was being painted.
take down
2 vt sep
subtract
take from
vt insep
detract from
~ b- J\
Jli
He may have been a Nazi, but that doesn't take from his
achievement as a physicist.
145
take in
1 vt sep
')~~~ -U? j ~\
take off
2 vt sep
take in
3 vt insep
~ ,~
understand; grasp
~yl ,~
take off
3 vt sep
take off
4 vt sep
mimic; imitate
Jb-
,.ill
take on
1 vt sep
..r.-L1 'i~1
As they couldn't finish the work on time, they had to
take on extra employees.
We can't take on any more staff, simply because we don't
have the money for it.
(o)l1JI) ~i
The aircraft crashed five minutes after it had taken off.
We took offfrom Heathrow Airport at 9.30 p.m.
146
~'~
t).&,~
She hurriedly took off her coat and sank into an armchair.
Take that dirty jacket off and put on a clean one.
He took offhis hat when he came into the house.
remove
accept; undertake
~ ~I 'J:j
I'm sorry to have to disappoint you, but I can't take on
any more work this week.
You should never have taken this job on in the first
place.
take on
3 vt sep
accept as an opponent
~~~~
He is ready to take on anybody at chess*.
I took Jim on at billiards and beat him.
147
take on
4 vt insep
take over
vi, vt insep
acquire; assume
~\~~I
oj:w:J1
JI ~;JJ ~ i f
~LI .~
1..0'
"-
take to
1 vt insep
(~\) J\)
take out
5 vt sep*
148
"
~I
.J!'" Jl~ .~. ~
.
take to
2 vt insep
seek refuge in
take to
3 vt insep
1>-
l.>
':
(~ )1 ~) I,,;,!J
I appreciate that you're having a difficult time, but
please don't take your temper out on me.
She took her rage out on the poor dog.
)1.1'01'1\ );
That tooth has given you so much pain. Why not see a
dentist and have it taken out
She was admitted to hospital last Monday and had her
appendix* taken out.
take out
3 vt sep
.;.kU\
assume control of
~~\ J\,
shorten (a garment)
take up
2 vt sep
occupy; fill
(l
let down)
(~;)~
These trousers are too long; get the tailor to take them
up.
The dress does fit you nicely, but it needs to be take{l up an
inch or so.
149
take up
raise, discuss
3 vt sep
?lj
1 He had a row* with his boss and vented his anger on his wife.
2 The aeroplane left the ground smoothly.
3 Your son resembles you in many ways.
4 If I were you I would employ more workers and finish the job quickly.
5 Don't let youself be deceived By appearances.
6 Philip is very popular with his classmates because he is clever
at mimicking the teachers.
7 I hope I haven't occupied too much of your time.
8 Her skirt was too loose and had to be made narrower.
9 I was so surprised by his reply that I couldn't say a word.
10 The newsreporters recorded the main points of the President's speech.
11 That large company has assumed control of many smaller ones.
12 The children liked the new maid immediately.
~~
take up
4 vt insep
.~I. J
4.;? J\
~Ir ,,~I
J.il
take up
resume; continue
5 vt insep
~IJ \o~L:.....I
<
take up with
vt insep
THINK
r :.~~
J,J~ ~i
M
think about
1 vt insep
reflect upon
yG J\
r(j
I have been thinking about this all week, but I, still can't
understand it.
I thought about you all day, wondering what had happened to you.
EXERCISE 39
A Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
150
think about
consider; contemplate
2 vt insep
0Y
r?1 \oj ~
think about
3 vt insep
<
think back
vi
~l4 ~~ j ~
He thought back and tried to remember where he had
seen that face before.
Seeing those photographs made me think back to my
early days in the army.
think of
1 vt insep
\~}'\.~
..b:.\
think of
4 vt insep
think up .
vt sep
<
find; suggest
~..I.:.!I ....b-.I
.J
4:~ .1..k>.
consider at length
. LL: ~
c:.
