Radiology Physics 1

Introduction to Medical Imaging Chapter 1
Radiation and the Atom Chapter 2
3 and 10 July 2008
Diagnostic Radiology Imaging Physics

20082008-2009 Course Topics (hours)
Atom, Radiation & Matter (3)

Computers, Networks, PACS
and Teleradiology (1)
X-ray Production (2)
ScreenScreen-Film Radiography (2)
Film Processing (off(off-line)
Image Quality (2)
Radiation Protection and
Radiation Dosimetry (2)
Radiation Biology (2)
Fluoroscopy (2)
Computed and Digital
Brent K. Stewart, PhD, DABMP

Professor, Radiology and Medical Education
Director, Diagnostic Physics
a copy of this lecture may be found at:
http://courses.washington.edu/radxphys/PhysicsCourse.html
UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
Chapters 1 & 2 Lecture Objectives
Roentgen (1901, physics): discovery of xx-radiation

Rabi (1944, physics): nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) methodology
Bloch and Purcell (1952, physics): NMR precision
measurements
Cormack and Hounsfield (1979, medicine): computed
assisted tomography (CT)
Ernst (1991, chemistry): highhigh-resolution NMR
spectroscopy
Laterbur and Mansfield (2003, medicine): discoveries
concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Spatial Resolution
Contrast
Generally describe what processes are involved in the

diagnostic radiology imaging chain
Describe the basic characteristics of electromagnetic
( ) radiation and how they are mathematically related
Describe how atomic electronic structure determines the
characteristics of emitted
radiation
Particulate radiation and the atomic nucleus what
whats the
matter?
UW and Brent K Stewart, PhD, DABMP
What a Nobel Path you Tread
Intro to Medical Imaging what are we after technically?
Radiography (2)
Radiological Adjuncts (off(off-line)
Computed Tomography (5)
Ultrasound (3)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(2)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(6)
Mammography (3)
Lab and Q&A Review (3)
Nuclear Medicine (6)
Total = 46 contact hours

3 and 10 July 2008
Introduction to Medical Imaging
Transparency of Human Body to
Medical imaging requires some form of radiation capable

of penetrating tissues
This radiation must interact with the body
bodys various
tissues in some differential manner to provide contrast
The diagnostic utility of a medical image relates to both
technical image quality and acquisition conditions
Image quality results from many tradetrade-offs
Radiation
MRI
Patient safety levels of radiation utilized (ALARA

(ALARA))
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution
Noise properties
X-rays the Basic Radiological Tool
Roentgens experimental apparatus (Crookes

tube) that led to the discovery of the new
radiation on 8 Nov. 1895 he demonstrated
that the radiation was not due to charged
particles, but due to an as yet unknown
source, hence x radiation or x-rays
c.f. Macovski, A. Medical Imaging Systems, p. 3.
NMR T1 for Tumor and Normal Tissue
Known as the radiograph of

Bera Roentgens hand taken
22 Dec. 1895
c.f. Damadian, R, et al. PNAS 1974; 71: 14711471-3.

3 and 10 July 2008
Agent Scully, can

cant you tell the difference between a CT
and MR image? What
Whats a PP-E-T scanner anyway?
A Systematic Approach to Medical Imaging
Looking for Mulders brain?
Not just for

Fido anymore:
arf-arf!
c.f. http://www.askdrscully.com/
10
X-ray Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
X-ray Tube
X-ray Beam
CT Table
+k
+k
Detectors
2D FT
:
Figure from Dr. Mahesh, John
Hopkins, MD, AAPM Handout.
-k
-k
11
-k
-k
c.f. Bushberg, et al. The Essential Physics of

Medical Imaging, 2nd ed., pp. 426, 429 & 461.
-k
-k
12

3 and 10 July 2008
Ultrasound
c.f. Bushberg, et al. The Essential Physics

of Medical Imaging, 2nd ed., p. 501.
Nuclear Medicine/Positron Emission Tomography
c.f. http://www.cs.adelaide.edu.au/~evan/
project/prog1.htm
13
Spatial Resolution What are the limits?
c.f. http://www.griffwason.com/gw_images/
MRI_scanner/glwMRI_scanner/glw-pet_scanner1.jpg
c.f. http://www.medscape.com/content/2003/
00/45/79/457982/art00/45/79/457982/art-ar457982.fig10.jpg
14
Contrast What does it depend on?

