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1 BASIC BIOLOGY

I.

Multiple choice questions: Tick mark (3) the correct choice.


1. Cell was discovered by
(a) Robert Brown
(b) C. Linnaeus
(c) Robert Hooke
(d) C. Darwin
Ans. (c)
2. Each cell has a
(a) nucleus (b) cell wall (c) chloroplast (d) all the above
Ans. (a)
3. The cell is surrounded by a membrane called
(a) cell wall
(b) cell membrane
(c) cytoplasm
(d) nuclear membrane
Ans. (b)
4. Organelles are present in
(a) cytoplasm (b) vacuoles (c) nucleus (d) all the above
Ans. (a)
5. A cell organelle commonly called suicide bag is
(a) nucleus
(b) lysosome (c) chloroplast (d) ribosome
Ans. (b)
6. The cell membrane is
(a) impermeable
(b) selectively permeable
(c) freely permeable
(d) none of the above
Ans. (b)
7. The thread-like structures which are visible only during cell
division are called
(a) chromosomes (b) lysosomes (c) genes (d) centriole
Ans. (a)
8. Longest cell of an animals body is usually the
(a) nerve cell
(b) muscle cell
(c) liver cell
(d) red blood cell
Ans. (a)

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9. Smallest cell among the following is


(a) red blood cell
(b) bacteria
(c) white blood cell
(d) liver cell
Ans. (b)
10. The term cell in biology was given by
(a) Robert Hooke
(b) Aristotle
(c) Leeuwenhoek
(d) Robert Brown
Ans. (a)
11. The cell wall is made up of
(a) proteins
(b) fats
(c) cellulose (d) vitamins
Ans. (c)
12. An organelle not bound by a membrane is the
(a) nucleus (b) chloroplast (c) mitochondrion (d) ribosome
Ans. (d)
13. In a cell, proteins are formed with the help of
(a) nucleus
(b) golgi bodies
(c) mitrochondria
(d) ribosomes
Ans. (d)
14. The powerhouse of a cell is the
(a) chloroplast
(b) mitochondrion
(c) centrosome
(d) cell wall
Ans. (b)
15. The infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is
called
(a) matrix
(b) cisternae (c) cristae
(d) vesicles
Ans. (c)
16. The green pigment in the chloroplast is present in its
(a) outer membrane
(b) matrix
(c) grana
(d) all of the above
Ans. (c)
17. The centrosome has
(a) two centrioles
(b) one centriole
(c) three centrioles
(d) four centrioles
Ans. (a)

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18. The membrane surrounding the vacuole is called


(a) plasma membrane
(b) nuclear membrane
(c) tonoplast
(d) cell wall
Ans. (c)
19. Which one of the following is present only in animal cell?
(a) Plastids
(b) Centriole (c) Chloroplast (d) Cell wall
Ans. (b)
20. Which of the following contains digestive enzymes?
(a) Lysosome (b) Centriole (c) Mitochondria (d) Nucleolus
Ans. (a)
21. Cell division is needed for
(a) growth
(b) repair
(c) reproduction
(d) all the above
Ans. (c)
22. Which of the following is not a cell organelle?
(a) Latex
(b) Chloroplast (c) Nucleus (d) Ribosome
Ans. (a)
II. State whether the following statements are True or False.
1. Most of the cells have only one nucleus.
2. Only the nucleus of a cell represents the protoplasm.
3. All living organisms are made of cells.
4. Cells must have a nucleus to live.
5. Every cell has cytoplasm.
6. The outermost covering in an animal cell is called cell wall.
7. The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all
living organisms.
8. Protoplasm is divided into two parts, the nucleus and the
cytolplasm.
9. Since nerve cells are elongated, it enables them to make an
efficient system for communication.
10. The muscle cells are contractile which help in the movement of
bones.
11. Amoeba is an irregular cell.