J _/
invent; concoct
t~ I
'Jl:>-I ,ty>1
j ~ <'0Y "i?1
have an opinion of
We need a couple of days to think over your suggestions before we commit ourselves.
Please think this matter over and let me know your
answer by Friday.
\....:
152
vt sep
~ r~
think over
"0
)~
think of
3 vt insep
think out
vt sep
~\ ~j j; ~fi
J.
imagine
remember; recall
Can you think of the Arabic word for 'submarine'*?
I know who you mean, but I can't think of his name at
the moment.
You will think of me sometimes, won't you?
think of
2 vt insep
think of
6 vt insep
EXERCISE 40
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles:
1 Can you think ... the name of the first astronaut to land on the
moon?
2 Just think ... all the money the government is spending on armament*.
3 She is very quick at thinking ... stories.
4 I don't know what to think ... this whole damned thing.
5 Your teachers obviously think very highly ... you.
6 The plot .to depose* the king had been thoroughly thought ... by
the consplrators*.
7 Think it ... and let me know what you decide.
8 Now think ... , Mrs Atkings, and see if you can remember anything
at all that might help us find the murderer.
9 What were you thinking ... when I came in?
10 I just couldn't think ... harming that poor old lady.
153
THROW
throw about
vt sep*
)~ ~~ ~!J~) ~
throwaway
1 vt sep
throw off
2 vt insep
~).I-.,1 ~
I don't seem to be able to throw off this wretched cold.
Throwing off all sense of pride, she begged him to
marry her.
It is about time we threw off the yoke* of imperialism.
0)
You mustn't throw litter about in the park.
He is throwing his money about like a madman.
throw out
1 vt sep
discard; dispose of
'C>
throw out
2 vt insep
throw in
1 vt imep
thrown in
2 VI sep
throw out
3 vt sep
~~ (~) .j~1
If you buy the house, we'll throw in the carpets.
He said I could have the scooter for only 30, with the
helmet* thrown in.
interject
(.tJI
~~) ~i
remove hurriedly
&Ji t!
She threw off her coat and shoes and lay down on the
sofa.
154
"
.
~
<
'" I
,~
reject
~)
throw out
= throwaway (l)
4 vt sep
throw over
vt sep
J'
JZ
,~ ,~
She threw over her old friends when she won a fortune
on the pools.
She has thrown her lover over for sllmeone wealthier.
emit; produce
<
ifl . .).;k
~) t~i
o;J~
throw up
1 vi, vt sep
vomit; bring up
<I.!~ j ~
Ji
,~
throw up
abandon; give up
2 vt sep
~ JlA.::..,.,\
tum away
2 vt sep
C!J;
J 0yJ\ (..J.Aj
Ji J\>.~l ~)
away.
I really hate to turn beggars away.
EXERCISE 41
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct prepositions or particles:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TURN
turn against
vi, vt sep*
j&- ~I
..
JI ~.r-
tum back
1 vi, vt sep
tum back
2 vt sep
fold back
turn down
1 vt sep
fold down
~\J.,l\ Jl ~
She turned back the corner of the page to mark her
place in the book.
l"b
I wish you would stop this habit of turning down the
pages of the book.
'j&- ~I
against him.
I will never forgive her for turning my own son against me.
vi
o~I)J
Ji
156
u~\ Ji ~\) ~
Don't forget to turn down the gas when the milk boils.
She turned the oil lamp down.
J. ~I
She dared not turn round to see who was following her
in the dark.
tum away
1 vi
tum down
2 vt sep
tum down
refuse; reject
3 vt sep
~)
He did apply for that post, but they turned him down.
She turned down the job because it was badly paid.
His first book was turned down by a number of publishers.
157
turn in
1 vi
turn on
1 vt sep
go to bed
<
turn in
2 vt sep
;J,?
turn on
2 vt sep*
I..7M-
~ ~
o~
AI:I
L:.k0
turn on
3 vt insep
turn on
4 vt insep
turnout
I vi
y ~
1..,.;"-
turn out
2 vi
~~j
attack
~~
~~I j~ ~.~
assemble; gather
~ .,-~
LO
~
01
~I
JI ~rW )1 ~
MO
158
depend on
turnoff
3 vt sep*
<
.-rl!ll ~ .C~I
excite; stimulate
The dog turned on the postman and bit him in the thigh.
turn off
2 vt sep
~\
I think she is a great singer; she really turns the audience on.