Radiation must interact with the body
bodys various tissues in
some differential manner to provide contrast
X-ray/CT: differences in e- density (e-/cm3 = e-/gr)
Ultrasound: differences in acoustic impedance (Z = c)
MRI: endogenous and exogenous differences
endogenous: T1, T2, H, flow, perfusion, diffusion
exogenous: TR, TE, and TI
NM: concentration ( ) of radionuclide or + emitter

Contrast agents exaggerate natural contrast levels
Iodinated (x(x-ray/CT)
Paramagnetic (MRI)
Microspheres (US)
of Medical Imaging, 2nd ed., p. 15.
15
16

3 and 10 July 2008
Radiation and the Physics of Medical Imaging
Radiation
Without radiation, life itself would

be impossible
impossible Prof. Stewart
Radiation is all around us. From
natural sources like the Sun to
man made sources that provide
life saving medical benefits,
smoke detectors, etc...
etc...
- nuclearactive.com
You
Youre soaking in it
it Madge,
Palmolive spokeswoman
10 Gy/day keeps the Dr. away
away
"It
"Its not the volts that
thatll get ya, it
its
the amps.
amps. Billy Crystal,
Running Scared
The propagation of energy through:

Space
Matter
Can be thought of as either:

Corpuscular (particles, e.g., electron)
Electromagnetic (
)
Acoustic
Acoustic radiation awaits the ultrasound sessions later

on in the course
17
Characterization of Waves
Electromagnetic (
18
) Radiation
radiation consists of the transport of energy through

space as a combination of an electric ( ) and magnetic
( ) field, both of which vary sinusoidally as a function of
space and time, e.g., (t) = 0 sin(2 ct/ ), where is the
wavelength of oscillation and c is the speed of light
Amplitude: intensity of the wave
Wavelength ( ): distance between identical points on adjacent
cycles [m, nm] (1 nm = 10-9 m)
Period ( ): time required to complete one cycle ( ) of a wave [sec]
Frequency ( ): number of periods per second = (1/ ) [Hz or sec-1]
Speed of radiation: c = [m/sec]
of Medical Imaging, 2nd ed., p.18.
19

20

The Electromagnetic (
3 and 10 July 2008
) Spectrum
Radiation Share the Following
Physical manifestations are classified in the

spectrum based on
energy (E) and wavelength ( ) and comprise the following general
categories:
Radiant heat, radio waves, microwaves
Light
Light infrared, visible and ultraviolet
X-rays and gammagamma-rays (high energy
emitted from the nucleus)
c.f. http://www.uic.com.au/ral.htm
Velocity in vacuum (c) = 3 x 108 m/sec

Highly directional travel, esp. for shorter
Interaction with matter via either absorption or scattering
Unaffected by external or fields
Characterized by , frequency ( ), and energy (E
(E)
SoSo-called wavewave-particle duality,
duality, the manifestation
depending on E and relative dimensions of the detector
to . All
radiation has zero mass.
*X*X-rays are ionizing radiation, removing bound electrons
- can cause either immediate or latent biological damage
21
Wave and Particle Characteristics
22
Wave and Particle Characteristics
Wave characteristics used to explain interference and

diffraction phenomena: c [m/sec] = [m] [1/sec]
As c is essentially constant, then
1/ (inversely proportional)
-9
Wavelength often measured in nanometers (nm = 10 m)
-1
Frequency measured in Hertz (Hz): Hz = 1/sec or sec
Particle characteristics when interacting with matter,

high energy
radiation act as energy quanta: photons
E [Joule] = h = hc/ , where h = Planck
Plancks constant
-34
-18
(6.62x10 JouleJoule-sec = 4.13x10 keVkeV-sec)
If E expressed in keV and in nm: E [keV] = 1.24/ [nm]
23