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12. Organisms whose body is formed of just one cell are called
multicellular.
13. Ostrich egg is the largest cell.
14. The cell wall is made up of cellulose.
15. The size of a cell is measured in centimetres.
16. Every cell is bound by a cell wall.
17. The nuclear membrane encloses a colourless, dense fluid called
nucleoplasm.
18. A mitrochondrion is bound by two membranes.
19. Vacuoles are filled with a fluid called nucleoplasm.
20. Ribosomes are the sites of respiration in a cell.
21. Chromoplasts are the kitchen of the cell.
22. Plastids in a leaf that give it green colouration are called
chloroplast.
23. Centrosome is called the powerhouse of the cell.
24. Plant cells and animal cells have a cell wall.
25. Cell division occurs only in animal cells.
26. Centrosome is present only in plant cells.
27. Mitochondria are the power houses of a cell.
28. All cells have walls made of cellulose.
29. Animals cells have larger vacuoles.
30. Chromosomes have chlorophyll.
Ans. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True
8. True 9. True 10. True 11. True 12. False 13. True 14. True
15. False 16. False 17. True 18. True 19. False 20. False
21. False 22. True 23. False 24. False 25. False 26. False
27. True 28. False 29. False 30. False.
III. Match the statements in column A with those in column B.
Column A
Column B
1. Cell
(a) Unit of living body
2. Nucleus
(b) Boss of the cell
3. Cytoplasm
(c) Jelly-like substance between cell
membrane and nucleus
4. Ribosomes
(d) help in cell division

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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Column A
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
Centrosome
Vacuole
Lysosomes
Chromosome
Plastids

(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)

Column B
transport of material
digesting foreign bodies
makes the cell turgid
making proteins
releasing energy
synthesis of cell wall in a plant well
contains pigments
hereditary material

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Ans. 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. h 5. i 6. e 7. j 8. d 9. g 10. f 11. l 12. k.


IV. Select suitable words given here to match the statements under
column A. Write the selected word in the appropriate place
under Column B.
[List of words: Mitochondria, cytoplasm, cell wall, lysosome,
centrioles, ribosome, vacuole, nucleus, chromosome, chlorophyll,
plastid, Golgi apparatus, centrosome.]

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Column A

Column B

1. The substance is transferred from one generation


to another.
2. It provides energy for the cell.
3. It contains enzymes which destroys the dead or
injured cell.
4. It traps the sunlight.
5. It is made up of cellulose.

...............

................
...............
...............
...............

Ans. 1. Chromosomes 2. Mitochondria 3. Lysosomes 4. Chlorophyll


5. Cell wall
V.

Fill
1.
2.
3.

in the blanks.
The .................. is the control centre of the cell.
The instrument used to see tiny objects is called .............. .
An .................. is a cell that can be seen without a microscope.

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4. The term cell was given by .................. .


5. A plant cell gets shape and support from its .................. .
6. The cell wall is made up of a complex chemical substance
called .................. .
7. The jelly-like fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a cell is called
.................. .
8. .................. is called the powerhouse of a cell.
9. The organelles involved in the synthesis of proteins are the
.................. .
10. In a plant cell photosynthesis occurs in .................. .
11. .................. give colour to flowers and fruit.
12. Fluid-filled cell organelles that are usually larger in a plant cell
than in an animal cell are called .................. .
13. Cell shape is related to its .................. .
14. .................. is the unit of life.
15. One micron is .................. of a metre.
16. The largest cell in the animal kingdom is that of an ..................
egg.
17. Single-celled organisms are called .................. .
18. .................. is the smallest cell in the human body.
19. Cells are measured in .................. .
20. .................. takes part in animal cell division.
Ans. 1. Nucleus 2. Microscope 3. Egg 4. Robert Hooke 5. Cell wall
6. Cellulose 7. Cytoplasm 8. Mitochondrion 9. Ribosomes
10. Chloroplasts 11. Chromoplasts 12. Vacuoles 13. Function
14. Cell 15. 10 6 16. Ostrich 17. Unicellular organism
18. R.B.C. 19. Micron 20. Centrosome.
VI. Given below is a list of cell structures and cell contents:
Cytoplasm, chloroplasts, starch grains, nucleus, vacuole, glycogen
granules, cell wall, chromosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria.
Categorise these under the following three categories:
(a) Found in animals cell only.
(b) Found is plant cells only.