That jazz sure turns me on, man!
JlJ~)\J~
A caterpillar* ultimately turns into a butterfly or a moth.
Jesus is said to have turned water into wine.
We are going to turn the basement into a workshop.
turn off
1 vi, vt insep
)yJI)
~I) ~ ~ (ot:l l
(.t:JI y'.)\)1 )
turn out
3 vt sep
evic~;
expel
if' '.).;k
Her landlord turned her out for not paying the rent.
Turn those children out of my study, will you?
159
turn out
4 vt sep
tUfn up
arrive; come
Ui ~ Jl.1S' ~ ~
1 vi
~ p.~
extinguish
5 vt sep
(J.,:JI)
~i
I waited for him for nearly one hour, but he did not
turn up.
Only half the members turned up at last night's meeting.
turn up
2 vi
(I~~
~I
turn up
3 vi
2 vi, vt sep
'&-.r-l
turn up
~..l> ~
cau~e
4 vt sep
find; discover
~~ ~~J
4.b?) \~
turn up
~ .1 .) ~ ~~\) ~\ \.J-
M~
6 vt sep
~I JI~-.;.~
5 vt sep
to face upwards
turn up
j...a.>-
... ~ L. t~\ ~ t~
(.;J\
turn over
4 vt sep
~)
happen; occur
turn over
3 vt insep
oIS' 01
capsize; overturn
The small rowing-boat turned over in the gale.
The car hit a lamp-post and turned over.
turn over
'j.,PJ
(jWI
~) S~ C~~I)I ~y) ~)
turn upside
down
vt sep*
~...w.
v:
~ ~~
u--.
l.5~ L.,I) J
You've turned the painting upside down, haven't you?
He turned the whole place upside down, looking for his
wear down
1 vi, vt sep
. u\) . '-'pl;
boots.
EXERCISES 42
I haven't found a job yet, but I hope something will turn ... soon.
Turn your collar ... ; it's sticking up at the back.
Do you mind turning ... the wireless? It's making too much noise.
He never lets down anyone who turns ... him for help.
That shop turns ... something like a thousand pounds a day.
The oil tanker* caught fire and turned ... an inferno *.
Turn ... the television if you are not watching it.
Thieves broke into the shop and turned everything . .. . ...
Turn ... the light, please; it's getting dark in here.
A large crowd turned ... to welcome the president.
wear down
2 vt sep
~I H_:~~I
They have at last succeeded in wearing down the opposition.
The two boxers were trying to wear each other down.
wear otT
vi
l:!:)...l.,j
~~ ,Jlj
wear on
vi
vi, vt sep
(cause to)
etc.
IS;
disappe~r
wear out
1 vi, vt sep
162
<1.
J.I 'J1>-1
,\.s! ,~\
The inscription * on the monument has worn away and
can scarcely be read.
The waves had worn away the cliffs.
Wind and rain have worn these rocks away.
WEAR
wear away
wear out
2 vt sep
<
<
~) ~4\ ~~\
work on
2 vt insep
EXERCISE 43
~\ ~(~)
J~
work out
1 vi
work out
2 vi
J (~) ~ ~~ ~~
work out
3 vi, vt sep
164
be engaged in
j~\ ,~~
We are working on a slightly different project at present.
What exactly is he working on for his doctorate?
./
~-l>
') L..
'lS.r.-
estimate; calculate
We worked out that it would cost 300 to instal a central-heating system.
I'll have to work out the cost of this trip to see if we can
afford it.
work out
4 vt sep
solve
I can't work out these difficult equations*.
The athletes worked out for five hours a day before the
Olympics.
introduce
v~ 'J.>~i
'--
Things did not quite work out the way we had hoped.
Everything worked out all right in the end.
