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CONTENTS
1.0 Tittle
2.0 Objective(s)
3.0 Introduction (background and theory)
4. 0 Apparatus
5.0 Experimental Procedure
6.0 Results & Data Analysis
7.0 Discussion of Results
8.0 Conclusion
9.0 References
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 TITTLE : Compressible Flow (Flow Characteristic Through The ConvergentDivergent Duct)

2.0 OBJECTIVES

To study the pressure-mass flow rate characteristic for convergent-divergent duct.

To demonstrate the phenomena of choking.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
Converging-diverging nozzles designed for the accurate measurement and control of all
gaseous flow rates. This situation can be found in many engineering application including
steam and gas turbine, aircraft and spacecraft propulsion system, and even industrial blasting
nozzle and torch nozzle. A flow is considered to be a compressible flow if the change in density
of the flow with respect to pressure is non-zero along a streamline.
In general, this is the case where the Mach number in part or all of the flow exceeds 0.3.
The Mach 0.3 value is rather arbitrary, but it is used because gas flows with a Mach number
below that value demonstrate changes in density with respect to the change in pressure of less
than 5%. Furthermore, that maximum 5% density change occurs at the stagnation point of an
object immersed in the gas flow and the density changes around the rest of the object will be
significantly lower.
The factor that distinguishes a flow from being compressible or incompressible is the
fact that in compressible flow the changes in the velocity of the flow can lead to changes that
the temperature which are not negligible. On the other hand in case of incompressible flow, the
changes in the internal energy such as temperature are negligible even if the entire kinetic
energy of the flow is converted to internal energy like the flow is brought to rest.
The Mach number of the flow is high enough so that the effects of compressibility can
no longer be neglected. For subsonic compressible flows, it is sometimes possible to model the
flow by applying a correction factor to the answers derived from incompressible calculations or
modeling. For many other flows, their nature is qualitatively different to subsonic flows. A flow
where the local Mach number reaches or exceeds 1 will usually contain shock waves.
The behaviour of a fluid changes radically as it starts to move above the speed of sound
in that fluid which is when the Mach number is greater than 1. For example, in subsonic flow, a
stream tube in an accelerating flow contracts. But in a supersonic flow, a stream tube in an
accelerating flow expands. Consider that steady flow in a tube that has a sudden expansion
where the tube's cross section suddenly widens, so the cross-sectional area increases. In
subsonic flow, the fluid speed drops after the expansion. In supersonic flow, the fluid speed
increases. The mass flux is conserved but because supersonic flow allows the density to
change, the volume flux is not constant.

3.1 THEORY

Figure 3.1 : Convergent-Divergent Duct

Referring to the figure above, the steady energy equation between 0 and 2 is given by:
P0 V 0 2
P2 V 2 2

gz 0 U 0 q

gz 2 U 2 w2 wf (1)
0
2
2
2

gz 0
For gas with small elevations differences,
For the isentropic flow where there is no work is transferred, q=w=0, 0 is showing the
stagnation conditions, so

V 0 0

Therefore,
Equation(1)becomes
P0
P2 V 2
0 CvT 0

CvT 2 (2)
0
2 2
But , P RT

T
So,

P
(3)
R

Cp Cv R
Cp
R
1
Cv
CV
R
Cv
( 4)
1

Substitute (3) and (4) into (2),

P0
R P0
P2 V 2 2
R
P2

1 2 R
0 1 0R 2
2
P0
1
P2
1 V 22
1

1

0
1
2
1
2
2
P0
P2 V 2

1 0 1 2
2
V2

2 P 0 P 2

(5)
1 0 2

For isentropic flow;

P0
P2

0
2
P2
0

P2

( 6)

Substitute (6) into (5)

2 P 0
P0 P 2

V2

1 0

P0 0 P 2
P0

2 P 0
P0 P 2

V2

1 0

P 0 0 P 2
P0

V2

2 P 0
1 r
1 0

(7 )

P2
P0

Where

P2
m 2 A2V 2 0

P0

0 A2
.

m=

A2V 2 0 A2V 2 r

1
2
P 0 2

r r (8)
1 0

4.0 APPARATUS
Inclined manometer (s.g.f = 0.784)
U-tube manometer (s.g.f = 13.6)

Figure 4.1 : Convergent-divergent duct

5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

All the electrical supply were switched off.

The respective tube were all connected to the compressor inlet.

The objects that can cause blockage were removed around the duct so that it would not
interfere with the air flow into the duct.

The throat valve were closed to ensure that no unnecessary manometer fluid to be drawn
into the compressor.

The inclined manometer tube were connected to read the (P 0 P1) and u-tube manometer
connected to read (P0 P2) and (P0 P3).

The speeds of the motor were set to zero before the Run button were pushed. The speeds
of the motor were increased by pushing the arrow that pointing upwards button of the
motor speed controller.

