1.

Deep vein thrombosis

Causes
. surgeries
-- surgery that reduces blood flow to body
-- major surgery on hip, leg, calf, abdomen or chest
. previous history of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
. paralysis from spinal cord injury
. varicose veins
. inflammatory bowel disease
Treatments
. blood thinners or anticoagulants such as warfarin, heparin, or xarelto
. cathether-directed thrombolysis to prevent further vein damage
. vena cava filter to capture blood clots
. elevation and compression to decrease leg pain
. venous thrombectomy
2. Spider veins
Causes
. working in an occupation that requires prolonged periods of standing
. the use of birth control pills
. post menopause hormone treatment
. history of blood clots
. trauma or wearing restrictive garments such as girdle that puts pressure on
abdomen
Treatments
. wearing compression socks
. elevate legs while sitting or lying down
. avoid standing for prolonged periods
. sclerotherapy, laser therapy and surgery to reduce appearance of spider
veins

3. Venous reflux
Causes
. female gender
. heredity
. lack of physical activity
. multiple pregnancies
. past history of blood clots in the legs
. professions that involve long periods of standing
Treatments (primary goals is to close or remove the diseased vein)
. phlebectomy to remove the diseased vein
. Venefit procedure or Vnus Closure Procedure as an alternative to
phlebectomy
4. Mortons neuroma
Causes
. irritation or compression to nerves toe bones
. abnormal positioning of foot
. flat feet
. hammer toes and bunions
. high foot arches
. tight shoes and high heels
Treatment
. padding and tapping the toe area
. wearing shoe inserts
. wearing good footwear with wider toe boxes
. anti-inflammatory medicines, orally or by injection such as steroids
. nerve blocking medicines injected to toe area
. physical therapy for aiding of healing
. decompression surgery to reduce pressure of toes

5. Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Causes
. Flat feet or fallen arches that causes compression on tibial nerve
. swelling caused by ankle sprain which then compresses the tibial nerve
. diseases such as diabetes or arthritis, resulting in nerve compression
. enlarged or abnormal structure of leg and foot such as varicose veins,
ganglion cyst, swollen tendon or bone spur
Treatments
. anti-inflammatory medications or steroid injection to relieve pain
. orthosis or orthotic devices may be used to reduce pressure and to limit
movement that would cause compression of nerve
. surgery to release the trapped nerve such as tarsal tunnel release
6. Sural nerve entrapment
Causes
. trauma or compression to the nerve
Treatment
. myofascial release to remove excessive facial tissue in the area that enclose
sural nerve
. surgical release of the nerve if the pain continues