24

Transparency of Human Body to
3 and 10 July 2008
Radiation
Raphex 2000 Question:
Radiation
G46.
G46. Regarding electromagnetic radiation:
A. Wavelength is directly proportional to frequency.
B. Velocity is directly proportional to frequency.
C. Energy is directly proportional to frequency.
D. Energy is directly proportional to wavelength.
E. Energy is inversely proportional to frequency.
MRI

c.f. Macovski, A. Medical Imaging Systems, p. 3.
25
Radiation
G51. Which of the following has the highest photon

energy?
Radiation
G52. Which of the following has the longest wavelength?

A. Radio waves
B. Visible light
C. Ultraviolet
D. XX-rays
E. Gamma rays
A. Radio waves
B. Visible light
C. Ultrasound
D. XX-rays
E. Ultraviolet
26
27
28

3 and 10 July 2008
Cartoon of the Day
Radiation
G51.
G51. Visible light has a wavelength of about 6 x 10-7 m.
gammas have a wavelength of 10-12 m and an
energy of 1.2 MeV. The approximate energy of visible
light is:
60Co
A. 720 MeV
B. 72 keV
C. 2 eV
D. 7.2 x 10-4 eV
E. 2 x 10-6 eV
E1 = hc/ 1 and E2 = hc/ 2, so E1 1 = hc = E2 2

E2 = E1 1/ 2 = (12 x 105 eV)(10-12 m)/(6 x 10-7 m) = 2 eV
29
c.f. www.physics.utah.edu/~mohit/Physics_Cartoons.html. UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP
30
Particulate Radiation
Corpuscular radiations
are comprised of moving
particles of matter the
energy of which is based
on the mass and velocity
of the particles
Kinetic energy (KE)
= m0v2 (for nonnonrelativistic velocities)
Simplified Einstein
massmass-energy relationship:
E = m0c2
The most significant particulate

radiations of interest are:
2+
Alpha particles
Electrons
e
+
Positron
Negatrons
+
Protons
p
0
Neutrons
n
Interactions with matter are
collisional in nature and are
governed by the conservation
of energy (E) and momentum
(p = mv).
31
c.f. http://www.ktfhttp://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/index.html
32

3 and 10 July 2008
Electronic Structure Electron Orbits
Electronic Structure Electron Orbits (2)
Pauli exclusion principle

No two electrons in an atom may
have identical quantum numbers
max. 2n2 electrons per shell
Quantum Numbers
n: principal q.n. which e- shell
: azimuthal angular momentum
q.n. ( = 0, 1, ... , nn-1)
m : magnetic q.n. orientation of
the e magnetic moment in a
magnetic field (m = - , - +1, ..., 0,
... -1, )
ms: spin q.n. direction of the espin (ms = +
+ or -)
For a more detailed discussion, see - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/eleorb.html
s, p, d, f, g, h,
33
c.f. Hendee, et al. Medical

Imaging Physics, 2nd ed., p.4.
c.f. Hendee, et al. Medical

Imaging Physics, 4th ed., p.13.
34
Electronic Structure Electron Binding Energy

Eb
Z2
Highly suggested, very nice detailed description - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hyde.html
35
c.f. http://astro.uhttp://astro.u-strasbg.fr/~koppen/discharge/

36

3 and 10 July 2008
Radiation from Electron Transitions

Characteristic XX-rays
Auger Electrons and Fluorescent Yield (
(characteristic xx-rays/total)
The Atomic Nucleus

Covered in Nuclear Medicine course (May 2008)
Composition of the Nucleus
K):
Protons and Neutron