The motor speed or exhaust valve is adjust to give the 30 sets of readings

The readings of barometric pressure P0 and the atmospheric temperature T0 was taken.

6.0 RESULTS & DATA ANALYSIS

Table 6.1 : Data of Result

No

P1
(kPa)

P2
(kPa)

P3
(kPa)

P0 P1

P0 P2

(kPa)

(kPa)

P0 P3

(kPa)

1.

0.047

0.200

4.000

101.278

101.125

97.325

2.

0.048

0.300

4.000

101.277

101.025

97.325

3.

0.049

0.300

4.000

101.276

101.025

97.325

4.

0.051

0.400

4.000

101.274

100.925

97.325

5.

0.054

0.500

4.100

101.271

100.825

97.225

6.

0.058

0.700

4.100

101.267

100.625

97.225

7.

0.065

0.800

4.200

101.260

100.525

97.125

8.

0.074

1.100

4.300

101.251

100.225

97.025

9.

0.084

1.500

4.400

101.241

99.825

96.925

10.

0.097

1.900

4.500

101.228

99.425

96.825

11.

0.109

2.600

4.600

101.216

98.725

96.725

12.

0.123

3.100

4.800

101.202

98.225

96.525

13.

0.135

3.800

5.000

101.190

97.525

96.325

14.

0.148

4.400

5.100

101.177

96.925

96.225

15.

0.163

5.200

5.300

101.162

96.125

96.025

16.

0.180

6.000

5.400

101.145

95.325

95.925

17.

0.194

7.000

5.600

101.131

94.325

95.725

18.

0.211

7.800

5.700

101.114

93.525

95.625

19.

0.233

9.100

5.900

101.092

92.225

95.425

20.

0.252

9.900

6.100

101.073

91.425

95.225

21.

0.276

11.200

6.200

101.049

90.125

95.125

(kg/s)

0.00197
4
0.00296
1
0.00296
1
0.00394
8
0.00493
5
0.00690
8
0.00789
5
0.01085
6
0.01480
4
0.01875
2
0.02566
0
0.03059
5
0.03750
3
0.04342
5
0.05132
0
0.05921
5
0.06908
5
0.07698
0
0.08981
0
0.09770
5
0.11053

0.2772
0.3657
0.3657
0.4446
0.5170
0.6480
0.7084
0.8751
1.0728
1.2510
1.5300
1.7105
1.9432
2.1279
2.3568
2.5693
2.8159
3.0003
3.2790
3.4393
3.6840

22.

0.302

12.600

6.400

101.023

88.725

94.925

23.

0.318

13.500

6.600

101.007

87.825

94.725

24.

0.340

14.300

6.800

100.985

87.025

94.525

25.

0.350

16.000

7.000

100.975

85.325

94.325

26.

0.379

17.900

7.200

100.946

83.425

94.125

27.

0.389

18.300

7.300

100.936

83.025

94.025

28.

0.417

20.800

7.600

100.908

80.525

93.725

29.

0.435

22.100

7.800

100.890

79.225

93.525

30.

0.465

23.900

8.000

100.860

77.425

93.325

5
0.12435
2
0.13323
5
0.14113
0
0.15790
8
0.17665
9
0.18060
7
0.20528
0
0.21811
0
0.23587
5

3.9283
4.0760
4.2016
4.4525
4.7096
4.7608
5.0603
5.2029
5.3868

120.000
100.000
80.000

P0 P2

60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
0.0000

1.0000

2.0000

3.0000

4.0000

Figure 6.1 : Graph vs. (P0 P2)

5.0000

6.0000

30.000
25.000
20.000

P2

15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
0.0000

1.0000

2.0000

3.0000

4.0000

5.0000

6.0000

Figure 6.2 : Graph vs. P2

98.000
97.000
96.000
95.000

P0 P3

94.000
93.000
92.000
91.000
0.0000

1.0000

2.0000

3.0000

4.0000

Figure 6.3 : Graph vs. (P0 P3)

5.0000

6.0000

9.000
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000

P3

4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
0.0000

1.0000

2.0000

3.0000

4.0000

Figure 6.4 : Graph vs. P3

5.0000

6.0000

98.000
97.000
96.000
95.000

P0 P3

94.000
93.000
92.000
91.000
75.000

80.000

85.000

90.000

95.000

100.000

105.000

P0 P2

Figure 6.5 : Graph (P0 P2) vs. (P0 P3)

9.0 REFERENCES
1. Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals And Applications Second Edition In SI Unit; by Yunus
A. engel And John M. Cimbala, Published By McGraw Hill International Edition
2010. In Singapore.
2. Fundamentals Of Fluid Mechanics 5th Edition, by Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young,
Theodore H. Okiishi, Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Asia, 2001.
3. Introduction To Fluid Mechanics Second Edition, by Robert W. Fox, Alan Mcdonald,
Publisher John Wiley & Sons.