./-
WORK
work at
vt insep
devise; plan
~\ ,..k.k>
'r)
of campaign.
It seems to be a well worked-out scheme.
work out
6 vt sep
exhaust (a mine)
(~)~I
work out at
v t insep
amount to
L"
arouse; excite
../
develop; build up
~\ ~).,b
My brother and I worked up the business from nothing.
I might try to work up these notes into a small book.
work up
3 vt sep
stimulate; arouse
work up to
1 vt insep
rise gradually to
Jl
~)J.j
YJ
(~ ~Y
J ;s:.:u)
~\ ~
;"$ j)}
...:..J.-:.....I
abbreviation, p. 142
abide by, p. 10
) l..a.::>1
-...J.;:JI.i.iA;
. \ -'
./
abolition. p. 12
J~~
abortive, p. 29
. "Wl
-j..:.\j
(i "~i
accomplish, p. 96
accumulate, p. 34
&-:-
acquaintances, p. 37
(,,)1) j)~
-v~
:r . ~
(.)~I~)
adequate, p. 53
affair, p. 54
jt5"
<
'"
~I;' ~ JI 4.i~
agenda,p.79
Jlri JJ~
ailment, p. 84
~f'&
4:,.r:- o)i:.
air-raid, p. 63
allegations, p. 28
ammunition, p. 62
~\jo
"01,,l&..)1
~,,~
ancestor, p. 84
annual. p. 126
antagonize, p. 85
Antarctic, p. 134
anticipate, p. 52
t..Si-'
"I.;.,JI
)~i
"h...,i
~~I ~I 4A.k:.l1
2;
169
appendix, p. 148
applause, p. 68
.i::.:l)-l\1 o~l)i
j~\~~ .. ....jb
application, p. 62
Bill, p. 24
0jli
uP )1 O.:l,.,.......
4...:....JI
..
binoculars, p. 100
Jl:j
blackmail, p. 62
<
appreciably, p. 51
v~)1 v~)~
armament, p. 153
arrogant, p. 150
j~v~~
~\...il\ ~lfJ\
arthritis, p. 83
artillery, p. 27
assassin, p. 153
4-.t..l-
assassination, p. 65
assault, p. 116
~ ~~\ 'r-~
~W\ -U\)
astronaut, p. 153
athlete, p. 31
~
~.:ll:.ll : J~.:l
attic, p. 48
auctioneer, p. 86
auditor, p. 72
authorities, p. 75
.:ll)\
0~lJ-\ C-\f
~~\ .0lk.U\
blinds, p. 111
(oltUI) )L:.....
<\.4~~\
blood donor, p. 76
book,p.132
(I~)~
~lJ-\ j\.;.:l
book-keeper, p. 31
.!LL.
brag, p. 145
,
"". lA;
~'?
brochure, p. 75
-::(' .. 4...,.,1';-
budget, p. 129
;";1;:'4
~~ ~
.,:,.s-UI
bully,p.143
(I-l::f)) ..
(10~))
burglar, p. 20
~\?~
butler, p. 137
i..8-1 ~) ,jLJ\
~
campaign, p. 61
0tk~1 ~\.:l
cancer, p. 135
candidate, p. 48
o~ 'i
i J.A.:l 1 H_J tk
;
back-bencher,p.28
~'i ir-J\ ~
~)j) ~
bandit, p. 53
bank on, p. 52
bankrupt, p. 78
barbed wire, p. 83
beleaguered, p. 79
benefactor, p. 122
bereavement, p. 17
,)ll.:.~
,)l
t:
ban, p. 117
,~
'J:."b
Eli
~~\)\~\
~
!J JL.i
.oJ L.;
J),.. . .;,~
?~lt ,~
~ 0\..w,~
besieged, p. 62
J)a:. . .;,~:
bickering, p. 52
o)b . il.a.>-
170
\......
