CE3010: Transportation Engineering I

Atul Narayan, S. P.
IIT Madras

August 13, 2015

Outline

First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Outline

First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Class timings

Classes will be in the A slots on Monday, Thursday and Friday

Additional classes on Tuesday A slot if required.

Please keep yourself available for all the A slots of the

semester. Do not commit yourself to any activity on A
slots.

Contact Information

My office is at 238H.

You can contact me at atulnryn@iitm.ac.in or

atulnryn@gmail.com

For any questions or discussion, just stop by my office. We

will fix an appointment if we cannot meet then.

Your contact information?

Course contents and schedule

Course contents and schedule will be mailed to you.

Reference Textbooks for course

Chakroborthy and A. Das, Principles of Transportation Engineering,

Prentice-Hall of India, 2003.

C. S. Papacostas and P. D. Prevedouros, Transportation

Engineering and Planning, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.

Khanna and Justo Highway Engineering, Ninth Edition, Nemchand,

2011

J. H. Banks, Introduction to Transportation Engineering, Mc-Graw

Hill Book Company, 2002.

P. H. Wright and K. K. Dixon, Highway Engineering, John Wiley &

Sons, Seventh Edition, 2004.

C. J. Khisty and B. K. Lall, Transportation Engineering An

Introduction, Prentice- Hall of India, 2002.

Yang Huang, Pavement Analysis and Design, Pearson, 2004.

Yoder, E.J., and Witczak, Principles of Pavement Design, 2nd ed.

John Wiley and Sons, 1975.

R. Horonjeff and F. X. McKelvy, Planning and Design of Airports,

Mc-Graw Hill International Editions, 1993.

References for Pavement Design and Analsysis section

Textbook
Yang H. Huang (2004). Pavement Analysis and Design, Pearson.

Additional References
Yoder and Witczak (1975), Principles of Pavement Design, John
Wiley and Sons.
IRC 37 (2012) and IRC 58 (2002)

Grading Policy

Assignments:
Mid-Semester Examination:
End-Semester Examination:

20%
30%
50%

Assignments

Students can work on assignments in groups of maximum two.

One submission per group is enough.

Due dates are as listed in the calendar.

Classroom Policy

Any form of misconduct including cheating, plagiarism,

fabrication, etc. will not be tolerated. Any student
caught doing so will be assured maximum punishment.

If the submission of two or more groups have the same

content with same mistakes, both groups will be given zeros
for that problem.

Attendance rules of IIT Madras will be strictly followed.

Please turn off all cell phones before coming to class.

Please be courteous to fellow students. Do not disrupt the

class by talking, using your cell phone, etc.

Note-taking

Attend all classes and write down notes whenever it appears

important.

Reading materials will be sent to you once the lecture topic is

finished.

Please use the reference textbooks for background reading.

Outline

First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Primary learning objectives

To design flexible and rigid pavements using the Indian Roads

Congress design methods
To evaluate when it would be necessary to modify the design
methods

Design Process

Source:MEPDG Flexible Pavement Design Guide

Subordinate learning objectives

To analyze the stress-strain distribution in pavements for

given loading conditions.

To estimate pavement distresses based on stresses and strains

in pavement structure.

To explain the effect of mechanical properties on pavement

behavior and performance.

To analyze the stresses and distresses caused by vehicle

loading.

To estimate the expected volume of traffic in design life

Levels of learning

Remembering: Describing, identifying

Understanding: Interpreting, explaining

Applying: Executing, Implementing

Analyzing: Comparing, Deconstructing

Evaluating: Expringmenting, Judging

Creating: Desiging, Constructing

Outline

First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Aggregates

Aggregates are granular materials such as river gravel, crushed

stone or sand.
It is the longest english word you can type with the left hand
(standard typing procedure)

(a) Sand

(b) River Gravel

(d) Aggregate Mix

(c) Granite

Bitumen

Bitumen is a processed form of the residue obtained in

fractional distillation of petroleum.

It is also known as asphalt or asphalt cement.

Bituminous concrete

Bituminous concrete is the compacted mixture of bitumen and

aggregates.
It is also known as bituminous mixture, asphalt concrete,
asphalt mixture and hot-mix asphalt (HMA).

(a) Loose Mix

Outline

First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Typical Pavement Structure

Seal Coat
Surface Course
Binder Course

Base Course

Sub-base Course

Subgrade

Tack Coat
Prime Coat

Seal Coat

It is a thin layer of bitumen with or without crushed

aggregates embedded in it.

It is also known as chip seal or bituminous surface treatment.

It is mainly useful in colder climates.32

It is used for:
Waterproofing the surface
Improving skid resistance
Improving surface finish and sealing surface cracks

Surface Course

It is the top-most layer in an asphalt concrete pavement.

The layer is usually made with dense-graded HMA.

Open graded HMA with adequate porosity may also be used.

It is also known as wearing course.

Purpose:
To provide resistance to frictional stresses caused by
moving vehicles
To provide skid resistance
To waterproof the pavement structure

It is meant to wear with repetitions of vehicle loading.

It can be periodically rehabilitated during the design period.

Binder Course

It is the layer below the surface course.

Purpose:
To distribute the stresses due to vehicle loading over a
large area
To reduce the stresses and strains in the underlying layers
To reduce the cost of the pavement

The binder course consists of HMA with larger aggregates and

smaller binder content.

Tack Coat and Prime Coat

Both prime coat and tack coat are thin layers of bitumen.

Hot bitumen, bituminous emulsion or cut-back asphalt is

sprayed on the surface for the coats.

Their purpose is to ensure bond between pavement layers.

Difference between tack coat and prime coat

Since tack coat is between two HMA layers, it need not
penetrate either layers.
Prime coat should penetrate the underlying layer to be
effective

Base and Sub-base Course

Additional layers over the subgrade to reduce stresses on the

subgrade

Both layers are similar. The subbase is usually constructed

using cheap and poorer quality material compared to the base
layer.

Types of base layers:

Untreated aggregate base
Asphalt treated base
Reclaimed asphalt pavement
Chemically treated base (with cement, lime, etc.)
Crushed slag

Subgrade

Natural geological formation in the construction site over

which the pavement is constructed.

Sometimes the top of the subgrade is prepared through

compaction.

Outline

First-day information
Introduction to Pavement Design
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Materials
Introduction to Flexible Pavement Structure
Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Types of Distresses of Flexible Pavements

Alligator cracking

Longitudinal and transverse Cracking,

Rutting

Bleeding

Joint reflection cracking

Alligator Cracking

It is caused by fatigue

Bottom-up mechanism of crack propogation

Source: PavementInteractive.org

Longitudinal cracking

Possible causes include top-down fatigue and joint location

Source: PavementInteractive.org

Transverse cracking

Caused by contraction of bituminous layers at low

temperatures

Source: PavementInteractive.org

Rutting

Permanent deformation along wheel path

Rutting may be accompanied by swelling

Source: PavementInteractive.org

Bleeding

Bleeding is bitumen being squeezed out of the mixture

Caused by poor mix design - lack of air voids

Source: PavementInteractive.org

Reflection Cracking

Occurs when HMA is overlayed on top of an existing PCC

pavement

Source: PavementInteractive.org