International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 251

Volume 2 Issue 7, October 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

ENERGYEFFICIENTRESOURCE ALLOCATION IN OFDM SYSTEMS

R.Brindha*, V.Ramya**, R.Sibichakravarthi***
M.E Applied Electronics, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore
** Assistant Professor, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore
***M.E Communication Systems, RVS College of Engineering, Coimbatore

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we develop an energy efficient subcarrier
assignmentand power allocation in OFDM system. Our
aim is to maximize energy efficiency (EE) under the
constraints of the overall transmit powerof each remote
access unit (RAU), proportional fairness data rates,
andbit error rates (BERs). Because of the nonconvex
nature of the optimization problem, obtaining the
optimal solution is extremely computationally
complex. Low complexity algorithm is developed to
convert the nonconvex optimization problem into
convex optimization problem. So only we can get the
tractable solution. Some of the barrier problem such as
obstacles also affect the signal strength.so we can
implement the fast barrier method.The fast
barriermethod converges very fastand can always work
out the optimal solution. Some of the comparisons are
given here to improve energy efficiency and avoid
PAPR problems.
KeywordsOFDM-orthogonal frequency multiplexing,
subcarrier assignment, power allocation,Energy
efficiency,PAPR.

1. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
can effectively combat multipath fading and has been
used in or proposed for many wireless communication
systems, such as 3GPP LTE-Advanced and WiMAX.
In recent years, energy efficiency (EE) has received
much more attention due to steadily rising energy
consumption and environmental concerns. It has been
reported in that information and communication
technology already contributes to around 2% of the
global carbon dioxide emissions. Recently, the
dramatic growth in high-rate multimedia data traffic
driven by usage of smart Android and iPhone
devices,tablets, ebook readers, and other wireless
devices has been straining the capacity of todays
networks and has caused a large amount of energy
consumption. It has been anticipatedin that mobile
traffic will grow further by over 100 times in the next
ten years.
In OFDM that the sub-carriers are
orthogonalto each other, meaning that cross-talk
between the sub-channels is eliminated and intercarrier guard bands are not required. The orthogonality

also allows high spectral efficiency. In OFDM the

signal itself is first split into independent channels,
modulated by data and then remultiplexed to create the
OFDM carrier.A subcarrier is a separate analog or
digital signal carried on a main radiotransmission,
which carries extra information such as voice or data.
The orthogonallity allows simultaneous transmission
on lot of subcarriers in a tight frequency space without
interference from each other. In essence is similar to
CDMA, where codes are used to make data sequences
independent which allows many independent users to
transmit in same space successfully. If the path from
the transmitter to the receiver either has reflections or
obstructions, we can get the fading effects. In this case
signal reaches the destination from many different
routes, each a copy of the original. Each of these rays
has different delay and slightly different gain. It causes
the signal degradation. PAPR is known as peak-toaverage power ratio. The transmission signal in an
OFDM system can have peak values in the time
domain since many subcarrier components are added
together via an IFFT operation. So OFDM have a high
peak-to-average power ratio when compared to single
carrier system. It degrades the efficiency of power
amplifier
in
the
transmitter.

Fig.1.Allocations in OFDM
An efficiency of power amplifier is critical due
to limited battery power in a mobile terminal. Several
ideas used to mitigate the PAPR are following:

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 252

Volume 2 Issue 7, October 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

1. Clipping:
We can just clip the signal at desired power level. This
reduces the PAPR but introduces other distortions and
ICI.
2. Selective mapping.
3. Partial IFFT.

multiple-output (MIMO) systems are created. When

the BS employs a single transmitting antenna, the
aggregate throughput can be maximized by allocating
each subcarrier exclusively to the mobile terminal
(MT) with the largest channel gain. This approach will
be referred to as subcarrier-basedallocation. The
grouping of sets of contiguous subcarriers into chunks
is known as chunk based resource allocation. When
multiple transmitting antennas are employed at the BS,
maximal ratio transmission (MRT), which is the
downlink dual of maximal ratio combining (MRC),
can be directly coupled with the chunk-based
allocation scheme. This can improve the performance
significantly because of the SNR increase attained by
MRT.Even better performance can be achieved if
transmission to more than one MT is allowed in each
chunk using, example, ZF beam forming (ZFB).