Jl4 vI)
capital, p. 32
~I~'il
~ ..,T~
<
capital punishment, p. 23
~\
capsize, p. 18
~.r>"
cargo, p. 132
)L>- . 0~ l.o!
casualties, p. 63
caterpillar, p. 158
. t:JI
~\.;J\ O.:l).:l ~
U..:-;.
~
cause, p. 89
0~1
challenger, p. 87
champion, p. 87
charitable foundations, p. 62
charity, p. 65
)1
~J4
candidate, p. 125
(~~)\
J)
4:? 0L...";"
4:?-~";"
171
~?
chess, p. 147
~I 1.r.JJI
cholera, p. 21
Christmas, p. 67
~I)j ,~")ij
customs officer, p. 72
!J)~~
.
Y
daffodil, p. 41
~I~j
(l ..,a.:JI ~) ~~I ~
'"
oJI~ , l.,as.
club, p. 132
commandos, p. 18
cultivation, p. 27
commission, p. 136
~
commit suicide, p. 41
death penalty, p. 12
il~~1 ~~
~~
debate, p. 49
~~ ,~\.4j
J:i
debris, p. 34
,~I
committee, p. 27
U.
commute, p. 133
'(~I)~
defective, p. 29
i~
.
JL> JI ~ 4.:!
deficit, p. 105
j\..~)~
".
01).:-4
competition, p. 31
comply with, p. 10
computer, p. 47
,~L-..
~~I) ~I
~I.:lI ,JJ;SJ':JI
~I
4J;SJ':JI
dentist, p. 59
')L..i~
depose, p. 153
'& ,J.r
depression, p. 89
concessions, p. 159
~':Jjl:.;
conservative, p. 33
..k;~
conspirator, p. 153
~Ip 'J"\.::...
destiny, p. 25
consultation, p. 28
O)JL..:.,. , )J L.:.;
deteriorate, p. 44
.rf ~
contemporary, p. 141
contest, p. 70
controversy, p. 134
ol)~ ,~L-..
~y.a> , j'}.>. ,JI~
..ltJ
delegation, p. 15
derelict, p. 112
destination, p. 25
(l>~WI) ~W
!JJ;'" ')~
Jy}1
~ :~~
'" '".
)"u ,~
".
).J'bJj ' )
'"
lr 1 'I..S~;
diagnosis, p. 13
(~)I)~
diligence, p. 61
o..l.t:.. ,~ ,,~~I
dire, p. 157
& ,~\..
J~
disabled, p. 61
c;-S'
/.} ~
* ,~'?
'i~
disarray, p. 50
~;:.; ,~j
convert, p. 145
convict, p. 58
convoy,p.53
corporal punishment, p. 27
corpse, p. 90
corruption, p. 28
crisis (pI. crises), p. 41
critic, p. 12
crook, p. 91
culprit, p. 95
172
*'k. J
~
i
. *
~~ ~~
.)~ ,~
"L.:.;) , Or)
.
.
(~~ JI 4:~WI) ~jl
~)ts'"
disaster, p. 63
".
discretion, p. 96
dissertation, p. 128
4JL.,.,) '~J.~I
Jib
divorce, p. 50
dock,p.132
,~
~l:.:ll ~)
(~~I) ...\.il;
dogged,p.2l
, '-"~
dogged,p.32
Jbo! ,~
if.- ,u.l.
draft dodger, p. 36
4:~1 ~...Gli
:r
~...;.11
173
draught, p. 83
~Ir ~?
ferocity, p. 117
fiancee, p. 150
drench, p. 38
drought, p. 24
dull-witted, p. 146
earthquake, p. 45
.~y
.1L.::..;
drive, p. 98
'Js!
.J.
.~ .j~
0
--:
iJ.J
.4.
.~
~) o~
,JI)j
(~)WI~) ~I ~
election, p. 41
0L.l>.;jl
emergency, p. 24
,~l>.;jl
~\.:JI )~
.0.r.>-1.;
~rY
enterprise, p. 32
~ .t!~
enthusiasm, p. 30
~~.U"~
epidemic, p. 21
estimate, p. 15
(0~~)I
o)~1 ,~
fine, p. 57
4,.1j"-
~)I.; ~wi
firework, p. 70
:J.f...!..
