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2, April 1999
450
INTRODUCTION
In this paper we propose a new technique for generating
the dynamic (instantaneous) transfer curves for magnetization
and core loss in a transformer core using simple experimental
measurements. We develop closed form analytical models to
calculate (a) the time domain waveform of the transformer
excitation current under any nonsinusoidal supply voltage, and
(b) the magnitude and phase angles of the harmonic
components of this current. The complete model is
implemented on a computer and applied to examine the effect
of supply voltage harmonics on the harmonic current
characteristics of the excitation current of a typical 25 kVA
single-phase distribution transformer. The model is verified
experimentally. Previous work on the study of transformer
current harmonics uses fundamental supply voltage only. We,
however, show that the harmonic characteristics of transformer
excitation current are significantly different for nonsinusoidal
input voltage compared to the sinusoidal voltage case.
96 SM 433-3 PWRD
A paper recommended and approved by the
IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society for presentation at the 1996 IEEE/PES Summer
Meeting, July 28 - August 1, 1996, Denver, Colorado. Manuscript
submitted December 29, 1995; made available for printing May 21,
1996.
MODEL FORMULATION
The circuit model for harmonic analysis of an unloaded
single-phase transformer is shown in Figure 1 [l], [3]. The
nonlinear behavior of the core-loss and the magnetic saturation
are represented by variable resistance R( v,) and variable
inductance L(h),respectively [ 11. Voltage drop in the primary
winding impedance is neglected.
1,
"0
451
magnetization (saturation) characteristic (Figure 2). The coreloss component i, of in is calculated using the piecewiselinearized instantaneous core-loss characteristic (Figure 3).
Figures 2 and 3 show that both the transfer curves are
nonlinear, single-valued, have odd symmetry, and pass
through the origin.
In Figure 2, let (10,
ifo), (11, ifl) ,..., (A,, if,) ,..., ( h ~ ,
ifN) be the given set of measured points for the positive portion
of the magnetization curve. The curve is linearized between the
adjacent points, so that line ab in Figure 2 represents the n-th
piece of the positive portion of the instantaneous magnetization
curve, connecting (&-I, if,-l) and (A,,, if,) with slope p,.
' I
-4
-2
4
Magnetization Current i (amps)
-6
300
When h(t) falls within any linear section, say ab, of Figure
2, so that h,-l e h(t) I A,,, the instantaneous value of if at that
instant is
200
-3
2
100
>
v
In Figure 3, let (vo, ico), (VI, ic1) ,..., (v,, ic,) ,..., (VN,
icN) be the given set of points for the positive portion of the
core loss transfer curve. Line cd represents the n-th piece of
the positive portion of the instantaneous core loss curve,
connecting ( ~ ~ -icn-l)
1 , and (v,, ic,) with slope s,. Note that
there are a total of 2N linear pieces in each of the curves.
-100
A&)
-200
-300
-0.5
0
0.5
Core-Loss Current i (amps)
-1
v,(h)
cos(hot + a h ) ,
(4)
(5)
i,(t) = iAt) + i,(t).
The lengthy development of the corresponding Fourier
coefficients for ikt), i,(t), and i,(t) is given in the Appendix.
vs(t) =
V,(h)
cos(hot + a h ) ,
(1)
=
h
where
V,(h) = peak value of harmonic order h voltage,
&(h) = peak value of harmonic order h flux linkage,
o = fundamental angular frequency (radiadsec),
a h = phase angle of harmonic order h voltage.
The magnetization component if of input current in is
calculated using the piecewise-linearized instantaneous
ve(t) =
h
i,(t) =
(7)
452
c
N
(9)
(10)
MSE =
and
i2(t) =
h
t=1,2,3,...
x 100%.
(14)
(11)
idt) = i2(t) =
h
0.5
i
Error Index Factor (EIF)
1.35 1.5
453
e) Calculate the remaining points of the transfer curves, or
any part of those from the next set of data in EIF order. If
the range of this set of data does not cover any portion of
the curves under calculation, then proceed to the next data
set in ascending order.
23
3 60
8 40
are generated.
120
HARMONIC CHARACTERISTICS
We now proceed to use our model to investigate the effect
of supply voltage harmonics on the response of excitation
current of a typical single-phase distribution transformer. We
conducted a large number of simulations, with a wide variation
of harmonic characteristics in the supply voltage.
0
1
5
7
9 1 1 1 3 1 5
Harmonic Number h
e
c
v1
$ 200
v
U
r;
v1
CI
;
-200
-400
0
90
180
270
Angle (degrees)
360
I +10%7th
0
90
180
270
Angle (degrees)
360
&?
B
20
1Reference
THDI = 7 1.5%
(for sinusoidal supply voltage)
-*-
- I
10
15
Harmonic Voltage (%)
20
454
50
8 0.7
% 0.5
cj.
e0.3
Y
5tr 0.1
t,
lb
1;
3rd Harmonic Voltage (%)
2b
U
cd
ru
0
2 0.1
v
Y
90
2!