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(c)
Ans. (a)
(b)
(c)

Found in both animal and plant cells.


Glycogen granules
Chloroplasts, starch grains, cell wall, Vacuole
Cytoplasm, nucleus, chromosomes, cell membrane,
mitochondria.
VII. Assign one function for the following cells:
(i) The nerve cells are long ...............................
(ii) The muscle cells are elongated and contractible ........................
Ans. (i) Long shape of nerve cell enables them to send messages over
long distances.
(ii) The muscle cells are elongated and contractible. Due to this
feature, movement in the bones occurs.
VIII. Give on example of each of the following:
(i) Largest cell ...............................
(ii) A contractile cell ...............................
Ans. (i) Ostrich egg
(ii) Muscle cell
IX. Cell division is essential for (tick-mark the four correct
functions).
(i) growth of the organism.
(ii) nutrition of the organism.
(iii) replacement of dead cells.
(iv) excretion of the waste products.
(v) repair of injuries.
(vi) sexual reproduction.
Ans. (i), (iii), (v), (vi).
X. Give reasons:
(a) Study of cells could not start before the 17th century.
Ans. Before 17th century, it was impossible to study the cells.
Because at that time we have no microscope. After 17th
century, invention of light microscope and then electron
microscope, makes it easy to study the cell.
(b) Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell.
Ans. Mitochondria are called powerhouse of cell because these are

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the sites of respiration in the cell. Food is oxidised in the


presence of oxygen and energy is released.
XI. The diagram given here shows a diagrammatic sketch of a plant cell.
A list of the parts it contains is given below:
Chloroplast, Plasma membrane, Vacuole, Cell-wall, Cytoplasm,
Nucleus.
(i) Name the parts (1-5) indicated
by guidelines choosing the
correct words from the above
list.
(ii) Mention three parts of the cell
which indicate that it is a plant
cell.
(iii) State the function of the part labelled 2 and 6.
Ans. (i) (1) Cell wall (2) Plasma membrane (3) Chloroplart
(4) Cytoplasn (5) Nucleus (6) Vacuole
(ii) Three points which indicate that it is a plant cell:
(1) Presence of cell wall
(2) Presence of large vacuoles
(3) Presence of chloroplast
(iii) Plasma membrane. It controls the movement of materials in
and out of the cell. It allows certain substances to pass through
it. Hence, it is called a selectively permeable membrane.
Vacuole: Vacuoles helps the cell to remain turgid. They store
materials and water in the cell.
XII. Given below is the diagram of a generalized cell as seen under
an electron microscope.
(i) It is an animal cell or plant cell.
Ans. It is an animal cell because cell
wall is absent.
(ii) Name the parts indicated by
guidelines 1-7.
Ans. (1) Nucleus (2) Ribosomes

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(3) Nucleolus (4) Plasma membrane


(5) Endoplasmic reticulusm
(6) Mitochondria (7) Cytoplasm
(iii) Give one function of each of the part 1, 5 and 6.
Ans. Nucleus. It controls all the vital activities of the cell. So it is
called control centre of the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum. It provides a pathway for the
transport of material within the cell and often between cells.
Mitochondria. It is called powerhouse of the cell. Food is
oxidised in the presence of oxygen and energy is released.
XIII.Complete this table:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

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Structure

Mitochondria
Centrosome

Function
Supports and protects the cell

Contains various coloured pigments.

Ans. (1) Plasma membrane Supports and protects the cell


Powerhouse of the cell
(2) Mitochondria
Helps in cell division
(3) Centrosome
Contains various coloured pigments.
(4) Plastids
XIV. Name the following:
(i) The non-living structures found in the cytoplasm.
Ans. Granules
(ii) The organelle in the cell that synthesize energy.
Ans. Mitochondria
(iii) The controlling centre of the cell
Ans. Nucleus
(iv) The scientist who invented the first microscope
Ans. Robert Hooke
(v) Any one structure to identify a plant cell.
Ans. Cell wall
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XV. Answer the following questions.