Fig.2.Multipath fading effect

2. LOW
COMPLEXITY
ALLOCATION

RESOURCE

The aim of this tutorial article is to present lowcomplexity resource allocation approaches that rely on
chunks of subcarriers for downlinkdistributed antenna
systems. The chunk-based resource allocation
approach is first introduced for single-antenna base
stations with the consideration of guaranteeing an
average bit error rate constraint per chunk and is
compared to subcarrier-based allocation. How it can be
combined with maximal ratio transmission and zeroforcingbeamforming for base stations with many
antennas is then described. Use of multiple antennas at
the base station (BS), mobile terminals, or both has
enabled enhancements in reliability and in
capacity.Moreover,more
sophisticated
resource
allocation schemes arebeing considered in order to
better exploit the limited and, in the case of cellular
networks, expensivebandwidth.
Theperformance of wireless networks can be
improved further whensome of the antennas are placed
at different locations and coordination exists among
them. Coordination can be enabled by a backbone
network that interconnects the antennas and a central
unit that controls all the transmitted and received
signals, and performs centralized resource allocation.
The central unit can use data from all distributed
antennas to optimize downlink transmission or uplink
reception. This way, distributed multiple-input

Fig.3.Grouping sets of contiguous subcarriers into

chunks for resource allocation
The resource allocation in cellular network is
described above. They are applied to the framework of
a distributed antenna system (DAS) whose antennas
are connected to a central unit via high-rate links. First,
we examine how the throughput of a single-cell
OFDMA based system is affected when a set of
contiguous subcarriers are grouped as a chunk, and
frequency and power are allocated on a per chunk
rather than a per-subcarrier basis with the
consideration of an average bit error rate
(BER)constraint per chunk. Then the chunk-based
approach is evaluated on DASs with fully
synchronized and coordinated interconnected antenna
elements. The emphasis is on reducing complexity.
The benefits of a DAS as opposed to a
collocated antenna system (CAS) stem mainly from
the fact that there is a large probability that each MT
will be near one of the distributed antennas. The
different scattering environments across distributed
antennas may enrich the wireless channels of the MTs,

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 253

Volume 2 Issue 7, October 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

lead to more efficient interference management, and

offer the necessary independence of the channels.
The chunk-based resource allocation approach
in conjunction with ZFB in DAS is promising, and can
be applied to other multiple access transmission
schemes for DASs.

Fig.4.Chunk based alloction

3. COOPETITION METHODOLOGY FOR

RESOURCE SHARING
In this methodology, we present a distributed resource
allocation mechanism in cognitive radio networks,
based on a new coopetition methodology, which
combines advantage of nodes competition and
cooperation. Coopetition takes the best from
cooperative and competitive problem formulation, and
provides the opportunity to control the balance
between fairness and spectral efficiency(SE) of
resource allocation. This paper considers allocation of
resources in the distributed network of Cognitive
Radios (CRs), i.e. of intelligent entities, which are able
to sense the availability of radio spectrum, and take
effective decisions on their usage. In order to acquire
information necessary for its efficient operation, a CR
node has to have an access to the control
(management)channels or to interact and cooperate
with other nodes. In the proposed coopetition method,
the cognitive radio nodes first compete for resources
by using non-cooperativecomplete-information game.
The complete information relates to compact metrics
representing links qualities. These metrics are required
to be representative Channel Quality Indicators(CQI)
and not the full CSI representing all channels
coefficients.

Fig.5.Coopetition methodology
The proposed coopetition algorithm consists of
four phases: pre-processing (PRP), competition
(ComP), cooperation(CooP) and post-processing
(PPP).
In the pre-processing phase, all network
nodes calculate CQI in the available
frequency range.
After PRP, the competition phase starts. An
output of the ComP is the numbers of the
players
won
assets
(frequency
channels),which constitute their strengths in
the cooperation phase.
The goal of the cooperation phase (CooP) is
the transformation of the results of ComP to
allocation of the channels on the frequency
axsis.
In the PPP, the CR nodes also allocate the
power locally to each acquired frequency
channel based on the measure frequency
characteristic. For this purpose the optimal
water-filling algorithm for each single link
can be applied.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 254

Volume 2 Issue 7, October 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

4. PAPR ANALYSIS
Beamforming (or precoding) techniques have been
widely adopted in modern MIMO OFDM systems.
Using beamforming can significantly improve the
receive SNR of OFDM systems. The transmission
signal in an OFDM system can have peak values in the
time domain since many subcarrier components are
added together via an IFFT operation. So OFDM have
a high peak-to-average power ratio when compared to
single carrier system. It degrades the efficiency of
power amplifier in the transmitter. High PAPR not
only complicates the design of the power amplifier, but
also increases power consumption. We can analyse the
PAPR performance of MIMO OFDM system that
adopt one of the poplar beamforming technic such as
MRT (maximum ratio transmission) andEGT (equal
gain transmission).PAPR reduction algorithms are
proposed for both MRT OFDM andEGT OFDM
systems. It is worth to mention that for MRT OFDM
systems, the proposed algorithm can improve both
PAPR and bit error rate; for EGT OFDM systems, the
proposed algorithm improves PAPR while it only
slightly degrades bit error rate.
Many methods have been proposed for
reducing the PAPRincluding deliberate clipping,
companding, probabilistic methods,
and coding. These methods may more or less distort
signals and decrease the data rate.
clipping signals induces in-band and out-ofband distortion and requires additional signal
processing techniques to reconstruct the
received signals.
The objective of probabilistic methods is to
reduce the probability that peak power exceeds
a certain PAPR threshold.
MRT is the optimal beamforming scheme, which
can achieve1.05 dB more receive SNR than EGT,
when the cost of the PA and the better power
consumption are of concern, EGT may be a
preferred solution due to its superior PAPR
performance in OFDM systems.Higher PAPR
always
creates
the problem in ofdm
systems.special care should be taken while PAPR
analysis.