Number of protons = Z
Number of neutrons = N
Mass number = A = Z + N
Chemical symbol = X
Isotopes: same Z, but different A
Notation: AZXN, but AX uniquely defines an isotope (also written
as XZ and N = A - Z
X-A) as X
Preference for Auger e- at low Z
For example 131I or II-131, rather than 13153X78

c.f. Sorenson, et al. Physics in

Nuclear Medicine, 1st ed., p.8.
37
Raphex 2000 Question: Atomic Structure
38
G10G10-G14. Give the charge carried by each of the following:
G17. Tungsten has a KK-shell binding energy of 69.5 keV.

Which of the following is true?
A. +4
B. +2
C. +1
D. 0
E. -1
A. The LL-shell has a higher binding energy.

B. Carbon has a higher KK-shell binding energy.
C. Two successive 35 keV photons could remove an electron
from the KK-shell.
D. A 69 keV photon could not remove the KK-shell electron, but
could remove an LL-shell electron.
G10.
G10. Alpha particle
G11.
G11. Neutron
G12.
G12. Electron
G13.
G13. Positron
G14.
G14. Photon
39
40
10

3 and 10 July 2008
G18. How many of the following elements have 8

electrons in their outer shell?
Element: Sulphur
Z:
16
A. None
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4
Chlorine
17
Argon
18
G18.
B
The nth shell can contain a maximum
of 2n2 electrons, but no shell can contain more than 8 if it
is the outer shell. The shell filling is as follows:
Z
K shell L shell M shell N shell
Sulphur 16
2
8
6
0
Chlorine 17
2
8
7
0
Argon
18
2
8
8
0
Potassium 19
2
8
8
1
Potassium
19
For interactive answer, see - http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ar/econ.html
41
42

G15. 22688Ra contains 88 __________ .
A. Electrons
B. Neutrons
C. Nucleons
D. Protons and neutrons
43
44
11

Radiology Physics 1

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Introduction to Medical Imaging Chapter 1

Radiation and the Atom Chapter 2

3 and 10 July 2008

Diagnostic Radiology Imaging Physics

Atom, Radiation & Matter (3)

Brent K. Stewart, PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Chapters 1 & 2 Lecture Objectives

Roentgen (1901, physics): discovery of xx-radiation

Generally describe what processes are involved in the

UW and Brent K Stewart, PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

What a Nobel Path you Tread

Intro to Medical Imaging what are we after technically?

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Introduction to Medical Imaging Chapter 1

3 and 10 July 2008

Introduction to Medical Imaging

Transparency of Human Body to

Medical imaging requires some form of radiation capable

Patient safety levels of radiation utilized (ALARA

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

X-rays the Basic Radiological Tool

Roentgens experimental apparatus (Crookes

c.f. Macovski, A. Medical Imaging Systems, p. 3.

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

NMR T1 for Tumor and Normal Tissue

Known as the radiograph of

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K Stewart, PhD, DABMP

c.f. Damadian, R, et al. PNAS 1974; 71: 14711471-3.

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Introduction to Medical Imaging Chapter 1

3 and 10 July 2008

Agent Scully, can

A Systematic Approach to Medical Imaging

Looking for Mulders brain?

Not just for

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

X-ray Computed Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K Stewart, PhD, DABMP

c.f. Bushberg, et al. The Essential Physics of

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Introduction to Medical Imaging Chapter 1

3 and 10 July 2008

c.f. Bushberg, et al. The Essential Physics

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Nuclear Medicine/Positron Emission Tomography

Spatial Resolution What are the limits?

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Contrast What does it depend on?

NM: concentration ( ) of radionuclide or + emitter

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K Stewart, PhD, DABMP

UW and Brent K. Stewart PhD, DABMP

Introduction to Medical Imaging Chapter 1

3 and 10 July 2008

Radiation and the Physics of Medical Imaging

Without radiation, life itself would