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flower-bed, p. 90
fossil, p. 136
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electorate, p. 115
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extension. p. 123
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Grand National, p. 159
grant, p. 141
facetious, p. 156
fanatic, p. 47
fancy-dress ball, p. 61
fees, p. 73
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175
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laughing stock, p. 56
lay-by. p. 112
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intimidation, p. 141
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hygienic, p. 103
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League of Nations, p. 137
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letter, to the -, p. 32
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mischief, p. 15
outstanding, p. 110
overdue, p. 30
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outdated, p. 47
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pitch, p.-30
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pneumonia, p. 25
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prescription, p. 105
prey, p. 16
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pools, p. 82
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obstacle, p. 129
opponent, p. 88
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premier, p. 75
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office, p. 39
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poke, p. 71
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panic, p. 39
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obstinate, p. 143
J.:.}o
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motion, p. 137
negotiations, p. 19
outrageous, p. 80
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outlaw, p. 149
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moaning, p. 43
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procession, p. 109
project, p. 53
promotion, p. 17
proposal, p. 9
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provocative, p. 82
row, p. 151
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quotation, p. 166
scaffolding, p. 145
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rebellious, p. 85
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refinery, p. 18
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sex equality, p. 80
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resort, p. 32
resume, p. 19
retirement, p. 88
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snobbish, p. 102
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rogue,p.142
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resignation, p. 55
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reservist, p. 29
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p. 79
scheme, p. 22
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regiment, p. 43
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schedule, p. 12
sea, go to -, p. 124
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reinforcem~nts,
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starvation, p. 139
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stationary, p. 126
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stuff, p. 115
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surveyor, p. 100
suspect, p. 72
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tournament, p. 125
track down, p. 66
traffic jam, p. 77
traitor, p. 99
182
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truancy, p. 64
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unemployment benefit, p. 111
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vacuum cleaner, p. 47
verdict, p. 24
virtue, by - of, p. 141
vocabulary, p. 74
volunteer, p. 77
vote, p. 135
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tear-gas, p. 22
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will, p. 28
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witness, p. 9
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worship, p. 64
oi)1
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183
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KEY TO EXERCISES
J~
zebra crossing, p. 49
zoology, p. 40
Exercise 1.
Exercise 2.
Exercise 3.
Exercise 4.
Exercise 5. 1. reprimanded/scolded 2. was forgotten 3. arrived unexpectedly 4. explode 5. drop in 6. extinguished 7. lost his temper 8. enlarged
Exercise 6. 1. off 2. up 3. down 4. out 5. down 6. in 7. down 8. into
9. out 10. away 11. out 12. off 13. up 14. away 15. into
Exercise 7. A 1. introduced 2. mentioning 3. caused 4. pronounce
5. reared/raised 6. induces/causes 7. carry/take 8. reintroduce/restore
9. reduced 10. published B 1. round 2. through 3. down 4. in 5. out
6. under 7. round/to 8. back 9. off 10. forward/up
Exercise 8.
10. up
Exercise 9.
{
II
184
185
Exercise 18. 1. yield 2. returned 3. became exhausted 4. stop 5. announced 6. emit/produce 7. bestowed/gave free of charge 8. emit/produce 9. divulged/revealed 10. relinquish 11. overlooks 12. relinquished/
abandoned 13. submit/hand in 14. despair 15. presented/distributed
Exercise 33. A 1. put out 2. put on 3. put up 4. put off 5. put up with
6. put up 7. put on 8. put forward 9. put across/over 10. put in 11. put
aside/away/by 12. put on 13. put down 14. put off 15. put down to
B 1. away 2. back 3. up 4. through 5. on 6. back 7. about 8. down 9. out
10. up with
Exercise 40.
of 10. of
Exercise 44. 1. introducing into 2. vent 3. excite/arouse 4. apply yourself to 5. calculate 6. engaged in 7. solve 8. devised/produced 9. stimulated/aroused 10. amounts to