5. SUBCARRIER
OFDM

ASSIGNMENT

each MS is approximately the same as their data rates

after power allocation.
A subcarrier is one telecommunication signal
carrier that is carried on top of another carrier
so that effectively two signals are carried at the
same time.

A subcarrier is a separate analog or digital

signal carried on a main radiotransmission,
which carries extra information such as voice
or data.
More technically, it is an already-modulated
signal, which is then modulated into another
signal of higher frequency and bandwidth.

In every time slot, each user is assigned a

disjoint set of subcarriers.
Step:
The first step of the algorithm initializes all the
variables. Rk keeps track of the capacity for each user
and N is the set of yet unallocated subcarriers.
K-mobilestation(MS).
M-remoteaccessunit
N-subcarrier.
Step 2:
The second step assigns to each user, the
unallocated subcarrier that has the maximum
gain for that user.

The advantage is gained by the users that are

able to choose their best subcarrier earlier than
others, particularly for the case of two or more
users having the same subcarrier as their best.
Step 3:
The third step proceeds to assign subcarriers to
each user according to their application that
the user that needs a subcarrier most in each
iteration gets to choose the best subcarrier for
it.
Step 4:
The fourth step assigns the remaining
unassigned subcarriers to the best users for
them, where in each user can get at most one
unassigned subcarrier.

IN

The optimization problem in this nonconvex and

combinatorial and has nonlinear constraints. It is
impossible to get a closed-form solution. It is also very
complicated to obtain a numerical solution. Therefore,
we focus on the low-complexity and suboptimal
solution. The proportion of subcarriers assigned to
Fig.6. Subcarrier assignment
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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 255

Volume 2 Issue 7, October 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

such is unavailable. What can be proven is that

these joint solutions both give some local
maxima. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned
that the successive convex approximation
(SCA) approach often empirically achieves the
globally optimal power allocation. Sub
channel assignment is given to the input of
power allocation.

.
Fig.7.Capacity range of user
Total number of subcarrier (N)=64.
Index indicates location of user and their
network connections. We can get the capacity values
of the channel inmat lab command window. In above
output, we are assigning 64 subcarriers. Capacity range
of users are shown in output

8. FAST BARRIER METHOD

6. POWER ALLOCATION IN OFDM

Determine the number of subcarriers initially

assigned to each RAU.
Assign the MSs and the subcarriers to each
RAU proportionally using the power
allocation algorithm.
For each RAU, assign the overall power
pm(max)for the selected subcarriers and MS to
maximize the EE while enforcing proportional
fairness using the algorithm.

7. ITERATIVE SUB-CHANNEL AND

POWER ALLOCATION

Fig.8.power allocation

The formulated optimization problem has a

special structure which can be exploited to
implement a fast barriermethod to obtain the
optimal solution with a reasonable complexity.
Some of the barrier problem such as obstacles
also affects the signal strength.
The fast barriermethod converges very fast and
can always work out the optimal solution,
while the heuristic algorithm produces solution
close to the optimal with much lower
complexity.

8. CONCLUSION

The iterative algorithm that jointly allocates

sub-channels and powers in an OFDMA based
mixed network.
The Iterative Bit and Power Allocation
(IB&PA) algorithm for the bit and power
optimization. We denote the power required
for transmitting mc, i bits as P(m c,is) for a
specified BER.
The two power allocation solutions can be
different, their corresponding sub-channel
assignments [t+1] and [t+1] in the next
iteration t+1 can also be different; and so are
their corresponding final joint sub-channel and
power allocation solutions.
The iterative method with a globally optimal
power allocation would outperform that with
any local power optimization, the proof of

In this paper, we have compared many more

methods to improve the spectral efficiency and energy
efficiency. The fast barriermethod canwork out the
optimal solution quickly by updating Newton stepin an
ingenious way. The approximate method normalizes
the transmission power limitation and the interference
constraints into a universal subchannel capacity, and
produces solution close to the optimal with much
lower complexity.We can propose PAPR reduction
algorithms for both MRT OFDM and EGT OFDM
systems. The proposed algorithms can greatly improve
PAPR performance, yet the bit error rate performance
is slightly degraded. We can implement the iterative
approach to achieve higher throughput. Here
simulation can be done through matlab.It is a Highlevel
language
for
numerical
computation,
visualization, and application development.

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Volume 2 Issue 7, October 2014, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

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