1. Give three examples of unicellular organisms.
Ans. Three unicellular organisms:
(i) Amoeba
(ii) Paramecium
(iii) Chlamydomonas
2. Mention the functions of the following:
(i) Cell membrane (ii) Chloroplast
(iii) Mitochondria
Ans. (a) Function of cell membrane
(i) It controls the movement of material in and out of the
cell. It is called selectly permeable membrane because
it allows only certain substances to pass through it and
others are prevented.
(ii) It provides protection to the cell organelles.
(iii) It gives shape to the cells.
(b) Functions of chromosomes
Chromosomes are present in nucleus and play an
important role in the inheritance of characters from one
generation to another, i.e., from parents to children.
3. Why are the following important to a plant cell?
(i) Cell wall
(ii) Chloroplast
(iii) Mitochondria
(iv) Nucleus
Ans. (i) Cell wall. Cell wall is non-living part of plant cell and
made up of complex carbohydrate called cellulose. It is
important to plant cells because it gives a definite shape to
the cell and provide rigidity and strength to it.
(ii) Chloroplast. It is very important to plants because it
contains chlorophyll that trap solar energy to manufacture
food. These are also called kitchen of the cell.
(iii) Mitochondria. Mitochondria are called powerhouse of the
cells. They are the site of respiration in the cell. Food is
oxidised in the presence of oxygen and energy is released.
(iv) Nucleus. It is the largest cell organelle. It contains threadlike structures called chromosomes that carry genes. These

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4.
Ans.

5.
Ans.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

genes are responsible for hereditary characters.


It is also called the control centre of the cell because
it controls all the vital activities of the cell. We can say that
it is the head-office of the cell.
Which cell organelle is found only in animal cells?
Centrosome is the cell organelle that is present only in animal
cell. It is non-membranous organelle and has two tiny
cylindrical structures called centrioles.
Mention at least four differences between plant cells and animal
cells.
Difference between plant cell and animal cell.
Plants cell
Animals cell
Cell wall is present around (1) Cell wall is absent.
cell membrane.
Plastids are present.
(2) Plastids are absent.
Centrosomes are absent.
(3) Centrosomes are present.
Large vacuoles are present. (4) Vacuoles are absent. If
present, they are very small.

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6. What features are possessed by both plant cells and animal


cells?
Ans. Similarities between plant cell and animal cell.
(1) Plant cell and animal cell both have cell membrane.
(2) Both cells contain all the cell organelles except plastids and
cell wall in plant cells and centrosome in animal cells.
(3) Plant and animal cells both have reserve food materials in
the form of starch and glycogen respectively.
7. Name the cell organelles which are found only in the plant cell.
Ans. Plastids are present only in plant cell. These are doublemembrane bound cell organelles.
8. Name the different cell organelles and the functions which
perform in the cell.
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Ans. Different cell organelles and their functions.


(i) Nucleus. It is the largest cell organelle. It contains threadlike structures called chromosomes that carry genes. These
genes are responsible for hereditary characters. It is also
called the control centre of the cell because it controls all
the vital activities of the cell. We can say that it is the headoffice of the cell.
(ii) Endoplasmic reticulum. It provides a pathway for the
transport of material within the cell. It gives internal
support to the cell.
(iii) Ribosomes: These are the main sites of protein synthesis.
These are also called protein factory.
(iv) Mitochondria. In mitochondria food is oxidised in the
presence of oxygen and energy is released. So, these are
also called powerhouses of the cell.
(v) Golgibody. These help in the synthesis of cell wall in plant
cells.
(vi) Plastids.
(a) They use solar energy and manufacture food for the
plants. (Chloroplast)
(b) They imparts colour to fruits and flowers.
(Chromoplasts).
(c) They store food prepared in the plant in the form of
starch, proteins and fats. (Leucoplasts)
(vii) Lysosomes.
(a) They are called suicide bags because in certain
condition they release digestive enzymes that digest the
dead and damged cell organelles.
(b) They protect the cell against various foreign bodies.
(c) They contain many digestive enzymes which help in the
digestion of food material.
9. Mention the two types of cell division.
Ans. Cell division in most of the organisms is of two types:
(a) Mitosis (b) Meiosis. Mitosis takes place in normal cells and
responsible for growth of organisms.