W
80
I
70
3
10
1'5
3rd Harmonic Voltage (%)
20
60
50
7
9
Harmonic Number h
11
13
455
Figure 12 describes the effect of individual supply voltage
harmonics (10% magnitude, and 0' phase shift) on the
magnitude of individual current harmonic-. It can be Seen from
this figure that the difference between harmonic responses of
the input current for sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal voltages
gradually diminishes when the harmonic order of the distorting
component in the supply voltage increases.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We express our appreciation to Mr. Marek Samotyj and the
Electric Power Research Institute for supporting this work.
We also appreciate the valuable contributions of Mr. Michael
Doyle, TU Electric, while taking the measurements in the
power laboratory of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
---
Rgfegnce 5th_harAcgrgnt-
------
RgfeEnge Lth_harAcgrgnt-
---------
REFERENCES
0
7
9
Harmonic Number h
11
[l]
[2]
[3]
13
CONCLUSIONS
This paper investigates the effect of nonsinusoidal supply
voltage waveshape and voltage harmonics (magnitude and
phase angle) on the harmonic characteristics of the input
excitation current of a 25 kVA single-phase distribution
transformer. We propose a new procedure to calculate the
instantaneous magnetization and core loss transfer
characteristics of the transformer core from simple voltagecurrent measurements.
Concerning the response of the excitation current
waveshape, harmonics, and THDI of a typical single-phase
distribution transformer with respect to supply voltage
distortion. we show that
Harmonic characteristics of the transformer excitation
current are significantly different under nonsinusoidal input
voltage as compared to sinusoidal supply voltage. The 3rd
harmonic component in the supply voltage has the
maximum effect on the current harmonics and THDI.
A peaked input voltage wave distorted by 3rd, 7th,
1lth, ..., harmonic components, or a flattened voltage wave
distorted by 5th, 9th, 13th,..., harmonics, creates a
flattened current (i.e., attenuates the current harmonics and
distortion). Opposite situations in the voltage waveform
yield peaking currents (i.e., amplified current harmonics
and distortion).
The difference between harmonic responses of the input
current for sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal voltages gradually
[4]
APPENDIX
Fourier Coefficients of Magnetization Current if
By shifting the origin of the input flux linkage wave h of
Equation (2) by A degrees (positive or negative), and making
the wave odd symmetric, the new flux linkage wave can be
expressed as
&(e)
C &(h)
sin(he+ o h ) ,
456
dm,
(A.lO)
- U. (A. 11)
he(@)
=
k=1,3,5,...
=
k=1,3,5,..
+
+
pn &(i)[(sin((i+k)Of,.l+oj) - sin((i+k)8fn+oi)}/(i+k)
j=1,3,5,...
(A.4)
#
k, TF1 = 1
lerr(k)l
k=1'3'5''"
Ams(l)
loo%,
v,(h)
sin(he+ Ph).
(A.5)
.. .
j=1,3,5,...
BIOGRAPHIES
Ahsan H. Chowdhury, (S'93), is a graduate research
assistant at the University of Texas at Austin. He is now
working toward a Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer
Engineering. His areas of interest include harmonic modeling
of nonlinear loads in power systems, power electronics, power
system harmonics, power quality, and power economics.
W. Mack Grady, (SM'83), is a professor of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin.
His areas of interest include power system analysis, power
system harmonics, power quality, and short term load
forecasting. He is the chairman of the IEEE Working Group
on Power System Harmonics and a registered professional
engineer in Texas.
Ewald F. Fuchs, (F'90), is a professor of Electrical
Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder. His
areas of interest include design and optimization techniques of
drive systems, harmonic power flow studies, and finitedifference and finite-element formulations. He received the
1989 PESDEEE Prize Paper Award and the 1989 IEEE Power
System Relaying Committee Award.
457
Discussion
L. PIERRAT and T. TUN-QUOC (Electricit6 de France, General
Technical Division, Grenoble, France): The authors are
congratulated for an interesting contribution. In this paper, the
authors propose a technique to calculate the instantaneous
magnetization and core loss transfer characteristicsin a transformer
core using simple exprimental measurements. Then the proposed
model is used to investigate the effect of supply voltage harmonics
on the response of the excitation current of a typical single-phase
dismbution transformer. The authors' response to the following
questions would be appreciated:
*f Bmax
4) The value 1.35 in Fig. 4 is used for all transformers or for only
the typical 25 kVA single-phase dismbution transformer?
, --3
I- - - - - --- .*
- 4
if + i c ,
(v)
characteristics have
To Question #2: The if (A) and ic
indirectly been determined from current and voltage wave
shapes without imposed voltage harmonics.
To Question #3:
458
[C2] E. F. Fuchs, R. Fei, and J. Hong, Harmonic Losses in Method for the Efficiency Measurement of Low-Loss
Isotropic and Anisolropic Transformer Cores at Low Transformers and Inductors Under Nonsinusoidal Operation,"
Frequencies (60-3,OOO Hz), Final Report 19X-SD079C-1, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, January 1996, Vol. 11, NO. 1,
prepared for Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., January pp. 292-304.
1991.
[C3]