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10.
Ans.

11.
Ans.

12.
Ans.

13.
Ans.

Meiosis takes place in reproductive cells and is responsible for


the passing on of characters from the two parents to the child.
How do cells increase in number?
Cell increase in number due to cell division. Cells division is an
important characteristic of living beings. Most of the cells are
capable of growing and splitting into two similar cells. These
cells are indentical to the mother cell. During cell division, firstly
nucleus divides into two parts followed by the division of
cytoplasm. Finally, two daughter cells are formed.
Why is a cell called the structural unit of a living organism?
All the plants and animals are made up of cells. If we examine
any structures from plants or animals microscopically, they will
be seen to consist of more or less distinct units called cells.
Groups of cells of the same type make up the different tissues
of the organism, e.g., muscle tissue. Several different types of
tissues together form an organ, e.g., stomach. A number of
organs together form a system, e.g., digestive system. Hence,
a cell is called the structural unit of a living organism.
Why was the invention of the microscope so important to the
study of living things?
Any living organisms is made up of microscopic units called
cells. These cells are too small that we can not see them with
naked eyes. With the invention of microscope, it is convenient
to study these tiny structures. First the simple microscope and
then compound microscope and electron microscope are the
great inventions in the cell biology.
What is cell theory? Name the three scientists whose work led
to the formulation of the cell theory.
Cell theory was given by three scientists- Schleiden, Schwann
and Virchow. According to this theory
(i) All living things are made of one or more cells.
(ii) Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living
things.

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14.
Ans.

15.
Ans.

16.
Ans.

17.
Ans.
18.

(iii) New cells come from pre-existing cells.


Why is the cell membrane called selectively permeable
membrane?
Cell membrane is called selectively permeable membrane
because it controls the movement of material in and out of the
cell. It also allows only certain substances to pass through it
and others are prevented.
Which structure of a plant cell is non-living and what are its
functions?
Cell wall is a non-living part of the cell. It is made up of
complex carbohydrate called cellulose. It gives a definite shape
to the cell and provides strength and rigidity to it. It is only the
characteristic of plant cells not animal cells.
Explain the structure and the functions of the nucleus.
Nucleus is the largest cell organelle. Most of the cells have
single nucleus. It is spherical or oval in shape.
It is surrounded by double membrane called nuclear
membrane and contain a colourless, dense fluid called
nucleoplasm. In nucleoplasm, some spherical bodies are
embeded called nucleoli.
In nucleoplasm, some thread-like structures form a network
called chromatin network. These thread-like structures are
called chromosomes. These chromosomes carry genes which
are responsible for hereditary characters. Since, nucleus
controls all the vital activities of the cell so it is also called
control centre of the cell.
Where are the genes located in a cell?
Genes are located on the chromosomes which are present in the
nucleus.
The cells in a potato tuber do not have chloroplasts. How
would you identify its cells as plant cells by observing them
under a microscope?

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Ans. All the plant cells have a characteristic property, i.e., the
presence of cell wall. The cells in potato tuber do not have
chloroplasts. But under microscope, we can see the cell wall
and deside it that it is a plant cell.
19. What is the relationship between growth and cell division?
Ans. Growth is directly proportional to the cell division. In
multicellular organisms more the cell divisions more will be the
growth. Due to the cell division a seedling grows into a big plant
and a newborn changes into an adult. Thus, we can say that
cell division is the process by which a cell divides, forming
two new cells.
20. How will you differentiate cell wall from plasma membrane?
Ans. In plant cells an additional covering is present around plasma
membrane that provide strength and rigidity to the cell. This
additional covering is called cell wall. It is made of complex
carbohydrate called cellulose whereas plasma membrane is
made of proteins.
21. What are plastids? State two of its main functions.
Ans. Plastids are the double membrane-bounded cell organelles
which are present only in plant cells. Plastids have following
functions:
(i) They use solar energy and manufacture food for the plants
(chloroplasts).
(ii) They imparts colour to fruits and flowers (chromoplasts).
(iii) They store food prepared in the plants in the form of
starch proteins and fats (leucoplasts).

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